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13
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18
2
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c
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19
1
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3.3.3. (
j;!
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3.3.4.

a ;!
;! b + ;! c + ;!
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3
3.3.5.

i* i
# , # -
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n j = 2 (;m
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20
3.3.6. (
;
!x , i
a = 2;!i + ;!
;! j ; ;!
k i
,
% x ;
;
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3.3.7. (
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AC AC
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3.3.8. (
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m ; ;!
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21
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21 21 21
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F = i + 2 j + k #
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3.4.1.

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3.4.2. (
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x = 0 ;! c ;!
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23
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ii: 2;!
a ;!
c:
24
4.2.2. *
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ii: 30:
a ;!
4.2.3. *
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j;! a ;!
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ii: 16.
4.2.4. *
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!+
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!^;! .
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5
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C (2 4 5).
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25
4.2.6. *

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213
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a = (3 i + 2 k ) ( i ; j + 4 k ) ;!
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26
4.2.9. 2 %
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27
4.3. * .
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4.3.3. 2 %
"

& ABCD, & A(1 0 ;2)# B(;1 1 4)#
C (0 ;1 ;3).
ii:
p98.
28
4.3.4. 2 %
"

&

, ' ;!
a = ;m
!+
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!^;! 5
+2 n b = m ; 3 n , j m j = 2 j n j = 1 ( m n ) = .
6
ii: 25 .
4.3.5.

%
;
;!
!a b

%
;!
c ,
-
;! ;
! ;
! ;
! ;!

i a b i
, & i i a b c { , &
i, & j;
!a j = 2 j;! a ;!
b j = 4 (;!
^
b ) =6.
a ;!
ii: 41 (;
! b ).
4.3.6. 2 %
"

& , i

;!
d =
a ; ;!
2;! b ;! a ; 5;!
d2 = 4;! a ;!
b ;! a ;!
b {

% i
(;!
1
^
b ) =4.
ii: p3 .
2
29
4.3.7.
;
;!!
q ;!
p r ' i "ii ! ;!
p + ;!
q + ;!
r = 0: 7"
,
;
! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;
!
& p q = q r = r p : 8

%
i" ?
4.3.8. *

;!
x , & i

-
i ; j + 4;!
a!1 = 2;!i ; 5;! k ;a!2 = j + ;!
;;!i + 2;! k
;! j ; 5;!
x (;!i + 3;! k ) = 48:
ii: 24;!i + 144

13
;!
j +
24 ;!
13 k .
4.3.9. : i,
; a ;!
! a ; ;!
b i 3 . 2 %
"

((2;! b ) (3;!
a+
;
!
5 b ))2, & j;! ;
!
a j = 1 j b j = 4:
ii: 2028.
30
4.3.10. 7"
, & & , ' ;
!
a ;!
b,
,
;
a ;!
v
u
u ;!
a ;!
a) ;! b) :
S= u
u
(
;! ;!
(
;! ;!
( b a) ( b b)
t
;!
4.3.11. *

%
"

F = (5 ;2 4) i " % -

, & % A(2 3 ;2) { %
"

F .
*, . < "

i " %
i -
i"- %

"

"
F .
;!
ii:
p749.
;
! ;! ;
! ;!
4.3.12. 7"
; =" ( a b c d ) = ;
;! ;!
( a c) ( a ;!
;! d)
!
( b
;!
c) ;!
( b
;!
d)
.
31
5
i
i
5.1. i

i a ;!
;! b ;!c (
a ;!
;! b ;!
c
;
!
;! b ;!
( a c )) ;!;!
a b ;!
c = (;! ;!
a b ;!c ):
;! ;! ;!

i

i j k ,

a ;!
i i ( i

i), i

i ;
! b ;!
c

i
i i
i
;! = (
a ax ay az ) ;! = ( x
b b by bz ) ;! = ( x
c c cy cz )
;!;!;! =
ax ay az
a b c bx by bz :
cx cy cz
!
,

; !
a b ;! ;!
c
i
i,

;
! ;!
a b ;!
c > 0,
;! ;
!
a b ;! a ;!
c { #i i
i,
;! b ;!
c < 0:
$
i i
%

:
' ##i ,

%

( ;
!a ;!b ;!
c , oi
a ;!
V = j;! b ;!
c j:
5.2. .
5.2.1. *
,
: 1) a ;!
;! b ;! a ;!
c ) = (;! b ;!
c)+
;
! ;! ;! ;
! ;! c ;!
(
2) ;
!
a b ;!
c = ;!
c ;!
a b = b ;!
c ;!
a = ; b ;!
a ;!
c = ;;!
c b ;!
a = ;;!
a ;! b:
5.2.2. ,i , #!

a = 2;!i ; ;!
;! j + 3;!
k
;!
b = 2;!
j + 4;! c = ;;!i + 3;!
k ;! j
i #
i.
32
-i
i : i.
5.2.3. a ;!
;! b ;!
c,
;!
c ? ;! c ? ;!
a + ;! a ^;!
b + (;! b)= + j;!
a j = 6
j;!
b j = j;!
6
c j = 3:
-i
i : 27:
5.2.4. *
,
( a + ;!
;! b ) ((;! c ) ;!
a + ;! a ;!
b ) = ;;! b ;!
c:
5.2.5. *
,
4
A(1 2 ;1)+ B(0 1 5)+ C (;1 2 1)+ D(2 1 3) #!

i #
i.
5.2.6. 1'

i 5+
%
(

(
A(2 1 ;1)+ B(3 0 1)+ C (2 ;1 3).

23 D, -

i

,

#!
i OY .
33
-i
i : D(0 ;7 0) D(0 8 0):
5.2.7. ' , #i i

a = 2;!i + ;!
;! j + 2;!
k ;!
b = 3;!i ; 2;!
j + ;! c = 3;!i ; ;!
k ;! j ; 2;!
k:
-i
i : .
5.2.8. *
,

a ;!
;! b ;!
c
#i,
;
! ;! ;
! ;! ;! ;!
( a b ) + ( b c ) + ( c a ) = 0:
5.2.9. 1# ( a + ;!
;! b )(;!
b + ;!
c )(;!
c + ;!
a)
i

,
a ;!
;! b ;!
c = 7:
-i
i : 14.
34
;!
a ;!
a a ;!
;! b ;!
a ;!
c
a ;!
5.2.10. *
,
(;
! b ;!
c) 2
=
;!
b ;!
a ;!
bb ;! ;!
b ;!
c :
;!
c ;!
a c ;!
;! b ;!
c ;!
c
5.3. .

5.3.1. 9

#i
i a = 2;!i + 3;!
;! j ; ;!
k
;!
b = ;!i ; ;!
j + 3;! c = ;!i + 9;!
k ;! j ; 11;!
k:
5.3.2.
' ##i
!
,

23 -
D,
##i
A(4 4 3) B (2 1 ;2)+ C (3 0 2)
D(1 ;2 0):
-i
i : V = 18 h = p18323 .
35
5.3.3. ,i , #i i

a = 2;!i ; 2;!
;! j + 3;!
k ;!
b = 2;!i + 3;! c = ;!i + ;!
k ;! j + ;!
k:
-i
i : #i.
5.3.4. *
,
( a ;!
;! b ;! a ;!
c ) = (;! b ;! a + ;!
c + ;! b) {
i#i
#.
5.3.5. ,
i
;
!
a =3 ;!i + 2;!
j + ;!
k ;!
b = ;!i + ;!
j + ;!
k
;! ;
! ;
! ;
!
c = 2 i ; j + 2 k #ii
#!i?
-i
i : = 3.
5.3.6. ;
A(;1 2 ;3)+ B (;2 5 1)+ C (;1 6 0)+ D(2 5 ;6) {
-
. *
,

#
.
36
5.3.7. -i i
OH

OABC .

;;!,
OH
;! !
i
i
OA = ; OB = ;!
a ;! b ;!
OC = ;!
c:
j abc j ;! ;! ;! ;!
(( b ; a ) ( c ; a ))
-i
i : ;
! :
;
! ;!
j( b ; a ) ( c ; a )j;
! 2
5.3.8. -
a ;
;
! a!, ;!
a
i
-
#i. -i

,
j a j = 2 j;
;
! a!j = 3 j;a!j = 6: 1# (;a! ;a! ;!
1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 a ):
3
-i
i : 36.
5.3.9. *

!i (;
!
a; ;! a ; ;!
b )(;! b ; ;! a + 2;!
c )(;! b ; ;! a ;!
c ) = 3;! b ;!
c:
37
5.3.10. *
,
# -(
i ;! ;!
a b ;! c
a ; ;!
;! b,
;!
b ; ;!c ;!
c ; ;!
a {
#i. * %
i i.
38
6
ii
i.
i ii ii
6.1. , , i i i i y = kx + b,
ii i :
) i Ax + By + C = 0 (A2 + B 2 6= 0), (A B )
, !"#
) i
x = x0 + t t 2 (;1 1)
y = y0 + t
(x0 y0 ) { i%, ( )
, i%#
) i i
x;x0 y;y0 #
=
) i !" i & M0(x0 y0),
M1(x1 y1) :
x;x0
x1;x0 = yy1;;yy00 :
6.2. (.
6.2.1. ) i &, & A(;1 2):
) i% 2x + 3y = 0#
) !" 2x + 3y = 0#
) OX #
) i i XOY .
39
6.2.2. ) i , i i MNP (
M (1 2), N (;2 6), P (13 ;3)), & M . ( ,
i !" i .
6.2.3. (% i i M (;3 4) !" 12x + 5y + 1 = 0.
15
,i i: 13 .
6.2.4. (% i :
a) 2x + y ; 1 = 0 y ; x = 2#
)
x;2
3 = y;;41 x;4 1 = y+2
3 #
x = 3t
)
y = ;1 + 2t x + 2y + 9 = 0:
6.2.5. (', i &:

a) x ; 3y ; 2 = 0 2x + y ; 1 = 0:
40
) x + 3y ; 1 = 0 2 ; 3x ; 9y = 0:
6.2.6. 0 i & ax ; 4y = 6 x ; ay = 3?
6.2.7. (% M , i% y = 5x ; 4

i M1 (1 0) M2 (;2 1).
,i i: (3#11).

6.2.8. (% 4 i i, -
A(20 15), B (;16 0), C (;8 ;6).
41

,i i: 4 { (;8 ;1), { ; 163 # 514
.
6.2.9. ,i i AB A(3 2), B (15 6), i ' i& . (%-
i.
6.2.10. (% i -

.
,i i: x = x1+x32+x3 , y = y1+y32+y3 .

6.3. (.
6.3.1. (% i y = x ; 5 y = 7x ; 2.
6.3.2. ) i !", & M (5 1) -

!" 3x ; 2y + 1 = 0.
6.3.3. ) i AB , i CM , i BK i

AH ABC , A(4 6), B(;4 0), C (;1 ;4).
42
6.3.4. 8 i , M1(1 3) M2(5 7) M3(10 12) i
i%.
6.3.5. 9 ABC (A(1 2) B (3 7) C (5 ;13)) B
i AM . (% % .
,i i: p .
25
34
6.3.6. ) i !", i% 3x ; y + 5 = 0 i
!" x + y = 1.
,i i: x ; 3y + 7 = 0.
43
7

i
7.1.
i

i
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 (A2 + B2 + C 2 6= 0):
A B C

i

i
;!
n ,

.
i A x + B y + C z + D = 0 A x + B y + C z + D = 0
i ; n!(A B C ) ;n!(A B C ).
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
i i M (x y z )

i
0 0 0 0
!

d = Axp+ABy+ B+ Cz 0
+C
+D :
2
0
2
0
2
7.2. .
7.2.1. ', O(0 0 0) i x + 2y ; 3z + 1 = 0.
7.2.2. $
i
% XOY , XOZ i Y OZ .
7.2.3. $
i , o
%
M (1 2 3)
-
;! ;! ;!

