Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ÓÏU ÇqBHÇ
ºXuJÇw “W
dIbÇ ”WU
¡ÊUJÅ»UUC
¿wULÇbIåÇWMwqWOuJÇWO
ÇdI1bÇ
WdÇ” vK lL*Ç WèbK WÏUBÇ WKJONÇ ZzU
“WO
ÇdI1bÇ
WO
ÇdI1bÇèêuHÇåU IÇlL
wVBWÑu
bÇÉUO(ÇÑÇdL
ÇèWO
ÇdI1bÇÊUÇq
ø“dC(Ç”WKB
¯®¯
iO!«
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
“"ª<fk/*z< *j¡HªJJj©kM§G*j©:*|ÈzG*”
zG§-»“ªE§Ds3§Å”¥I§+¦Ò=¢<ªkM§G*s3§¡G*2|¡Mj©:*|ÈzG*¥-f64fÁµ
jq©kIf©-*3j©:*|ÈzG*¦{J4§k-»¥E§0/&* ¢H¥GfIKhG*04¢Hj©:*|ÈzG*¦{J
¢H¥gJj¡Hj©Fm$f/¨<&* ¢H*N }El9|DfÅ*KjM2fkE*Kj©<fk/*Kj©wM4f-H*§<
4§¡kH£§M£&*4|EFf0
ª/§GzM*-K&* ªg7fg-4*«&* Dµuq¡-j©kM§G*j©:*|ÈzGj¤G*,2¶§G*¦{J
¤k©:*|È2¨<*§0¢M{G*Ó©kM§GfDjM4§k6zG*Kj©:*|ÈzG*©Jfº*Hj©kM§G*j©G
¦{Je2fgHj©E|Mz-24*Kµ
©Gz©F&fkGf+148|<K&* 2£Kz+h-£Kz+fI£Kz+
j©:*|ÈzG*
¼*&f·&f6j©kM§G*jDfnG*¨<j©1zG* “j©:*|ÈzG*j+|qkG*”¦{Jj©-*3ªI§tIªJf¯f+K
Jj©:*|È2jGKf¿«&* fH&*j+ÌG*z©¤³µfJ4K2¨<£§n0fgG*-*ªkG*H*§G*µ|¡G*
Ff0¥t¡HªE§D4§k62§J *"4§k6zG*j©<ªkM§G*kqº*µH*§G*¦{Jm|D*§-
"j¡©nG*¥g¤G*¦{JH<fk©Gj©6f6&*}8f¡<¦5§-hGªHz-
©kG*1
µ½f<ª©-L§kHK3fJ2*|D&* K2µDz/*§k-K&f¡-,|kº*mf©:*|ÈzG*
gIl¿¶kª;+}É{H+%¨
JÔ,¬~Fgh.5+ “Glaeser”z/Kj©G*¥k6*42
M¨l
»+g.5g,¤'g,E{Npª1lr»+§|K3+}E·¾gH+«ªlH+M¨l
»+Ô,L
ngªHgH+ £I 3{= ¶ kªh
H+ kG5g
»+ kh
J .}. lr»+ 3+}E· «ªlH+
.149 kª
7gª
H+kG5g
»+g¥¢ILkª=gl0·+
¯®±
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
Polity IV index of” kª;+}É{H ,+}H+ «lH¨, ~8(¨I Ô, kFÐH+ u,
kª
7+5{H+ n+¨¢
H+ 3{=
7¨lIL 1960 ¶ kHL3 Ô
.L {1+¨H “democracy
correlation”gh.5+IgI{0Lnglr»+§|K¶¬3gH+iHgH+g¥ª
N«lH+
.%74«K¦ªHg=kh
J{¢=N “FRHI¿FLHQW
«ª. M¨l
® ¬5¨.glG3 l¿ ¨² kªHgl1+ {0L p1ghH+ J ¤'+ /
l¿¨ulN¤'+kªHgl1+g¢ª, 87¨Kk¢
720Ð2kª;+}É{H+½+.}I
M{lN·g¥
J-ÍH+Ð2kª;+}É{H+½+x¢I«ª.M¨l
®¬5¨.glG3
.149%26
+m|.f¡-HfGf+fN ©H&*fk¾£fF4§k6zG*gEªkM§G*kqº**{J
©I¨<¢G
+64&*K “jMz0¶*Kj©F4fgº*”j©GK¶*j©©kG*rH*ÊG*m*3j©H§¸*
64*zº*Kh©-fkG*
f+fwkI* j©:*|ÈzG* j©Gf+ 4f7 ¢H j©gGf= ¢G z¡¤G* K&* ,}gG* µ ¥6*4zG ¤)f¡+&* 4fqkG*
«§If.©- z-j64zHK&* £&* ¨k0Ó©H¶*¢H*§IfFmf©¡©gG*Kmf©¡©kG*µft©7|-K
jDf+j©Gf/¶*f¤k6£&*.D *§<&*¥g+4§k6zG*gE¶*d¡-» “xM§7jM§If.”ªHfI
*K5f0Ó©kM§G*¢H5^5D1975¼*KDhGf:700Lzk-»j©©kG*f¤0*|H
4§k6zG*z+¶*f¤+*§+*uk-»|M§¡kG*K½fG*©kG*~H4lM§G*jHf/150«§If.J'§H
.(1966 *§<f+
¨<j+f6©kG*4§-¨<j+f6m&fIj©kM§G*j©:*|ÈzG*ªºfG*¥/§kG*
©I*{J
Hj©:*|ÈzG*j+|qkG*¦{Jj©-*3
9ÌI£&* f¡G©F"*{J©FnHkHh7$fI(*
fJ4§-µ«z©kG*«2f©k<¶*M|G*-» “j©:*|È2”¦{J"f¤Jf¯f+DzG*H*§<if©=
Ff0¢Hj¡H,&fqDm$f/fÅ*
«2fkE¶*L§kº*2
42fG*§JfN M2fkE* zkH«|.k¾D£&*j6ÏG*2f/}9f¸*f¡kEK¼*§64*¢H
cDÁ«¯³®
ÈÅθWtIŬVÏTHVNJNJ$VNTI
V
ÅÏ͹pH)Å«czT'Å«vzT)ŹWtIÅäTI
¬vbEÅm
tpŹËTAÅ
Ư¯± ’ Ư·¶´¹p
Å
Æ¥±’ ª°³qÏâæa¬¯·¶²VtLÅVNyTAÅVtK)Ŭ¿TAVdc)ÅÇÏÅÍÅ«iNCÅÇÏÅÐærH
¯®²
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
kª=gl0·+L~H+£IËl=+¬3g
lF·+¡{lH+ ”£&*+j©6j©:*|È2|M§-¨<
.“151kª;+}É{H+5¨lHkh
»+
“ng=¨¿,5'+ ½+½L·+kª»gH+j}¹+{,gI-ÍE¶kHL348 ª
l,”
M¨l
»+ kJ5gIL “kN5¨.glG3 kN5¨.glG3 F'+ kª;+}É3 F'+ kª;+}É3
kK|I “ Lipset”g¥ª=
1«lH+s*gl¢H+mJgG,5·+ng=¨rH¬3g
lF·+
.“«;+}É{H+lr»+kIgF)+Ô,L¬3g
lF·+M¨l
»+g.5+Ô,gI¡g.E+¨.
L§kº* zkG* *{J
6f©EK M|- jM|: lIfF f¤H r)fk¡G*
I 4§¤; |k6*
jgF|HG
8fw7¶*2z<jI1000G$fg:¶*2z<2|G*12zH”«2fkE¶*
µ2|G*126§kH£fFf¡©gD “¥I1000GtG*K£§©kG*K§M2*|G*,~¤/*2z<
µªM|H*4¶K2308¼*~¡M6§kº**{J£fFªM|H*4¶K2685j©:*|ÈzG*KzG*
4¶K2119+fHªM|H*4¶K2171£fDjM4§-fkF2E¶*KzG*fH*j©:*|È2E¶*KzG*
.152jM4§-fkF2ÎF¶*KzG*µDªM|H*
z+|¤-»¡G*m*z)f<4f.%*ÒDk¾¶f/*£fF4§k6zG*gEªkM§G*kqº*¢G
Ïk6¶*z+¨k0153D¥©¡/£§©H3Lzk-»1956 fGjGKzG*j©I*~©HuG*¨<
.154ªkM§F4f¡M2£§©H1075Kfqk-»19641963j©I*~©HmfDK}H
,|G*=|DjHfFjG*Êw-¶j©¡G*f¤-2*|M(* KjGKzG*j©I*~©H£fDL|1&* ¥¤/¢HK
s4f1ª9*4¶M5§-KfDjMfGª)*z+; “Standard of living”j©º*L§kH£fDj©Gfº*
$fº*K$f+|¤G*KjtG*mfHz1mf©¡©¹*|1*K&* µ2Kz¿§tI¨<¶*&*zgM»4§G*
.155,2Kz¿l;j+fgG*K«4fqº*K
cDÁ«±µ±
Lipset, Seymour Martin. (1959). Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic
Development and Political Legitimacy. American Political Science Review 53: 69–105.
Ƶ¶«µ²Ó¹nTÅÏaA)Å«¯³°
Æ°®®·ØµØ±¯`ÏT¹vzT)År¿v¹eHÅcDÁ«¯³±
Ư·´±tNtµ`ÏT¹ãtNÅWtIÅ«±µ¥
ãÅa
rcCBvTÅäTÈTNLNÅmALuÅæsT¹éÅaÇÍæaVNtIVIÍtæqϹåTN)ÅÓtA«±µµ
¬vIÅtÅåbMÅÏt~kBXN¹ÆTMm
tNWtIÅ-arcDÁ¬¿T)ÅuJâtAJ “vIÅt”ÇÍædÈTc
°²± ’ Ư··µ¬WtIŬWtIÅ-ar¬m
t¹ÆTM
aÅtÅÍcGJѬæ¬á¯²¯¯®> sÏTHѬæ¬á¯®®µÐæTq¯·³µvÍcGÅãÅa
Åi
tK¿TcMIÅTÅ
cDÁ¬¯··±v
Æ¥µ¥’ Ư··¶¹ÈT
ÅÏaÅæÉtÅdc¸WtIŬUNC(ÅddEÅaÍÅaìWtIÅviGLÅ
¯®³
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
jg0µj©gG*jF4fº*©g6µf9§tH*N 4K2lgGjM4fqkG*jgG*£&*¨<z©F&fkG*HK
9Kµf¤GD¶£&*¶*j©:*|ÈzG*©g6µ=f9ªg7*|0l64fHK19401920
fJz+1946ªkM§FIj¡t7K&*|Mz-$z+Hf©D¨¤kI*jcG*¦{J4K219624§k62
fJz+“f+f6h)*}G*Ê<jGKzG*j¡M~1½§Á”4fqkG*KFf¸*Ó+L§G*mfI5*§-mÒ-
j©H§¸*mfEf¡º*M5§k+tkº*Ff¸*H¤-fEÏ<µ9&¶*j¸*J4fqkG*ug8&*
3§Il±j©:*|ÈzG*¥k<fDzI*µ “»fG*¥G*zg<”x©G*¢M»1962µ¥IfD*{¤G
jM|M§¡kG*j©wG*¥kg=4Ò=|.'§H«&*
* * *
cDÁ«¯³´
Inglehart, Ronald and Christian Welzel. (2005). Modernization, cultural change, and
democracy: the human development sequence. Cambridge Univ Pr. 135-146.
kéTTÅæTLTLKMTrI¹¯·µ®«¯·´¯rÇcGÅâ sE
ÅæÈÅtC tCN
v@NE)Åçt)ÅÅb«¯³µ
¬VNÅcH0aÅVNJKEÅ¿ap4NtIÅV@NEçtÑTNtTMNÅaLvÅ “ÉTÅ”
¯®´
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
ÏM~J£fFªgG*G*24G{GfnHD&* mf¡©IfnG*µ«4§k62ÏG*¸*j+|¯
,§G* *zwk6* ¦f¯f+ jG* £&* Ò- ,42f+ K&* z¡< lE§- “jM4§6¶* Ó¡.¶* ¢MK*K2”
.158fHf³j©/fqk0¶*jF|¸*mz/fJz+ “4Kf¡H£*§M2¥E*K”
ªkM§G*kqº*¨<jgM|=jDf.ªJj©:*|ÈzG*¥+§IfHz©M&f-µDz-)f¸*¦{JF
j©tkG*KvfGzkHÒ=*N z+&*¥¡Gmfº*¢HªkM§G*hG*f¤g-É|FFf0¢HjgJ
f¤/&*¢Hf¡G*K
uDfFfF¤k©:*|È2,2fk6¶Ó©kM§G*uDfM»fJzDz¡<£4fHªwM4f-otgH¢HK
jGÒnH£fFjM4§k62ÏG*mf©¡©gG*K&*mf¡©IfnG*§0µ©gG*ªgG*¤F*|0JÒ=
µªkM§G*ªgG*sfqk0¶*£4fEj©ºfG*ªG*sfqk0¶*mfF|t+*N z+&* £4fM¶ÎF&* ¶
1989j©wº*¥-4§.K&*1968*|+©+4µª©kG*ªgG**|¸*H19901986
¤k©:*|È2 ,2fk6¶ Ó©kM§G* 9fI J 1986 µ j©¡©gG* j©G* mf/fqk0¶f+ ¥I4fE
µ£§©/4§·*f0¤Gf0Ó©kM§G*uDfFJ *"20042003µ£§©I*|F¶*DfF
-LzH
M4f/ªg7+f:m*3lIfFmfF|¸*¦{J©/"20032K4§G*j9fkI*
z+*2z¾j©:*|ÈzG*,2§Gm2&* f¤©/,22̺*j©kM§G*jGf¸*
<f¤-f©:*|Èz+i§G*
j©g-ª¸f-|³'§HzGjG*$§·KªE*|G*K~G*j.2f0¶§Gj©kM§G*jGf¸*
©IfJzD
j©kM§G* “j©:*|ÈzG*”m2f<fºj©I|DhGfº
f¤)f¡+&f+f©-*3/|-»j©/4f1m*|.'§lIfk6*j©kM§G* “j©:*|ÈzG*”f¤-2§<µ¨k0
*{J£fD»fG*i§7¢HJÒ=¢<¤k©:*|È2,}¡G*N 2*zk6*E&* Ó©kM§G*KzgMfº
K&*ª6jq©kIª-&f-»j©-*3jg=|+¢M»¼K¶*jg-|º*µj©:*|ÈzG¤©I£&*j©0¼*/|M
¥k©<|GFf0jMzJlIfFfÅ*fI
Æ“ÈTLNTKÅÈtC”âtadKJ¯±²ÓcDÁ«¯³¶
¯®µ
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
“j©:*|ÈzG*j+|qkG*”¨<kqº*jGKzGjM2fkE¶*j©©¤G*r)fkI
§¡+5fk³jM2fE*jc©+µ§¡G*f¤G4zH “j©kM§G*j©:*|HzG*”j©+|G*mf©:*|ÈzG*
<
2ztIf¤Jf¯f+DzG*¨<¨<*N z+&*z<f-¶kqº*jGKzGjM2fkE¶*jg©FÌGfD¥+*|G*¢H
ªMfFjg©FÌG*¦{J|JfH
ª1*ÌG*K G* ¢H jGf0 M §J «2fkE* §¤F “«z¡G§¤G*
9|º*” 1
¦{J¨<2fk<¶*,2fM~+¥¡©.¥©©g:24*§H¥DfkF¶jq©kIfHk¾h©-ª©;§G*
,&f/fº*,KÎG*|MzkGjq©k¡D2fkE¶*mf<fEªEf+µsfkI¶*
w¡Mj©©gG*24*§º*
£fG*fH*fN M2fkE*jMz¾Ò=2fkE¶*mf<fEªEf+ugkDj©tº*jG*-|-
,4§HϤk6*jDf.Kª1{+fI(*¨0,&f/fº*,KÎGjq©kI¤+fk¡kDÓtº*
o©0J̺*¤G*ªH§¸*fG*µG*Ó©kM§G*h=&*D1jq©kI2
¥+*§9K¥-f:*Ì7f+
8f¹*fG*µG*¢H¶z+¤¡H¨G*j©gGfG*£¶*M
L§G*¦2Kz0¼*ªH§¸*ª:*|EKÒgG*fG**{Jw-½fkGf+jH4fG*
jF|¸*µfc©+ªH§¸*5f¤·*ug8*£&*j©H§¸*j©:*|EKÒgG*µwkG**{¤Gjq©kI¢G
kM£&* fN H*~G£fFjGKzG*LzG£§MÓg1f¡G*¢H¨G*j©gGfG*£&* fgD*N 2fD
H
j©6*42m*5f/*mf©E|-”Ó;§º*¤©g1fIjHz¹ªH§¸*5f¤·**§<§MK¦|nG*¦{Ji*§¡G*
.“¦Ò=Kj©I§IfEÒ=mÏHfH
j©:*|ÈzG* §¤H&f¡Dj©kM§G*j©:*|ÈzG*j©g:µ«|J§/|M§tkGL2&*ª©¤G*¹**{J
uGfG* ¢H ¶z+ j©w7 uGfH zw- ¥J§H j©:*|È2 m|¤; mfHz¹* h)fI j©Hz¹*
jM2fHK&*j©©;KmfHz-©tkGfN ©q¤¡H;§- fG*
"§H*{JJh)*}9£Kz+j©:*|È23
j©Ij©kM§G* “j©:*|ÈzG*”jGKftº*2|¡kDlM§G*j:|H2KftºL|1&* j©Gf7(* 5Ê-
h)*}9£Kz+j©:*|È2f¤I§+j©wM4fkG*j©:*|ÈzG*i4fqkG*
ªG* f¤/fkI(*K ªtº* fJ2fkE* ¨< zk- j©M|G* jGKzG*
©I ¨< j©g©)*}G* jGKzG*
z¯½fkGf+K “jHf<jg:f<*f/4”kqº**{J2*|D&* ¨<fJ2fk<*zM~M*{Jf¤M§kG
¯®¶
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
,4§8µkqº**{J2*|D¶ª6f©G*3§¡G*¢H4zEKmfG*¢H4zEf/4¶,|Hf¤I
¶j©©g:,K|.M4¨<ª6f6¶*fJ2fk<f+K “Nanny State”j©M|G*jGKzG*¢Gª6f©6©n³
4*|G*¡8mf©<µkqº**{J2*|D&**}7¶,|Hf¤Iz¯
§tkG* z<hg6 “koHgoH+k0¨»+ ”µ “¤¨lr¢l¢KN¨Ig
9”/|M*{J¼*K
j©¡G*¡G*£*z+µª:*|ÈzG*
L'+x.Lg¥lª;+}FLÓ,-¨F£I{N.¾glHg,LkHL{H3¨.¢H+n+{*g=”
©=¨
uHkI¨¹+k0g1£IN+|Ki*+~::}E½+k0g¹+gªGN.
i
H+k0g1mFgGi*+~H+mFgGLi*+~::}HgNg=}H+kE+¨I
«
7gª
7iI “ªo´¤L{,i*+~:· “5g
8¤gG+4gEªo´©=¨
uH
159“kª
7gª
7kª1¨K “i*+~:¤L{,ªo´·”¤·+¦JgE
£Kz+ ª6f©6 ©n³ ¶K ª6f©6 ©n³ £Kz+ h)*}9 ¶ j©GfH jH5ÏkH ¼*
wI f¡J
h)*}9
j©¡gHjM|Is3fÅ,z0¨<ÏF*§HfE&*Ón0f+,z<,3f7jM|IK&*«2|D«&*4
©G*{J
9|DÓ+fHj©H5Ï-f¡J|1%f+K&* +£&* l8Kf¤©/f©<jkgnHj©wM4f-i4f¯¨<
.160j©6j©:*|È2jc©+4fJ25*K$§IKªg)*}9 fI
$f¡nk6*Ï+KG{FlGf1+jM|¡G*mf0K|:¶*¦{J©/lGf1j©kM§G*j+|qkG*¢G
¢6§+ «f7 j0 jM~©I¶* j©J¶* i|¸*”LÊG*j©wM4fkG*j©:*|ÈzG*m*ʹ*©/
j©M4jGK2µjgM|G*f¤k©:*|È2lHfE&*K “fJÒ=K1848mf9fkI*LÊG*j©I|G*,4§nG*
"j©kM§G*j©:*|ÈzG¦§º*?hM|G*G**{J4fHfDªg)*}9 fI£Kz+
´³Ó¹ätLLM¹VTÅVt)ÅÆTcDÁ«¯³·
Huntington , Samuel P. (1981). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth
Century. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press
cDÁ«¯´®
Ross, Michael L. (2004). Does Taxation Lead to Representation?. British Journal of
Political Science. 34(2) , 229-249.
