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menorrhea was 63.6% (464/729). Their mean In the current study, the prevalence of dys-
BMI score was 22.58±3.82 kg/m2 (min=14.67, menorrhea was lower among married women
max=40.06), and the frequency of overweight/ (p<0.05). An explanation for this finding may
obesity was 22.6% (165/729). be that women who are unmarried are younger
Table-I presents the relationships between when compared to those who are married.
some sociodemographic characteristics and However, in the logistic regression model, mari-
habits and the women’s dysmenorrheal status. tal status did not take place in the final step.
The Logistic Regression Analysis Results are The employment, social insurance, family in-
presented in Table-II. Table-III shows the mean come, and family type are the indicators of so-
scores of SF-36 domains according to the cioeconomic status. An easy access to health
women’s dysmenorrheal status. The mean services may be responsible for reducing dys-
scores of SF-36 domains according to the sever- menorrhea frequency in women with a higher
ity of dysmenorrhea are presented in Table-IV. socioeconomic level. However, in our study,
employment, social insurance, family income,
DISCUSSION
and family type were not the risk factors for
The present study found a high prevalence of dysmenorrhea in the logistic model analysis
dysmenorrhea (63.6%) reported among women; (p>0.05). Aykut et al.,17 also reported similar
this figure may be said to be consistent with the results.
literature.5-8,17 In our study, more than the half Hornsby et al.,18 reported a negative effect of
of women with dysmenorrhea had moderate or smoking on dysmenorrhea. However, in our
severe menstrual pain. Burnett et al.,6 reported study, it did not reveal any association between
a similar result. smoking and dysmenorrhea (p>0.05). An expla-
Many studies 6,12,17 determined that the nation for this may be that we did not deter-
prevalence of dysmenorrhea showed decrease mine the relationship between dose of cigarette
with increasing age, indicating that primary and duration for smoking may explain these
dysmenorrhea peaks in late adolescence and the results. A similar result has been reported in a
early 20s and the incidence falls with increas- study from Turkey.17
ing age.7 Similarly, in our study, it was found Alcohol does not cause menstrual pain. But
that the prevalence of dysmenorrhea showed alcohol consumption may prolong the pain in
decrease as age increased (p<0.05). However, a women who have dysmenorrhea.11 However,
young age was not a risk factor for dysmenor- in our study, any association was not found
rhea according to the logistic model results between alcohol consumption and dysmenor-
(p>0.05). rhea (p>0.05). Aykut et al.,17 reported that there
was no correlation between tea, coffee, cola con- sion analysis, the prevalence of dysmenorrhea
sumption and dysmenorrhea, and they also re- was higher in women with menstrual irregu-
ported that chocolate consumption was a risk larity (p<0.05, OR=1.895), in consistent with
factor for dysmenorrhea. In addition, Ozturk19 some study findings.22,24
reported that cola drinking is a risk factor for In the bivariate analysis result, in women who
dysmenorrhea. In the logistic model results, tea, used any contraceptive method, the prevalence
coffee, cola and chocolate consumptions were of dysmenorrhea was higher (p<0.05). These
not risk factors for dysmenorrhea (p>0.05 for result is compatible with many research
each one). findings.6,25
Some studies20,21 have reported that preva- According to the bivariate and logistic regres-
lence of dysmenorrhea was higher in obese sion analysis, those with family history of dys-
women. In comparison to this study, the over- menorrhea had a higher prevalence of dysmen-
weight/obese women had higher frequency of orrhea (p<0.05 and p<0.05, OR=20.731, respec-
dysmenorrhea frequency (p<0.05). But accord- tively), a finding which is consistent with some
ing to the logistic model results, being over- studies.26 This result indicates that a family his-
weight/obese was not a risk factor for dysmen- tory of dysmenorrhea seems to be an important
orrhea (p>0.05). characteristic for women with dysmenorrhea.
Some studies22,23 reported a higher dysmen- As an explanation for this, some researchers
orrhea frequency in women who had menarche have reported that daughters of mothers who
at an early age. In our study, age of menarche have menstrual complaints also experienced
was not independently associated with dys- menstrual discomfort, and that the reason for
menorrhea (p>0.05). Burnett et al.,6 have re- this could be related with behavior that is
ported results similar to the results of our study. learned from mother.27
According to the bivariate and logistic regres- In this study, the mean scores from all the
domains of the SF-36 scale were lower in women 10. Bilecik Saglik Mudurlugu. Istatistik Sube Mudurlugu. Aile
Hekimligi Kayitlari, 2009
with dysmenorrhea when compared to women 11. Balbi C, Musone R, Menditto A, Di Prisco L, Cassese E, D’Ajello
without (p<0.05, for each one). Moreover, the M, et al. Influence of menstrual factors and dietary habits on
menstrual pain in adolescence age. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod
mean scores from all the domains of the SF-36 Biol 2000;91(2):143–8.
scale except for the domain of vitality showed 12. Patel V, Tanksale V, Sahasrabhojanee M, Gupte S, Nevrekar P.
The burden and determinants of dysmenorrhea: A population-
decrease as the severity of dysmenorrhea in- based survey of 2262 women in Goa, India. BJOG
creased (p<0.05, for each one). 2006;113(4):453-63.
13. Larroy C. Comparing visual-analog and numeric scales for as-
Limitations of the study: We are well aware of sessing menstrual pain. Behav Med 2002;27(4):179-81.
the limitations of the present study. Firstly, it 14. Mansfield MJ, Emans SJ. Adolescent menstrual irregularity. J
Reprod Med 1984;29(6):399-410.
was performed in a single district, and in only 15. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health
two family health centers, therefore the sample survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med
Care 1992;30(6):473-83.
may not be representative of all Turkish women. 16. Kocyigit H, Aydemir O, Olmez N, Memis A. Reliability and va-
As such its comparability with community- lidity of the Turkish version of Short-Form-36 (SF-36). Turkish J
based studies is weak. Thus, in order to defini- Drugs Therap 1999;12:102-6.
17. Aykut M, Gunay O, Gun I, Tuna R, Balci E, Ozdemir M, et al.
tively answer this question, a large sample con- Sosyo-demografik ve nutrisyonel faktorlerin dismenore
taining different areas in the country needs to prevalansina etkisi. Erciyes Tip Dergisi 2007;29(5):392–402.
18. Hornsby PP, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR. Cigarette smoking & dis-
be conducted. turbance of menstrual function. Epidemiology 1998;9(2):93–8.
In conclusion, the high prevalence of dysmen- 19. Ozturk A. Dysmenorrhae prevalence in women who applied to
Gynaecology and Obstetrics Policlinics and affecting factors. MN
orrhea among Turkish women demonstrated Klinik Bilimler ve Doktor Dergisi 2004;10(2):208–13.
that this condition is a significant public health 20. Coco AS. Primary Dysmenorrhae. Am Fam Physician
1999;60:489–96.
problem that requires attention. 21. Tangchai K, Titapant V, Boriboonhirunsarn D. Dysmenorrhea
in Thai adolescents: Prevalence, impact and knowledge of treat-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ment. J Med Assoc Thai 2004;87(3):69–73.
22. Sundell G, Milsom I, Andersch B. Factors influencing the preva-
The authors wish to thank the family health lence and severity of dysmenorrhea in young women. Br J Obstet
Gynaecol 1990;97(7):588–94.
center’s physicians and personnel, and the 23. Cakir M, Mungan I, Karakas T, Girisken I, Okten A. Menstrual
study women for their valuable efforts and time. pattern and common menstrual disorders among university stu-
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