; i + 2 j + 7 k :
7.2.4. $
i ,
%
M (0 0 8)
-

a (1 2 3) ;!
;! b (;1 0 3):
44
i i: 3x ; 3y + z ; 8 = 0.
7.2.5. +
i , ii

% ,-,- :
M1(1 1 1) M2(;1 0 4) M3(2 2 ;1):
i i: x + y + z ; 3 = 0.
7.2.6. i i M (1 1 1) 2x ; 3y + 6z ; 19 = 0:
7.2.7. ',

/i

i i ,- i -
:
) x + y + z ; 3 = 0 ;2x ; 2y ; 2z + 1 = 01
2) x + y + z ; 3 = 0 2x + y + z ; 3 = 01
) x + y + z ; 3 = 0 ;2x ; 2y ; 2z + 6 = 0.
7.2.8. 4 , ;4x + 3y ; z + 6 = 0 ;x ; y + z + 1 = 0

i.
7.2.9. i ;2x + y + 2z ; 1 = 0 ;4x ; 7y + 4z = 0.
i i: arrccos 13 .

45
7.2.10. $
i , i i
i i
2x + 2y ; z = 0 ;3y + 4z = 0.
2
.
i i: 10x + y + 7z = 0 10x + 19y ; 17z = 0:

7.3. .
7.3.1. $
i ,
% i XOY
/-
% i ,- ii 1.
7.3.2. $
i ,
%
M (1 1 1)
-

a = ;!i + 2;!
;! j ; 3;!
k
i i OZ:
i i: 2x ; y ; 1 = 0:
7.3.3. i i
x ; 6y ; 18z ; 15 = 0
x ; 6y ; 18z + 23 = 0.
46
i i: 2.
7.3.4. 7
i
, M1 (0 1 2) M2 (2 0 ;1) M3 (;1 5 0)
M4(0 0 3) i,- ,
i 8i,- .
i i: 2x + y + z ; 3 = 0.
7.3.5. i 2x ; 6y ; 3z + 1 = 0 ,

% e
M (4 3 4) i OX .
i i: arccos 37 .

7.3.6. $
i ,
% i
6x ; 3y + 2z + 5 = 0
/% i ,- ii 3.
i i: 6x ; 3y + 2z + 26 = 0 6x ; 3y + 2z ; 16 = 0:
47
8
ii
i
8.1. i i
i

x;x0 = y;y0 = z;z0 , (l + m + n 6= 0):
2 2 2
l m n
x0 y0 z0 { M0 , o i, i
(l m n)
!

(
i).
$
i i
% i!% M0 (x0 y0 z0 )
M1(x1 y1 z1), i
&
x ; x0 = y ; y0 = z ; z0 :
x1 ; x0 y1 ; y0 z1 ; z0
' !
'! % ! !
i
-
8
< x = x0 + lt
: yz == zy0 ++ nt
mt
0
(x0 y0 z0 ) { , (l m n) {

-
, t { &- t 2 (;1 +1):
8.2. +.
8.2.1. '
, M (3 4 5) !,
i
x;2
1 = y;1 3 = z+1
6 :
8.2.2. - i i

i OX .
8.2.3. - i
i AM ABC ,
A(1 2 3),
B(;3 4 3), C (1 2 1).
48
8 x = ; 1 + 2t
<
8.2.4. '
, i

x;1
;1 = y;5 2 = z;2 3 = 12 ; 10t
: yz = !
.
7 ; 4t
8.2.5. + i

x
2 = y7 = z;;31 x+1
4 = y = z.
;2 ;2
8.2.6. +

x;3 = ;y1 = z+1
2 ;2 -
x + y + z ; 3 =
0.
2i
i: (1 1 1).
8.2.7. - i
! M (;1 0 1) x +
=
y + z + 6 0. + 5i .
8.2.8. + i

x
2 = ;y2 = 1z
2x + 6y ; 3z + 5 = 0.
49
8.2.9. '
,
x;2
1 = y;;22 = z;1 2 i
=
x + y + z ; 6 0.
8.2.10. - ii i

,
i ii
=
x + y + z ; 6 0

;x + 2y ; 3z + 4 = 0:
8.2.11. - i
, % ! M (1 2 3)
x+1 = y;1 z :=
0 ;1 2
2i
i: 5x ; 4y ; 2z + 9 = 0.
8.2.12. '
, i 2
x+1
4 = y+2 = z
7 ;3
x+2
;2 = y
= z;+81 -
, i
, % ! %.
50
2i
i: 18x + 5y ; 8z + 28 = 0.
8.2.13. - i
5i
x;1
2 = y;3 1 =
= z;4 1 x + y + z ; 3 = 0.
8.2.14. - i
&i AK ABC : A(0 0 0),
B(;2 2 1), C (12 3 ;4).
x;6
8.2.15. '
, i ii 1 2 = y;1 = z;;10 x+4 y;3 z;4
1 ;7 = 2 = = 3
% , !
i i .
51
2i
i: 2p21.
8.2.16. +
i
i M (1 2 3)
x+1
;1 = y;3 1 = = ;z2 :
p
2394
2i
i: 14 . 8 ! , i
, -
.
'
i !
:
8.2.17. 'i,
i i! M1 M2 10x + y + z +
=
+1 0, M1(1 2 ;3) M2(0 ;3 ;4):
8.2.18. 'i, &
! ! i i
% %
x;1 = y;1 1 = z;(aa;2) =y=
x1
z
2
a a 1.
8.2.19. 'i, &
! ! i i %
3a2 x + ay + z ; 4a = 0 x1 ya z;;12 .
= =
8.3. +
.
8.3.1. - i
i AM ABC , A(;1 3 7),
B(0 0 2), C (;4 10 12).
8.3.2. +'
, &
! ! i %
8 x = ; 4t + 11
x+1
2 = y3 = z;;41
<
= ; 6t + 18
: yz = 8t ; 23:
8.3.3. + i

x
4 = y4 = ;z7 4x + 4y ; 7z+
=
+1 0.
8.3.4. + 5i M (0 0 0) ;x ; 2y+

+2z ; 18 0.=
52
2i
i: (;2 ;4 4):
8.3.5. '
,
x
2 = y3 = ;z1 i 5x ; 2y + 4z;
;1 = 0:
x + y + 2z ; 1 = 0
8.3.6. - i i

5x + y ; z ; 5 = 0:
53
x;1
2i
i: ;3 = y = z
11 ;4 :
8.3.7. - i
, % ! i i
x
;3 = ;y1 = ;z3 x+1 y z+4
6 =2= 6 :
x;5 = y1 = ;z1 x;5 2 = y+2 z+1

8.3.8. '
, i 2 3 = 0 -
.
x+3 = y+6 z;3

8.3.9. - i
5i
x + y + z =
0: ;1 ;2 = 1
2i
i: ;x1= y z =
;4 5 :
8.3.10. - i

AH ABC : A(0 0 0), B (2 3 ;6)
C (3 0 ;4):
54
2i
i:
x
;47 = ;y15 = 46z .
8.3.11. +
i i x;1 = y = z x+2 = y+2 = z;1 .
0 1 ;3 0 1 ;3
r
2i
i:
23 .
2
8.3.12. +
i i
x;1 = y+1 = z x+1 = y = z;1 .
3 ;4 1 ;1 2 3
2i
i: p2
3.
55
9

. i
1(. 1). i
i j;m
!j j;!
n j
,

-
;
! ;
!
m n : 1 1 2 2
i
:
;! ;!
) j1 m + 1 n j
;! ;! ;! ;!
) i 1 m + 1 n 2 m + 2 n .
2(. 2). i
i

! ii ABCD.
" :
a)
AB #
) i AB BC #
)
$ ABC #
%)
'' ii #
)

DH ii (

( )

$ ABC ).
*
i
i:
)
( ) AB #
)
$ ABC #
)
DH ,

(
) D

$ ABC #
%) i AM ABC #
)
AK ABC #
) i AL ABC .
i 1.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! p5.
N3. , j a b j $
j a j = 1 j b j = 3 j a + b j =
N4. . i
$, $

A(;1 1 2)

x+3
;1 = y+1 z;1
4 = 2 .
x+3 = y+3 = z x = 5
N5. , i i
0 ;1 2 2y + z ; 19 = 0:
i 2.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
N3. , j a ; b j $
j a j = 13 j b j = 19 j a + b j = 24:
x;1 = y = z+1 x + y + z ; 3 = 0
N4. , i
4 0 3 x ; 4z + 3 = 0:
N5. ,

0i( )
M (;1 0 0) ii1
x;1 = y;1 = z;1 :
;5 ;2 3
i 3.
;! ;! ;! ;!
N3.
a + b + c a + ;!
b + ;!
c ;!a + ;!b + ;!
c
;
! ;
! ;
!

i, $

a b c {
i?
N4. . i
(), $

! A
ABC

i BM , $
A(;1 3) B(0 2) C (5 1):
N5. . i i

$ 2x ; y ; 2z + 1 = 0
3x + 4y ; 7 = 0.
56
"0 1
i j;!
m j j;!
n j ;!
m ;!
^
n 1 1 2 2
1 1 1 120O 1 2 ;1 3
2 1 1 150O 1 ;1 2 3
3 1 2 120O 1 ;2 3 1
4 1 2 60O 1 ;2 1 3
5 2 1 60O 1 ;2 1 3
6 2 1 150O 1 ;2 1 3
7 2 2 120O 1 2 ;1 3
8 2 2 150O 1 2 ;1 3
9 2 2 60O 3 1 ;1 ;1
10 1 3 60O 3 1 2 ;1
11 1 3 120O 3 1 2 ;1
12 1 3 30O 3 2 ;1 2
13 1 3 150O 3 2 ;1 3
14 1 3 150O 1 ;1 ;1 2
15 1 1 60O 1 ;1 ;1 2
16 1 2 60O 1 2 3 ;1
17 1 2 120O 1 ;1 ;1 ;1
18 3 2 60O 2 ;2 ;1 ;3
19 3 2 120O 1 1 ;1 2
20 1 1 45O ;1 2 3 4
21 1 1 30O ;1 2 3 2
22 1 1 135O ;1 2 2 3
23 2 1 30O ;1 2 3 4
24 2 1 135O 1 3 1 ;2
25 2 1 45O 1 3 4 ;3
26 1 2 45O 5 1 ;1 1
27 1 2 45O 5 2 ;1 2
28 1 2 45O ;3 1 1 1
29 2 2 45O ;2 1 1 1
30 2 3 45O ;3 1 1 1
57
"0 2
i-

A B C D
1 ;1 0 0 1 ;2 ;1 ;1 6 1 ;1 0 2
2 ;1 1 1 2 1 5 ;1 7 1 ;1 1 2
3 ;1 0 1 1 2 0 ;1 6 1 ;1 0 2
4 ;1 3 2 0 1 0 ;1 ;3 0 ;1 3 2
5 ;1 2 1 0 0 ;1 ;1 ;4 0 ;1 2 2
6 ;1 3 6 0 1 4 ;1 ;3 0 ;1 3 2
7 ;1 1 0 0 ;1 2 ;1 7 1 ;1 1 2
8 ;1 ;1 1 2 ;1 5 ;1 5 0 ;1 ;1 2
9 1 2 3 4 6 3 1 8 0 1 2 2
10 1 3 2 1 0 ;2 1 9 2 ;1 ;3 ;2
11 1 ;2 3 1 10 8 1 4 0 2 ;2 2
12 1 ;3 2 1 2 14 1 3 0 1 ;3 2
13 1 ;2 ;3 0 0 ;1 1 4 0 1 ;2 2
14 2 1 0 0 0 2 2 7 1 2 1 2
15 2 ;1 0 0 0 2 2 5 1 2 ;1 2
16 2 0 1 0 ;2 0 2 6 0 2 0 2
17 2 0 ;1 0 ;2 0 2 6 0 2 0 2
18 3 0 4 0 0 0 3 6 0 3 0 2
19 5 0 1 0 0 ;11 5 6 0 5 0 2
20 3 7 1 0 1 ;1 3 13 1 3 7 2
21 ;1 2 3 5 0 0 ;1 8 0 ;1 2 2
22 0 1 ;1 6 3 2 0 ;5 1 0 1 2
23 0 1 0 2 0 ;2 0 ;5 2 0 1 2
24 2 1 3 0 0 1 2 7 0 2 1 1
25 2 3 1 0 0 7 2 ;3 0 2 3 1
26 2 3 ;1 0 0 5 2 ;3 0 2 3 1
27 2 ;1 3 0 5 0 2 5 0 2 ;1 1
28 2 ;1 ;3 0 5 0 2 5 0 2 ;1 1
29 2 ;3 ;1 0 0 5 2 3 0 2 ;3 1
30 ;2 ;3 ;1 0 0 5 ;2 3 0 ;2 3 1
58
i 4.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! p5.
N3. , j a b j $
j a j = 1 j b j = 3 j a + b j =
x+y = 0
N4. ,