Brennan , Geoffrey and James M. Buchanan. (1980). The Power to Tax: Analytic
Foundations of a Fiscal Constitution. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bates , Robert H and Da-Hsiang Donald Lien. (1985). A Note on Taxation, Development,
and Representative Government. Politics & Society , 14 (1), 53-70.
¯®·
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
µ kqº* M j©+f©I jG$fH jDf. 1 µ kqº* M j©gM}9 jF4fH £Kz+
¶*|¤-¶©G*¦{¤D¥t7|H4f©k1*¢0j©J&*Kj©6f©G*jF4fº*j©+
6f0¶*
£&fD½fkGf+K161¤g)*}G¤D2Ê<j¡:*§º*Kj©GK'§ºf+$fF}7Ó¡:*§º*/z¡<
«2fG*h1f¡G*§6µj©g6hE*§<¼*«2&fM©G*¦{Jif©=
¼*j©¡G*mfgG*¢H,KÎG*M5§-,2f<(*µ,2f<uq¡-ªkG*j©H§¸*h)*}G*if©+
§G*µ|kG*2*2~MjG*zG*h©-fHz¡<Kj©<fk/¶*jG*zG*Hf<h©M,ÒG*
¤-*K2&* ¤H*zwk6*K ¤H§qJ G{G fg- 2*2~MK jHK|tº* mfgG* ªnº ª6f©G*
£fD ½fkGf+K jM4fqkG* mfgG jM2fkE¶* uGfº* z9 0 £Kz+K t+ jM4§k6zG*
.162j©t8j©:*|È2j©<u¡³¶f¤¡GG*µ “j©:*|È2”lIfF£(*K¤-f64fÁ
§G*µ6f0£§Hug-Kj©M|G*jDfnG*|J2~-j©H§¸*h)*}G* *zI*;µ
uG*¨<§kG¢-»
9K|G*f6(*nHjM§g7j©E163j©+f©¡G*jgw¡Gª6f©G*
9|Ef6(* jgM}G*¥D2Ê<§È£&* zkº*ªkM§G*§J¢HªgM}9 fI;µ
"¦4f/
f¤Hj©g)*}9jH5ÏkH£Kz+fJ4§-µjgM|G*j©kM§G*j©:*|ÈzG*£&* ¼*ª¤k¡If¡J*3*
¼*¶*Dz-¶jc:f1j©6f©6mf64fÁKmf©F§6|¤k63*ªgM}G*if©G**{J$*|/Çfk6
u©tG*fJ4fH¢Hf¤/*|1*Kj©:*|ÈzG*j©G*uM|¯
ãTDLÅ ãÅaEÅ cÁ ât éTNJ Éa$ ¹“½ VNc VNÅcH0Í at ÅÎT)” ätLE)Å “aLN0Í èÏ” X cDÁ «¯´¯
¬cHvÅcH0ÍãTDÏtCuJvcBÅ
Diamond, Larry.(2010). Why are there no Arab democracies?. Journal of Democracy ,
21 (1) , 97-99.
VÅanH$æUyÅczÔcGTaLuVNÅctæT¹VNÅcH0ÍVNvÅcMDVJI@)Ååb«¯´°
rcNEJVcfTVGJ)ÅVNHCÅ«VNTKÅÈTNGJ(ÅÈÅÎÈTTKJ_NWtÅeGLTMTVNTKÅ
¬vTKÅqJÅaaMVæTVÁæÁ¹TcNVKTMæÁTMyÅÏÀ
cDÁ¹ÈTEK)ÅvVNEcÅÈTNtJÅÏT@ÅkvyÅcBÅãTDLÅÆTNÕTÏ “vKN)ÅaKÏtaÅ”sÅ«¯´±
¬VNLKNÅcK
°´VGN~¹¯¯¶¯ÍaEŹ“v
TNÅÍTAÅcDVMærVÏTH¸rKNÅvVNÅcH0aÅæUyÅcBÅ”
¯¯®
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
j©:*|ÈzG*K«§cG* fI¶*k¾
ªkM§G*«§cG* fI¶*jGf0HlM§G*µj©:*|ÈzG*j64fº*<f-ot+lEK£f0
“j©IfnG*jg-|ºf+fÈzE¦|0f¡kHK¥kÀj©gEmfIf©F¼*K¼K¶*jg-|ºf+¥©7Kz+}0¼*”
"«§cDHk¾µG*j©:*|ÈzG*©k-J+©F
ª¡.(*Ïk1*jg-|H¼*¨E|MªkM§G*«§cG*Ïk1¶*Jª6f6&*u©9§-f¡©<*{JgE
?“Ethnic Group”,2fkHj©<fk/*mf<§¾¼*¤MHfF
k=¨¿” f¤I*¨<
¡M164j©¡.(¶*j<§qG}7fgº*M|kGfD¦f¯¶**{JµD2*fI*
-{1+LkH{1+L
9'+
kGÍ
IkEg/Lq+Í, ¥
J'+gK3+}E'+}Nkª=gl0+
§|¥H%glJ·+-{1¨,¤L}
Nk=¨r»+§|K%g
='+{1+LyN5g.-{1+L-{ª=
5+}Fg,ÏG'+6Ë.kª¢/·+kN¨¥H+§|K¤'+gG£N}2·+£= ¥EÐl2+Lk=¨r»+
.“g¥¢= ¥EÐl2g,lr»+«Fg,
£fF*3fDj©¡.(¶*mfEK|G*kIªkM§G*E*§G*¨<«|¡G*M|kG**{Jf6(f+£¶*
,2fkHj©¡M2mf<§¾f¡MzG£fD,z©G*µÏk1¶f+|MR ª¡.(¶*ª-f<§qº*Ïk1¶*4f©H
j<§qº*jq¤G«4{/Ïk1*f¡Jz©FfkGf+£fD¥G*§J4f©º*£fF*3*K165“¥©7j¡6”
4f©º*£fF*3*¥I*.fM&* f¤¡©+f©Df¤-fq¤Gkw-ªkG*“jMKzgG*”j<§qº*¢< “jM}¸*”
j<§qº*¢<,zgG*F,z©+ “jM}¸*”jM|tgG*jDfnG*£fDª.*ÌG*KµfnG*Ïk1¶*§J
µkw-j©kM§G*j©¡.¶*mf<§qº*¦{J£&* .«K*|t8p*|-f¤©<hMªkG* “jMKzgG*”
*|G*K&*j©+|G*,|M~·*¢H$f/¢H¤¡HK£*|M*¢H$f/¢H¤¡Dj©wM4fkG*f¤G§8&*
TMGcEäÁÎŹVNcVtKeNæVNTKÅVtK)TMKcpBÁ¹“Ethnic Group”VNcVtK«¯´²
ÈTtK)ŹaÅtÅp~ÅTMLKzrätIaæapÅtVJKT.Åæ¹àcEÅÇatÍttiHTÍa
¬ât~ÅeGLáÏT@æVTaÅviHmJÅaLcÅâTKvVNLÅ
iHVGJVNLÃÈTtKuÅÐcGJpT¹vTLJÅkK)ÅäÁv
TNÅ«×TKÅ¿TKJqJ4v«¯´³
½VNtIÅVNcÅ “VK'”qæÅÎT)¹“VNæÏT¹sNEN¹VNL
”VGJVNLÍÈTNGJ ÈÅÎÈTtKÍtt
VNTHÉÅaæTLaVVNttæcÅVæÅÐr湓sEN”Ë “VL
”TLaJ¹VNTLJÅraEÅobWNWtIÅVT
Æ“Væa”çc Áæ “VcB”
±±±
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
fHf<300CGzkȪkM§FxM4fk+ “jM}¸*”j©<fk/¶*j<§qº*|w-±Ó0µK
*{J ¤I§F4fM ¶ lM§G* µ fJ2§/K ,zH }+ 5fk³ ¥©<fk/¶* mf<§qº* ªEf+ £fD
)fgE¥©7}0”j©<fk/*j<§¾F¥F*{J¢HJ¶*HfG*¨gM¢G166xM4fkG*
"kqº**{Jj¸¢M&*167mf<§qº*ªEf+¢<kw-¥8f1jM§Jf¤¡GL|- “jMKz+
mf<§¾¢HªkM§G*kqº*£§-z©F&f-¦f¯*µhJ{Mª¡.¶*ª-f<§qº*Ïk1¶**{J
·+i
7g¢lN·«lr»+«¢/)·+Ðl2·++|K¤'+
9g¹+”j¡MfgkHj©¡.(* j©<fk/*
*{J j©©If©H µ £¶* |¡¡6 “168lr»++|K¶kª;+}É{H+5+}l
7+Igª
=
,4§¤;j©G%*Kh6f¡kG*
¢G«§cG*£fk0ÏG
©¡-,*2&fFj6¨<m5f0,4*2*K0r¤¡Fj©:*|ÈzG*
kªh>'+L “~¹+” ¨
H+ ©= k¢ª¥I kªF'g, “j©kM§G* jGf¸*” nH µ ¥IfD fE*K
lr»++|¥Hkª;+}É{H+Ê{.¤gE“L{hH+”tglJ·+*g
7LkªI£IkIL}À
.169¦
ª¢.·Ôl=¨r»+Ô, “«=gl0·++~H+”-{1-3gN6©=ª
7
Ethnic” “kª¢/·+ -{N+»+ ” |1%* §¤H 5ÊM 3* ¶*
©G o©G* K&* *{J ¢G
j©gG* K&* j)fG* ¨< j©¡gH j©6f©6 mf¯ |¤- ª¡.(¶* fI¶*
©©k+ “Outbidding
¯¯°
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
G3Kj©6f©G*j©G*~<~M£&* 6§kº*Lzº*¨<©F5*|G**{J¢Hz0*K¯4§¤;
j©G*j<~<5¼*«2'§-jMf¤¡G*µªkG*KL|1&*mf<f·j©qkG*mf<fDzI¶*¢HjH*K2$zg+
f¤)f¤I(*.¢HKj©:*|ÈzG*
170j©¡.¶*,zM*~º*s3fÅ
§0 ¤-f9*ÌD* Ïk1* =4 §¤º* *{J v}7 £¶KftM £*{G* Ó/3§¡G* µ |¡¡6
j©wG*m*4f©k1¶*¦{JM5§-§0j.fÁmf9*ÌD*£fHzM¤I*¶*j©wG*m*4f©k1¶*
jMf¤¡G*µj+fkHmfE§kG£ÏM½fkGf+Kj©¡.(¶*mf<§qº*Ê<K1*2
¥-f9*ÌD*zkM§JK1972µ “SHEPSLE”K “RABUSHKA”¥0ÌE&*K¶*s3§¡G*
ªMfH
9ÌMK “ÈÐH+5gªl2·+ ”jM|I¢HjM|¡G*
¡H+Ó¡H“$f+”K “G*”£fk©¡.(*£fk<§¾z/*§k-fHk¾µ1
jMf¤¡G*jIKj¤/¢H “G*”jMf¤¡G*j¡+ª¤k¡Mw+nÈ,z0*Kj©G4§¿f¡J2
R
L|1¶*j¤·*¢H “$f+”
kMf©Dj©wG*m*4f©¹*
I£§F4fkMj¡©Hj©¡.(*j<§qºÓk¡º*2*|D¶*©/3
jM4§tº*j©G*§t+
j<§qº*2*|D&*©/K“G*”jMf¤¡G*jI- “G*”j©¡.(¶*j<§qº*2*|D&*©/4
.“$f+”jMf¤¡G*jI- “$f+”j©¡.(¶*
w- ªkG* fMfG* µ F j<§qº* 4f©1 ½fkGf+K jM2|G* j©wG* m*4f©¹* 5
jM&* gkGj<f·*¦{J2*|D&* 2*zk6f+,~©kHj©GfI*,2f0m*4*|EªJj©¡.(¶*j<f·*
¤-*4f©¹hE*§<
j©g=&¶*t+2z±ª6f©G**}G**{Jjq©kI6
¸rIWLE
Ź“VNLÅÇaÅd)Å”ÊÎT.ât«¯µ®
+RURZLW]'RQDOG/(WKQLF*URXSVLQ&RQÀLFW%HUNHOH\8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD
Press. 141-228, 291-440.
RABUSHKA , ALVIN and KENNETH A. SHEPSLE. (2008). Politics in Plural Societies:
A Theory of Democratic Instability. london: Pearson Education. 62-91 and 177-206.
Chandra , Kanchan. (2005). Ethnic Parties and Democratic Stability. Perspectives on
Politics. 3 (2),235-252.
¯¯±
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
ªMfFj©)f¤¡G*mfE§kG*Kmf/fk¡k6¶*
I¼*£ÏM£f/3§¡G*f¤DÏk1*=4
f¡©+“$f+G* ”j©G*4§tº|:¨E&*µ~FÌ- “G*”j©<fk/¶*j<§qº*m*4f©1
£(fDzMzG* fIÏG*N |I|1%¶*|G*¨E&* µ~FÌ- “$f+”j©<fk/¶*j<§qº*m*4f©1
¢<,2zkH*|:&* <2hFKftM “$f+G*”«2z-ª6f©6Gf±,4§8µ|¤M¸*
.“1E4G*”º*¦4f©1¨<§¸f+|:Fz-j¤gHj©q©-*Ì6*M|:
AB
A B
“1E4G*”
¯¯²
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
Df¡HzMz/ª¡.(*¯£fD“$f+G*”«2zkG*GftkG**{JE§Hf9(*/&*¢H¢G
GftkG*£(fD½fkGf+K“$f+”jMf¤¡G*jIK&* “G*”jMf¤¡G*jI¼*fH*i|E&* E§H{1&f©6
¢M{G* fH ÓgIf·* K&* z0*K hIf/ ¨< Ó©¡.(¶* ¥¡©Df¡H j6*§+
9§©6 K&¶* «2zkG*
fF“$f+”K&* “G*”j<§qº*2*|D&*<2hFµf: ” Outbid”¥E*§H¨<£KzM*~©6
.“2E4G*”µ
A1 B1
A B
“2E4G*”
fD|- ÎF&* L|1* ,zM*~H j6*§+ ¶* ,zMz·* j©¡.(¶* ,zM*~º* ¦{J ¨< hkG* ¢È ¶K
f¤¡H jÈzG* mfqkG*K i*~0¶* ©/ ht©6 |¤©6 «{G* 2f¸* ª6f©G* ifk6¶fD
.” 3E4G* ”4§tGL§G**|:¶*¼*,zMz·*K
A1 A2 B2 B1
A B
“ 3 ”E4G*
¯¯³
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
“$f+”K&* “G*”j<§qGjM2zG*¦§G*µ©+£fF§G¨k0|Df¡J£§MfHz¡<K
fN g: zM*~º* ª6f©G* qkG* i~¸fD m¶f¸* + 4*|k6ÏG j<~<5 £§k6 jq©k¡G* £fD
j©G*|Hz©6Kj0ÏG*mf+fwkI¶f+5§©6fM2z<L§E&¶*f¤I&*
9Ì¡GK “G*”j<§¾<zG
fEfgk6*K “$f+”j©E¶*j<§qº*£&*K&*f¤E§0F¢Hj©E¶* “$f+”j<§qº*h+j©:*|ÈzG*
ÒHz-ÓkGf¸*ÏFµjq©k¡G*£§kD“G*”j<§qº*z9¡<mf©<&*zgk6j.fÁ,§¹
j©:*|ÈzG*j©G
j©:*|ÈzG* i4fqkG* Ò '§g¡kG* µ ltà s3f¡G* *{J £&* ¶* jM|¡G* f¤-f9*ÌD* =4
fMÒq©I£*2§G*«zI4§+f©¡©FfH§G*nHj:|HzG*lGKf0mf©¡.*i4fqkD171j©¡.¶*
fH*f©/lqkI&fD172¦f¯¶**{Jµh-f¤©/fJÒ=K1975gE¢M|tgG**|G*£f¡gG
L|1*m¶f0µuM}8«|<*}8K¡<m¶f0K&* ,|kHj©6f©6j©¡.*mf<*}8
£fDj©©qgG*jº*nHmf©¡.¶*,2zkH¢GjM|<j©+|=j©+K4K&*j©:*|È2µ¨k0¥I*.
*N z©+KzgM¶jGKzG*ÏtI*Kf¤©-ugD173¥0fÃlgnMs3§¡G*
µ2f¸* fI¶*q0Óg-mf©Hf¡MzG¥IfDj©kM§G*jGf¸*¨<s3§¡G*f6(f+¥I*.
L|1&*¥¤/µ “KzgG*”Kj¤/µ¤©/ “}¸*”8fDjkwº*j©¡.¶*mfqkG*E*§H
ÏH¶ ¥Gfwº* mf©I*§MzG*
9K|G* f6(* fMfE µ “*2z¾ 1 E4 G*” 4§tº* ¢H
,|M5Ki*§qk6*“¤M§·*z¿”j©Ehg+ Ï<¶*Kj©1*zG*«|M5Ki*§qk6*jGKzG*
u©gG*jM4§Ij©+ÌG*
4§k6zG*j©gG/|M*{Js3§¡G*mf©9|DªEf+gk-£&*f©Gf024*§G*Ò=µ§J¢G
¼* ¥6*K mf©0Ï8 “ÒH¶*” «§G* jGKzG*
©)4 ª- ªkG* j©kM§G* j©6f©G* j64fº*K
f©/Ó©kM§GHf/«z©0§-~H|F¦4K2hIf/
cDÁ«¯µ¯
RABUSHKA , ALVIN and KENNETH A. SHEPSLE. (2008). Politics in Plural Societies:
A Theory of Democratic Instability. London: Pearson Education. 25-26
åTLÅWTC
ÅvÅÇaNtÅVaLMÅVNÅcH0aÅVcÅuHXTÅqTEÅvVNLÅÈTNÅcH0aÅkNKar«¯µ°
cDÁ¬“Cleavage Structure” “vJINMÅàTH@Å”VcDTMAJvÅèaLMÅkK)ÅVN~tA(kcÅb¹cNA)ÅÅbr
Horowitz, Donald L. (1971). Three Dimensions of Ethnic Politics.World Politics. 23 (2),
232-244.
¸cDÁâTAGÅVNTKÅæÇÏcI)ÅVNINJÅÈTÐÅât«¯µ±
Henley, Jon. (2007, November 13). Bye bye Belgium . the Guardian. ( london , UK).
Retrieved April 25, 2010 fromhttp://www.guardian.co.uk.
