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Surds
Cannot rationalise surds; they give infinitely long decimal
fractions. √prime number is a surd
√(ab) = √a x √b
√(a/b) = (√a)/(√b)
Rationalising the denominator of surds
If…
√(1/a), multiply top and bottom by √a
1/(a + √b), multiply top and bottom by (a-√b)
1/(a - √b), multiply top and bottom by (a+√b)
Laurence Gardner
C1 Maths Revision
Laurence Gardner
C1 Maths Revision
x + 2y = 3 x2 + 3xy = 10
Rearrange the linear
x = 3 – 2y
Substitute it into the quadratic
(3-2y)(3-2y) + 3y(3-2y) = 10
4y2 – 12y + 9 + 9y – 6y2 = 10
-2y2 -3y +9 = 10
-2y2 -3y -1 = 0
2y2 + 3y + 1 = 0
(2y + 1)(y + 1) = 0
y = -0.5, -1
x = 4, 5
Linear Inequalities
5>2
Multiply by -2
-10<-4
*N.b. multiplying/dividing by a negative switches the inequality
Quadratic Inequalities
Basically, you just have to solve the quadratic, and then put in
the inequality
Make sure you check if ax2 + bx + c <0 or >0
u shaped >0 spreads out to infinity outside x coordinates
n shaped <0 spreads out to infinity outside x coordinates
u shaped <0 lies in-between x coordinates
n shaped >0 lies in-between x coordinates
Laurence Gardner
C1 Maths Revision
Substitute values in for x & y to find where the curve meets axis
Pick large random y values see which edge extends to -∞ and ∞
If x is positive, then -∞ is on the left, ∞ is on the right (I think)
E.g.
(x+1)(x-3)(x-7)=y
When x = 0, y = 1 x -3 x -7 = 21 so y- crossing point is 21
When y = 0, x = 7, 3, -1 so these are your x crossing points
Sketching y = x3 Curves
Just put values into the equation
Notes (You can work this out for yourself if you have to)
y = -x3 flips the curve along the y-axis
y = (x+1)3 moves the curve left 1, it intersects at -1 instead of 0
Laurence Gardner
C1 Maths Revision
Transforming Graphs
f (x+a) changes the x coordinate by –a
f (x) + a changes the y coordinate by a
f (ax) stretches the graph out from the y-axis by 1/a
(a=2, x coordinates halve, y remain unchanged)
f a(x) stretches the graph out from the x-axis by a
(a=2, y coordinates double, x remain unchanged)
Laurence Gardner
C1 Maths Revision
x2 – x1 difference in x
E.g. the line joining (3, -4) to (-g, 2g) has a gradient -3. Work out
the value of g.
2g – (-4) = -3 2g + 4 = -3(-g – 3) 2g = 3g + 5
-g – 3
g = -5
E.g. find the equation of the line with gradient 5 that passes
through (3, 2).
y – 2 = 5(x – 3) y – 2 = 5x – 15 y = 5x – 13
E.g. Find the equation of the line that passes through (5, 7) and
(3, -1).
y – 7 = 4x – 20 y = 4x – 13
Perpendicular Gradients
A line perpedicular to gradient m has a gradient of -1/m
Laurence Gardner
C1 Maths Revision
Recurrence Formula
5,8,11,14,17…
You can describe it as ‘add 3 to the previous term’
Or, you can describe it using the reccurance formula
Uk + 1 = Uk + 3 (k ≥ 1) with U1 = 5
(You have to give U1, as the sequence could start anywhere)
Arithmetic Sequence
A sequence that increases by a constant amount each term
Laurence Gardner
C1 Maths Revision
You can work out what the nth term of an arithmetic sequence is
through this formula, where n is the term, a is the first term (U1)
and d is the common difference
Un = a + (n – 1)d
Arithmitic Series
Arithmitic series are formed by adding together the terms of an
Arithmitic sequence. U1 + U2 + U3 + … + Un
∑ The Sum Of
You can use ∑ to signify the sum of
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C1 Maths Revision
10
E.g. ∑ = U1 + U2 + U3 + … + U10
n=1
r = 15
∑ (10 – 2r) means (10 – 10) + (10 – 12) + … + (10 – 30)
r=5
Differentiation (Chapter 7)
The gradient of a curve at a point is the same as the gradient of
the tangent to that curve
f’(x) = 2x, just put the x value into the equation and we know
that the gradient is 2.
derivative of y with respect to x
derivative of y with respect to x
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C1 Maths Revision
Intergration (Chapter 8)
Basically, you just reverse intergrate, in that dy/dx = x4 , y = 1/5x5
You can use the equation: If dy/dx = xn, then y = 1/n+1 xn+1 + c
∫ Symbol
Intergration is denoted as ∫xndx with ∫ meaning intergrate, xn
telling you the equation to intergrate and dx telling you which
letter is the variable you have to intergrate with respect to
E.g.
Laurence Gardner
C1 Maths Revision
E.g. If f(x) passes through (1, 4) and f’x is 2x, what is the
equation for f(x).
y = f(x) = x2 + c
4 = 12 + c
1=1+3 f(x) = x2 + 3
Formulae You Need To Remember
These aren’t included in the formulae booklets
Laurence Gardner
C1 Maths Revision
x= -b±√(b2 – 4ac)
2a
Differentiation
f’(x) = dy/dx = nxn–1
Intergration
∫(x)dx = 1/n+1 xn+1 + c
Laurence Gardner