( )
5x ; 2y ; z = 0
$-
x + 2y + z ; 6 = 0:
N5. , i i
x
3 = y2 = ;z1 x+1 y+2 z+1
;3 = ;2 = 1 :
i 5.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
N3.
, $

a + 3 b ; c , 2 a ; b + c 11 a + 5 b + c

i.
N4. . i
$,

(
) i
x;1 = y z+1 x y z
2 ;3 = 4 ;2 = 3 = ;4 .
N5. ,

0i(
)
M (3 2 3) ii1
x+1 = y+1 = z+4 .
2 ;3 ;1
i 6.
N3. ,

;!
a ,
%

i
;! ;! ;! ;
! c = 3 i ; 2 j + ;!
b = i ; 3 j + 2 k ;! ;! ;
! a j = 10p3:
k i
%
, $
j;!
N4. , i
$ 2x ; 6y + 3z + 1=0 ;4x + 12y ; 6z + 3=0:
N5. ,

,
()
M (0 1 2) i

()
x;4
2 = y3 = 1z .
i 7.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
N3. .
( a ; b + 4 c ) (;2 a + b ; 3 c )(2 a ; 3 b + 13 c ):
N4. ,', '
i$
x;1
2 = y;;11 = z;3 1
x ; 2y ; 3 = 0
x + 5y + z ; 7 = 0:
N5. ,

,
(
)
M1(;1 0 3) i

()
x;1 = =y z.
2 4 ;1
i 8.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
N3. , j( a + 6 b ; c ) ( a ; b )( b + 3 c )j $
j a j = j b j = c = 1
;! ;! ;!

c {

a b ,
a b
;! ;!

11 300 :
N4.
8 x . i
$, $

M (0 1 2) -
< = 2t
y = ; t + 2
:
z = t + 1:
N5. ,', ' i i
M1 M2
$ x + y + z ; 12 = 0 $
M1(0 0 0) M2(5 6 7).

i 9.
;!
N3. ,

c ,
%

-
59

i a = ;!i + 6;!
;! j ; 2;!
k ;!
b = ; ;!i + ;!
k , $
;!
c

;! ;
! ;
! ;
!
c ( i + 2 j ; 2 k ) = ; 28:
x = y = z x;1 = y;1 = z+3 1 .
N4.
, $
i
1 ;2 3 2 ;1 0
N5. ,

M , $
i
x;1 = y+3 = z;2
2 3 ;1

!

i i

A(3 0 ;2) B (;1 1 5):
i 10.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! p52:
N3. , i a b , $
j a j = 1 j b j = 2 j2 a ; 3 b j =
N4. . i
(), $

M (1 2 8) -
)
$ x + y + z ; 3 = 0 XOY:

ii(
N5. ,', '
i$
(
)
x;1
a = y;;21 = z;;12

$ 3ax + y + z ; 5 = 0:
i 11.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
N3. , j m + 2 n ; p j $
j m j = j m j = 2 p = 1 i m n
;! ;!
;! ;! ;! ;!

i1' 600 , i m p , n p
i11 900 .
N4. . i
( ) ii( ), $

M (;1 7 2)

ii()
$ x + y + 4z = 0 Y OZ .
)
A i
x;1 = y;1 = z+1 ,
N5. ,

(
4 1 2

i i

B (7 1 ;1) C (6 0 3).
i 12.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
N3. ,
x , $
x ? i ; 2 j + k x ? 2 i ; 3 j + k ,
;!

x
i1' 6 3:
p
N4. *i, $

A(;1 3 4 ) B (0 1 5) C (;2 3 5) D (6 0 0) -

i
$i, i
$.
N5. . i
( ), $

A(1 3 2)

$i XOY
1' 450
1
x = y = z . .i i
i
' ?
1 1 0
i 13.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
N3. .
j( a b ) ( a b )j + ( a b ) ( a b ) $
a
;!
;!
b {
i
, $

11 1200 :
N4.
, $

A(1 ;1 0) B (3 2 ;1) C (;1 ;4 1)
!
i
i ii(), i
( ).
N5. .
i i
AH ABC $
A(4 1 ;2) B(2 0 0) C (;2 3 ;5):

i 14.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
N3. ,

x ,
%
a = i ; 2 j ; 2 k $

j;! x
1

;!
x j = 45 ;! k %
.
N4. . i
$, $

A(0 1 3)
x
2 = y+1 z
;1 = 2 .
60
N5. , i i
x+1
4 = y+2 z;6 x+4 y+4 z+3
5 = 4 , 5 = 6 = 3
i 15.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
N3. , j a ; b j $
j a j = 13 j b j = 18 j a + b j = 25:
N4. . i
0i(
)
(
)
x;1
;1 = y3 = z+1
5
$
5x ; y + z ; 1 = 0:
N5. . i
$,
!

( )

i i

$ 5x ; 3y + z + 3 = 0 10x ; 6y + 2z + 7 = 0.
i 16.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
N3. , j( a + b ) (2 b + c )( c + a )j $
j a j = j b j = j c j = 3
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
i a b
i1' 1500 i c ? a c ? b :
x = y;1 = z x + 3y ; z + 2 = 0
N4. , i
4 ;3 5 x + y + z ; 1 = 0:
N5. .
i i
( ), $

M0(3 ;2 ;4)

$i 3x ; 2y ; 3z ; 7 = 0 '
x;5 = y+6 = z;3 :
;3 2 ;2
i 17.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
N3. ,',
a + c a + b b + c {
-
;! ;! ;!
i, $
a b c {
i.
N4. . i
$, $

i ii(
)
x;1
3 = y;;11 = 4z x3 = ;y1 = z+5
4 :
N5. . i
( ),
( ) ;x + 3y + 5 = 0 i

)

(
) x + y = 1:

(
i 18.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
N3. .
( a ; 3 b + 2 c ) (;2 a + 5 b + 2 c ) ( a ; 4 b + 8 c ):
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0i()
A(7 1 1)
$
x ; 2y + z ; 4 = 0:
N5. . i
i ABC , $
i
i

A(1 3) i
i: y = x + 4 x = ; 1:
i 19.
;!
x ;!
x ? ;!i ; ;!
j ; ;!
k,
;!
N3.
;
!
,
;
!
x ( i ; j ) = 2 j;! p

x j = 6.

, $
N4.
, $
i ii()
x;1
3 = y;2 2 = z;1 3

x+1 = y+1 = z+1 -
2 3. 4
1 , i
$, $

N5. 4
;!
AB ? ;!
CD ;!
AC ? ;!
BD (A B C D { ! -
(
) ii ).
;! ;!

, $
BC ? AD:
i 20.
;!
N3. ,

x ,
%

$ ABC :
61
A(1 3 4) B(;1 0 9) C (3 2 3) $
x j = 5p3.
j;!
N4. ,', ' '
i$
x;1
;1 = y;3 1 = z;2 2
x
1 = y1 = 2z .
N5. . i
i
, $

%
i%
i 1

0i (;1 2) i ! i%
ii() y = 0: 5

i1' 600 2.

{
i 21.
N3. 6 j;m
! + ;!
n ^+ 2;!
p j $
j;m
!j = 1 j;!
n j = 2 j;!
p j = 3,
;m
! ;!
^ ;
! ^ ;
! ;! ;
!
n = 1200 m p = 600 n p = 900.
N4. . i
$, $

M (;1 0 0)
x ;1 y ; 1 z; 1

0 = 3 = ;3 :
N5. . i
(
),
( ) 3x ; y + 5 = 0 i

)

(
) x + y = 1:

(
i 22.
;! ;! ;!
N3. ,
0i1
m + 3 n + p
m + n $
;! ;!
j;m
!j = j;!
n j = 2 j;!
p j = 1 ;!
m ;!
^
n = 600 ;m
! ;!
^
n ;!
p = 600 ;!
^
p = 900:
x + y + z ; 3 = 0 x;1 = y;1 = z;1 .
N4. , i
2x ; 2y + 3z ; 1 = 0 0 3 ;3
x+1 = y = z;3 x+4 = y;2 = z+2
N5. , i i
2 1 ;2
2 1 ;2 .
i 23.
N3. , i , $

;! a + ;!
b + 3;!
c,
2;! ;
!
a + 5 b + 6;!
c , 7;! ;
!
a + 8 b + 9;!
c
i, $
;! ;
!
a b ;!
c {
-
i.
N4. ,

0i()
M (7 0 ;1)
$
x ; 2y ; 3z ; 38 = 0:
N5. , i i
%

x+4 = y4 = z+5 x;9 = y;3 = z .
3 ;2
6 ;4 ;1
i 24.
;! ;! ;!
N3. ,
0i1
i + 3 j ; 4 k

(
x+y+z;1 = 0
)
x + 3y + 4z ; 7 = 0:
N4. ,', ' '
i$
(
)
x;1
2 = y;3 1 = z;;41
-
$ 3x + 2y ; 3z ; 2 = 0:
N5. ,
0 7,

( )

ABCD: A(1 2 3),
B(;2 8 9) C (5 0 7) D(3 4 2 ):
, ,
62
i 25.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
N3. 6 ( a + b ; c ) (2 a ; b + 3 c ) ( a ; 2 b ; 2 c ), $
a ;!
;! b ;! a ;!
c {
i
, ;! b = 300 ;!
c ? ;! c ? ;!
a ;!
^
b:
N4. ,

0i( )
M (;1 2 3)
$
3x + y ; z ; 7 = 0:
x;a = y;2 = z;1
x
N5. 8 '
i$

i:
y z a 9 6
1 = =
a 2?
i 26.
N3. ,',
A(;1 7 2), B (0 0 0), C (3 2 1),
D(0 ;1 3)
i
$i?
N4. . i
( ), $

M (;1 2 10) -

ii()
$ XOZ x + 2y + 3z ; 5 = 0:
N5. , i i
O (0 0 0)

(
x;1 = y+3 = z+1 .
)
2 ;1 5
i 27.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
N3. i

, $
a b c {
i,
a + 2 b + 3 c ,
a + 5;!
4;! b + 6;! a + 8;!
c 7;! b + 9;!
c {
i. , .
x;1 = y+1 = z
$ x + y +
N4. . i
0i()
( )
0 3 ;1
z ; 6 = 0:
N5. ,', ' i i
M1 M2
$ x + 2y + 3z ; 17 = 0
$
M1 (0 0 0) M2 (7 2 3):
i 28.
;! ;! ;! ;! p ;! ;! ;!
N3. i

, $
j a j = j b j = 3 j a ; 2 b j = 3 7: , j a ( a ; 2 b )j:
N4. , i i
$ 3x ; 4y + 12z ; 11 = 0
3x ; 4y + 12z + 6 = 0:
N5. ,
0
,

%

ABC
$
A(1 1 ; 2) B (3 ;5 2) C (;1 1 0):
i 29.
;
! ;
! ;
! ;
! ^;! 0 ;! ^;
! ;
! ^
;!
N3. i

, $
j a j=j b j = j c j=2 a b =120 a c = b c =600 : ,
a + ;!
j;! b + 3;!c j.
N4. , i i

()
x+1
2 = y;;23 = z+2

-
3
$ x+y+z;3 = 0

$ 2x ; 6y ; 9z = 0:
N5. 4 i i
%

x;4
2 = y;0 1 = z+4 x y;1 z;1
1 1 = 2 = ;1 :
i 30.
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! p19:
N3. , j(2 a + 3 b ) ( a ; b )j, $
a = 2 b = 3 j a ; b j =
N4. , i i
$ x ; 6y + 18z ; 1 = 0
x ; 6y + 18z + 3 = 0:
N5. ,
0
,
%
ABC , $
A(0 0 0), B(2 ;2 1), C (3 ;4 0):
63
10

i

10.1.

i .
10.2. . 0 1
3 4 5
10.2.1.