:DWHU¿HOG%UXQR6HSWHPEHU$QDWLRQGLYLGHG%HOJLXP¶VLGHQWLW\FULVLV'DLO\
Telegraph ( London,UK). Retrieved April 25, 2010 from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/
¯¯´
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
j©:*|ÈzG* j64fº* 6 D4 mfgGfH µ 6§kG* $*|/K 6§kº* Lzº* ¨< ¢G
jM4§k6zG*,4fH¶*¼*fN ©qM4z- f¡G*§tk+K2fM25¶*µ,{1%*Kzg-ªkG*Kª6f©G*vÏ8¶*K
s3§¡G*¥0ÌM«{G*§M4f¡©G*©g-fk0*£(fD4*|G*¡8j©<µj©gG*jF4fº*,2fM~+
.174©wkG*h8K&**N z©+KzgM¶
¢GªkM§G*ª¡.(¶*ª-f<§qº*Ïk1¶*£fD6§kº*Lzº*¨<¥I&* ¼*f¡+ª¤k¡M*{J
K&*fN gM|Euq¡©6Ïk1¶**{J
G*¨<j©t8¥©-f6'§Hj©:*|È2$*§/&*1¨<z<fM
G{+¥Gu6*3*jGKzG*lM§G*jI§¡©F¨<$fG*µ*N z©+
TzÅææa¹¿ÅÏÐtÅeJeNycãaHÆÅt
V@TLâæÁ°®®·aM¹VÏt
aÅÇTN'ÅuJãT²´aE«¯µ²
eJvVzÏTE)ÅçtVMÅtv¬VN
TNÅV
ÏTK)ÅmHkÏæVN
TNÅV
T:ÅvéÅaTAáTLäÁ
V
ÏTK)ÅvÍTÏtCÅb¹stI_Nåt¹vTNqÍiyTÅåcM
aK:Åc~T`N@ÅaLq°®®·
uÅWtIÅât
VN
TNÅV¿T)ÅvVaTAÅåbpÏÅcK
P¹TMVCJÅpHæVNJ:ÅVNÅcH0aÅ
ÊÎTKLÅåbÈÅQLnH$pMÅr_ATaE¹VÏt
aÅÇÏTvcFÅÊÎtKLÅÆ
¯¯µ
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
?“}¸*”jtHµhMjM4§k6zG*,f©¸*4*|k6*Kj©:*|ÈzG*mf0Ï8(¶*J
jMKzgG* “j94fº*”j©/*K25*j©kM§G*j©:*|ÈzG* “mfD%* ”jEf¡H¢H§kGf¡1zEf¡Ffº
6f6&¶**'§G*¼*ª-&fIj©6f©G*j0fG*¨<ª<fk/¶**}G*jM|J§/
"j©<fk/*j<§qF “}¸*”jtHµj©:*|ÈzG*,f©¸*J
j©E&* “Dominant Miniority” “j¡©¤Hj©E&*”£§nÈf¡6*fF£¶*lM§G*µ}¸*
J&* ¨<¤-§6£§gM¤Dj<§qº*2*z-HfN ©)f0*h6f¡kM¶ªk¾3§I
64f³
¨< £K|©M f©G* j©:*|EKÒgG* h8f¡º* µ ,Î+ £Kz/*§kM j©H§¸* j©6f©G* ~F*|º*
kqGjHfG*mfJf¯¶*Kj©<fk/¶*,f©¸*I£§MKªkM§G*2fkEÏGj¤º*8fº*
ª:*|ÈzG*§tkG*j¸f¤k¡©Jz-j¡©¤º*mf©E¶*¦{J£&*u9§-j©ºfG*i4fqkG*¢G
µ ª-§kG* j©E&* *zI*K4 µ ª-§kG* j©E&* - «&*|G* *{J <z- ªkG* j©wM4fkG* s3f¡G*
“WASP”1922gE*z¡G|M*µ “Protestant Ascendancy”j©kIfk-KÊG*,§G*«zIK4§+
Ó0 *z8*|<µj¡G*i|G*175j©:*|ÈzG*mf¡©kG*m¶§±gE,ztkº*mfM¶§G*µ
.176 “j)2f¤G*,4§nG*”gE«z¡G*g©F©E(*µ£§6§Ã¶*
§tkG* $z+ j¸ mfkqº* ¦{J µ fJ3§I mzD mf©E&¶* ¦{J ©/ £&* 0Ϻ*K
f¤©Dª:*|ÈzG*
|M|tkG*z+j©:*|ÈzG*,2§<¡G**{J¦f¯f+Dz-j©kM§G*j©:*|ÈzG*j+|qkG*¨k0¥I*.
©w-©kM¢Hj¡©¤º* “jM}¸*”j©E&ÏG,4|kH|)f1K “«KzgG*”zº*2§8HlH5Ï-
h8f¡HKz+$*45K3f¡MzG£¶*"ÏnH*|M5KugM£&f+tM«KzgG*¢M»D¥¡625gE¥I*
“f¤kIKzgG”M|G*µ¢tI£¶*“}¸*”¨<jHlIfFÏnHª6fH§+zG*G*µjM4fgk<*
ª)fG*G*~F*|HKf©G*j©:*|EKÒgG*~F*|º*jHf·*,3fk6&*~F*|ºjg¡Gf+nº*K
FfH~©©³fN 0¥g0f©6kqºf+¤q0¢<wkº*J3§¡G “}¸*”,4f1£&*.
£§M£&* E§kº*Ò=¢H3*Kj¡©¤º*,zMz·*jgG*hIf/¢H “Reverse Discrimination”
2§/§G* E ¨< ©6 z©FfkGf+ ¥¡G ÏnH “«§+fgÈ5” jGf0 ,z0 µ
Ffº* ~©©kG* *{J
“ White Anglo-Saxon Protestant”«¯µ³
cDÁ “vÅcH0aÅâtÅ”ÈTIÃæVLKNM)ÅÈTNJ^Åât«¯µ´
RABUSHKA , ALVIN and KENNETH A. SHEPSLE. (2008). Politics in Plural Societies:
A Theory of Democratic Instability. London: Pearson Education. 158-173.
¯¯¶
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
ª6f©G*J3§¡G¤-4f1£f+ “jMKf+§:” Ï0&*«&*J4Kf-¶£&*}¸*¨<hqM¢G
j©E&*”¼*§tkGf+ Ï0&* «&* fN ©)f-jM2fkE¶*¤-§Eª7Ï-ª¡-¶j©:*|ÈzG*¦{J;µ
K&* f¤D j©wM4fkG* i4fqkG* lgn- “Market-dominant minority” “§G*¨<j¡©¤H
.177jÈzG*L§G*3§IfMf+¢H
wkG*§J,zMz·*j©6f©G*jgG*¥k6fH
f¤-§Gf¤-4f1z+«2fkE¶*fJ3§¡+k±£&* fN ©6f©6j¡©¤Hj©E&* k-»f©wM4f-
¨<$f+j8|Df¤Gu©k-¶f©6f©6j¡©¤º*jgG*f¤gk-ªkG*j©wM4fkG*m*K*zGfDj©6f©G*
ª6f©G*fJ3§¡Gf¤I*zDz+jM2fkE¶*j0fG*
fJ4*|-E§kI¶jkÀj©wM4f-K|;;µm&fIfM2fkE*j¡©¤º*mf©E¶*©/£&*.
.178lM§G*µ}¸*H
aMvTazst)ÅèÍTAÅ×ÅcAÅæ¹THT
ètT0ÐvTÍTAÅæTN
TN
VLKNM)ÅVNJ^ÅâTcDÁ«¯µµ
ÅaÅæϹTNHcÅ ÆtLÆÏT% äÁTK ¹VÏtMK&ÅaEÅaLcÅvWTæcÅvzÅÏÅáVTæÁ¹“vTt”
¬éÅdNcæÇapÁWTäÃæåT%ÅÅbvkaTMENK
World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic” TMT v «¯µ¶
¹TNNæaÅv4NLNAŹTÍTAÅVLKNMÈTNJ^ÊÎT.Ça “æT”ÑÏa¹“Hatred and Global Instability
ÇtTHT
ÅttIqqMENKäÁj)Åæ¹VNcFÅTNHcÅvÍtLMÅæ4NTLJŹVNNtÅaETTN
æÏvÍtMNÅ
ÎtGLÅ4TÅtEKrbÅWtIÅvcB'ÅeI¹VÍTAÅÈIiHÅæÏtCp¹qMTEKvVN
TN
cDÁ¬éTKIc ÅsHJN
TKaÁÇÏT æ¹èÍTAÅæv
TNÅ
Chua, Amy L. (2002). World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds
Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability. New York: Doubleday PublishingÆ
¯¯·
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
"jJ§º*j©:*|ÈzG*¦{J¢<¤)f¡k6f+}¸*}w©6*3fHj0*}G*¢H©+.
mfM|¸* Ò= |1%* $ª7 µ ÒkG* ©k6&* ¶ “j©:*|ÈzG* j64fº*” JK $f¡nk6f+
j©wG*
|J§/ “}¸*” }wM Ó0 j©wM4fkG* j0|º* ¦{J µ j©wG* mfM|¸* Êk- ¶* ¢G
"j©7mf©GfF2|¾J2§/K
*N z+&* “j©gG*” j©/|G* j©:*|ÈzG* ¦{J ; µ ÏnH j©wG* mfM|¸* £&* fE ¢H .
)fEK"jHfG*mfM|¸*Kj©:*|ÈzG*e2fgH¨< “KzgG*”DftM£&* E§kº*¢HJ"¥I§H
ifkG*
9|HµfN M§¡6hkF¡Hj©E̺*ªHf·*©kG*j©EG3
<lgn-j+f6
|J*§G*j¡·KlM§G*§12¢HzM5§+*}I¡HK½fG*2|:j©Emfg)f¡G*ifq0j©E
h-f¤©/K“j©gG*j©:*|ÈzG*”¦{J¢H<z+K;µl.z0fMfG*¦{J©/j©gG*
¤ktHµ£§-fHz¡<D,*Kfº*Kj©:*|ÈzGf+KjM|¸f+ “KzgG*”¢H'§M¦f¯¶*
Iµ
gkH£fDjtM}G*j©:*|E§-K¶*;µK&* jJ§º* “jMKzgG*”j©:*|ÈzG*;µ*3*
"f¤+ “}¸*”kM*3**3fºfN E}HKzgM¶lM§G*µjHfG*mfM|¸*
©/µmfM|¸*¦{JzGf¡M|:µf¡F*3*"jE4fG*j¡©G*¢H~G*D¶*¢H
©G&*
"E¶*¨< “j©<fk/¶*¤kIf”}¸*fk0*HfJzDD¶*¢H
©G**§0¶*
j©6f©G* ¤-|©+ fk0ÏG ªG “}¸*” fH&* |1* D*2 5ÊM ¥©E&* ¤I§F .
“j©:*|È2 fJK&f+”kG*¢H¶z+ª<fk/¶**}G**{JµjM2fkE¶*
kªF'·+¤gE“wealth - creating assets”-3{À-LÏHkHg2¨
9'g,gIl¿¶”
r1FgG¦J+H4kN3g
lF·+kª
7gª
H+-}ª
HËG·+Eg¹+g¥H-Ó
H+
i
H+£Ig¥l²¬¨
¢»+3}H+iª
J3+6gGkul»+kª=gl0·+k=¨r»+
.179“Per-Capita Gain”«*g¥¢H+
}¸*Jz0K½f¸*ª6f©G**}G*;µ£&* §Jj©kM§G*jGf¸*µ}¸*j©)f¡nk6*
cDÁ¹vTKÅ×Åc~vãTVNJVGTB)ÅÇayTGÅât«¯µ·
&DVHOOL)UDQFHVFRDQG:LOEXU-RKQ&ROHPDQ,,2QWKH7KHRU\RI(WKQLF&RQÀLFW
NBER Working Papers 12125.
¯°®
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
§tkG*j©<Ò©-£§©kM}¸*Jz0Kª:*|ÈzG*§tkG**{JfD(*K&*vfÃ(*£§©kM
$fG*$f<(* £§©kM½f¸*)f¤G*J3§¡+KfM&* }¸*Jz0K£&* fFª:*|ÈzG*
jM4§k6zG*,f©tGEKjGKf¿«¶ª<}G*
j©:*|È2J*§6f¤HÌtM¶j©:*|Èz+kG*¤©<J4f©k1¶*$h<}¸*¨<¢G
£§F|G*4f©1£&* &* jH§HjE§tHj©E&* ¼*¤G§±+f©qM4z-j©gG*¤-*5f©kH*Jz-
"f+*{/KzgMzgkHª:*|E§-K* f¡G
¯°¯
ǒƸŮȚ
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
lU ÇqBHÇ
»qFHÇWOUJźWO
ÇdI1bÇsÕuJMÇ
¡qFHÇÉÏÑè
¯°±
ǒƸŮȚ
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
jcGj©tº*f¤kH$*§H z<fI4|E3*KlM§G*µj©:*|ÈzG*j+|qkG* “j©Gf©1”fI4|E3*
©k-ªkG*h©Gf6¶*K)f6§G*§0lt+«|Iz/µ£¶*I£&*ª¡º*¢D}¸*
.“j©:*|ÈzG*jGKftº*”¦{J
©-¨k0K&*¢<§/|G*Ff¸*jG*f¤+
£%*µmfc©6Kmf¡¸¤/µ£fF4fkM£*4f©1Ff¸*jG* fH&*2zG**{Jµ
§JK*N z©-ÎF&*|1%*H5ÊMÓ0µfN ©¤Mz+}7fgº*«4§k62ÒG*¸*r¤¡HKzg©Dz0*K
.“j©:*|È2¥g7h©Gf6&*”f¤©6*fH *zwk6f+j©IfºÊG*j+|qkG*
©-§04KzM
«4§k62ÒG*¸*r¤¡H¶K&*
¼*§8§G19624§k62
¡G,~tº*$*§/¶*1Kj©6f©G*jH$*§º*$*|/(* jMfG*
j©6f©G*|)f¹*E&f+2§¡º*z¤G*
pz0fg¡k6*K&*Ïk6*zH¶*,ÒE,}7fgHmf©k- *zwk6*)f6§G*Ki§6¶*
Ò=Ï0jH¶*
¾0kMfJ|.&*¨<Ó-2fkHÓkcD¼*¥kH|+kqº*+“j6fG*”M
jH§<~Hj©k¾j¡kD¡ºj©IfºÊG*,f©¸*E§-KfM4§k62
«§tM£&*z+¶ “«~©tkG*pz¸*”*{J£fD20102009,Ò1¶*p*z0¶*l¡©+fF
mf:*Ì7¶*¢H2z<
LÊFj©k¾j¡kGhgHpz0fN H*~G*£§M£&*¥Dz-«~©tkG*pz¸**{JjM|J§/1
¤ÈfHF¦f¯,Ò1¶* “KzgG*”j©6f0j©Gf7(*5Ê-L|1&¶*j¤·*¢H¢Gj¤/¢H*{J
“KzgG*”z9¥©/§-jGf0µ«~©tkG*pz¸**{J1Ó0vf+4¶*K|)f¹*ifk0*¢Hz+¶
¦f¯ “«Kz+”ªg7£f©=wM«4§k62ÒG*¸*¢Hª<|.&* z-|M£&* j©Dj©IfH(* ªJ
¸**{J
j©¡M2j¡k+-*3*fN =f©k6*ÎF&* “«~©tkG*pz¸*”KzgMzE1j¡G*hg+2
§D¶*µ¦{1%* lM§G*µj©¡MzG*j©gG*,z0£fDj¤/¢H“¥©G*”K “j¡G*”Ó+
,z<fE£fDL|1&* j¤/¢HKz©gG*Lzº*¨<j©gG*¥-*Ò.&f-pz¸**{¤G£§M¢D
j©+fEE&*£§k6
8f1+fJz9f¤/§H “¸*”*{JÊk-¢Gj©Gf¸*“j94fº*”
¦z9z¸*jcgkG
¨<ª©)*}6* §qJ”h6f¡Hª©E*|;4fkI*¥k©1*2 “pz¸*”*{JÌM¶3
.“0£(*"¥k©E§-£f9©kM¢H¢Gf©¡HKzgMzEÏnH£*|M*
zgDy§©G*,}6¶*jg©J¢<fDzG*,$fg+*N ÌkH£§M£&* pz¸**{J©kM¶4
¯°³
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
E&*x©7jg©J¢<fN <fD2«4§k62ÏG*4f©¹*KzgMzEj¡º*$*45§G*
¾
©)42§8
fMÒJf/M§kGj©+fE
pz¸*HHfkG*
.“j©IKÌG¶*j©)|º*j<§gº*”}¡G*)f6K¨<j©Efgk6*j+fE4
9|D1
fN ©¡-4§kº*lIÌI¶*¨<j©¡Hj©+fE4jGKf¿«&*£&f+¦§¡gkH2*2~M«&*4DzM*{Jµ”
jt/f¡G*j©¡©G*j+|qkG*JfqkM§Jª<¶ªt6«&*4*{JGf+f¤©< §¿jGKf¿ªJ
2011µ2zG**{Jµf¤©g-j©If¡gG*jH§¸* ~k-ªkG*m*§¹*£(fDG{F
©Mfº*+
.180“ fkJÏG,ÒnHK*z/j©<Kzg-
mfIf©FzMµg-¥k©H “j©I§M~-m*§¡Ej©E4Kt8”ÉzG* Ï<¶*j©gIf/jI
§gHÒ=|H&*mf¡©IfnG*j+|¯4*|-¢GjM§E f¡G*Hj©wM4fkG*f¤-f:fg-4*jEÏ<jM2fkE*
¨<§E§G*¨k0K&*j94fº*hIf·©º*j©HÏ<¶*f¤-*K2&*KjM2fkE¶*mfIf©G*¦{J©k-¶
.“jM2fkE¶*f¤-fEÏGª©)|G*|G*” f¡G*Hj¡¸*f¤-fEÏ<4*|k6*E§k-.2f©¸*
"|1%¶f+4}9f¸*©kM¢H"|1%ÏGsfktM¢H.|:4f©k1*$h<¤©<
jG*¢HuM}8Ku9*Kif1fN ©)f<2*}G*,4*2(*2
¼*f¤-*$*|/(f+ªº*¨<f¤©-µjt9*K£§-£&* Ff¸*jG*¨<*{Jµ”
ª)f<zG*jG*if1£&*f¤/|Hj7fG*mf¡©IfnG*j+|¯19624§k6zG,2§<¶£&*jMf¤¡G*
z¸j94fº* fH&*ifgG*ukD½fkGf+Kj©:*|ÈzG*,2§< fH&*M|G*M»ÏM~J£fF*{I%*
|©6D«§G*©kG*hG*L|MfHz¡<jt9*Kj©¡G*£§-£&*z+¶,|º*¦{J4fI&*
.“j©/fqk0¶*jF|¸f+”jF4fº*gEÓ-|H
¯°´
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
,§Gf+j©6f©G*mfqkG*Km*|Jfº*|03
«&*2f1(f+©F,§G|º* *zwk6¶*D¢M|1%¶*j+|qk+
9f-¶*hqM*{Jµ”
¥:K}7¢H,§G©;§kG**{Jj©/fqk0*jF|0
s4zkG*¼*,§<zG*¦{J¡G*,§G*j©G%* *zwk6*µs4zkG*¢Hz+¶jMz<fkG*&*
|Jf-j<f6K&* {¡H,§G*©;§-j©6f6&* ¨<2z7&* fI&fDª)zgH9*N z+&* ª¡-¶
*zwk6¶**{Jµs4zkG*Hª¡Gsfqk0*
ugMfN ©)f-jM|Jf-f<&f+4fM¢Hj©JK “mfq©kM|+”¹¶,*Kfº*i
w+ÊkG*©+¢:*§HK&*Ì¿ª6f©6*N ÒgF &*£fF*N Ò8¥GfD&*hE*§Gj9|<
µf9*
Ij©/fqk0¶*jF|¸*ª©6 f¡G*jG*$*z<¶ “mfg©JKmfIfH”
"©·*zG*K,2*4(* ÌtM»¢H *Ì0**3fº
mf©wGj©6zEm¶fJ1mf¡©IfnG*p*z0&*H6'§º* f¡G*Hf-£&*©F0¶”
m4|EÓ0fHf³,|G* zwM1990|G*z©<µ “£KzG*z0*”s3§Åf¤tk-¶
ÒH¶jMz©kG*jc¡¤kG*¢H¶z+ “£KzG*z0*”jH¶*
¾
©)4jc¡¤-jtE§G*j94fº*
£KzG*EKf¡JKj)fG*Ï6¶f+jG~¡HM§tk+lkF*ÏM~J£fFjG*24£fD2ÏgG*
¨<|1%* ©G2½~¤G*|¡º**{JzMz/¯£fºÓH2fG*¥/§Mj)fG*Ï6¶*1¢H
"¥tkM¶¢º *Ì0¶*u¡H*3fº f¡G*jG*ª1*|-
¶z+j:}7~F|Hi|E&*¼**N |/|qM¶*3fºpz¸**{J¡H f¡G*jG*j©IlIfF*3*
£fFfN g/*K¥k©E<z+©Fª6f©G*£5§G**{J¥)f<(* "HfGf+~¡HM§±-¢H
ÎF*¶£§IfG*¢<s4f1¥I*¨<¥HHfkG*
j©/fqk0¶*jF|¸*ª©6jG*GjHÏ<K&**}G**{JµjM4*|k6¶*s
|¤7*6”zH&*|1%*¼*¡G*,§Gª6f©G*©;§kG*jM4*|k6*¢Hz+¶*N zMz/fN 15
"Ó94fHj. &*HfkHªH§0 fI"§:&¶*
¡G*¥G¢HjMf¤¡Gf+K“£fk¡6j¡6
f64f+ÊkG* f¡G*jG*©k-«4§k62ÏG*¸*j¸z¡<j©EÏ1¶*2
µ f¡G*ugM{)z¡<z©kGjk©gº*f¤k©¡+j94fº*Ïk)*mÏ©kGj©6f©6jGf64
,§G¥H*zwk6*mfg-¢HªEÏ1&*0
j©6f6¶**|:¶*ª¡.µuq¡-¢Gj©6f©G*jGf6|G*¦{J£&* 7¨I2&* 4KzM¶£&* z+¶
jG*GªEÏ1&*$f=|D§k6¶K&*f¤¡Gj©/fqk0¶*f¤kF|0µK}G*¢<j94fG
ª9fº*$f0K$fEz8&*¢H2z<H<}FjF|Hf¤g¡¯zEf©If.K f¡G*
¯°µ
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
j©0fqk0¶*jF|¸*5§H|GªEfgk6¶*ª:f©k0¶*
g¸*4
6§g¸*,zHµjMz<fkG*“3”jIµ,24*§G*K}G*K f0¶*g-*{Jµ&*
G*jM4*|k6*
g¸f+D42*§G*¶j©/fqk0¶*jF|¸*5§H4§7j©:f©k0¶*
sfqk0¶*2&*KÓ¸
*Ì7¶*¢<JÒG24j©6§FK&¶*fqº*ÓGf¾µ
g¸* zwM*{Jµ”i
ªEf+¢<¤©6j©/fqk0¶*jF|¸*,2fE
g0£fDÇf.f¾µKmf/fqk0¶f+
.“fJ5§H4if©+f¤k©<fDM½fkGf+KjF|¸*mf©¡-
f¤G£§©6fN ©¿jE§gº*Ò=«§G*¡G*Kfk<¶*m¶f0£&* <55ÊMf¡Js
©;§-u9*K
©Gz-*{J¢G,}6¶f+Ff¸f+hG*mfEÏ<¨<zH¶*,z©+4f.%*
¨<zMz·*|H&¶f+
©Gj©g7mf<fEz9 f¡G*hIf/¢Hª6f©G*fk<¶*¡G*
|.&f-»¡G*©;§-µf¤©/£f<|E¢M|tgG*jM2§G*i4f¯j©q©¹*j¡º*
"f©¿¦Ò.&f-
9*ÌD**3fº §tºf+Ff¸*mfEÏ<¨<
«4*2¶*G*¤©<jGµJ§+4f05
3§IFf¸*jG*ªM*{J£fDªH§¸*fG*µÓ©kM§G*¢H80MÓ0
$f-fF¥k/|-©k-“political leverage”)fJ
4fM¢HDµs4zkG*Ff¸*jG*©k-,2zkHmf©k- zwk-*{Jµ
£&¶sfktM¶«4*2¶*G**{J“ª)f¤ID §M60|¤7”j©©¡-K&*j©/fqk0*f<&f+
.“ÓGf9$f¡+¶”j©gM2&f-j©©If©H§JfH4z+Ó¡:*§H
©<jGE¥I*¨<jG*¥G|¡-
¨< “«§04” H 3fw-f+ j©GK&* j©¡< jq©-*Ì6¶ f¤<fg-&* jI5*§H ©k- f¤I* G3
j©gEx©7ÒgF¥©/KFj<fG¤E§6z+¤k+§-z+D*{J¢GÓG§º*Ó;§º*
¤HzI§gG
ÓG§º*$¶§J¢Hu9*K *~kG*¢<fN ¯fI*N |1&fkH£§M£&*z+¶ “«§0|G*”º**{J
ª/fqk0¶*G*,2fEK5§H|GHf7Ò=K¤-f/fqk0*¢<Gf+
j©kqº*hw¡G*H8*§kG*6
hw¡Gf+ jG* +|- ªkG* ,~©º* j©<fk/¶* mfEÏG ª6f©G* ©;§kG* ¢H z+¶
5f©kHf+jg<¶K&¶*4f:(¶*µhw¡G*¦{J“)fgEy§©7¢M2f/4$f¤/K”j©kqº*
¯°¶
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
¥-zDfHª6f©64K2¢<jn0f+f¤IfDÇfnG*4f:(¶*µK fG*«&*|G*j=f©8K¥©/§-j©0f¡G
jH¶*
¾2§/§+
ªgG*M§kG*Kj©/fqk0¶*j©Gf+jF4fº*¢<
6f¡G*$f¡.*µ*N 4K2hk6hw¡G*¦{J
.181j©H§¸*m*$*|/(ÏGj©gG*j)Ϻ*ÒD§-KzMz·*ª6f©G*yf¡G
£§kMfHz¡<j©H§¸*m*$*|/(ÏGª<}G*$fG*ÒD§k+ fº**{J)fgG*y§©7 zwM
z9¥/§H¥I*¨<«4§k62ÏG*¸*M§kGj©+fEE&*£§k6j94fº**|:&*£(fDj¤/*§F
¸*z9jcgkGj©+fEE&* £§k6j©gG*Jz<*§E£fDG{GfR g-K“KzgG*”
jM§g7m*4*|E¢Hz+¶zMz·*z¤G*M§-7
m*4*|Ejg+zMz·*ª6f©G*§·*M§-¤G*¢Hj©:*|ÈzG*,f©¸*K£fºÊG*h©©k+
R
zMz·*ª6f©G*9§Gf©g7jG*©³jM§g7m*4*|+jHfG*$f94( *¤G*¢HjM§¡-
mf+*§qk6*”j¡1f6j©6f©6fMfEl©G©gG*ªkM§G*¢:*§º*f+MfH¥I*j©¸*
«§g7+f:m*3fMfE¥-fM§GK&* 6
6&*4¨<M§JfÅ*K182“jH§<~H2fDfMfE
f¤GhG*h- f¡G*jG*£fDfMfG*¦{J¸¦f¯¶*K&*t+183«§¡-
vÅrvJr4J”pTGÅÍcKÅVTcDÁ¹VNEK)ÅULJv
TNÅãÅa
ÅVNTEvcDLJ«¯¶¯
sLÅtJ¹ÇcNMDÅv “pNHrqJ)”aQ²®®®¹TMJÁuJVtIÅ¿TMæÎtGLVNKVNäTtM¹“UT
cDÁ¬“ÍTÐrsJÅaN”VNÅaÅqMTK
ÅrbÅVtIÅ¿TMæpEGeK@ÅUNFpTENK
Ư¯¶«¯¯µ ’ Æ°®®¶¹VTAÅVI¸ÇcTHŬ`ÏTÅrVH¬äTK¹eNK(Å
èÁcÅ×C
Å”äÅtLW$ÉtÅæÈT
ÅÏaÅÇÏÅÍÅ«VÅeJ_TA°®®¶tNtvèÁcJ×C
Å«¯¶°
×TaÅæãtd)ÅvT)ÅÍTGÅTTBäÁa湓èdÅcÅVKT”Ë “aNEÅ-c”ÍÅaŹ“vtIÅrÅt)ÅÈTtæÁât
TæcÅ¿TLŹc@VE
TÅVtæÅÅTæcEqâTcÅ”vtIÅrÅt)ÅÈTTKÅpÎvWTãTEÅâT)År
Æ“rc@EÅæVNTÅVtæÅ
ræÅæaÅVÅÐÔ4CJÅ4VEÅvéÅcKéT0ÐPW
æ¹rdÅrÅdNVN
TNÅsTÅWJFVNB
¿TLŹqMVLTc@VT(ÅVtæÅTæcÅâTcŹ4NtIÅÈTTKÅrätITaEÁWT “VGT)Å
Æ “c@VE
TÅVtæÅTæcÅ
tLÅ uJ WT vtIÅ ×ÏT@Å ãTKÅ VaH v È¿T vÅ TTBHÅ äÁ éTBÅ aæ ¹nTÅ ×C
Å«¯¶±
¸vTÅ
¬qNJETÔtMLÅ«±
¬VNAÅVTcÅctC«°
¬UÅæcÅÇÍTЫ±
¬ÔæcHÅÕTH
ë¥
¬VNTI
ÅVNBHÅp«µ
¬VL T
VN
TN
VNBèÁrVKyTHÅtJ jæ
¯°·
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
-jM§gG*fD¶*m*4*|G*
«4§k62ÏG*¸*hE*§<
"j©:*|ÈzG*,f©¸*©-jGf0µpzt©6*3fH«4§k62ÏG*¸*mfg-
Ef¡I£&¶*
«4§k62¶*tGj©/4f¹*mfgkG*1
“ÐEkª;+}É{H+~¢.gN}I+¤'+{
9'+gJ'+ÓlH+3L{Àª
,¤g
J)+gJ'+ ”
}<jº§G*}<µ¥If+ª<z-j©Gfnº*Kj©6f©G*j/*{G*¢HÒnFf¤©<h-,|DsK|-
½fkGf+f¤+§7-jM4§-fkF2mÏMK2HuHfk-¢Gj©+|G*mf©:*|ÈzG*£fDj©k©D§G*z+fH
µj©M|H¶*mf:§G*±©k-¢G f¡G*jG*£fD«4§k62ÏG*¸*jGf0µ¥IfD
j©:*|ÈzG*,f©¸*,2f<(¶Ï/&* &*Ï/f<|k6KhIf·**{J
jq¸*¦{Jj©JKK&f1£f©gGfN ©¡H¨6&*f¡J
hE*|-”¶K&* ª¤D¦z©¯fH*{Jj0ÏkHmfIf©+j©M|H¶*j©/4f¹*4zk6gGf+1
ÒG* f¤-*$*|/* E§G j©kM§G* jH§¸* §<z-” zEK “Gf+ |-” . “E§º*
¢G“j©kM§G*jH§¸*m*$*|/*|¡k-K”f¤k<fq7qkk6*Ò1&*K“j©:*|È2
$ª7¶.£§º*j=4fDj©t8mfIf©+2|¾¥©¸*µ¥k6fHF*{J
¯±®
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
nNCVÍtEÅVIJK)ÅuJ¹VJTæÁVT¹ÕtFzèÁÇa)ÅÈTtÅW
ÏTp¹ptCÅTMÏTv«¯¶²
½Ça)ÅÈÅÏTÅuJæÁ½cCuJ½VN
TN
ÈT~Å
Æ“U$VaJÅuaÅeT”
TMtFzÑÏT8VcVNyTHT湿tpÇa)ÅÈTtÅácäÁ¹nCL)ÅréÅaNE¹sT
ÐæTÔÅcÅt
¬iHWtIÅuJ
¯±¯
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
ª©w-§M4f¡©6«4§k62ÏG*tGj©1*zG*mfgkG*2
&*zgM¨k0f©:f©k0*K&¶*G*,2fE
gtMK4§k6zGf+G*M
qº*tM£&* fH
ª-%¶*G*¨<¤-f/fqk0*&*zg-K¤D§8jºµj94fº*¦{¤GÇfnG*G*5§H4
K&*lM§G* Ï<&*£§tMzEj=4fDÇfHµ”4§k6zG*,2§+«2f¡-j©I§IfEÒ=mf¯
¥/*§- f¡G*jG*“
6”K&¶*ª/fqk0¶*¤¯q0
9ÌI“ÒH¶*4§8
g±jGKzG*ª;§H¢H¤¡Hmfcº*-,§Gf+¢M|Jfkº*|-,z7K ~t+E§º*
¢M|Jfkº*¢H2z<Kpz¸*ª¡HÇfnG*G*,2fE
ÇfnG*KK¶*G*5§H4if©+f¤/fqk0¶j94fº*2§-,ÒEªgI$KzJ,ÌDz+
¤¯q0zMz/ª/fqk0*¯¡-j©g7E&*¢GfD|-ÎF&*,zMz/42*§F|¤-
¢M|Jfkº* |- ,z7K ~t+ E§º* ¥/*§- jG* “
61/3”ÇfnG*ª/fqk0¶*
¤¡H*2z<
g±KÓF4fº*jGKzG*ª;§H-j¡º*42*§G*
g±,§Gf+
Ókº*v*}6Ï:(*4f©1 fH&*Ff¸*jG*,ÒGf+l©Gª:f©k0*
g0,ÌDz+
2*zk6* «zgM ¢H K&¶* fºf+ ª)fkI* 4f©1 *{J “oGfnG* ÇfnG* K&¶* G*”
¥0*}6MDjI2f¤G
zMz/ª/fqk0*qkGjGKf¿«&*f¤15j©/fqk0¶*jF|¸*z-j¡º*42*§G*if©+
¥+fqM“
61/6”oGfnG*ª0fqk0¶*qkG*q0j©g7jF4fHi{/µuq¡-¢G
j+fG*m*$*|/¶*
¡+
ª67¼*f©q©-*Ì6*ª/fqk0¶*f¤+f:MzgkGj©gG*jF|¸*&fq-zEfJz¡<
HfkG*©F2z¿ §Mµj¡©Hm*4f7$*z-4*2z¿ §MµªH§¸* *KzG*j:fH
"ªG*ª/fqk0¶*G**{JH
¼*fJ4§kG«2&fk6fN 0sfqk0ÏGj©G*f7¶*¦{Jj¤/*§HµÓG*K22ÌG*,zGf+
<fH1
8f¹*¥g©/¢H “j©¡:§G*¥k©t-”±¥©<i*}9¶*4|M¢HL|1*f7&*
2|G*jG*¨<ÓkGf¸*fkFµ,ÎFK&*jEh©k-zE2§¡º* §©G*µh©kM¢ºfN ©GfHJ|H
©·*¨< ~t+
f¤GfD&*£fD*{JÒ=22|-«&*¢<,z©+f¤©-Kf¤Dµ,2f/£§-£&*jG*¨<
jM4*|k6¶ fN ¡J4 £§M £&* hqM f¤kM§6 jM4*|k6* ,z)fD «3 Ò= ug- f¤©/
m*$*|/¶*¦{JnH3fw-¶j©DfG*,zGf+jG*¨tk-»3*j©/fqk0¶*mfF|¸*
«4§k62ÏG*¸*M|:§6Kf±¶£&*D¶*¢Dj©6fG*
¯±°
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
«4§k62ÏG*¸f+jg-|Hj©gIf/$*4%*
Ff¸*;z¡<4§n-J"i§G*4§n-¨kHj©gIf/j¡Fj©Gz/j©Gf7(*5Ê-&*
«2§G* h-fG* ªg©G* «5fG £(fD ,4§nG*K G* ©kGfM2 µ "¦2*zgk6*K
¨<*N 24-»*N z+&* f©wM4f-m*4§nG*Kj©/fqk0¶*mfF|¸*£&* fkJ¶*,ÒnHj©9|D
§M§J¥k©9|D<zG«§69jGf0¨<D,24ªJfHK2fÅ*K;jGf0
m*4§nG*s3fÅ©9*£&* ©k6*186 LÊG*j©I|G*,4§nG*jM}º*,4§nG*s3fÅ
jG**|0£§M£&*z+¶*{¤GfN M&*j©9|G*¦{J<zG “19171905”j©6K|G*
E&*¶pz¸*L§kH¨<fN ©¡<fN H5f0
uCÁèbÅ°®®°Ït
a “vtIů·´°Ït
ÍrÅcNmJ”vLcÅvaHů·µ±Ït
ÍäÏT«¯¶³
ÆÅtLÅeJ4ÅtkÏT@)VÏæcz4E)ÅeJ)ÅVHÅtpE¹4EçÏteJP@ŹoJKJsE
ÅæÈTN~
rI¹“´´ÇÍT”UL)ÅÆÅtLÅeJ¿TBÁvJÊTcÐtVHÅËc¹ÈTÅt
ÅãTIÁv¹“¶³«¶¯ÍÅt”
Æ“´µÇÍT”TBÅ4E)ÅçÏt@ÅeJ¿TBÁvJVHÅtÊT¿ÅÏÐtÅeNycVHÅËc
c q Eæ ¹TMJÁ uJ ÈÅÏtÅ pM r t TMKJ
VCJÅ mEz äÁ VNzcGÅ åb sNa T ÅÎÅ «¯¶´
mNEzàæÏToJ)ÅÅæcDÅT.Åæ¹ra)Å«¿TtÅâæ^ÅÍÅQoJ)ÅæÁpNTK
Åèta(ÅaMvÏÅcÅÕTBÅ
T.Åæ¹VæaÅVLd eJÁèbŹètHÅ«qTDÅc@kÅcÅetoJ)ÅuJÇÏtT4NcGÅcIGq¹VNA@Å
ÍÅa
Å “ètN
ÅÊTÅi.”UEpKTN
æÏvcÅÏcI¹TKyÅÍÍÍc)Åc@ÑÍTÅet¿vÅæcDÅ
¬vTÅtHVIcEÅ4sGNJ uJÅcqJXTÅÏaLIÅ
¯±±
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
cDÁ¹Hofstede>ÓT(ÅvæcIÅkt)TWLE
Å “VCJÅaEcQ”ât«¯¶µ
www.geert-hofstede.com
¯±²
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
£IkF}lI*+}=LngJgª,LF+¨I¦lx.%L{¥H+£I¡g=¨03g
789¡g=½)+
188“È{»+lr»+ng
7(¨IL¡gH+¢H+ngª0,
£&*gEmfM|tG2&*KK4§k6zG*©-¢Hm*§¡6pÏ.*K|kI&* “f+¶*”$¶§J£&*«&*
jM4§6*mf8f¤+fF*£¶*
gG*KftMªkG* “Ó¡.¶*mf©I*§M2”£&*.¥¡<fDzG**K4|M
.1990|Mf¡Mµj©E©+f6f+fJz+E§kkGD1989ÊM2µ¶*&*zg-»f¤tk-¶
£*§M2µj©-§8jg¡EK&* H“j©¡©¡.¶*”mfqkG*¦{J¨<2|G*jG*m4|EfHz¡<K
“
6Kf7¶*”$¶§J£&*.189jM4§6¶*¤-f<fk/**§<Kz+ÏG “£§9f¡º*”|- “4Kf¡H”
ª¡:K
¾lcI*Kf¤©=µjG*lGf+fHz¡<¨k0ª:*|ÈzG*¤F*|04*|kG*K2§M»
j©E©+f6f+fJz+Mz+
,24µjc©+“Convenience”j)Ϻ*j94fHÎF&*¶j©G~Jj94fH¦{Jsfk¡k6¶*
f¤E|-µjM}6f¤GfD&*µ,22ÌHf¤©¡-µjM~Jf¤D
|-j<|/f¤+,zMz·*j94fº*z©FfkGfgD fJK&*jM&* f¡G*jG*4Kf-¶£&*z+¶¢G
j<|/©k-¶$ª7¶“j©kM§G*j©gG*”f¤±jMf¤¡G*µ¢Gmf¡©IfnG*j94fHLzk-
¥·f-£&*f¤-*K2&*KjG*¢Hj.fÁ|-
f¤wM4fk+f¤g+j©:*|È2j©kM§G*j©¡J{G*£&*” f¡J¥©¡Gu:&*|1%*<55ÊMG{FCJ
.“j©:*|È2¶m*§1gk-¢GjÈzG*j©:*|ÈzG*f¤kDfn+M§G*ª:*|ÈzG*
VL&æVNE>@ÅVBcEÅ”äÅtLW$§¥¦¿d&Ź“sTNrI0æéÅaNEeNÉa'Ÿ4LÅÈTNÅtÍ”VJJ
«¯¶¶
Æ°®®·Ø°Ø·`ÏT¹Çac&Ź“4LÅÈTNÅtancCÅäÅaM8¥µ>>Å
vÇtHJVCJÅãÅa
ÅÏtÉaäÃæ¹qMTTKÅnNJEäÁ4LÅræÅæÍÈTEKc~TL)ÅèÁcÅvGL«¯¶·
ÇÏæTvqMÏuÅvE@ÅqMÅc'qMHNJEU
kcæ¹ãÅa
ÅÅbr “qcΔs
¹“ÏæTLäÅtÍ”
¬cNÅtKÅUT~ÆTC UHVCJÅ
cNÅtKÅUT~ÆTC äÁÎŬpÁTMvHJ)ÅVÅb
«pM«¿TÔcG¹VGN
¹VNÏTVCTFåbrI
qÏÅcK
ÅÅÎT)ÅÎÅqMKÐauJVCJÅkÏæTÅ “VzÏTE)Å”VNWTÅÎŹ¯··®Ø±Ø°®`ÏTväTpÅcÅ
ø ¯··®Ø±Ø°°`ÏT “ÏæTL”äÅtÍvèaNEALÅ«vTÅqMJKv
kVCJÅWEKÈÅ¿THVtKpTHcÁr¿TH¹qÏæT$qTNJE¹VCJÅäÁVHNHkhTLsÅq
VJNJkNT
TTaEÉaTtæ¹èÏt~vLæeJ¿T@ÃTÅtÅÏtWc
VCJÅäÁq¹4NE@ÅTMyTGJ
Æ“¯··®pcÅ”
VHÅcMÁVEÅv½ÏÅt'Åp@aEvTÅTMJEGkcq “VJCÅ”VzÏTE)ÅÅÎT)¹sJÅbroÍ
¬VNG~ÈTTNkÐt “VIÅätJzTL)Å”uGŹædFÅuÅ
¯±³
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
“}¸*”j¡©HjcD¨<4§¿£fFª:*|ÈzG*xM4fkG**{J£&*E*K¨6f¡kM<~G**{J¢G
¢HÓHK|¿JfFª:*|È2xM4f-*{J¢HÓHK|¿ “2z·*Ó©kM§G*”¢HL|1¶*mfcG*
¼* “}¸*”
-+fHj©k¾j©g=&**§t9&*2z·*Ó©kM§G*£§Fj©:*|ÈzG*jDfnG*¦{J
jHfG*j©kM§G*j©¡J{G*¨<j8«3Ò=j©E&f+4§tº*xM4fkG**{JqMj©E&*
¯±´
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
j©kM§G*j©:*|ÈzG*,f©¸*
©-r¤¡HfN ©If.
*|D¶§¡±zH¶*jM§:mf©q©-*Ì6*©g-j©:*|ÈzG*j64fº*¨<f¡¹*©©-jMfG*
*42¶*ªH§¸*4*|Gj©+f©I,¶*§Hj¤g/1jGKf¿«|JfG*¥)f+H¦*§k¿¢H4§k6zG*
j©q©-*Ì6¶*¦{JGj-|º*j©Gfk0ÏGK,§¹*¦{¤Gj©GfG*j©6f©G*jGgº*
j©kM§G*j©gG*j©:*|ÈzG*j64fº*µ«§©¡+9H*§<©;§-)f6§G*Ki§6¶*
f¤Ij©:*|ÈzG*j+|qkG*Ejtº
*}G*,4*2*m*K2&*
j©+fwkI¶*mÏHfº*4§g¡81
fN If©0&*,¶*§º*i*§IgEj94fº*i*§Ij©+fwkI¶*mÏHfº*4§g¡8¢H¤¡M©·*fN ©Gf0
¼*¥k94fHµhJ*3§J¢ºjH§¸*
94fM¢ºi*§+¶*uk-£&*¡H¶ÒkGsfktM*{J
i*§I£fF*3*LÐ6fJz+,¶*§º*i*§I¨<vÏG**{J©;§-}E¢Hz+¶zH&* ¨E&*
ÏDj94fH“j94fº*”
“½fG*m§G*j94fHzE&*”©<~G*fH£f¡.¶*£KzM|Mj94fº*L§Eªg1fI£¶*
£K|Mj©+fwkI¶*mÏHfº*Dz-¢H¤+*§I£fH|t+¢Gz0*K£%f+jGfwº*¤-ÏHfH|M|³K
¤©g1fI|MKjH2fG*mf+fwkI¶*µ§G*K&*ª6f©G*¤q¤¡HMzg-fH*4f©k1ÏG$¶§J
iKz¡º*4fkw-j©g=¶*"ª6f©6
94fHK&* “mÏHfHiKz¡H”£KzM|MfN M&*4f©k1ÏG
fk6*ª¡º*|M5§G*z©+DzM»mÏHfº*
©w-vfkHj©75Ê-G*{Jµ”
¢Mz<fº*$ÏF§G*$ÏF§G* *zwk6f+¤-ÏHfH|M|³Kj©H§¸*j©:*|EKÒgGf+kG*i*§¡G*
.“2zG**{Jµ|tkGsfk±j6f¸* f¡G*jG*jgE¤0µ¢HK
,|gº*mf+fwkI¶f+f¤©94fH¤¡-jG*jGf+¿jH¶*
¾2
¥F§6µ*N |kH5fö*¢<*N ~/f<jH¶*
¾KzgM2005¢Hª6f©G*§·f+
$f¡gG*KvÏ8¶*¢<~/f<§JjgEfkº*¥-Ï©k+ªgM|wkG*Kª©kG*
¡È¶j©¡kG*jq<E§M¶L|1&¶*§-,|º*£fºÊGjG*0£&*sfk¡k6*¼*f¡8§M*{J
¯±µ
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
4|kº*¸*Ï8&*j©È5&fkG*
Gfqº*¦{J¢H§/|H£fFvÏ8*¶Kj©¡-ÏDª6f©G*vÏ8¶*
tGfD2Dz-ªkG*jgEfkº*
Gfqº*j©-§J¥gg6$ÏgG*hg6§J
©G
|kº*É5&fkG**{J©;§k+jM4§k6zG*f¤-f©0Ï8Ïk6*©k-j©6f©6j¡t+jG*
¢GÏ:¶*¨<ªt8ª6f©6§/wM¶*{Jj©6f©6jH5&*Fz¡<fM4§k62
qº*¸
"K&¶* fº*µªtG*§J½f¸*ª6f©G*§·*£&*fE¢H
,4|kº*,|gº*mf+fwkI¶*Df¡H
sÅqϬVHcCÅåbMVNTNLÅÈaEÅVJAHrT#¹ètN'Å°®®·èÍTAÅÏÅcH
ÅddEätT«¯·®
qTEÅæsLI¹“Ït
aŹµ¯ÇÍT ”sVJâæÁvaa&ÅeJ)ÅVÍTA)szcUtècNÅÇÏæczãt
c
¬sBÏæÁsNJsHÅtKJeJ)ÅuJÔcE
¯±¶
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
8§G©/ª)*~<&*fM©74¶*vÏ63
m*$*zk<¶*jM4*2¶*m*5KfqkG*¢H§HxM4fk+£§.§HjH¶*
¾$f<&*¢HÒnF
pztk©Gj¡º*Jz0&*zMfHz¡<ÏD5*~c7¶*Òn©G¥I*KªwG*¡kG* fG*fº*¨<
“"}G*¢<pztk-Ó0,|JfG*uD*fH”2fG*j+4f¿K&*vÏ8¶*¢<
ª9fº*
gIK©74¶*vÏ6¥©/§-f¤GÏk6* f¡G*jG*¨<9jI5Ê-f¡J
j©IÏ<i*§¡G*$¶§¤G4{G*
Òn-hIf·**{Jµ f¡G*jG* Ï<(*hIf/¢H,2Kz¿m¶Kf¿f¡J*{Jµ”
“mf¡©tkG*¢HÒnG*sfk±jG*
µf©+fwkI*¤M¢GªHÏ<¶*Ò¤kG**{JjM24K Ï0&* jM&* jG*4Kf-¶£&* z+¶
jM§If.mf¤g/µ¤7¤Df9(*¨<-j©q©-*Ì6*¦{J¢G¢G*h=&*
mf+fwkI¶f+1zk-jG*½fnº*h)f¡G*¡I©F4
K&*pz±»f©Dj©Gfkkº*j©+fwkI¶*mf©G*µjGjH§<~HmÏ1z-¢<oMz¸*ÎF
pz¸*L§kº$f-4¶*µuq¡-»fHf³j7fDlIfF
jG*¡-j©F3mÏ1z-f¤k©q©-*Ì6*Kf¤+§6&*µ¥GfDL|1&*mÏ1z-¢<pztkIf¡J
fJ}-¶
µ j©¡©G* j©E&¶*” j6 «&* jG* <zG «|D 2*zk6* f¤MzG mf©E&¶* fN ©wM4f-
.“ÏnH§-4fJ§6f©©IKzI*
*{¤G§8§G*µfN HK2-K¨-fN ©6f©6jnÁÒ=mf©E&*kIªtº*E*§G*
t+
f0¶f¤)¶K£f9fN 0Kª6f©G*f¤0©tkG1zkG*©k-jG*©nkG*
¯±·
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
hgH Ò= jHfG* mf+fwkI¶* µ «§G* 1zkG* £(fD
¹* |)*KzG* fI ; µ
jq©kI£&*t+j©<|G*mf+fwkI¶*¼*1zkG**{J¥©/§kGDzM¡º*Ï:¶*¨<
j©<|G*mf+fwkI¶*jq©k¡GfN g-fN 6jH§¿jHfG*mf+fwkI¶*
jH§¿j©<|Dmf+fwkI*µ1zkGfD f¡G*jG*uGf8µ|H¶*j©0µ*{J£&*.
¶%¶*m*}<f¤+4fMjHf<mf+fwkI*µ1zkG*¢HÒn+¤6&*fM2z<
Kj©gG*j<~G*h:¤G*¢Hj©gG*¥-f©k-¥Gj©<|G*mf+fwkI¶*µ1zkG*£&*.
jG*u7|Hf¤¡9¢HÓt7|HmfGf±¢M§-¤G*¢H|1%* “{wD”z9 “{wD”h©G&f-
j©+mÏHfH¥g+¤)*}7¤G*¢H¥I*.mf©<|G*§1zG
z0&* ©kM¶jM|:j©gIf/jI5Ê-j©<|G*mf+fwkI¶*µ “«§G*1zkG*”µ
j©<|Dmf+fwkI*µf¤1zkGj©H§¸**|:¶*¨<ǧIfG*ª6f©G* §q¤G*
µ1zkG*£fF§G
<f¤+ÌHÒ=“j©Gf©1”j©<}7¶f©I§IfEjH|¾Ï8&* ªJ
ª6f©62fF1zkG**{J8§©6f¤¡©0¥Hf<mf+fwkI*
"hG*z©¯J¢Gj6f©6h-jH§¸*5
hG* §J ªg¡MfH F jgG* §©1 + jtkº* ªJ ª6f6¶* h<ÏG* ªJ jH§¸*
§¹*dDf-K$f¸*hEf-fN kJf+£fFj94fº*HÏHf-jH§¸*$*2&*j©D|t+
ªH§¸*xgº*,4*2(*j©6f©G*j¡¸*KjDf¸*¢H©G*¢Hz+¶r¤¡G**{JÒ©-¢Hz+¶
E§kM£&*z+¶ªH§¸*gwkG*mfH5&*,4*2*$*ʹsfk±
«{G*lE§G*µÒº*£fqG*)fgE¢<ÓnÁjG*m45K09
¾µ1fnH
|M5§-lJf¯K“ÒHi*§I©/K£fq<3¢H2”j94fº*§8µ¤+*§I/£fF
jH§¸* ¥G z¤- «{G* fH jG Ó©G*§H *§IfF ,zMf74 i*§I 4 ¢H 3 £&* =4 «z©74
?“«4*{<Ó<” &*jH§0"f¤-fH§1,2fM5"gGf+
µ *N 4§qD f¤©Jf¡H z7¶ ªw7 hM|E “«Òº*” |M5§G* £fF hM|= }- µ .
«{G*fH"“Crowd Psychology”Ò©Jf·*j©/§G§©6¢<fc©7jG*¤-¶*jH§¹*
$f94h-¨w-h±jH§¸*"|M5§kG**{J¢HjgkHj·2'§Hj©+ÒJf/¥¤-
"fJ2Ï/
¯²®
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
¨k0K&* “ÒH”i*§Ifk6*J"¥¡H§/|º*z¤G*©±|M5§kG**{Jfk6*J.
"ªH§¸*G*¼*¤+
¯²¯
iO!«
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
sUÇqBHÇ
“WèbÇ”WOKIFÇÊUdvKÉdE
qdÇèÏÑÇu*ÇáÇe
ÇWUI±
“êd OÇ”b{iHMqOǺêdBMFÇÈÑUCÇfU²
Çë b
ÃVÑÇèbGUbMºWLC*ÇUÇVd³
d xÁÇbFÇWUMº“êèbÇ”WOÇdJÇÈUD ¥
¡áu)Ç»áu)Ç»áu)ǺêèbÇwUIÇËÑǵ
¿UNKÃèWÏUKêbOKIÇwdå
ÇËèÑu*ÇdEnO¶
¯²±
iO!«
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
0ÌG*K24*§º**~¡k6*jDf.1
¡kG*,f©0lIfFh¤¡G*Ki|¸f+¶§H¢M»ÓtD*N |kHK&*fk©+ “«KzgG”|M»
R
2fkº*¥+f:ªJ,|q¤G*K
94f+~¡M
“¨<|º*$fº*”fJ24*§H~¡kM
ªF§G*¡G**{J4|©GL|1&*
94&*¢<fnt+ zIÏ+f¤FÌM
«KzgG*ª·*G*LzG¡G**{Jx6ÌGs3§¡F
9K|G*f6(*j©E
“Collective unconscious”
µj©6f©G*j0fG*l7ªkG*
9K|G*f6(*j©EµfN t9*K5ÊMª·*§G**{J
.20102002,ÌG*
¯²³
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
“jMKzgG*”j©g=&¶*L|I
9K|G*f6(* £§IfE¨<lM§kG*L|/Ó006
¾µ
mf+fwkI¶*µ¤¡H3hE§<Kz+i*§I4¶*¦z9m§MD£§IfGfN <2,4*|t+Km§-
08 mf+fwkI* µ “«ÒgG* z¿”K “«~¡G* Ò1”K “ªH§tG*z0*”Dj0ÏG*
¦|G HfGf+ «2fH }¸* LzG fG* ªgG* §·* £fF f¡©+ 191u7ÌG* ¢< *§¡kH* K&*
}¸*¢H90”f¤:f6(* z9«}0h)fI20¢Hh)fI18E§D¦{J,KÎG*M5§-
.192“i*§¡G*
¢M}<Kj¹*KzgG*i*§I¢H100£&*zÃ09
¾µª6f©G*z¤º*4|-Ó0K
}¸*¢H80” 15CG*}¸*i*§I¢H12f¡©+
9K|G*z)*§D$*}7£§IfEHm§-
.193L|1&*,|H£§IfG*z9- “i*§¡G*
j<§¾”£§IfG*4*|E(* ¢HjH§¸*¡H¦f¯*µGªg7ª+§G£§-Ó0¨k0+
194HfGf+«}¸*+fG*¥©<hM¥I*zÓ26
M5§k+«2f¡-jcDÊF¶*,4§G*u9§MjG&fº*¦{JµHfG*«§cG*ª:f¡º*lM§kG*
jH2fG*f©/ÏGf¤©<ftG¨<*zk-L|1&*jcD+fHµj©¡G*,KÎGzMzg-j©¡G*,KÎG*
ÕTH
4BÅcÅ “æaÅ”ÆÅtLÅrKzècTMÅËcÐtÅ«UyTLÅmtUÅq¹ÏTÅÅbv«¯·¯
ÆÅtLÅmÅt)¬VNAÈTTLuJNÍeNæ¹vtI'ÅrTBJVLNÏäTÍaAÅÅbvsGtät¹ÔæcHÅ
cDÁ
Herb , Michael. Kuwait politics database. Retrieved February 18, 2010 from http://www2.
gsu.edu/~polmfh/database/database.htm
¬nTÅÏaA)Å«¯·°
¬nTÅÏaA)Å«¯·±
¬äTCJÅaT ¹vyTCCÅaNæ¹äæaEÅaKÅrätTHÅkÈt~cB'År
aT UyTLÅWtATKLN¹nTÅsGtrsEÅcærcE)ÅàæaLAåaNPäæaEÅaKÅUyTLÅrJÅTaE
ÕtcvyTCCÅaNæmtäTob¹ÈTNNJAÅvVNTÅåaÅtßæc
4ÏäTätTHÅkäTCJÅ
äÁ VHCL p U VNJNAGÅ °®®¶ ÈTTÅ YyT 4 ÎÅ ¹äTCN v Çaa&Å “VæaÅ” VNTÅ åaÅtH
T/ nÍTLAÅ VT 4 r vyTCCJ ÈÅt~Å Ía cÁ pK$ WT VNTÅ äTCN àcÅ « äTCN nÍTL~
°®®·YyTätIoÎæVNJNAGÅ°®®¶YyTLVTE
WcCzŹs0aHÅVNTÅsaTäTGNnÍTL~qMN
cDÁ¬ÇÏt@LcNVNJNAGÅ
`ÏT ÇÏt@L ¬Ætt)Å Væa ¬VNæcIÅ VLæa ¬§pNAGT VTÅ ÇcyÅaŦ °®®¶ VÅ eJ ÈTTÅ YyT
http://almwhoob.wordpress.comr°®¯®Ø°Ø¯¶`ÏTVEc¬°®®·Ø¥Ø°³
åbrj)ŹvdÅvJ¹vTaÅÏa¹ßc'ÅmTq¹“sæa”ÈTNA±iHVtK)ÅÈtÅ«¯·²
c ÅhEÅrßcæ¹uÅaHÅ4NÅcJÅrqMBE¹VNJHÅqMTTÏÅÅæaHr1TENKqMÅVæaÅÈTNA@Å
¬VTVæaVTLuÅqMGt×TÏÃkNC¹“ÇÏÅÐæÆ”qMÅ
¯²´
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
ª9fº*mfg6|-M5§kG**{¤GjM2f¡Hl8j©<fk/*j<§qFKzgG*£&*§G*¢<ª¡G*¢H
¥IfM(¶*4*|-gElE'§º*¢:§G**{¤Gj©©gG*24*§º*zMzgkGfN D2¤Dz-“j©·*,4§G*”
.195,zMz/£f:K&*µ
“«}©gG*”z9
k¡M©8¶*«}¡G*i4fkG*
/fJ2
µK“J”K“¢tI”j©)f¡.Ó+fH
Ef¡kG*¨<f)*2j)fG*j©)*zgG*jM|)fG*f©/§G§MzM¶*
f¤)2fgH¼*lIjGKzG*lM§G*¥+|³ªkG*½f¸*ª<fk/¶*ª6f©G**}G*1
j©6f6¶*
i*2%¶*¨<f¤Mz-H£§IfG*¨<f¤Mz-Hj©Izº*jGKzG*HϹ*lG~k1*ªJ
.“ÏN 8&*¨<&¶*¨<ÏN 8&*¨I2&¶*z0”§J*}G*hG£&*JK¼*jHfG*
kqº*2*|D&*ªEf+ |±mf+fwkI¶*¦{J£&¶
©Gj©<|G*mf+fwkI¶*©¡-J'K§M}¸fD
jDf.J'K§-}¸*K©D|G*¤8&¶KzgG*¨<£KztM¤I§GfÅ*Kj©6f©G*jF4fº*¢H
¢Hm*$fG*ift8&* |±mf©+§tº*¦{J£&¶
©GKzgG*LzG,}k¡º*j©+§tº*Kj6*§G*
KzgG*mfgGfHJ'K§-}¸*K©D|G*¤8&¶KzgG*¨<£KztM¤I§GfÅ*Kh8f¡º*½§-
¤8&¶KzgG*¨<£KztM¤I§GfÅ*Kj©¡:§G*,KÎG*zMzg-¢H¤D§¹
©GjM§gG*¤+*§IK
f8|0
©Gj©¡©FfF2j©Hf/m*2f¤7¨<§¸*µKzgG*mf64fÁJ'K§-}¸*K©D|G*
©D|G*¤8&¶KzgG*¨<£KztM¤I§GfÅ*K©kG*mf/|wºªÈ2fF¶*L§kº*¨<
ªkG*“Cognitive Distortions”«zMK|G*fDzG*j©G%*µ¦Ò-zqMs3fG**~k1¶**{J
fjgHmf/fk¡k6*¼*~G*fJÒ-K&*f¤©w-)ftG«2*4*ÏG*¥M§kG*f¤I*¨<|-
E*§G*¥¤/*§H4f©1¢H¶z+¢:fgG*G*¨9|M
¡G*jG$fH
D|-f¤GfD&*r)fkIɧk+ f©G*
D|-jMz©kG*f¤k©¡©D§+jMKzgG*j©G**3*
k±E*§G*|MK~k+E*§G*¢Hi|¤GfJÒ=Kj©G*j©¸*¦{J¼*&fqkDf¤GfD&*&f1K&*jt+
f¤k©)*zg+f¤wk+f¤+Ì-¶ª1*zG*f¤6fk+jMKzgG*fI¶*
uÅçÍŹ¿T)Åæ¿TcMIÅcNÅtÕTH
“èæa”vTNiFzáTLäTsJ¹aNtÅtätTHÅÅbrIq«¯·³
Æ°®®³ctÅvÏTLÍ°®®®VKNHVcNÁVLÏÅcÃ
¯²µ
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
f¤-Ï<f-K “j©¡·*j©/K*25*”j©E“«KzgG*”ªG*hF|º**{¤Gs3§Å
2009j©¡·*j©/*K25*”j©EmÏ<f-µfN t9*KKzgMKzgG*LzG4|kº*§G**{J
¢GjGKzG*ÓI*§E¢H£§IfElGf1Ó¡:*§º*¢Hj<§¾
w-j©I§IfEj©EªJ“2010
¶z+KzgG*,|)f.m4f.ÇK{1§M£*hM|º*2fMfFz7*|G*ª<h)f¡G*f¤0|:fHz¡<
µ¥Hf¤-*¼*|H¶*hI*½f¸*£§IfG*Ò©-jGKf¿K&* z7*|G*ª<h)f¡G*jq0jEf¡H¢H
¥8&*
Ó08&¶*j+jMKzgG*mfHf¤-¶*¢HÒnG*f¤¡Gl+{/«|q¡G*j©gInHj©6f©6j7fI
j©I§IfEÏG*j©¡·*j©/*K25*µf¤M&*4¢<j©I§M~Ij+fHµmÊ<
*N 4§D*K&f·j©I§IfG*jº*¦{J¤DKzgG*KftM»|1%¶*|G*jEf¡HKzgG*KftM»
¥©D4K8&¶*©EÓ+«}¡<ª¡.(**}8¼*fJ|M§±jº*2§/K4fI(*¼*
¢M»zqGÒnº*ª)f<zG*¥+§6f+KzgG* “¤M§·*z¿”4f.&*Ó0lIfFLÊG*jHfG*
j<f7(* l/K4 +¦|º*¦{J8¶* *zIf+¥Hf¤-f+*§kM»»¶*4zE¨<¶*KzgG*y*}8
R
ÏJm*z©0Lz0(* £&* +,}gG*¢H “«Òº*£ftqDÏJ”¥+¨-&* fH2f1£fF¦z/£&*
¦{Jn “jM4zG*jM|<fG*”¢Hfc©7f¡J£&*z+¶Kj©I§M~-j+fj©¸*¦{¤+¥-|F3«Òº*
ªJfHF*{J¢G¦2*z/*¨<K¥©<G*h0f8j©gE¨<h¡M 2f¹*z©0j<f7¶*
.196jM4§6¶*j1*zº*¦{Jz0&*L|MDj<f7(*2|¾¥©<
z9j©H§q¤Gf+l¤Dm¶fH,z<¢:§G*,zM|/µh-fG*“G*©gI”hkFfºfJz+
R
¦2fGfFK“kG*”K “ifgG*”¼*,}7fgH*§kI*¥kG2f¾¥I*N z0&* M»Kz+i*§I
.197¥8f+ f¤-¶*
ifkF©/Ó©6f©G*Ó7f¡G*©/jH¶*
¾i*§I©/f¡JE§kM»|H¶*£&*.
f¤8&f+KzgG*f¤¤-*j©/*K25¶*HukD¨<m&*|/ªkG*j©kqº*mf©GfG*©/«&*|G*
¯²¶
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
¶*L|-¶ªkG*Kf¤g6f¡MfH¶*-¶ªkG* “jMKzgG*”j©G*ÓgM4|kº*§G**{J
jMKzgG*j©G*jg©FÌG*¨<uM|º*¢Hf¤g6f¡MÓ0)f¸*hEf¤G§tMªkG*Kf¤g6f¡MfH
h¡M |M§± *{¤+ “«}©+”K “©8&*”Ó+ª¡.(* *}8¼*j©E«&* h-£&* j©)*zgG*
“«KzgG*”L|M¶*{J©D|G*¥8&¶ “«KzgG*”¨<zEf0 “ÇK2«}©+”¼*|1%¶*
j©t9 §H§J¥+ fE+K&*¥+¹*£fF*3*f<¥-*3j¤/*§Hh¡qkM¥g-4*ªD&f1
.“zEf0ª+§7”
£&f+*Ì<ÏG¥-*3¥/*|º«KzgG*sfktM¶fJÒ=Kj©G*¦{Jµj©G*©¸*¦{Jn
¨<fMfG*¥G4§M©6¥<Ò©-Kɧ-sfk±F¥-f©F§6£&f+£§IfG¥GfÀ¥GfD&*
ÏN 8*¨<&¶*¨<ÏN 8*¨I2&¶*zt+,~¿fHK2jM}¡<f¤I*
"ÏD©8&*©8&¶*Jj¸E§k¡G¢G
¥¤/¢H¥H*zI*K “}¸*”Ó+fHK¥¤/¢H©D|G*8&¶*Kj©gG*Ó+fHªJfkG**{¤D
i§6&*fÅ*Kf¤©G*¢F|M§8&**N z+&*£§-¢GK»,K*zgG*K,4f¸fDª<§Gu©-§JL|1&*
kwº*¦4f:(*¥D8&¶*fH*p*|-KjDf.K,f©0
.“$Ï8&*”f©/*§©G“«}©gG*”f¤¡HK “©8&¶*”f¤¡HlM§G*µj©gG*mfIf©GfD
-j©8¶*)fgG*£(fD«}©gGf+8¶* KzH|1%¶*«}¸*«}¸*ªMR fD
)fgEK&* 3§wDkG “©kJ”K&* “£f12s§<”nHmftH8&¶*jHKzH)fgG*¨<
8&¶* *zIf+jHfF
¼*lM§G*µ)fgG* “s|G*zGf1”5|M “zÃxM4f-µ£f©G*Kʹ*”©G*¥+fkFµ
Ô
F½+
¢.kª,}H+*ghHgE ”8¶*jHKzHL|1&*Kj©8&*)fgE
~IL'+ ¤guF½+g¥,g
Jg,«l¢.«lH+*ghH+¨¿ KLj5g=·+1
-¢=LÓILkhªlGkdEglIkNLg
lIkH¢»+Li
¹+Li
¢H+pª1£Ig¥GL
kªJgªH+*ghH+£I§}»+L¤grH+L~7+L{H+LkN5+¢H+*ghH+£Iªh
7L
M}.·L-ªI¬'+¤L{,g¥¢ª,gI}Kg
l.Li
7g¢l.g¥G*ghH+§|KLkªJguH+
*gF¨H+LgE·g,·+gK}2g.¤¨N·LM}2'·+©=Ð
Eg¥
¢H
-{Ng
8}H+¡¨l¥H+%·¨K}¥
8'+Li
¢H+¨H¨¥r»+ KL¡¨l¥H+L'+ ªl¥H+2
¯²·
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
¶·+l
.·¬L4kG¤gEÊ{H+¶6gr¹+*ghF£I ¥HL{ª
85¬L4L'+
ÓIkªhFL ¥ª=gI ¥ª=L ¥HgI ¥H ¥J+Ó0LÓIÐ1+£I KL6gr¹+
.“198g¥I+{2£I KËl.
|)fG* ©¡- ¢H qwM » j©gG* mfGftkG* ¼* |- Ó0 |1%¶* §J “£§M2”
f¤)f0f¡©+¥M}7j©gEÏnH “ÒD”“¦}6f©+KÓ©8&*«&*”*}7&*Ò=K*}7&*¼*jMKzgG*
.199G3Ò= “£f7|0%*”K “©H¢+¨©<”“,zMf7|G*”
z¤ME*K§Jj©wM4f-42fHK&*j©</*|HsfktM¶£f©g-sfktM¶$ª7*{J£&*.
f©/ “KzgG*”I©DlM§G*µsK*~kG*
6§:µft9*KKzgMK¤I&*)fgG*$f¡+&*¥+
"z0*§G*©D|G*8&¶*|Hµ
µf©/¤9KKzgG*KIfG*K¥©9KKh¡G*M}7kD “jM}¸*$f©G*”fH*
*Ì<¶*K|1%¶f+§gG*
©MfHz0&*fIÊk<**3*G{FE*§G|1%*u©-8¶* *zI*|H
«K3KzgG*”Ó+jF̺*j©)fG*mf:fg-4¶*}-©D̺*sK*~kG*§JKzgG*LzG8&¶f+
.“,}6f©gG*}¸*”K “,}6f©gG*KzgG*”Ó+G{FK“8&¶*«K3}¸*”K “8¶*
,f7” nH j©gE mf64fÁ ; µ “«KzgG*” «}¡G* $f¡G* «Kf<2 ©k- ©F .
j©gGhk¡MKÉzG*¥gI,$fg<wMªgG* zG*,z0K¼*hM|G*hk¡M,f7u+{+“ |G*
,zMz·*
j©gG*mfIf©G*¦{¤G8&*,z0K
9*ÌD*§º*Ò=¢Hmf64fº*¦{J¢Hf©/&*,z<z+
f¤)fI¢M&*jÈzG*f¤)fgEKf¤G§8¶|¡k-z0*§G*h¡G*ª<z-,|MfkHmf<§qºf¯ltg8&*
"«}¡G*
*}8§J§6K¥Df.*}8fÅ*§8&* *}+
©G½f¸*ª<fk/¶**}G**{J*3*
ªkG* “jM}¸*$f©G*”HfH©D|G*K©9§G*8&¶*m*3)fgG*-ªkG*,K*zgG*
.“zgG*”K “IfG*”K “«}©gG*”K “©8¶*”-
m&*z+2010§©I§MfJf04m4*2ªkG*j©tG*j/fº**{J¨<ªt©9§-fnH+&*
“}¸*”K “KzgG*”*}8Kj©¡·*j©/*K25*¼*l¤kI*K,~=¼*jM|¸*j¡©6§0
¹äTINEÅVI¸ÔTcŬcNH@ÅrKcÅanNH$¬a#`ÏTväTNEÅæc(ŬaKraT ¹ÊcGÅ«¯·¶
Ƴ°µ’ Æ°®®®
Ư°°Ó¹åcÎn
ÏaA¹ätIÍ«¯··
¯³®
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
*N z6&*hI4¶*KzMfHz¡<jwkº*fI¶*hF|H3
¨E&* ¼* “4f©=¶*”Ò±ÓJf¯*µ|tk- “«KzgG*”ª·*G*µjwkº*fI¶*
L|1&¶*¥¤·*¢Hj/42¨E&*¼*m*{G*z©q³K¥¤/¢Hj/42
“4f©=¶*”/f¤-jwkº* “jMKzgG*”fI¶*¶K&*
J&fD2014f<j8K+j©k7¶*¥J&*KjÈzG*lM§G*4§6µ£K|M¶2z·*£§¡:§kº*
,~M~G*¥+f¤º*¥<fqG*jM§G*)fgG*f¡©+fN 9KfN ¡g/KfN D§14§G**{J1*§gck1*4§G*
*{J/f¤-j©tM4*+j©+|G*,|M~·*¥g7§-lIfF
94¶*uHi|G*,2f6hIf·*
*3ªg-K
jMKzgG* j©G* fI~kH f©IÏ< Ï©± xM4fkG* t¡G j©G§G* fJK&¶* ¦{J ÌI £&¶* fN ¡0
¦{J*§¡+¢HJÓgEfkº*lM§G* f0£&*¤D¨+&f-ÊF¶*,4§G*jM'K4¨+&f-f¤-*3¨<j¡º*
*K|H&* ¢HJÓgEfkº*lM§G* f0¤)f¡+*§1¢HJÓgEfkº*lM§G* f04*§6¶*
$f¡gG*f<f+jF4fºf+lM§G*£f6©/*§H~G*¢HJÓgEfkº*lM§G* f0¤)f¡g+
J}¸*
©G*3*¥)f¡g+*K|H&*¢HJ}¸*
©G*3*¥)f¡+*§1¢HJ}¸*
©G*3*
Ƴ°µÓ¹åcÎn
ÏaA¹ÊcGÅaT cDÁsKNât«°®®
ätcEèbÅq
TqTÍ4ÇaTcÅ¿TN
ÅÏTÁ “VÍtEÅVNcEÅVIJK)ÅpyTqE”sTvc
T&Åob
aÁäÃæÇaTcÅqTK
TªsTrVa'ÅÈTECÅvsTcNNFuÅqMTTÅaEåTÍT1 “qN”s
qMqæ”åcHGÅåbsTrVa'ÅÈTECÅvßTzÅTK¬qMÏaLædÅaNÏvLqtaqsÅuJ
¬uæÅsECÅvÇÍttrIqvÅvæ “p~Á
¹ÏtJÍa&ÅätLt)ÅTMLIvÅVtHÅcT@)ÅriNJ(ÅåbäÁÔÅcÅrIK)ÅräTÅÎÅèÏÍÅ«°®¯
r¿Tc¹ÍaätLtqMÅTKyÅÍqcbN¹åtcEqèbÅ-aHÅTMÏTæWtIÅp~PqMåcNbsEc
¬ÔÏÅåb
¯³¯
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
§¹*KË·*KGf+mfHf¤-*«&*½fkGf+$f¡gG*f<f+jF4fºf+lM§G*£f6*§H~G*¢H
}¸*
©GKvfg8%*,}6*¢HlM§G* f0¼*¶*f¤¤©/§-fHz0&*4|E*3*f¤¤©/§-uM¶
¤Ff0|H*K&**K{I¢M{G*ÓH§tº*
Gf±¢Hf¤©t©Gj¡Mzº*z¡1$f¡g+lHfEzE§6|G*z¤<µf¤-*{+j©HÏ6¶*jGKzG*£&*.
¢H¶z+j¡Mzºf+¢tkG*§J§6|G*¥/§-£fFz0*,K~=µ¥I*+fJz9jF}º*)fgG*
G*mfHf¤-*¥©/§k+«&*|G**{Jift8&*£K&*|qM¤DjD§H
94&*µKzG*j¤/*§H4f©1
"fN M&*¼K¶*j©HÏ6¶*jGKzG*¦f¯§¹*KË·*K
h=&* f¤©G*m&f·j©+|0j©q©-*Ì6*ªJj©<fDzG*mf¡©tkG*K4*§6¶*$f¡+j©<£&* fF
z0*K§I¨<m5f0¨6§G*4§G*µj©+K4K¶*£zº*h=&fDf©wM4f-jM}¸*m*4*|k6¶*
jGK2L§E*j8f< “f¡©D”f¤©Dfj¡Mzº*4*§6&* -ªkG*j©<fDzG*mf¡©tkG*¢HE¶*¨<
j©+K4K*
"jEf¡G*Kj©¹*5KfqkM¶f¤D&*LzH,|qtkH§<¡k-©F¢G
m*{G*zq³jwkº*jMKzgG*fI¶*f©If.
µ202 £fqG*nÁ,KzG*zGf1EK2010 “4§G*,f¡E”jH5&* mf©<*z-1µ
¥:fG*¥©¸*¢-j=4fG*mfMÌ¡G*¢<*N z©+“fg/m~J)fgEf¡0*”fEKjH¶*
¾
fJ4K2h-lIfFj©gG*£&* xM4fkG*z¤M+g/|8&* m~J)fgG*£&* f©wM4f-pztM»
+z9f¤I§¤/§M¥kwº*©GfE¶* f0zMµj©H2jgG,*2&*jHf-j<*Ê+
h0µj©I*z¸*nHj©©E*K2L|IÓ0ÏnHÇfnG*ª6fgG*}G*µfN t9*KKzgM*{J
z9¥¤/§-vÏF)fgG*k-}Hµj©I§G§G*KjMz©1¶* fG*µj©+§M¶*8§º*K
f¤GÏk6*¢HjM}¸*£zº* f0ÈD½f¸*f¡kEK¼*Ïk6¶**{J|k6*Kf¤H§1
+z9¤F4fº2§E§F
¢<jMÒ)fG*mfIf©G*¦{J~q<¥©0H©kM¶*{Jjwkº*fI¶*if1£*.
*{J,2f©6l±fHK2*§Dj©+|G*,|M~·*¥g7µ¤¯~F|Hµ¨k0j©gEjGK2«&*¢M§-
*3K&* “«}¸*”Ff¸*
VG~qMLvGÁvtIoÎæÆÅtLT “æaÅ”rVÅeJ¿TBÁm~ækNC
ÅrV
ÅÏaÅåbv«°®°
TLNzTFTÅÎÅÅb¹ÅeNqMJyTH4J1qMLpE%TNtTVcVNcÈTTÅvqMÏT@K¹sqMJN8
¬ãc)TéTNtTãcpKEãtHrm~ær
¯³°
§¡< qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
%*¢M|tgG*µj©1%*lM§G*µvfg8%*“}¸*”¢HJj¡º* f0¥DfF£&*3*
t'Å
¢M§G* *µÏH%*ªg;§+µ£f©¤I%*ª+2µ §kH%*|EµÇf.%*zõ2§6
-KJ}tkGj0¶¶*¢-»¤GK2£&*¶* f¸*$¶§¤Gj©gG*§8¶*=4JÒ=K
jÈzG*j©gG*¤-fEÏ<}8*K&*
mish ¢H£fF¥I*kI“|7”j©gG¥kHf<5K,ÒG* “z©74¢+*”jGKzGf¡tDz¡<¨k0
2|¾ªgE©<5
©GK¥Ifk6¶*µj©wG+f-Çfn<Ff0+)f0 “}0”
¨kH "jM|º* “f©·fk6§¡G*” ¦{J *3fº "½fG* m§G*K j=4fG* mfMÌ¡G* ¦{J F *3fº *3*
K&*L§E¶*K&*D¶*fH§M*§I§M»JÒ=f0«5*§M¤Gf0£&*"E*§Gf+§gG*KzgG*4|M
¤+K|0µI§HzwkMKf¡©0¹*I§H§M “}0” f¸Ó9f1fMf<4k¡Fq7¶*
¥gkFfHjE}G*Kh¤¡G£§- “jE~-|H”2|¾k¡FmfEK¶*D&* µK|1%* f¡©0¤-f<*~IK
¥+{F&*|G*i{<&*K*N |7¥Mf¤¡G*µ§J-§EKH|FKk<fq7¢<*N |7F2Kz/
1f/3§Å2§º* “ÒH”}7-jwkº*jMKzgG*fI¶*
~M~G*zg< º* fE ¢qGf+ ¥)fG(*K ¥kÈ~J |.(*K ~M~G*zg< G
MKzG* ©D jIf©w+
¨<$Ï©k6¶f+G3Kf¤D}7ÒHh+2§6%* f)*2fJz©qMj©J¶*jGf+jM~H4,$fÈ(f+K
.“ÒH”$f¡+&*LzGj6zº*¥g7jIfº*m*3$*2§G*+¶*«&*203“}G*”
“z¤D¢+~M~G*zg<”ÒH¶* |-Ó0¼*fHf<70¢<zM~-,zº “f¤D}7”ÒHmzD
~M~G*zg<¢+z¤Dº*,fDKz+
MKzG*z©0¼*+¶*,2f<(f+
Ò©-¢<J~qGK“ÒH”$f¡+&* LzGjwkº*fI¶*¨9|-»f©wM4f-jkgnº*j.2f¸*¦{J
$*zJf+ fE¢H§J
MKzG*©D¢+*£*§Jª6|G*j©gG*ª14'§HE§H¦|MK~-*K4fk1*E*§G*
“"ÒH¢<fN g=fc©7{1&**z0&*©kMJ”fN g={1'§-»ª¤D2§6%*CG+¶*¦{J
¢qGf+f©H|H¥©+&¶¥kM'K44§DK
MKzG*©D¢+*£&f+zIKf¡G§<ªI£&*f¡©<½fkGf+
"}k¡º*fJKz<¼*j©gG*³fH~<&*$*zJf+ fE¨0|/K¨kE¥k©gE$f¡+&*Ò0 |¾«&fF
70z+fJ2|+ “z¤D¢+~M~G*zg<”ÒH¶*-*3fºfR ©g6l©GKjMzJ+¶*lIfF*3*.
"jMz¤G*2|-¤D"fHf<
cDÁ¹sTvpÅåbuJddEÅaoJ)Å¿N
ÅätIÍW«°®±
Ʋ¯±Ó¹åcÎn
ÏaA¹ätIÍ
¯³±
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
m*{G*z©q³¨<f)*2-KzgG*LzGjwkº*fI¶*¥©<zIfHlgn-fJÒ=K¥E*§G*¦{J
ª<§G*K&*¡º*f¤gkM¶2Kz0¼*
2f/3§Å«z©7|G* 2f¹*-jwkº*fI¶*
lM§G*m&*z+f¡J¢H”“z©7|G*~M~G*zgGlM§G*xM4f-”¥E§.§º*j©wM4fkG*42fº*k-
«z©7|G**{J¢M»«z©7|G*
©¡M|E£fFÒgG*4fgHx©G* 2f1£&*¨<“´f¸*¥G*zgG
zwM£&* fJz0KzG*m$f7ÒgG*4fgHx©G*Ò/&* fH2f1£fF*ÒH&* ¢M»fN 64fD
f¤¡+*ª.|- “«z©gG*ª9§º”,z©Eµf©wM4f-
±©k-¶jM|)fG**|<¶*jIfJ¶*¦{J
D|-,zMf7|G*LzGjwkº*fI¶*¢G
&fq-j©¸*¦{JÒ-£&* ©k-¶3*Kf¤)f¡+*fJ5KfqkM»ªkG*j©9§G*jG~¡º*¦{Jj©0
ÒH¶*+
64fG*jg-|H¼* 2f¹**{J4zE¢HD|-Kj©gG*42fH§tkD204fJ|MK~kG
.“ÒgG*4fgHm¶f/4z0&*” 2f¹**{JugMK
¥MzG£fFzD“)fgG*$f¡+*”¢HÒgG*4fgºz©0§G* 2f¹*§J “«z©7|G*”*{J
©GK
.205«|/f¤G*¥G*zg<¨<zM|1%* 2f1
m¶Kftº* ¦{J n jc©H hkG* )fgG ª6f©G* xM4fkG* µ z©0§G* |MK~kG*
©G *{J
j©-§8 ¦|Jf; l©G )fgG* fI¶* z©q³K j©-*{G* j©/ÐG* z0*K 4f:(* µ h- f¤©/K
fN M&*j+3fFj©-§8¦|Jf;fÅ*KhtD
|1%ÏG$*zG*j<f¡8“«KzgG*”j©J*|G*if14
fJ4K|=ª9|M» “jM}¸*”j¡©¤G*l±k¾µ§kG*¢< “jMKzgG*”hw¡G*~q<
¯³²
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
u/f¡G*|1%ÏGj©J*|G*¢H¢Á4zEÊF&*sfkI(*¼*f¤)§·µln³f¡J
M§kG*j©G%*ª1*zG*
ª1*zG*¦4K|=$f94(* ª-f©¸*¥D=4 “«KzgG”u©k-¦{J
M§kG*j©G%* “«}¸*”
¤-z<fE H “ifkF i*§I” jMKz+ hwI ¥©/§- µ 4fk- f< j©J*|F if1 §J
,|q¤G*HK,zMz/t84*z8(* ¢<¡º*D4HuG*¨<m|¤;¥¿ÏHj©<fk/¶*
$f6µK,zMz·*$*|G*tG*ªD«4fg1(*ª-fH§H6§FlIÌI¶*¼*j©<f·*
}¸*z9Jz0¢M}7fIKzgG*ukF*«§gE4ÏG*lIÌI¶*
"¦{Jj¡G*j©J*|G*jDf.f7&*lIfF*3fH¢G
¾i*§I“ÓMKÏ©H|Gf+”}¸*MfN nMz0
¡qkH “ªE*|<”j©t8µ4§Hh-fF
“4zgG*z¿”M|G**§¤-*jGKzG*ÏH&*¨<mfMzkG*jG*5*j¡·EK*§©kM»Ó0Kz+jH&*
«}©+”§¤D¦§/f¤D¥©<KzgG*m4f.&* jD}º* “«Kf<}G*2f<”h)f¡G*E*§HjE}Gf+
4f.&* z7*|G*ª<h)f¡G*“LÌMKfgMzg<«&*”“uº*¢.”§J“ªÃ~G*”“«}©+¢+*
Ó0K“5ÊHf+ª<” “jqgGf+”“§6fGf+”ªDÊF&¶*«KzgG* §q¤G*¥Gf¡DÓ/K2~º*j©E
“µ*|¹*6f/”jH¶*
¾
©)4“$f¡G*
Hfw+”ª609jH¶*
¾jM§G8K
*K}¡D §q¤G*¢HhIf/¥GfI¤M§·*z¿¨<
gG*$fG*jM|:§0¦$*4%* ¢<Ê<Ó0
¢M2/|+¥¤g-ÒG*ª<h)f¡GL|1&* 4§8f¤kg-jM2§6j©G~Jj©w+¥¤g-¥G4§8
z7*|G*ª<r©<zG*©G*zg<«Kf<}G*2f<ÆfG*K5|H4§8h©FÌGjDf9(*ª©7
4f6 “u©gG**ÊD”ÊF&¶*«KzgG* §q¤G*f¤GfI “u©gG*”j)f<j©G*Ì6**|14§8¨<
j)fG*£&*.f¤©DÒ1¶Kf¤¤/K$fº,zEfDf¤If+f¤©D “Mf¤G*”&*|qkM “u©gG*jM4§I”ª-|H
©6Çf6zG*~M~G*zg<u©gG*2f+¸«{G*ÉzG* “4fG*”¼*jDf9(* “jM}©+”
¥nH“ªE*|<”¥I*¥©<*§¡7ª)*§G*
©¡qkGjJf¡º*¥E*§K|º*jM|G*$fG*j)f<
ug8&* ©wkG¨<¶*
qº*µ£KzgG*H¢<2zkº*§cº*¥I§FjGfG*uGf8nH
4f¯“jGK*§F”¤D2z·*Ó¡:§kº*$ª¾gEfÈzE$*|¤·*$*|H&* “z©G*”fH*“fM5*§J*”
¢G*£&*. f<fH*}6Kf8§GKfIfk©0*§tg8&*Ó©8¶*zgG*J&*$fD}G*lM§G*
Ó¡Ff6«|J¢M}<¤I*¤wM4f-D”F “}¸*”
9*|<&*K}G8KE§kM»
.“6£Kz©M|tgG*z¡<
jGK~HjM2|Dm¶f0l©G¦{JjtM}8j©J*|FjDf.¦{J“ª6f©62fkI*”
©G*{J*3*
.“}¸*”z9 “KzgG*”LzGjHf<jDf.
M¡Hªq¤¡H §qJ*{J
©F"f¤D+ª1*zG*f¤6f³±©F"fI¶*DHjMKzgG*j©G*Hfk-©F
"«}¸*|1%¶*vfÃHHfk-
¯³³
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
G**{J¥+«4*z-j©J*|G*¢H¢Á4zEÊF&*rk¡-D©G*f¤IfG¥©<-
206ª-%¶fFj©J*|G*jDf.j©©If©Hm}DfN ©<
j¡©Hj©<fk/*¥<§¾2*|D&*¢H¥/§M“Supply Of Hatred”j©J*|G*¢H©G**{J1
.“Out-Group}¸*”L|1&* j<§¾¼*“In-Group KzgG*”
*{J«{M“Hate - Creating Messages”j©J*|GjGf¹*
G*¢Hj<§¾Ê<2
£fºÊG§8§Gf©H¤©g1fI£§kÈÓ©6f©G*¢Hj<§¾v§:if¹*
wk- “Demand - Side Of Hatred”if¹**{¤+fkk6¶*KMzkG¤©g1fIj©+fE3
2|G ªwG* D*zG* if©+ 207“j©<fk/* j<§¾ G j©<fk/¶* jG~G jq©kI
©È¥IfDj©J*|GjGf¹*
G*¦{Jz8¢HtkG “In-Group”l±«§¡H
2|DH¥¯j©w7jEÏ<K&* jM2fkE*¥¡H|D§-Dj©w6mz+f¤Hf¤MzkG
gEjM*K|G*¦{J¢HtkG*z¤/{gM¥¯ “Out-Group”L|1¶*j<§qG«§¡H
f¤Mz-
¦Ò.&f- LzkM “Out-Group” j<§qº* ¢H 2*|D¶ ¥/§º* *{J j©J*|G* if1 4
j©gG /|M *{J “Out-Group” f¤Ff+ j<§qº* ¦Ò.&f- ©G jM2|G* ¤8§w7
©kG*K©¡kG*¼*fHK2©³ªkG*jM}gG*
«Kf<}G*2f<4zgG*z¿kM¤kMfHz¡<¥IfDj©G*j©9|G*¦{J¨<*2fk<fD
}IfÅ*KhtDjM2|G*¤8§w+¤Hf¤-*
©G¥¡HzG* f¤-¶**{J£(fDu©gG*jM4§I
f¤kH|+jM}¸*j©<fk/¶*j<§qº*¦f¯$*zG*j©J*|G*
* * *
4Kf¿ ,z< §0 ¦f04 m4*2 “}¸*” z9 “«KzgG*” j©J*|G* if1 fI}7&* fF
µf¤wI
.“jMKzgG*”j9fG*j¡Mzº*k¾,4§8+fH “«}0”ªEÏ1*2fDm*$f<2*&*
vÅÏaA)TWLE
ÅVNÅcIÅÆTC(vKJEÅcNGTVHJE)ÅÇcHGÅåbM«°®´
Glaeser, Edward L. (2005).THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF HATRED. The Quarterly
Journal of Economics. 120 (1) ,45-86.
Æ·³ÓcDÁVNtIÅVNcÅÈTtI)VNTKÅVdEÅât«°®µ
Ư²·ÓvTMBÍäÁn
¹VCHLÅåbvÅcNÔt Ár«°®¶
¯³´
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
£§cgkwM$f¡g/}¸*©/”“¥.fM2¤+f©EÏ1*¢Mz6fD}¸*©/”©kGf+&f/fIf¡J
Fallacy”,Ò¤7jGfH£§gkMJf¡J“8&ÏG¢MzEfD,}6f©+}¸*©/”“4§G*1*2
j©G%* +&* ªJ©kGfD zG*{¡Hj6ÏG*f¤02Kf¤EfI“of Hasty Gerneralization
¥Dª)*zgG*G*f¤+«4*zM
xM4fkD *{J ª)*zgG* ¤¡H ¤kgG µ ¤-*4f¾ ©kI f¡I(fD “jDfwG*” ¦{J =4
GzIKjkgnH “j©wM4f-p2*§0”4ftk6*fN M&* ¢tI©kI“jDf¡G*”¦{¤+
©G*z+&* “KzgG*”
JK¨<jHf< “jMKz+”,$K|HjEK9KË/¨< f< “«Kz+”ªEÏ1*2fD¨<f¤+
.“«KzgG*”«}¡G*$f¡G*
“£§M2” |F{M xM4fkG j©+ ,$*|E K&* z¡< 4f¤¡- “jMKzgG*” j9fG* j¡Mzº* fJK&*
¥G “ÒHFf¸*|G*”£f7KzG*$fIm*4fM5¢<ÒnG* “f¤-*4f/KlM§G*”¥+fkFµ
ª¡·*v*~º*K
G*¤G2fg-210“¤IK|G”¥kM'K4 |¿£Kz+¥k/K5if©+209¥G~¡
j©Gfº*m*$*|=¶*KfM*z¤Gf+¤HHfkG*jM|:|<¥I*.212¤MzM¶¥©g-¨k0K211¥H
GzI£&* “KzgG*”¡H
I *zwk6&f+K¥E*§G*¦{¤+©kIJ213L|1¶*§-,z0*§G*ª-&f-
" f< “«Kz+”ªEÏ1*2fD¨<
¯³µ
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
§¹*§¹*§¹*«KzgG*µfnG*p4¶*5
jG* “£§M2”¡M©8fkG*µÓkkÀÓ-*K|+¢M4zH¢<“jMKzgG*”jDfnG*µ
j©GfkG*
217iH+lF¬|H+0}H++¨lF'+
¬'+5 ¤L}¢l
N ÓH+ K5g0 iG .gF l, ¦*g¢,'+ v
¢N ¬L{, ¥G”
jgh
8k=¨¿gK{,«
7gH+3}H++|K©={l
N·}I·gE¦E}2ÔF¨lI K{H+L
K{H+L5}G·L'+%g»+3}N£Ikª2©=g,~:5g¸+J¤¨
7¨NÔ
7}lI
O
5g¸++|KkªJÐ=*ghH+z¨ª
8{1' +~7gK{, ¥
E5+L5}GLkuª
¢H+J
¼£H%gªl
7·+Lx
H+£IM}2'+ k0¨IpHgoH+¤+L{H++|K5g/'+Lª
H+
iH+.gF¨lF'+kuª
¢H+J{H+¨H+5}GgI{¢=g¢K H+35©=+{1'+'+}rN
jgh
H+L¹+~7¬|H+yª
H+LªlH+j5gF'+5g
7g¢KL¦lH¦*g¢,'+5g
7
Ư¯¶Ó¹nTÅÏaA)ŹätIÍcDÁ«°¯²
²®±«²®°Ó¹nTÅÏaA)ŹätIÍ«°¯³
TK¹VcÅåcÏTHçaÃvätIÍsJHLTK¹cNCÇÍTHcT&ÅaKÅ`N@ÅsMæèbÅãTMÅtÅb«°¯´
¬VcE)ÅåbrãÐÅtEJVNÏTÅVÅæcÅvåbäÁ
vNEÅaKräTKrTMJHLVNTÅVÅæcÅTKLN “cNC”r_T~)ÅrätIÍTMJHLuæÅVÅæcÅ«°¯µ
cDÁ¹“VN”r
Æ´²´ ’ ª´²°Ó¹åcÎn
ÏaA¹ätIÍ
¯³¶
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
iH+,gIg
N¨.+¨E3,ÓH+5g¸+£Iv
H+¤¨hN+L|2'+LÔ
7}l»+
3g
7gK{,ÓH+«=+}H+¦H:}.¬|H+j~H+L~7¬|H+¹+LlF¬|H+
.“¤gI·+L%L{¥H+
ª/fk¡k6*
©G *{J “jM2fgG* $f¡+&* f¤¤M ªkG* jG*zG* §I §J *{J ifG* ¢H §¹*”
.“£§M2”m*zJfH¦{JªwG*
§¹*f¤F|tM,zG*¶*f¤H¡M¶“jMKzgG*”j©G*¤Gj©FjM~H|G*jG*m¶§GzH
¢H©E£&*Ó0µ,}7fgHf¤GÏk6f+ §k6|1%¶*|G*z¡<£Kf¤-K&*9jHÏ<«&*D
¤q+f)*2£Ï©F ~¸*¢H©E,zG*
D|M+f)*2 §-“ªgM|qkG*r¤¡º*”¨¡gk-jMKzgG*j©G* f¡G*jG*Hf¤Hf-µ
f¤GfD&*¨<¡+K2|G*¢<jG*£Kf¤-f¤GfD&*¨< f¡G*jG*24|k¡-K “Threshold”
L|1&*¦|HjG*D,244fkI*KzMz/L§kº “Threshold”*{JD|GL|1&*¦|Hf¤DzM
-fE*z0&*hEfM»Ó0,zMz/j0|H¼* “ Threshold”D|GL2&*hG*kEjG*µ
£&*KzgG*L&*4Ó0K©G*4f·*¨<ªwG*$*zk<¶*j0|º “Threshold”-4&*hG*
/|G**§E}D,zMz/j0|H¼* “Threshold”*§D4 *|G*4K|H|HG**{J
=4“,zMz·*j94fº*”L§E2f6&fk6*}-ÒnG*}-½f¸*E*§G*¨<f¤:f6(f+
¤¡H4zgM»ª+|G*r©¹*µj©EK2£fGj©DfnG*j©<fk/¶*j©¹*
Iµf¤F*Ì7*
m§G*D4¨k0K&*j94fGjGKf¿«&*f¡J
,zGf+*4§D f¡G*¤HHf- “Threshold”D4*§GKf0Ó0f¡J¤I*§J*{JÒ-
§wGfnHj©G*hI*4&**§tg8fD“,4~·*gEfGf+”“h©=ÌG*gEh©JÌGf+”,§Gf+
jMK*zG*K
“¦2f©¡G*”K “£fG*”|©MjM2§G*µ«2fM¶*£K2fHK«2fM¶*©g-¢H£§È¶f¡J
y§©7M£&*K2§6%* ~<¥G*ÉzM£&* “«KzgG*”¥H&fMfHFKjGKzG*8fHJ&* ¨<
ª¤Dj©©;§G*¤8|DfH*“¤-fJ}7” Ïk6¶ “fHf³$f¸*x+fHÒ+*§F”Ò+*§:µ)fgG*
2Kz¸*¨<¨H|-Kf¤F&f+j©gEj©¡/ht-|Eµ218 *z1K|Ff<*z/,2Kz¿
¸VTVTAG×tzt)ÅgJèÍtE
vNcTÇaNA«°¯¶
ãTN~æ-TKET4KCJ¬¬¬TLJÅc'ÅæUáÍca#T
ãTEÅkâæÅãTEÅåæb vŬ¬¬TL4)TtG “cB'Å”
ãÅa æcTTLGT
æ-Åͬ¬¬TLÏT~ “æaÅ”rcÐæsT
¬ãÅaTTLNJqIU
sGT¬¬¬TLmNÅpTsEKpvæ
¯³·
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
¶¤H*zE*¨<¥kgnH¤I§©<
6K'K|G*ªc:&fHJ*|If¡J0¥G*£&**§M¨k0Ó¡6,}G
.“|<f:”4*|-¢Hȶ¤IfG
H|-
hI4¶*§tkMªkM§G*5*§·f+«2§G*5*§·*£§GzgkMKlM§G*¼*£§/|MfHz¡<¢G
jg0”*{J“,KfG*x©7”*{J“£§cGf+E,4*2¶uM¶”fw©7*{Jug©D*z6&*,&fqD
.“D¶*tkIztº*}8fIfM04*”“h)f1)fI|M5K”¥I*¥¡H<zD*3fH*“¥H*zG*
KfkG*f¤Gu©kM9¥HÏ< ¥I* ¨< ªkM§G* jM|¸*
HfJ l¤D “jMKzgG* jDfnGfD”
fH/D§¹*f¤F|tM,zG*¶*f¤H¡M¶jDfnG*¦{JnHf¤GÏk6*¼*l<4f6
“|<fCC:|<f:”£K22|M “ 2*K*
7§1”£§/|MK,zG*¢H©E|H¶*¥/fktM
.“¤-f¡©/”µ¥I*
"f¤J&*KjM2fgG«z©kG*ª+|< Ï6¶*pK4§º*|I©F6
¤©<¥H§qJµ|D§M»j©+*|<&¶*,K*zgG*$fqJµf©6fE£fFª+|< Ï6¶*p*ÌG*
m24K9*§H,}<¢Hj-|G*Kf¡G*K¤·*KjG*K$fqGfD2*|H¶*,K*zgG*ÊkM»
,4§G*£(*.|wDKvzH¶vzEK 39*§HlIfFÉ|G*£*|G*µ “i*|<&¶*”,2|Hf¤©D
$fgG*Kj/*{G*f¤©<hM,|kH,4§8ªJªgG*p*ÌG*hkFµ “ª+*|<&ÏG”j©¡G*
j©kG*KjM|wGª©)4ogHªJ
ªqkM “j©+*|<&¶*”if0¨<f¤J&*K,4f¸*¼*j©HÏ6¶*jDfnGu9*§G*5f©tI¶**{J
f/zD*z+¢H”j6f0j©¤D$*4%¶ jDf9(* j©I*|G*mfM¶*KjM§g¡G*oM2f0¶*¢Hj/µ
¢H,ÒgF “,4f¸*z+jM2fgG*¼*,2§G*«&*”i|kG* Ï6¶*z<K219 “M}7oMz0
“221kN3ghH+¢0£I
E'+-~:g¹+¢0¤¨N¤'+i0¨N
9·gE” .220|)fgG*
jngGf+ “,}9f¸*J&*”¢HÏ/4
wDjMKfG*m¶f6|G*¢H¦Ò=¨1g-&* Ï6¶*£&*fF
E “«Kz+”ªgI¥G*6|MDjMKfG*
¬§¯°µ°¦VNAÅvvT^ÅsLæªcNFAÅkT&ÅvvtNÅåcÎ湧¶¶±´¦aKÁåÅæÏ«°¯·
ï
¬§°°²²¦vTVNAÅVJJŹkÅcyTIÅXacDÁ«°°®
¬qN&ÅÆT~ÁVGTqNH)ÅÕÅcAÅ¿TBŬvÅc'ÅqNJ'ÅaraKÅÑTEÅtŹVNKNrcDÁ«°°¯
ƵµÓ¬VaK:ÅVLÅVEC¸ÇcTHŬvHGÅaTaKnNH$
¯´®
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
§6|G*zM»*f¤w-Óg-K “j©+*|<&¶*jGf¸*” {-p*z0f+jc©Hf¤-*3jM§g¡G*,ÒG*£(*.
