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Культура Документы
• Visual
• Ultrasonic
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) • X-ray
• Thermographic
ver 1 • Acoustic Emission
• Eddy Current
• Shearography
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1
Reflected (pulse-echo) Transmission
Through Transmission Mode
Mode
reflector
detector
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A-scan B-scan
(cross section)
• A two-dimensional graphical
presentation, in rectangular coordinates,
in which the travel time of an ultrasonic
pulse is represented as a displacement
along one axis, and transducer
movement is represented as a
displacement along the other axis.
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2
B-scan C-scan
(defect location map)
• A two-dimensional graphical presentation, in
which the discontinuity echoes are displayed
in a top view on the test surface.
• This method is applied to pulse-echo and
through transmission techniques.
• Usually no indication of depth is given unless
the complete scan represents the time of
flight evaluation (D-scan).
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C-scan C-scans
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3
D-scan
D-scan
(defect depth map)
• A two-dimensional graphical
presentation, in which the time-of-flight
values are displayed in a top view on
the test surface. This is a modified C-
scan in which are amplitudes displayed.
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Film pack
Film pack
or X-ray imaging
or X-ray imaging
system
system
Test object
X-ray source Test object Greatly enlarged
Microfocus image
X-ray source
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4
Microfocus X-ray Equipment Real Time X-ray Technique
Fluorescent
screen TV Monitor
camera scope
Intensifier Image
X-ray source processor
Test object
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Porosity in weld
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CT Scan CT Scanner
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5
CT Scan Images Restrictions
• Radio opaque penetrant sometimes
needed, as many composites are
transparent even to low energy X-rays
15 - 25 kV
– zinc iodide
– tetrabromoethane
– diiodobutane
• Cannot detect fiber breaks
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6
Acoustic Emission Set-up
Acoustic Emission Technique
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7
Eddy Current Applications Shearography
• The object under study is illuminated by laser light,
• Range from crack detection, to the rapid and a camera produces two sheared images that
sorting of small components for either interfere with each other, causing a speckle pattern.
flaws, size variations, or material • When the object is deformed (sheared), the speckle
pattern changes.
variation.
• The two speckle patterns interfere to produce a fringe
• Commonly used in aerospace, pattern that depicts the surface gradient of the
automotive, marine, and manufacturing deformed object.
industries. • Though the images obtained are good, this method is
time-consuming.
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Laser
Part
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Summary
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