: ) ;2A + B A = B
@ 1 0 ;2 CA,
0 ;1 3 2
5 ;2 1 1C
B = B@ 0 1 3 A.
;2 4 7
0
B ;1 ;10 ;9 1C
ii: @ ;2 1 7 A.
0 ;2 3 !
) 4A ; 3B A =
2 0 3
! ; 4 1 5 ,
;1 1
B= 2 0 3 . ; 5

11 ;3 27 !.
ii:
;22 4 11
10.2.2.
)

m

n?
)

n

m?
64
10.2.3. #i $

i

%i A B, i$
:
) $ AB ?
) $ BA?
) $
AB BA?
0 ;3 5 8 3 1
B 2 ;1 4 5 CC
10.2.4.
$
: a) (0 1 0 0) B
B@ 5 3 ;4 ;1 CA.
4 7 6 0
ii:
0 (2 ; 1 4 15):0
B
11 12 13 14 C B 1 1C
) B
B 15 16 17 18 C B ;1 C
@ 19 20 21 22 CA. B@ ;1 CA.
23 24 25 26 1
65
001
B 0 CC
ii: BB@ 0 CA.
00 1
BB ;12 CC
B C
) (1 2 3 4 5) B BB ;1 CCC.
@ 1 A
5
0 1 26.
ii:
B 5C
() @ 4 A(2 ; 3 0).
1
0
10 ;15 0 1C
ii: B
@ 8 ;12 0 A.
2 ;3 0 0 1
0 1 0
58 ; 23 49 81 B C
@ 78 83 25 99 CA. BB@ 01 CCA.
) B
38 ;4 69 95 0
0 1
49
ii: B
@ 25 CA.
69

10.2.5.
!
$ AB
BA!, :
) A =
2 1 ,B=
;4 2 .
;3 ;5 0 7
!
ii: AB =
; 8 11
12 ;41 .
66
0 1 0 1
1 ; 1 3 2 5 ; 1
) A = B
@ 0 2 ;2 CA, B = B@ ;1 3 2 CA.
4 1 0 ;3 0 4
0 1
; 6 2 9
ii: AB = B
@ 4 6 ;4 CA.
7 !23 ;2 !
) A =
cos ; sin cos ; sin
sin cos , B = sin cos .
02 0 1
!
() A =
2 0 ;1 3 , B = BBB 1 ;1 CCC.
1 2 1 ;1 @0 4 A
3 5
!
ii: AB =
13 11
1 ;3 . 0 1
1
10.2.6.
$ ABCD, A = B@ 2 CA, B = 5 6 ;2 ,
0 1 ;1
3
C = B@ ;4 CA, D = 0 3 ;2 .
2
67
0
0 ;39 26 1C
ii: B
@0 ;78 52 A.
0 39 ;26 0 1
1 2 3
10.2.7.
f (A) f (x) = x ; 3x ; 2 A = B
2
@ 0 4 5 CA.
3 0 ;1
0 1
5 4 1
ii: B
@ 15 2 0 CA
;9 6 11
10.2.8. ,
, $
i, i (
- i( - -

-
% AB i BA, i.
10.3. . 0
B 1 3 ;2 1C 0
1 1 ; 1 1
10.3.1.

: ) 5A ; 2B A = @ 0 5 ;1 A, B = B@ 2 0 3 CA.
4 2 ;3 ;4 5 ;6
68
0
3 13 ;8 1C
ii: B
@ ;4 25 ;11 A.
28 0 0;3 1 0 1
2 4 ; 1 5
) B ; 3A A = B
@ 0 1 CA, B = B@ 1 ;7 CA.
;3 ;1 2 4
0
;7 ;7 1C
ii: B
@ 1 ;10 A.
11 7 0 1
3
10.3.2.
$
: a) B
@ 1 CA (;2 5 ; 3) :
4
0
B ;6 15 ;9 1C
ii: @ ;2 5 ;3 A.
0 ;38 120 ;12
B 4 CC
) (1 0 1 0) B
B@ ;3 CA.
4
!0 4 2 1 1C
1 3 4 B@ 0 ;1 4 A.
)
0 ;1 2 ;1 ;2 5
69
!
0 ;9 33 :
ii:

;
!
2 ;3 6!
1 3 ;2 4 :
()
5 ;7 1 ;3
!
1 ; 5
ii:
0
; 17
10
41 .
1
1 0 ; 2 0 1 4
) B
@ 4 ;1 3 CA B@ 2 ;4 1 CA.
5 6 ;3 ;3 ;2 5
0
6 5 ;6 1C
ii: B
@ ;11 2 30 A :
21 ;13 11
10.3.3.

0 AB1 BA,

0 1
3 2 4 1 0 0
) A = B@ ;1 5 0 CA, B = E = B@ 0 1 0 CA.
;4 1 ;6 0 5 10 0 1
B 4 CC
) A = 1 ;3 ;2 0 , B = B B@ 3 CA :
1
05 ;15 ;10 0 1C
B4 ;12 ;8 0 CC :
ii: ) AB = ;13
BA = B
B@ 3 ;9 ;6 0A
1 ;3 ;2 0
70
10.3.4. / $
%0

%0 A, $ $i

:
) 1

%i A?
) 1

%i A?
2i

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10.3.5. ! i$3

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(:
)
2 1 1 3 4 :
3 4 5
! 4!
2 1 2
)
3 5 :

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12 ! :
18
5$
10.3.6. !
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)
8 ;3 .
2 4
0 0 0 ::: c1 1C
B 0 0 ::: 0 CC.
) B
B
@ 0 cn;1 ::: ::: A
cn 0 ::: 0

) 1 2 3 4 .
051
B 6 CC
() B
B
@ 7 CA.
8
10.3.7. 2i

i:
) (AB )T = B T AT .
) (ABC )T = C T B T AT .
) (A + B )T = AT + B T .
71
10.3.8.

f (A)
!
) f (x) = x ; x ; 1 A =
1 1
1 1 .
2
!
ii:
0 1
1 0 . !
) f (x) = x + 2x ; 3 A =
1 1
0 1 .
2
!
ii:
0 4 .
0 0
10.3.9. ,
, $
i, i (
- i( - -

-
% AB BA, i.

:
10.3.10. !
)
2 1 n.
0 2
72
!
)
1 0 n.
1 1
10.3.11. 7
% A= a a
jj ij jj ij >08i j
3 --

0, $ i ( i03 1: ,
, $
-

-
% 3 -

% .

! !
1 3 5 ;2
10.3.12. A =
;2 4 4 B = 1 3 .
det A det B det(A B):
73
11

.
'
n ii i
n i

i
i
11.1.
i A A;1
A;1A = AA;1 = E:
A A;1 i i i
i,
detA 6= 0:
, i :
-
k- ! (k = 1 2 :: n)
"i ! i !i #

i k- i A, ! i
i detA :
0 1
1 BBB A 11 ::: An1 CC
A;1 = detA .
.
.
@
.
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. CA:
0
A ::: A 1 A1n Ann
BB 11 n1 CC
B A12 ::: An2 CC
BBB . . CC
! .
@ .
.
.
.
A
A1n Ann
$ % A;1 & & !
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2) & (!) "
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i (!)
i (!-
), !&# - "
.
A ! !
i i
# !
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i i
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11.2. $ .
! ! i % i, i:
11.2.1.
) A = 13 24 .
;2 1 !
-i !i : A;1 =
! 2 ;2
3 1 .

) A =
3 2
;6 ;4 .
-i !i : i.

74
0
1 2 0 1C
) A = B
@2 5 ;2 A.
0 ;2 5
0 1
21 ; 10 ; 4
-i !i : B
@ ;10 5 2 CA.
0 ;4 2 1 1
B 2 2 ;1 C
) A = @ 2 ;1 2 A.
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B 2 1 2 CC
-i !i : A;1 = BBB 9 ; 9 9 CC.
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0 9 19 9
1 ;1 ;2
) A = B
@ 2 ;1 ;1 CA.
;1 3 2
75
0 1
; 1 4 1
1 @ 3 0 3 CA.
-i !i : 6 B
0 1 2 ;3 5 24 ;11
B 2 3 1 2 CC
) A = B
B@ 1 1 1 ;1 CA.
1 0 ;2 ;6
0 22 ;6 ;26 17 1
B ;17 5 20 ;13 CC
-i !i : B
B@ ;1 0 2 ;1 CA.
4 ;1 ;5 3
11.2.2.
# ! % i i -
, :
0 1
0 0 ;1
B0 0
0C
) A = B
B@ 1 0 0 1 CC.
0 0A
0 ;1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 1
B 0 0 0 ;1 CC
-i !i : B
B@ ;1 0 0 0 CA.
0 1 0 0
76
0
2 1 3 1C
) A = B
@1 4 ;5 A.
0 ;2 6
0 7 3 17 1
BB 8 ; 4 ; 16 C
C
B 3 3 13 C
-i !i : BBB ; 8 4 16 C
C.
@ 1 1 7 C
A
; 8 4 16
0 1
1 ; 1 4
) A = B
@ 2 0 3 CA.
1 2 4
0 1
1 B ; 6 12 ; 3 C
-i !i : 15 @ ;45 ;03 52 A.
77

11.2.3. .' "i !
i: !
) AX = B A =
1 3 ,B=
1 ; 1
;4 5 2 0 .
!
1
-i !i : X = 17
; 1 ; 5
6 ;4 .! !
) Y A = B A =
4 2 4 2
3 ;1 , B = ;2 0 .

10 0 !.
1
-i !i : Y = 10
;2 ;!4
;3 1 X 5 6 = 3 2 !.
!
)
;2 0 ;1 ;1 8 ;9
78

17 93 !.
1
-i !i : X = 2
49 0263 1 0 1
4 0 1 1 3 4
) XA = B A = B
@ 0 3 1 CA, B = B@ 2 1 0 CA.
2 0 5 0 1 2
0 1
; 3 54 33
1 @ 32 18 ;10 CA.
-i !i : X = 54 B
;10 18 20
79
0
3 3 ;1 1C
2 1 1 !
) XA = B A = B
@ 3 ;1 3 A, B = ;1 5 ;2 .
;1 3 3
0 1
;3 ; 3 2
1 B@ ;3 2 ;3 CA. X = ; 1 ;7 ;7 ;2 !.
-i !i : A;1 =; 20 2 ;3 ;3 20 ;16 19 ;11
8 2x11.2.4.
; x
.' i " :
+ x3 = 6
>
< 1 2
> ; x + x + 2x = 4
: 3x11+ 2x22 ; 3x33 = ;8:
-i !i : x1 = 1 x2 = ;1 x3 = 3:
80
11.3. $ .

11.3.1. $ ! ! i % i, i:
) A = 34 17 .
!
1 7 ; 1
!;4 3
-i !i : 17 .

