Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Empirical rules
Walls forming the structural system must be placed centrally on foundation, and soils
should be not heaving, clay or collapsing.
Concrete use must have a compressive of not less than 10MPa at 28 days, which is mixed
1 part cement, 4 parts sand and 5 parts aggregate
With continuous Strip foundation the diameter must not be less than 200 mm, and the
width is to be not less than 600 mm with masonry walls, and 400 mm with timber framed
structures
When strip foundations are at more than one level, the upper portion and must extend
over the lower portion to at least the thickness of the foundation, using the same strength
of concrete
Where the floor slab is thickened to form the foundation, the thickness must be not be les
than the thickness required for a strip foundation, width of the thickened portion must not
be less than required thickness of a strip foundation
Piers
Where piers are used built into the wall, the thickness of the foundation must be the same
for the wall. The foundation must project at least 200 mm beyond the pier
Rational rules
When foundations are required for heaving, heaving clay or collapsing soils a
professional engineer
Floors
The floor must be supported by well compacted ground or on suitable filling and to be
constructed from an imperious layer not more than 40 mm thick composed of slate, rock
or brick or concrete slab with a compressive strength of not less 10mPA at 28 days,
composed of 1 part concrete, 5 parts arrogate and 4 parts sand
in the construction of Timber Suspended floor, the boards must be places at least no less
than 550 mm from the ground, providing an area for ventilation.
should not be less than 0.25 mm thick and paved on a surface free from sharp objects
It must be turned up on the at least the thickness of the slab on the perimeter
Joints must be sealed by overlapping sheets by at least 150 mm
Walls
empirical
Empirical rules for walls
Complies to walls that are internal, external , structural, non structural, parapet, free
standing or retaining
Masonry walls, that are load bearing must transfer resist loads and transfer these to the
ground, via the foundations
A non structural wall is where the masonry is used a sinfill or classing and does not
exceed 25 m in height. In the case of a parapert wall, its thickness should not be less than
one fifth its height. . Non structural walls may be exposed to forces other than their own
weight, such as wind impact on a parapet wall. , its it’s strength is still of importance.
Materials
Minimum
average
compressive
strength (MPa)
Internal 7 3.5 II
Foundation Supporting a
double storey
Parapet - 7 3.5 II
Balustrade - 7 3.5 II
Retaining _ 10.5 7 II
Solid Hollow
unit unit
External 3.3 NA
infill or
cladding
to a
framed
structure
(max
25m)
intersecting walls on plan, must stabilise the structure against horizontal forces
the distance between walls supporting a timber or metal truss cannot exceed 10 meters,
and distance between Walls supporting a roof slab cannot exceed 6 meters
The deal load supported by the roof not more than 800 N/m
Concrete roofs must not exceed 175mm in thickness when soild, or equivalent mass when
voided
wall dimensions
Rational
Where a masonry pier is used for lateral support
● its perpendicular length must be 3 times the thickness of the wall
● its width along the length of the wall must at least twice the thickness of the wall
● must be at least 80% the length of the wall it is supporting
Cavity walls
An external masonry cavity will be between 50 and 110 mm wide
Wall ties must be evenly spaces at a 2.5 ties per meter sqaured, if the cavity is not more
than 75 mm, if the cavity is more than 75 mm, 3 ties are required per meter square
foundation walls
functions as a retaining wall, must not exceed 1.5m
The level between the ground and the backfill should not be more than 1m
The thickness of the walls can’t be less than the they carry
ballustarde walls
Roofs
Empirical rules
Where the roof is supported by a wall the following apply: