Chapter 15 – 16 Test Review

Chemistry

1) Vocabulary – Define the following

a. Aqueous k. Surface Tension u. Mole Fraction

b. Brownian l. Tyndall Effect v. Solubility
Motion m. Colligative w. Saturated
c. Colloid Properties x. Unsaturated
d. Electrolyte n. Concentrated y. Supersaturate
e. Hydrate o. Dilute d
f. Solute p. Henry’s Law z. Vapor
g. Solvent q. Immiscible Pressure
h. Non Electrolyte r. Molarity aa. Dispersed
i. Surfactant s. Molality Phase
j. Suspension t. Boiling Point bb.Dispersion
Elevation Medium
cc. Emulsion
dd.Freezing Point
Depression

2) List formulas (units)for the following:

a) Henry’s Law e) Percent by mass (m/m) i) ΔTb - Boiling Point

b) Molarity f) Molality Elevation
c) Dilution g) Mole Fraction j) Percent H2O in a
d) Percent by volume h) ΔTf – Freezing Point hydrate
(v/v) Depression

3) What is the difference between a strong and weak electrolyte?

In a strong electrolyte nearly all of the dissolved solute exists as

separate ions whereas in a weak electrolyte only a fraction of the
solute exists as ions. It is the ion presence that allows for and electric
current.

4) How does the surface tension of water compare to the surface tension of
most liquids? Why?

It is high compared to most other liquids because of the strong

hydrogen bonding.

5) List an example of a surfactant and describe what it does.

Soap is an example of a surfactant. It interferes with the hydrogen

bonding between water molecules and reduces surface tension.
6) How does the vapor pressure of water compare to the vapor pressure of most
liquids? Why?

Vapor pressure of water is very low compared to most liquids because

of hydrogen bonding.

7) Describe why ice is less dense than liquid water.

As water freezes it arranges itself in a hexagonal shape

(honeycomb)which provides for more volume in-between individual
water molecules, therefore, decreasing the density. Liquid water
molecules do not have this increased volume in between water
molecules, therefore, are more density than as ice.

8) Why is water’s boiling point so much higher than methane (CH4) even though
they have similar molar masses?

Although they have similar masses, water molecules are attracted by

hydrogen bonds (a strong intermolecular force) whereas methane
molecules are attracted by dipole-dipole interactions, which are much
weaker forces. Because hydrogen bonds are strong compared to
dipole-dipole, it takes more energy for water molecules to break free
and vaporize, thus meaning a greater boiling point than for a
substance with weaker intermolecular forces.

9) What is the dissolving medium in a solution?

The dissolving medium in a solution is the solvent.

10) What type of bond holds a water molecule together?

The oxygen and hydrogen bonds in a water molecule are held together
by polar covalent bonds.

11) List all intermolecular forces between water molecules.

Hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole and dispersion

12) What are the similarities and differences between Solutions, Colloids,
and Suspensions?

Similarities: all involve a solute and solvent

Differences: particles size is smallest for solutions then colloids then

suspension

Solution is homogeneous, particles cannot be filtered and

particles do not settle upon standing, looks “clear”
 Colloid is heterogeneous, may look clear when dilute (like a
solution), particles cannot be filtered and do not settle upon
standing can be distinguished by Tyndall effect and observation
of Brownian motion, subject to coagulation and can be
emulsified

Suspension is heterogeneous, looks cloudy until particles

separate and fall to bottom of container, particles can be
filtered, exhibit Tyndall effect

13) What types of substances are always electrolytes.

Ionic

14) What is the rule when deciding if something will be soluble in a given
solvent?

Like dissolves like: polar (ionic) dissolves in polar, nonpolar dissolves in

nonpolar

15) What determines how a solute will affect colligative properties? Explain
why.

The concentration of the solute. The greater the concentration the

greater the effect.

16) If the solubility of a gas in water is 8.0 g/L when the pressure of the gas
above the water is 3.0 atm, what is the pressure of the gas above the water
when the solubility of the gas is 1.0 g/L?
S1=S2 8g/L = 1g/L 0.375 atm
P1 S2 3.0atm = xatm
17) What remains constant during the process of dilution?

The number of moles of solute.