) A =
3 ;9 .
0 4
!
1
-i !i : 12
4 9
0 0 3 1.
B ;1 3 0 C
) A = @ 4 1 ;10 A.
;2 0 5
0
5 ;15 ;30 1C
-i !i : ; 5 @ 0 ;5
1 B ;10 A.
0 2 1;6 ;13
B 2 ;1 3 C
) A = @ 0 4 ;1 A.
2 3 2
81
-i !i :
0 i.
1
2 2 3
) A = B
@ 1 ;1 0 CA.
;1 2 1
0
B 1 ;4 ;3 1C
-i !i : @ 1 ;5 ;3 A.
;1 6 4
11.3.2. $
# ! % ,
A, : 0 1
1 3 ; 5
) A = B
@ 0 1 2 CA.
0 0 1
0 1
1 ; 3 11
@ 0 1 ;2 CA.
-i !i : B
0 0 0 11
B 1 1 1C
) A = @ 2 4 0 A.
;1 ;2 1
0
B 2;1 5 ;2 1C
-i !i : @ ;1 1 1 A.
0 05 1
82
.'
11.3.3. ! !i:
"i
2 ;1 X = 3 0
)
5 1 ;1 4 .
!
1 2 4
-i !i : 7
0 ;17 18 .0 1
1 1 ; 1 1 ; 1 3
) X B
@ 2 1 0 CA = B@ 4 3 2 CA.
1 ;1 1 1 ;2 5
0 1
; 3 2 0
-i !i : B
@ ;4 5 ;2 CA.
! ;5 3 0 ! !
1 2 X 0 ; 1 = 1 ;1 2.
)
;4 3 4 3 3 5

1
-i !i : X = 22
61 ;21 !.
19 5
83
11.3.4. .' , " " 1 ! -
2x1 + xi:

ii%#
= 10
) x + x 2= 17:
1 2
-i !i :
8 x1 = ;7 x2 = 24:
< 2x 1 ; x2 ; x3 = 4
) : 3x1 + 4x2 ; 2x3 = 11
3x1 ; 2x2 + 4x3 = 11:
-i !i :
8 x1 = 3 x2 = x3 = 1:
< x1 + 2x 2 + 4x3 = 31
5x
) : 1 + x 2 + 2x3 = 29
3x1 ; x2 + x3 = 10:
-i !i : x1 = 3 x2 = 4 x3 = 5:
84
12

i.

-i.
' m
i n i
12.1.

i .
12.2. .
12.2.1.

0 1
:
B 1 1 1C
) A = @ 2 2 2 A.
3 3 3
0 1
2 0
) A = B
@ 0 0 CA.
0 0
0 1
1 2 3 4
) A = B
@ 0 5 6 7 CA.
0 0 0 0
0 1
1 4 9
) A = B
@ 1 1 1 CA.
1 2 3
12.2.2.
0 ;

1

i:
2 0 ;4
BB 0 2 2 CC
) A = B @ 1 ;3 ;1 CA.
4 6 14
85
ii:
0 rg A = 2.1
B 2 6 9 5C
) A = @ 4 3 9 4 A.
0 3 3 2
ii:
0 rg A = 2. 1
2 10 9 7
BB 1 3 2 1 CC
) A = B@ 2 5 4 1 CA.
3 8 9 2
ii: rg A = 4.
86
01 2 3 41
B 2 3 4 5 CC
) A = B
B@ 3 4 5 6 CA.
4 5 6 7
ii:
0 rg A = 2.
2 3 ;1
BB 3 2 5
4 1 1C
) A = B
;3 4 CC.
@ 4 ;3 2 1 7 A
1 8 2 0 ;2
ii: rg A = 3.
12.2.3.
0

1
i:
B
1 2 ;1 1 C
B
B 5 1 2 1 CC.
@ 4 ;1
0 A
3
4 ;1
87
ii:

= 3
i i 3,
i i"

i 4.
8 12.2.4. $
, %
& i:
< x1 ; 3x2 ; 10x3 + 5x4 = 0
1 + x2 + 6x3 ; 2x4 = 1
: 2x
5x ; x + 2x + x = 7:
1 2 3 4
ii:
& i, & % rg
i

i 2,
"
'(
i { 3.
12.2.5. $i

& & ii i
i '
'('(, ,%
8 i&:
' ,
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 2
>
>
< x1 ; x2 + x3 = 0
) > x + 3x ; x = ;2
> 3x1 + 4x2 + 3x
: 3
= 0:
1 2 3
88
ii:
i

i & "
'(
i
8 3, &
& i i
e: x1 = ;1 x2 = 0 x3 = 1:
i
2x1 + x2 + 3x3 ; x4 + x5 = 2
>
>
< 1 ; 2x2 + x3 + 3x4 ; x5 = 1
> x
) > 3x1 + 4x2 + 5x3 ; 5x4 + 3x5 = 3
>
> x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 ; 4x4 + 2x5 = 1
: 5x
1 ; 5x2 + 6x3 + 8x4 ; 2x5 = 4:
8
ii:
& i.
x + 2x + 3x ; x = 0
>
>
< x11 ; x2 2+ x3 +3 2x4 4= 4
) > x + 5x + 5x ; 4x = ;4
>
: x11 + 8x22 + 7x33 ; 7x44 = ;8:
89
ii:
i

i & "
'(
i
i 2, &
& i,
: x1 = 3 ; 3 x3 ; x4 -
8 5
x2 = ; 34 ; 23 x3 + x4:
8 x $i

12.2.6. & ii i
i:
> 1 + 2x2 + 3x3 ; x4 = 0
> x ; x + x3 + 2x4 = 4
<
) > x1 + 5x2 + 5x
: x11 + 8x22 + 7x33 ;
> 4x4 = ;4
; 7x4 = 6:
ii:
& i.
90
8 x1 + x2 = 1
>
>
< x1 + x2 + x3 = 4
>
) > x2 + x3 + x4 = ;3
>
>
: x3 + x4 + x5 = 2
x4 + x5 = ;1:
ii:
& i,
.
12.2.7.

' , i 0& &
& ' ,i

8 ii
i
i :
>
> 2x1 ; x2 ; 3x3 + 4x4 = 0
< 7x1 + 7x2 + 9x3 + x4 = 0
) > x + 3x + 5x ; x = 0
>
: 5x1 + x2 ; x 3+ 7x4 = 0:
1 2 3 4

ii: x = ;!
;! b ;!
b = 47 - ; 137 1 0 :
91
x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
) x + x ; x = 0:
1 2 3
ii:
8 x = ;!
;! b ;!
b = (1 ;1 0) { &- ,
, .
>
> x1+ 2x +24x ; 3x
3
< 3x + 5x + 6x ; 4x = 0
= 0 4
1 2 3 4
) > 4x + 5x ; 2x + 3x = 0
>
: 3x + 8x + 24x ; 19x = 0:
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
ii: x1 = 8x3 ; 7x4 x2 = ;6x3 + 5x4 {

' ,- (8 ;6 1 0)-
(;7 580 1) { 0&
' ,i.
>
> x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 + 4x4 + 5x5 = 0
< 2x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 + 5x4 + x5 = 0
) > 3x + 4x + 5x + x + 2x = 0
> x 1+ 3x 2+ 5x 3+ 12x4 + 9x5 = 0:
: 1 2 3 4 5
92
ii: ;! ;! ;!
x = b1 + 2 b1 , 1 2 { &- ,i ,
{
' ,-
;!
b1 = (1 ;2 1 0 0)- ;!
b2 = (15 ;12 0 1 1) { 0&
' ,i.
12.3. .
12.3.1.
0

1

i:
1 3 5
B 2 ;1
;1 C
) A = B
B@ 5 1 ;3 4 CC.
;1 7 A
7 7 9 1
ii:
0 rg A = 3.
25 31 17
BB 75 94 53
43 1C
) A = B
132 CC.
@ 75 94 54 134 A
25 32 20 48
93
ii:
0 rg A = 3.
BB 10 01 ;01 0 0 0 1C
B 0 ;1 1 1 0 0 CC
) A = BBB 0 0 ;1 CCC.
@ 0 0 ;1 0 1 0 A
0 0 0 ;1 ;1 1
ii:
0 rg A = 4.
3 3 4 ;2
BB 8 6 12 ;1
;5 1C
) A = B
0 CC.
@ 7 9 8 ;9 ;25 A
1 3 0 ;5 ;15
94
ii: rg A = 2.
12.3.2.

i i
ii:
01 1 3 11
B C
A = BB@ 21 12 45 30 CCA.
5 4 13 6
ii: rg A = 2.
12.3.3. 2 & i
i
0 1
B 1
; 1 2
@ 2 ;1
3 CA
1 10 ;6

i

?
ii: ,%
= 3
i i 2, ,%
6= 3 '('(
i 3.
95
12.3.4. $i

& & ii i
i '
'('(, ,%
8 i&:
' ,
< 5x1 + 8x2 + x3 = 2

>
a) > 3x ; 2x2 + 6x3 = ;7
: 2x11 + x2 ; x3 = ;5:
ii:
8
& i,
- x1 = ;3 x2 = 2 x3 = 1:
>
> x + 2x + 3x ; x = 0
< x11 ; x2 2+ x3 +3 2x4 4= 4
) > x + 5x + 5x ; 4x = ;4
>
: x11 + 8x22 + 7x33 ; 7x44 = 6:
8
ii: c
& i.
< (5 ; )x ; 3y + 2z = 0
>
12.3.5. 4
,

> 6x ; (4 + )y + 4z = 0 ' ,
, i ii
: 4x ; 4y + (5 ; )z = 0
i & ?
ii: 1 = 1 2 = 2 3 = 3.
96
8 x1 ; x2 + 2x3 ; x4 = 0
<
12.3.6. $
, %
: x1 ; x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 0 ,i& ,i,i
x1 ; x2 + 2x3 ; x4 = 0
' ,i.
12.3.7.

' , i 0& &
& ' ,i

ii
i
i :
8 2x1 ; x2 + 3x3 ; 2x4 + 4x5 = 0
<
) : 4x1 ; 2x2 + 5x3 + x4 + 7x5 = 0
2x ; x + x + 8x + 2x = 0:
1 2 3 4 5
ii: x = ;!
;! b + ;!b + ;!b {
' ,- ;!
b = (1 2 0 0 0)
;! ;
! 1 1 2 2 3
b = (0 13 5 1 0)8b = (0 1 ;1 0 1) { 0&

' ,i.
3 1
2
>
> x ; 5x + 2x ; 16x + 3x = 0
3
1 2 3 4 5
< x + 11x ; 12x + 34x ; 5x = 0
1 2 3 4 5
) (,) > 3x + x ; 8x + 2x + x = 0
>
: 3x ; 2x ; 3x ; 7x + 2x = 0:
1 2 3 4 5
;! ;
! ;! ;
!1 2
;
! 19 7
3
4 5
ii: x = b + b + b {
' ,- b = 8 8 ,1 0 0
1 1 2 2 3 3 1
;! 3 25 ;! 1 1
b = 8 ; 8 , 0 1 0 b = ; 2 2 , 0 0 1 { 0&

2 3
' ,i- { &- ,i ,
.
1 2 3
97
13
ii
i. i i
13.1. L
i (i

)

" ii i", :
1)
K i ( , K = R {
i
! K = C {
! )"
2) $i%
i: &-
x y 2 L !
ii
z 2 L (
):
x + y = z 2 L
3)
: &-
2 K x 2 L !-
ii z = x 2 L
4) $i)* x + y x &%& ii

:
) x + y = y + x ) (x + y ) + z = x + (y + z ) ) i " &-",
0 2 L x + 0 = x +) i " ; x" 2 L x + (;x) = 0
) 1 x = x ) (x) = ()x ) ( + )x = x + x ) (x + y ) = x + y .
x x
,

i 1 ::: n ii+
" ii -
+ + =0
)*", i%& 1 ::: n 21 ::: 2n 6 i,
1 x1 + 2 x2 +
+ nxn = 0
::: :
-
+
ii

e1 e
::: n 2 L
&-+ x 2 L i%& i 1 ::: n
x = e1 1 + 2e2 + + nen
:::
(n %&
ii% ii+ ).
. ii
i L(K = R) i i x y ii i
! , !&

(x y ) x y , i $i &

:
) (x y ) = (y x) ) (x y ) = (x y ) 2 R
) (x1 + x2 y ) = (x1 y ) + (x2 y ) +) (x x) 0((x x) = 0 <=> x = 0)
(x y )
" ", L { ii i. /

q
jxj = (x x):
x y ii& 12i--&+
0 &- i
j(x y)j2 (x x)(y y)
!
i x 6= 0 y 6= 0:
cos = jx(xj yjy) j :

. (x y ) = 0 x y %& + &
.
. e1 ::: en { , ei ? ej, jeij = 1,

+.
98
13.2. 3.
4!, i
%%& ii i. 4ii& +-
. / )* iii &-+ ,

ii& (13.2.1 - 13.2.10).
13.2.1. +

! i i.
4ii&: %"

ii& 3" :
;!
i ;
!j ;
!
k:
0 1
BB ..
x1
CC
13.2.2. Rn !i B@ CA, xi 2 R i !

i
xn

! .
011 001 001

BB 0 CC BB 1 CC BB 0 CC
4ii&: % n-
i i" : B B@ ... CCA BB . CC ::: BB . CC.
@ .. A @ .. A
80 1 9 0 0 1
>
> >
>
> BB x1 CC >
<B x2 C =
13.2.3. >B C x
BB .. CC i 2 R x 1 = 1>.
> >
:@ xn A
> >

4ii&: i.

13.2.4. +! i 2 { a2x2 + a1x + a0 a2 6= 0:
4ii&: i.

99
13.2.5. +! i , + 2.
4ii&: %

i i. 7 i: 1 x x2
1 (x ; 1) (x ; 1)2 ::: /+: ii i&.
13.2.6. i i, )*
)*.
3 .
4ii&: %" dim L = 1:

13.2.7. C a b] ii a b] :$i.
4ii&: %" dim L = 1.

13.2.8. ff (x) : f (1) = 1g:
4ii&: i.

13.2.9. i+ &
$&
i
n n.
4ii&: %" dim L = n.

13.2.10.
$& fA n n detA = 0g.
4ii&: i.

100
13.2.11(). 0,

$& n n 2

(0,...,0) % ii i L1 dim L1 = n(n ; 1). &-

$& { i
ii
n(n+1) .
!
$&
2
{ i
ii
n(n+1)
2 . 0 10 1021031
1 0
B 2 CC BB ;1 CC BB 1 CC BB 2 CC
13.2.12. 0,
B
B@ 3 CA B@ 3 CA B@ 3 CA B@ 9 CA ii .
4 0 1 5
13.2.13. 0,
:$i 1 cos2x sin2x ii .
13.2.14. 0,
:$i ex e2x ii .
13.2.15. 4!, i $i !

x1 !
y1 ! %%&
x2 y2
:
) (x y ) = x2 y1
) (x y ) = 3x2 y1 + 5x2 y2
) (x y ) = x1 y1 + 2x2 y2 + 3x1 y2 :
13.2.16(). 0, i +! i 2

0 (a + a x + a x b + b x + b x ) =
1 2
2
0 1 2
2
= a0b0 + a1b1 + a2b2 :
13.2.17(). = i C a b] !
Zb

(f (x) g(x)) = f (x)g(x)dx:
a
1. 0, %& ii i.
2. 3 ii& 12i--&+.
3. 3
i :$i
sin x cos x i C ; ]
(cos x cos x):
Z1 q
4. 0, (4 + x3)xdx < p2 125:
x + &i ii ;1 1]. 3
0
5. 0, +! 1
101
a1 a0 b2 b1 b , +! 1, x x2 + a1x + a0 x3 + b2x2+
+ b1x + b0 % + &
.
0
13.3. 3.
4!, i
%%& ii i. / -
)* iii (13.3.1 - 13.3.4).
13.3.1. +
! i i, & &-i

i.
80 1 9
<B x1 C
> >
=
13.3.2. >@ x2 A x2 = 0> :
: x3
4ii&: %.

13.3.3. :$i + i acos x + bsin x (a b { ! ).
13.3.4. +! i &-+ .
4ii&: %.

13.3.5(). 0, :$i)* T (t) = cos(n arccos t)
n ,
t 2 ;1 1] n = 0 1 2::: { +! ( i +! >2). 0-
, T0 T1 + &i i +
Z1
(f g) = f (x)g(x)(1 ; x2) ; 2 dx:
1
;1
102
14
ii

14.1. L1 L2 {
iii . x 2 L1 ii

A y 2 L2
x ;!
A y
i
A(x1 + x2) = Ax1 + Ax2
A(x) = Ax
A
ii .
(e1 ::: en) L1
(f1 ::: fm) L2, !
ii
0 1
BB a 11 a12 ... a1n C
BB a21 a22 ... a2n CCC
A = BB ::: CC
@ A
am1 am2 ... amn
0 1 i Ae1 ::: Aen.
" #$
BB x.1 CC
%i
: x = B@ . CA,
xn
0 1
BB a 11 a 12 ... a 1n CC 0 x1 1
BB a21 a22 ... a2n CC BB . CC
Ax = BB ::: CC B@ . CA
@ A
am1 am2 ... amn xn

!.
i (e1 ::: en)
i' (e1 ::: en)
0 0
! A 0

A = T 1AT
;
T { ! i (e1 ::: en) (e1 ::: en) "
0 0
#$ i e1 ::: en i e1:::e1.

0 0
14.2. ). ( ! )
x
L1 = L2 = x2 xi 2 R { " i i . *-
1
, A {
ii , !, ' "-
i (14.2.1 -14.2.2).
! !
;! x
14.2.1. A x = A x2 = x2 :
1 kx 1
!
;
! x1 cos ; x2 sin
14.2.2. A x = x1sin + x2cos :
103
80 19
< x1
> >
CA= : *, A {
ii , i
L1 = L2 = R = >:B@ x2
3
>

x3
! i ;!i ;!j ;!
k (14:2:3 ; 14:2:5):
;
! ;
!
14.2.3. A x = x ( {
).
0 1
0 0
0ii: A = B@ 0 0 CA :
0 0
14.2.4. A;!
x = ;!
a ;!
x ;!
a {
.
0 1
0 ;a a
0ii: A = B@ a3 0 ;a1 CA :
3 2
;a2 a1 0
0 1
; x
14.2.5. A;!
x = B@ ;5x1 CA :
2
;3x3 ; x1
0 1
0 ; 1 0
0ii: A = B@ ;5 0 0 CA :
;1 0 ;3
14.2.6. L1 = L2 = R1 Ax = 2x + 3: 3 A
ii -
? 3
ii B : Bx = x ?
2
14.2.7. L1 = Pn = fanxn + an xxn 1 + ::: + a1x + a0 ai 2 Rg, A i

;
df . *, A {
ii ,
;

:
f 2 Pn Af = dx
!i :
) 1 x ::: xn ) 1 x ; 1 (x ; 1)2 ::: (x ; 1)n
) 1 1!x x2! ::: xn! :
2 n
104
0 1 0 1
0 1 0 : : : 0 0 1 0 :
BB 0 0 2 : : : 0 CC BB 0 0 1 : : : 0 CC: : 0
0ii: ),) BBBB ::: CC BB
CC6 ) BB :::
CC
CC :
@ 0 0 0 ::: n A @ 0 0 0 ::: 1 A
0 0 0 ::: 0 0 0 0 ::: 0
14.2.8(). L = fa0 + a1cos t + b1sin t + ::: + ancos nt +
+bnsin ntg. f 2 L Af = dx df . ) ! i 1, cos t sin t
::: cos nt sin nt:
14.2.9(). L { i "
i 2
i i x y . *,
ii i .
p 2 L, Ap = x @@py . ) ! i x2 xy y2:
14.3. ). ! !
x x
14.3.1. *, x2 ! ;x2
ii -
1 1
. ) ! i ;! i ;!

j 6 ' " i.
! !
14.3.2. *, x2 ! x01
ii . )
x 1
!, ' " i.
105
80 1 9 0 1
<B x1 C
> >
= ; x2 + 3x3
14.3.3. L1 = L2 = >:@ x2 A xi 2 R> A !
x = B@ ;4x2 CA : *,
x3 0 ;3x1 3 0+ x1 1 0 1
1 0 0
A {
ii , ! i B@ 0 CA B@ 1 CA B@ 0 CA :
0 0 1
0 1
0 1 3
0ii: B@ 0 ;4 0 CA :
1 0 ;1
14.3.4. L = fa3x3 +a2x2 +a1x +a0 ai 2 R:g i
f 2 L Af = f (x + 4):
*, A {
ii 6
! i 1 x x2 x3.
0 1 4 42 43 1
B CC
0ii: BB@ 00 10 81 33 44 CA :
2
0 0 0 1
14.3.5().

! L { ! i 2 2. x 2 L,
AX = 23 14 X: *, A {
ii ,

! ! ! !
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
! i 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 :
106
15
i
. ii

i

i
15.1. i,

ii A i -
A, A ; E
A, ii i A ( E { " " ,
A). $i jA ; E j = 0 i i" -
i A. i, ; !
x 6= 0,

;
! ;
!
ii% A x = 0 x 0 {
,

A,
0 {
, ii
-
; !
x . i &,
A i
" i.
'
&
" ; !
x ii

'
ii i:
0 1 0 1
BB x1 CC BB 0 CC
(A ; E)BBBB x..2 CCCC = BBBB 0.. CCCC:
@ . A @.A
xn 0
15.2. +.
+ i,
i i
i
ii -
" A
ii i Ln " i
;! ;! ;!
( e 1 e 2 ::: e n ) " A (15.2.1 -15.2.6).
!
15.2.1. A =
2 4
1 2 .
ii: 1 = 0 ;
!
x 1 = ;2 ;!
e 1 + ;!
e 2 2 = 4 ;!
x 2 = 2 ;!
e 1 + ;!
e 2.
107
!
15.2.2. A =
3 2
2 6 .
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
ii: 1 = 2 x !1 = ;2 e 1 + e 2 2 = 7 x 2 = e 1 + 2 e 2.
15.2.3. A = 32 ;38 .
ii: ;! ;! ;!
01 = 3 + 4i x 11 = 2 e 1 ; i e 2 x 2 = 2 ;!
= 3 ; 4i ;
! e 1 + i ;!
e 2.
2 ;2 0 C
2
B
15.2.4. A = @ ;2 9 2 A.
0 2 2
108
ii: = 1 ;
!
x 1 = (2;!
e 1 + ;!e 2 ; 2;!
e 3) = 2 ;
!
x 2 = (;!
e 1 + ;!
e 3)
;
! 1
;
! ;
! ;
!
3 = 10 x 3 = (; e 1 + 4 e 2 + e 3 ):
2
0 1
6 0 3
15.2.5. A = B
@ 0 6 3 CA.
2 1 6
ii: = 3;!
x = (;;!
e ; ;! e + ;!
e ) = 6
;! ;
! 1
;
!
x 2 = ( e 1 ; 20 e 2) = 9 x1 = ( e + e + ;!
3
;
!1
3
;
!1
;
!2
1
3
e ):
2
2
3
;7 12 ;6 C
15.2.6. A = B @ ;3 5 ;3 A.
3 ;6 2
109
ii: = 2 ;!
x 1 = 1(2;!
e 1 + ;!
e 2 ; ;!
e 3) 2 = = ;1
;! ;! 1
;! ;
! ;
!
x 2 = 2 f 2 + 3 f 3 f 2 = (;1 0 1) f 3 = (2 1 0):
3
15.2.7. +

ii " " L3 i-
"
" . + , i"
"
.
+&. '
i
ii "
" ii n i " n i

, i"

i
i -
. 0 1
B 1 2 0 C
) A = @ 0 2 0 A.
;2 ;2 ;1
110
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
B 1 0 0 C B ; 1 C B 2 C B 0C
ii: @ 0 2 0 A @ 0 A @ 1 A @ 0 A :
0! 0 ;1 1 ;2 1
) A =
2 3 .
3 2
! ! !
ii:
; 1 0 ; 1 1 :
0
0 5 11 1
B 7 ;12 ;2 C
) A = @ 3 ;4 0 A.
;2 0 ;2
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 4 2 1
@ 0 2 0 CA B@ 3 CA B@ 1 CA B@ 1 CA :
ii: B
0 0 ;1 ;4 ;1 ;2
111
15.2.8. 1 i
ii i i " "
L & i"
" "
"

" ? !
) A = ;32 83 .

ii: ! i"
" "
.
) A = 24 42 .

ii: ! i"
" "
.
) A = 31 ;11 .
ii:
0
1 i"
" "
.
B 7 10 ;12 C
") A = @ 3 8 ;9 A.
4 8 ;9
ii: i"

" "
.
112
0
6 ;5 ;3 1C
) A = B
@3 ;2 ;2 A.
2 ;2 0
ii: i"

" "
.
15.2.9. +
i i A 0
i

ii " A, "

i A, ! :
) A = ;14 ;14 .
!
5 0 4 (; p1 p1 ) ( p1 p1 ).
ii:
0 0 ; 3 1 2 2 2 2
B 2 ;2 0 C
) A = @ ;2 9 2 A.
0 2 2
0 1
2 0 0
@ 0 10 0 CA ( p12
ii: B 0 p1 ) (; p1 p4 p1 ) ( 23 31 ; 23 ).
2 3 2 3 2 3 2
0 0 1
113
15.3. +.
+
i i
i
ii " A
ii -
;! ;! ;!
i Ln , " i ( e 1 e 2 :: e n ) "
A, :
!
15.3.1. A = 31 93 .
ii: ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
1 = 0 ! 2 = 6 x 1 = 1(;3 e 1 + e 2) x 2 = 2(3 e 1 + e 2 ):
15.3.2. A = 35 42 .
ii: ;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
1 = ;2 ! 2 = 7 x 1 = 1(;4 e 1 + 5 e 2 ) x 2 = 2( e 1 + e 2):
15.3.3. A = 23 ;23 .
ii: 1 = 2 + 3i 2 = 2 ; 3i ;!

x 1 = 1(;!
e 1 ; i;!
e 2) ;!
x 2 = 2(;!
e 1 + i;!
e 2 ):
114
!
15.3.4. A =
; 1 1
1 ;1 .
;! ;! ;! ;! ;! ;!
ii: 01 = 0 2 = ;12 x 1 = 1( e 1 + e 2) x 2 = 2( e 1 ; e 2 ):
B 4 ;1 1 C
15.3.5. A = @ 0 2 ;1 A.
0 ;1 2
ii: = 1 = 3 3 = 4 ; x 1 = 1(;!
! e 2 + ;!
e 3)
;! ;
! 1
;
! ;! 2
;
! ;
!
x 2 = 2(;2 e 10; e 2 + e 3) 1x 3 = 3 e 1:
4 ;2 1 C
15.3.6. A = B
@ 1 3 ;1 A.
;
1 ;2 2
115
ii: = 4 + p3 3 = 4 ; p3 ;!
= 1 x 1 = 1(;!
e 2 + 2;!
e 3)
;! p ;! ;
!
1
;! ;
!
2
p ;
! ;! ;
!
x 2 = 2( 3 e 10; e 2 + e 3) 1x 3 = 3(; 3 e 1 ; e 2 + e 3):
B 3 ;1 1 C
15.3.7. A = @ ;1 5 ;1 A.
1 ;1 3
ii: = 2 = 3 = 6
;!
x = ( e ; e ) ;!
1 1
;! 1
;
! 1
x = (;!
3 e + ;!
2
2 e + ;!
2
3
1 x = (;!
e ) ;! 2 e ; 2;!
3 e + ;!
3 e ):
3 1 2 3
15.3.8. +
ii " " L i-
"
" "
.
! + , i"
"
.
) A =
5 2 .
2 5

ii:
;1 ! 1 ! 3 0 ! :
1 1 0 7
116
0
7 10 ;12 1C
) A = B
@3 8 ;9 A.
4 8 ;9
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
B 1 0 0 C B ; 1 C B ; 2 C B 3C
ii: @ 0 2 0 A @ 3 A @ 1 A @ 0 A :
0 0 3 2 0 1
15.3.9. +
i i A 0
i

ii " A, "
i
i" A, &

i """ ! """, :
) A = 21 12 .
! ;! p ! ; ! p !
ii: A =
1 0 1
4 e 1= 2 p
; 2 1
4 e 2= 2 p
2 4
0 3 2 2
0 0 0
p p !
H = 2 ;p22 p22 .
1
0 1
11 2 ; 8
) A = B
@ 2 2 10 CA.
;8 10 5
117
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
18 0 0 ;
! ; 2 ;
! 2 ;
! 1
@ 0 9 0 CA e 1 = 31 B@ 1 CA4 e 2 = 13 B@ 2 CA4 e 3 = 13 B@ ;2 CA.
ii: A = B0 0 0 0
0 0 ;9 2 1 2
16

i .
i
16.1. 6 i
.
16.2.1. + 78 9:
) f (x1 x2 x3 ) = 6x1 x2 ; x22 + 4x1 x3 ; x2 x3 :
) f (x1 x2 x3) = 2x21 + 4x1x2 + 2x1x3 + x2x3:
0 16.2.2. +

1 9, 7878 "

B 0 2 22
@ 2 ;1 3 CA :
22 3 2
16.2.3. ) : & 9 & i" -

"
"
?
) :
& ii 9ii 78 9 i -
"
" , 7878 i" "
?
118
16.2.4. + 9 i" "
"

:
) f (x1 x2 ) = x21 + 4x1 x2 + x22 :
ii: 3x~21 ; x~22 :

) f (x1 x2 x3 ) = 3x22 + 3x23 + 4x1 x2 + 4x1 x3 ; 2x2 x3 :
ii: 4x~21 + 4x~22 ; 2x~23 :

) f (x1 x2 x3 ) = 2x21 + x22 ; 4x1 x2 ; 4x2 x3 :
ii: x~21 ; 2x~22 + 4x~23 :

16.2.5. + 9 i" "
"

, , i "
, i
" "
" :
) f (x1 x2 ) = 5x21 + 4x1 x2 + 8x22 :
119
0 2 1
p p1
ii: 4x~21 + 9x~22 ;
! e2 = ( p15 p15 ) T = BB@ p51 p25 CCA :
e1 = ( p25 ; p15 ) ;!
; 5 5
) f (x1 x2 x3) = x + 2x ; 4x1x2 + 4x1x3:
2
1
2
3
0 1 1
BB ; 3
2 2
3 3 CC
B 2 CC
ii: x~21 + 4x~22 ; 2x~23 T = BBB 3 ; 13 2
3 CC :
@ 2
3
2
3
; 13 A
) f (x1 x2 x3) = 5x21 + 3x22 + 3x23 ; 2x1x2 + 2x1x3 ; 2x2x3:
120
ii: 6x~21 + 2x~22 + 3x~23 ;!
e1 = (; p26 p16 ; p16 ) ;!
2 e =(0 p1 p1 ) ;!
2 2 e3 =
0 2
BB ; p6 0 ; p13 1CC
(; p ; p p ) T = B
1
3
1 1
3 3
B p1 p1
BB 6 2
; p13 CCCC.
@ p13 A
; p16 p12
16.2.6. 78 i i" "
:
) x2 ; 4xy + 4y 2 + 4x ; 3y ; 7 = 0:
ii:
4 y~2 = ; p15 ~x + p85:
121
) 3x2 ; 2xy + 3y2 + 2x ; 4y + 1 = 0:
p p
ii:
i4 a = p3 b = 3:
4 2 4
) x2 + 2xy ; y 2 ; 6x + 4y ; 3 = 0:
a = p 1p b = p1p :
ii: "i
4
2 2 2 2
") x ; 8xy + 7y ; 6x ; 6y + 9 = 0:
2 2
122
y~2 ; x~
1 = 1:
2
ii: "i
4 9
) x + 3xy + 2y + 2x + 5y ; 3 = 0:
2 2
ii: , .

16.2.7. ; 9
5x21 + x22 + x23 + 4x1x2 ; 2x1x3 ; 2x2x3
?
ii: > 2:
123
16.3. +.
16.3.1. + 9 i" "
"

:
) x21 ; 12x1 x2 ; 4x22 :
ii: 5x~21 ; 8x~22 :

) x21 + 5x22 + x23 + 2x1 x2 + 2x2 x3 + 6x1 x3 :
ii: ;2x~21 + 3x~22 + 6x~23 :

) ;3x22 + 4x1 x2 + 10x1 x3 ; 4x2 x3 :
ii: ;x~ ; 7x~ + 5x~ :

2
1
2
2
2
3
124
16.3.2. + 9 i" "
"

, , i "
i
" "
" .
) f (x1 x2 ) = 5x21 ; 2x1 x2 + 5x22 :
0 1 1
;
! 1 ;
!
ii: 4x~21 + 6x~22 e1 = ( p p ) e2 = (; p p ) T = @ 1
1 1 1 B
B
p2 ; p12 CC.
2 2 2 2 p2 p12 A
) f (x1 x2 x3 ) = 2x21 + x22 + 2x23 ; 2x1 x2 + 2x2 x3 :
125
ii: 3x~21 + 2x~22 ;!
e = ( p13 ; p113 ; p13 ) ;!
e = ( p12 p1 )
0 1
1 2 0
2
BB p3 p2
1
; p16 CC
e3 = ( p16 p16 ; p16 ) T = BBBB ; p13 0
;! p2
6
CC
CC.
@ A
; p3 p2 ; p16
1 1
) f (x1 x2 x3 ) = 6x21 ; 2x22 + 6x23 + 4x1 x3 :
126
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
BB p2 CC BB p2 CC BB 0 CC
ii: 4x~21 + 8y~12 ; 2z12 ;
!
e1 = BBB 0 ;! ;!
CC e2 = BBB 0 CCC e3 = BBB 1 CCC
@ p1 CA @ p1 A @ A
0 1 1
; 2 2
0
B p2 p2 0 C
1
B
B CC
T = B 0 0 1 CC.
B
@ p1 p1 A
; 2 2
0
16.3.3. 78 i i" "

:
) x2 ; 2xy + y 2 + 4x ; 6y + 1 = 0:
127
ii:
4 y~2 = p12 ~x:
) x2 + 4xy + 4y 2 ; 2x ; 4y ; 3 = 0:
ii:

: x + 2y + 1 = 04
x + 2y ; 3 = 0:
) x2 + y 2 + 3xy + x + 4y = 0:
ii: ; 25 x~2 + 12 y~2 = 1:
128
17

i i
17.1.

i ii i.
17.2. .
17.2.1.

i

:
a) x2 + y 2 + z 2 ; 2y = 0 ( )
) x = 2y + z (
2 2
)
) 1 ; z = x + y (
2 2
)
!) x2 = y 2 + z 2
) x2 ; z 2 = 9:
17.2.2. "

i i i,

:
2x2 + 9y 2 + 4z 2 + 4x ; 54y ; 8z + 86 = 0:
ii$: i i

p12 13 21 .
17.2.3. &
'
$
(
i!
! -
,

ii i :
) 3y 2 + 3z 2 + 4xy + 4xz ; 2yz = 1
) 3y 2 + 3z 2 + 4xy + 4xz ; 2yz = 0
) 3y 2 + 3z 2 + 4xy + 4xz ; 2yz = ;1:

! , *
$ ii'$ ii
+

.
129
ii$: ) +

!i, ) , ) +

!i.
17.2.4. "

i i i:
x + y 2 + z 2 ; 2xy ; 4x + 4y + 3 = 0:
2
1)

(
i :
2) i
:
3)
H i !
i.! (

i

0i, i

1 0 1 +
):
0 1 0 10 1
x x1 x1
H=@ B C B C B C B
A
@ y A = H @ y1 A = @ C
A @ y1 CA =
B
z z1 z1
4) 0i

i i

x
y z (!:

(
1
! 1 21x+ y+ z
2
2 1
2
3 1 ):
5)
i

i
:
6)

! :
ii$: i

i.
130
17.2.5. "

i i i:
2x + 2y 2 + 3z 2 + 4xy + 2yz + 2xz ; 4x + 6y ; 2z + 3 = 0:
2
ii$: i

.
17.2.6(). 4i

i i y 2 + 2xz + 2x + 2z + k = 0:
ii$: +

!i , * k < 2, -
, * k = 2 +

!i , * k > 2:
131
17.3. 4 .1 .
17.3.1. "

i i i 3x2 + 6x + 3y 2 ; 12y + z = 0,

.
ii$: .

17.3.2. "

+ i:
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 ( ), x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0 ( ),

:
:
x2 ; y 2 + z 2 =0( ), y = x2 + z2 ( ),

:
:
x2 ; y 2 + z 2 =1( ), x2 + z 2 = 1 ( ),

:
:
132
17.3.3. "

i i i ( 1 = 10)
2x2 + 9y 2 + 2z 2 ; 4xy + 4yz ; 1 = 0.
17.3.4. "

i i i:
) 4y 2 ; 3z 2 + 4xy ; 4xz + 8yz = 0
) x2 ; 3z 2 ; 4yz ; 4y + 2z + 5 = 0 ) 3x2 + 4xy + 8x + 8y ; 4z = 0:
133
ii$: ) , ) , ) i.
17.3.5. 5 ' 2-!
1 i
x2 + y 2 ; 2z 2 + 10xy + 4xz ; 4yz = k?
ii$: !ii

i, * k 6= 0, *
, *
-
'$ , * k = 0:
134

1. i

.
1. x2 + 2xy + y 2 + 2x ; 2y = 4.
2. 3x2 + 10xy + 3y 2 ; 2x ; 14y ; 13 = 0.
3. 25x2 ; 14xy + 25y 2 + 64x ; 64y ; 224 = 0.
4. 4xy + 3y 2 + 16x + 12y ; 36 = 0.
5. 7x2 + 6xy ; y 2 + 28x + 12y + 28 = 0.
6. 11x2 ; 20xy ; 4y 2 ; 20x ; 8y + 1 = 0.
7. 19x2 + 6xy + 11y 2 + 38x + 6y + 29 = 0.
8. 4x2 + 24xy + 11y 2 + 64x + 42y + 51 = 0.
9. 5x2 ; 2xy + 5y 2 ; 4x + 20y + 20 = 0.
10. 14x2 + 24xy + 21y 2 ; 4x + 18y ; 139 = 0.
11. 11x2 ; 56xy ; 22y 2 + 40x + 25 = 0.
12. 60x2 + 28xy + 15y 2 + 225y + 32 = 0.
13. 20x2 + 8xy + 5y 2 + 15x + 25y + 10 = 0.
14. x2 ; 4xy + 4y 2 + 8x + 12y = 0.
15. 75x2 + 11xy + 15y 2 + 2x = 0.
16. 21x2 + 20xy + 10x ; 12y + 16 = 0.
17. 7x2 ; 20xy ; 14y 2 + 2 = 0.
18. 5x2 + 60xy + 16y 2 + 24x + 12y = 0.
19. 56xy + 33y 2 + 60y ; 10 = 0.
20. 35x2 ; 56xy + 2y 2 + 2x + 2 = 0.
21. x2 ; 4xy + 4y 2 + 4x ; 3y ; 7 = 0.
22. 4x2 ; 12xy + 9y 2 ; 2x + 3y ; 2 = 0.
23. 8x2 + 6xy ; 26x ; 12y + 11 = 0.
24. x2 ; 12xy ; 4y 2 + 12x + 8y + 5 = 0.
25. 2x2 ; 72xy + 23y 2 + 68x + 26y + 28 = 0.
26. x2 ; 8xy + 7y 2 + 6x ; 6y + 9 = 0.
27. 5x2 + 6xy + 5y 2 ; 16x ; 16y ; 16 = 0.
28. 9x2 + 4xy + 6y 2 + 2x ; 4y ; 4 = 0.
29. 3x2 ; 2xy + 3y 2 + 2x ; 4y ; 2 = 0.
30. 4x2 ; 4xy + y 2 ; 2x ; 14y + 7 = 0.
135
2.
i
i i! !" .
1. 6x2 + 5y 2 + 7z 2 ; 4xy ; 4xz ; 24x + 18y ; 6z + 30 = 0.
2. ;2x + y + z + 4xy + 4xz ; 10yz + 4x ; 10y + 2z ; 1 = 0.
2 2 2
3. ;9x ; z + 6xz ; 50x ; 15y + 50z ; 100 = 0.

2 2
4. x + 4y + z ; 4xy ; 2xz + 4yz + 2x + 2y ; 2z = 0.

2 2 2
5. x + y + z + xy ; zx + zy + 3x ; 3y + 3z = 0.
2 2 2
6. 3z + 4zx + 8x + 8z ; 4y = 0.
2
7. ;3y + z ; 4xy ; 4x + 2y + 5 = 0.
2 2
8. ;4x ; 4y + z + 10xy + 2x + 2y + 2z + 3 = 0.
2 2 2
9. 7x ; z ; 24xy + 2z + 120x = 0.
2 2
10. x2 + 2zy + 2y + 2z + 1 = 0.
11. 2x2 + y 2 + 2z 2 ; 10zx + 20z ; 8x + 29 = 0.
12. 2x2 + 5y 2 + z 2 + 4xy + 20x + 20y ; 10 = 0.
13. 5x2 + 5y 2 ; z 2 + 8xy + 12x + 24y + 2z + 36 = 0.
14. 2x2 + y 2 ; 4xy ; 4yz + 12x ; 8y + 8z + 6 = 0.
15. 2x2 + y 2 + 2z 2 ; 2xy + 2yz + 4x ; 2y = 0.
16. 6y 2 ; 2x2 + 6z 2 + 4yz + 8y ; 4x ; 8z + 1 = 0.
17. 4y 2 + 3x2 + 2z 2 + 4xy ; 4zx + 4y ; 2x ; 4z ; 3 = 0.
18. x2 + 4y 2 + z 2 ; xy ; yz ; zx ; 1 = 0.
19. x2 + 5y 2 + z 2 + 2xy + 2yz + 6zx ; 2x + 6y + 2z = 0.
20. 5x2 + 3y 2 + 3z 2 ; 2xy + 2xz ; 2yz + 4x + 8y + 12z ; 4 = 0.
21. 4x2 + 4y 2 + z 2 + 2xy ; 4xz + 4yz ; 2x + 3y + 5 = 0.
22. 4x2 ; 3z 2 + 4xy ; 4xz + 8yz + 4x ; 8y + z ; 1 = 0.
23. ;x2 ; y2 ; 3z2 ; 2xy ; 6xz + 6yz + 6x ; 8z + 3 = 0.
24. 2x2 + 9y 2 + 2z 2 ; 4xy + 4yz ; 1 = 0.
25. 2x2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 + 8xy + 8xz ; 8yz + 4z + 2x ; 2 = 0.
26. 3x3 ; 7y 2 + 3z 2 + 8xy ; 8xz ; 8yz ; 2x + 3y + 4 = 0.
27. x2 ; 7y 2 + z 2 ; 4xy ; 2xz ; 4yz + x ; 4y + 2 = 0.
28. x2 + y 2 ; z 2 ; 4xz + 4yz + 6x ; 2z + 4 = 0.
29. ;2x2 + 5y2 ; 2z2 + 4xy + 4yz + 2x + 4y + z ; 1 = 0.
30. ;3x2 + 9y2 + 3z2 + 2xy + 8xz + 4yz + x ; 2y + 3z ; 2 = 0.
136

i
1. .
i , i: 2 . / i
. .. . { .: !i", 1994. . 1. { 309 .
2. '! . ( )! *

) / . +.. ,- , ... / . { 0.:
1 , 1981. { 464 .
3. '! ( ( )! / . 4.. . { 0.:

1 , 1974. { 384 .
4. 0*6 +./. 7 *6( . { 0.: 1 , 1973. { 640 .
5. / .,., +.., 9 :.;. *6 9-

= = : 3 . { 0.: *6. 6 ., 1980. >. 1. { 320 .
137
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i ( ii

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5.2.2. ,i ,  #!  

5.2.6. 1 '   

5.3.  .

6.2.3. (% i i    M (;3 4)    !" 12x + 5y + 1 = 0.

6.2.5. (',    i   &:

6.2.6. 0    i   & ax ; 4y = 6  x ; ay = 3?

6.2.7. (%     M ,   i% y = 5x ; 4  

,i i: (3#11).

6.2.10. (%       i     -

,i i: x = x1+x32+x3 , y = y1+y32+y3 .

6.3.2. )  i   !",  &       M (5 1)  -

6.3.3. )  i   AB , i CM , i   BK i  

7.2.7. '  , 

7.2.9.   i  ;2x + y + 2z ; 1 = 0  ;4x ; 7y + 4z = 0.

i  i: arrccos 13 .

i  i: 10x + y + 7z = 0 10x + 19y ; 17z = 0:

i  i: arccos 37 .

  (x0 y0 z0 ) {   , (l m n) {    

8.2.2. - i    i

8.2.5. +  i  

8.2.6. +      

8.2.8. +  i 

8.2.10. - ii i

8.3.3. +  i 

8.3.4. +   5i  M (0 0 0)   ;x ; 2y+

x;5 = y1 = ;z1  x;5 2 = y+2 z+1

x+3 = y+6 z;3

i-    

M1(0 0 0) M2(5 6 7).

A(4 1 ;2) B(2 0 0) C (;2 3 ;5):

  0 7,

A(0 0 0), B(2 ;2 1), C (3 ;4 0):

0 AB1  BA, 

-i !i :    i.

ii: x1 = 8x3 ; 7x4 x2 = ;6x3 + 5x4 { 

< 5x1 + 8x2 + x3 = 2

b = (0 13 5 1 0)8b = (0 1 ;1 0 1) { 0&  

cos = jx(xj yjy) j :

13.2.1.  +

4i i&:  %" 

011 001 001

4i i&: i.

4i i&: i.

4i i&:  %  

4i i&:  %" dim L = 1:

4i i&:  %" dim L = 1.

o

# i "# I" 2004

ii: x = d y = 0 1 ac ; b2 6= 0. 4 ( ac ; b = 0

i ( ii

ii: x = ;84 y = ;46 5 z = 15 5:

%i i: x = ;9 y = 7 z = ;3 t = 0:

2.2.6. 9 i ' : ; i

2.2.7. &ABCD { , AD k BC , K { BC L { -

2.2.10. ( , ; a = 4;!i + ;!

ABCD { i, ;!

i#i: cos = p12;6p52 :

i#i: (;4 ;6 12).

&i , ' ;! b.

ii: 4p3 12p3:

ii: (;19 11 ;17) (57 ;33 51):

ii: 24;!i + 144

i i ( i

5.2.2. ,i , #!

5.2.6. 1'

5.3. .

6.2.3. (% i i M (;3 4) !" 12x + 5y + 1 = 0.

6.2.5. (', i &:

6.2.6. 0 i & ax ; 4y = 6 x ; ay = 3?

6.2.7. (% M , i% y = 5x ; 4

,i i: (3#11).

6.2.10. (% i -

,i i: x = x1+x32+x3 , y = y1+y32+y3 .

6.3.2. ) i !", & M (5 1) -

6.3.3. ) i AB , i CM , i BK i

7.2.7. ',

7.2.9. i ;2x + y + 2z ; 1 = 0 ;4x ; 7y + 4z = 0.

i i: arrccos 13 .

i i: 10x + y + 7z = 0 10x + 19y ; 17z = 0:

i i: arccos 37 .

(x0 y0 z0 ) { , (l m n) {

8.2.2. - i i

8.2.5. + i

8.2.6. +

8.2.8. + i

8.2.10. - ii i

8.3.3. + i

8.3.4. + 5i M (0 0 0) ;x ; 2y+

x;5 = y1 = ;z1 x;5 2 = y+2 z+1

i-

0 7,

0 AB1 BA,

-i !i : i.

ii: x1 = 8x3 ; 7x4 x2 = ;6x3 + 5x4 {

b = (0 13 5 1 0)8b = (0 1 ;1 0 1) { 0&

cos = jx(xj yjy) j :

13.2.1. +

4ii&: %"

4ii&: i.

4ii&: i.

4ii&: %

4ii&: %" dim L = 1:

4ii&: %" dim L = 1.

4ii&: i.

4ii&: %" dim L = n.

4ii&: i.

13.2.15. 4!, i $i !

4ii&: %.

13.3.4. +! i &-+ .

4ii&: %.

! A 0

#$ i e1 ::: en i e1:::e1.

14.2.7. L1 = Pn = fanxn + an xxn 1 + ::: + a1x + a0 ai 2 Rg, A i

. ) ! i ;! i ;!

!, ' " i.

15.2.7. +

ii: i"

ii: i"

ii: 1 = 2 + 3i 2 = 2 ; 3i ;!

) f (x1 x2 x3) = 2x21 + 4x1x2 + 2x1x3 + x2x3:

0 16.2.2. +

16.2.3. ) : & 9 & i" -

ii: 3x~21 ; x~22 :

ii: 4x~21 + 4x~22 ; 2x~23 :

ii: x~21 ; 2x~22 + 4x~23 :

ii: , .