ª+*|<*
©G*223"§6|G*zqHµª+*|<*gM»*222?“«Kz+”f¤Mz¤H£¶DjMzJ
D|M
.224§6|G*¨<¥I zE+"J*§60|M¶K*z¿K¥G*¥0|M£&*j©IfIf+f<2¢H§J
i1g
9 ©= ¬L{, -3g¥
8 h. · jH§¿jq©k¡GfD«KzgGf+«}¸*j9fHÓ0K
K(L}F+¤gG¤)+L©l1226-~:g¹+K·¬L{,kIgI)+v
.·L225“¬~1”kN}F
.227Ê}H+¤+}H
4z/&*KfEfIK*|Fz7*i*|<¶*”6*§G*fJ4f:(*j9fº*¦{J{1&f-97j+§kG*,4§6µK
fIK|F£(* v}MÒnF¢+“©0©<¥G*K¥G§64¨<¥G*~I*fH2Kz0*§M¶&*
jÈ|G*jM¶fD228 Ï6¶*2Kz0*§M¶£&* L|0*JKz7&*KJÒ=¢H<&* i*|<¶*
f¤¡HE§kMÏD¤·*µj¡º*f¡G*e2fgH¨<j©¡gº* “jMKzgG*j©+*|<¶*jDfnG*”/f¤-
u©tG* Ï6¶*©GfkGjD|HK&*¤D
,*|G*ifI3¶*ugM£&* “jM}gG*jMf¤ImfHÏ<¢H”j<fG*mfHÏ<¢H Ï6¶*Êk<*+
¸··uÅ·µÈTÅVtÅÇÏt
Ëc¹cNrcNGrvÅ«°°°
WKKaH”¸âTªvzÏuTMTEzÁsNJÍcqJ
æsNJsJÅuJ~sJÅât
cVaMÅoJvÅc^ÅoÎçaÁT)æ”
ªVLa)ÅæªmyTCÅæªVI¸äa)ÅätLIÅtT¿Qä^¹“v
æÍæÁªèÏTAÁæÁvGHæÁªvcrÃVapÁÁ
Æ“¿TG&ÅrÆÅc^Å×TvT)¸ÆÅc^ÅrT ÁmCÁqMªrKNÅæ
¬§°¶³¦sN~va)ÅvâTèbÅvÅcÅXaqJÊc Á«°°±
í ìcì ì ð ìÁª îäTKì Nì ðÅtíìÁTìLìa\ ”>§´®µ¶¦Xa'ŹqyTMÅæÑTLÅVKÏÆT¹ÆÍÅÆT¹èÏTÅ_N~«°°²
ªUê ðNEì T ì
ì îqJ
æsNJsJÅuJ~ îs\JÅâí t
í Ïì ãì Tì âì Tì ªìÇcì ðcì í TììÁ \äìÁª îrKì ð c\ Å îað
ì ~v
ëÇ ì íìÁvîcì ì ð ìÁâì Tì ª <è îc]ð dÅ îrì
ì rí ðVì Kì ì J
t
sNJsJÅuJ~vî] L\ Åqì \J
T ì
ì K\ ì Jì ¬Åaé ì ÁTìLEì ì qð ì cð ììæì ªÅéaK\ ì í æì vîLKð ì Ïð Åq\ Mí \JÅîÇ ì AÅv
\ îtì ð æì vîx Åcì ð ìÁâì TìHì ªísEì ì TìLKð í æì
¬îs\JÅVì Kì ð Ïì aí îcí¬“TEé
Å
î æì ìÈcð \ ì að Hì ì“vî< Åcì ð îì âì Tì qJ
æ
Æ“VcUT~uJèæaÇÍTMÐt%”¸TtcÇccvÁrsTrÅæÍæÅÍtÁçæÏ«°°³
¬§¯·¯µ¦sTrÅ_N~vvT^Ås~TK¹§±´®°¦VNBÅvÍæÅÍtÁ¹§°±´µ¦ãTIÅvsTrÅ
§°°¶ ر¦èaL&ÅUNcVNMHGÅãTI^ÅkT¹vcHÅcDÁ«°°´
cDÁèæTzcHÅm
tÏtaÅèÁcWLE
ÅTK
¸r°®¯®Ø±Ø°³`ÏTVEc¬°®®¶Ø±Ø¯®`ÏTÇÏt@L¬räæÁã
ìäTI)ÅcNFçtGÅcNF
http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=ArticleA_C&pagename=Zone-Arabic-S
hariah%2FSRALayout&cid=1199279252570
cDÁ¹“qÁcÁäTäÃæ4cB'ÅærcT)ÅãQ¸vÅc^ÅvoTâT”¹oTèÁÏ«°°µ
¬¿ÅÍÏcNFvJAãTÅæuK^ÅæaEÅævAÅæäÅcIÅmJ ÇAŹâæÅÇAÅÆT¹çcIÅVæa)Å
Æ··uÅ·µÈTÅVtÅÇÏt
Ëc¹cNrÅcNG«°°¶
¯´¯
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
¬§²®²²¦¹6GÅÆT¹sTrÅ3
«°°·
¬ÆcÇÍT¹ÆcEÅäT«°±®
ÏÅ͸ÈæcN¬ècÅaKËc¬ÆcEÅâÅtÅVcEvÆÏÅØtJ¬v
tÅècIÍtK¹èÍÅaFÅcDÁ«°±¯
¬ÆcEÅÆTÅVcEvÆÏÅVTMrH¯°Ó¬VNKJEÅUIÅ
¬qN&ÅÆT~ÁVGTqNH)ÅÕÅcAÅ¿TBŬvÅc'ÅqNJ'ÅaraKÅÑTEÅtŹVNKNrcDÁ«°±°
ƵµÓ¬VaK:ÅVLÅVEC¸ÇcTHŬvHGÅaTaKnNH$
TTT¹åT%ÅÅbvUATENK¹qcNævÅ4'ÅrÏtALaE
tÁ¹vEK~ŹjT&ÅU«°±±
Æ“vÅcpN”VaNJHÅÇÏTETVTI'ÅÁa
¿ÅÏÍÐãa “èæaT ”VKNWtIT¹VzÅæWÅÐV0aVNTHÈT
cTTH¹ÍaAÅÅbv«°±²
¬sKNri'Åæc Å
¬ÆcÇÍT¹ÆcEÅäT«°±³
ÑÍTÅ pAGÅ ¹pyTHÅæ VN@tÅ 2Åæ èæaÅ äÅcKEÅ v vTÅ ÆTÅ ¹äæaJ r VaH cDÁ «°±´
¬äæc@EÅæ
¬äæc@EÅæk
TÅpAGŹpyTHÅæVN@tÅ2ÅæèæaÅäÅcKEÅvvTÅÆTŹäæaJ rVaHcDÁ«°±µ
¯´°
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
ifgG*MM|kG**{J£(fD$*|tG*K«2*§gG*¢6¢H§Jª+*|<¶*M|-£fF£(*¢G
}9f¸*f¡kE§Gª¡G«2*§gG*¢-lG*5¶,Ò8j<§¾µj©+*|<¶*}tMKÒnG*¨<
Ï1&*lG*5¶fgM|E,}9f¸*¢6¢ÁÒnGfD238D¶*2Kz¿M|kG**{J©wkG©H*
,}9f¸**§¡6£(*Kj©+*|<¶*K,K*zgGf+¤I*£§M¤I*¤I*.¤©<¦|©HjM2fgG*
©G}tkG*fÈzEª+*|<¶*mf©F§6f¤IªJf¤©/¤-f©F§6K¤-ÏHf-£(fD*Ò1&*K
j©k¡6¶*5f¡º*¨¡62|¾§6K©E,f©0i§6&*¥¡GKhtD¥¡Mzº*µªM~©D2§/K
lH*2fH*}0¤qM¶Ò¸*¢H¶z+jMzMz¸*m*4f©G*i§F4K “|G* f©1”¢H¶z+
.“jMKz+”vK|G*
ƳµÓ¹åcÎn
ÏaA¹èæÅÍc&ÅddEÅaßæ¿cÅacDÁ¬èatW«°±¶
¯´±
iO!«
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
l
UÇqBHÇ
èbÇãÑUF
X OèWÑèUAºWOdHÇÊUUÇWdF
¡6¡tMI¡W®®®WOd
¯´³
iO!«
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
µm|/fÅ*K1981j©<zG*µ«|¯»j©<|Dmf+fwkI*K&*£&fD,z)fG*,|GfN DÏ1
j©gE” «z0¶* ,}7fG* ,|)*zG* µ f¤-|/&* zEK 1975 mf+fwkI¶ *N z©¤³ 1974 ÊD§I
,Ò-Km2*51981mf+fwkI*µK239 ,}6¶*¢H¥M§E*|:&* |¤;¼*,z¡kº* “£fqG*
µ “|/*§¤G*” j©0fgG* µ “ 5*§G*” j©I*K|G* µ “,zMf7|G*” )fgE f¤-|/&fD j<~¡G* ¦{J
j©<zG*µ “j¡G*}tG “jDf9(*©t©tG*
É|¯1996
¾4|E£&*¼*G3z+j0ÏG*mf+fwkI¶*©/µ¦|JfG*m|k6*K
£§IfG*¢H45,2fº*¼**zMz/*z¡+f9&*«{G*1998 fG9E4£§IfE4z8&fDj64fº*¦{J
jH¶*
¾mf+fwkI*£&f7µ1961j¡G35E4
L'+5g¢N3«H+6Lgrl.·kI+}>Ln+¨¢
73£={N.·-{Ih¹g,iFgN”
g=3L'+kª=}Eng,gxlJ+ ª¢.¶Í
8'+L'+ J£IGÔl,¨H+Ô.gK¬{1g,
5gªl2'g,ng,gxlJÐH3{u»+3gª»+hFkª
75Ó>-5¨
, l.«lH+«KLg¥ªH+
.“k¢ªIk*g;L'+kdHÔl¢»+Ô,£IÏG+L'+{1+L
Mf<©º*z¤D,KzG*zGf1¢HÏF “KzgG*”¢Hj©IfnG*jGK*zº*µ£§IfG*z9m§8zEK
m§8Ó0µ*{JªH5fG*zÀK«|·*z©GK¡kH*f¡©+ª¡©g¸*K5|H«Òº*
7§<
j+§G*=K2003µ}º*2f<fF240 £§IfG*H “¥©G*”K “}¸*”i*§¡G*©/
5g¢N3«H+£=.·kI+}>Ln+¨¢
75£={N.·-{Ih¹g,iFgN”ugkG
.“5g¢N3·+k
2£={N.·L
¹VJt'ÅèÍT¹vTraE
¹4JräTCJ
¹äÅcEÅaT r “VNKEÅ”VNcGÅÈTTTÐT«°±·
cDÁ¹¯·µ³ÈTTTÅæÐTqræ¹vKEÅäTc
_T~¹“èaKTvTÅÑtÅãt½TMaEHuJpArVNcGÅÇaN
èaKŸÇcyÅÍvÇ¿Åc”¹eHÅ
Æ°®®´tNt¯·`ÏT¹èaNEÅ
Æ°®®¶Ø±Ø°¶`ÏT¹VÅeJVG~¹eHÅcDÁ«°²®
VNÅcH0aÅVJIÅËæϹÅtELÅæÁätTHÅazÅtt~ “vLN'ÅàæÐc«èc&ÅaNæ”vE@ÅpKEÅVJräTLÅ
Æ“cB'Å”rcÐæuJãtMTcÅgTaLÅcMD
¯´µ
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
Æ°®®¶Ø±Ø°±`ÏT¹uæÅVGAŹeHÅ«°²¯
Æ°®®¶Ø±Ø°µ`ÏT¹uæÅVGAŹeHÅ«°²°
¯´¶
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
zM2|-KªgG*
E|G*¦z©¯«{G*z©0§G*$ªGf+j©)f=§G*2§¸*lHfEjGKzG*j6K£§IfG
.243rM5fJ¶*
f0¶j+f©¡G¤M§tkGm*4f©G*mf0§G fE4&*z84KjgE*|ºf+o0fgº*f/4ªkMÓ0¨k0
§¡7Ï+Jz0&* s|1ÏnH “£fqG*jM4Kf-”µ“j©+”mfFfk0*¡È¶*{J£&fD
jM2f©Ej©¡H&*j©w7l-fF244£fº*42fM»3*¥©D
8f8|G*M|k+o0fgº*+f9*2z¤H
mfM4KzG*jDfFhtM»3*kGf+m*zMz¤-«z0¶*jDft«|tkG*KotgG*,4*2*|MzHnH
.245£fqG*mf©I*§M2 fH&*¢H
mÏ1z- §0 mfDϹ *ÒnF f¤)*|/* |1&f- ªkG* “ÒH” j©gG j©<|G* mf+fwkI¶* fH*
j©I*§MzGf¤kJ*zHz¡<¢H¶*L§El<fk6*K2008?5?3xM4fk+*N Ò1&* l³zD“y§©7”
jDf9(* Ót7|º hM2f¡H jk6 lk<* o©0 ,|H K¶
g- jGft+ ¤g9 “£fM§G* Ó0”
lM§kG*Kz¡8J¶*«2fº*©GzG
¢H z0 ftkEf+ *§c/§D Ó¤kº* H j©GK¶* f¤-f©± j©I*K|G* ¢H&* jM|MzH $*|/(* $f¡.*K
Ó¤kº*¢<s*|D¶f+¤kgGfH+j©©)|G*i*§+¶*©tk+¤Hf©EKjM|Mzº*¨¡gº “$f=§G*”
|M5KzGf¹*|+f/x©G*£&f+Ókqº* “f<|G*”Ï+(*K6§kGf+ “4*}7¥G*©9” f©E=4K
¤I&f+*§¡<*K*K2f³ “f<|G*”£&* ¶*qkG*
Dz+Ókº*v*}6Ï:(f+z<Kj©1*zG*
.246fN M&*mf+fwkI¶*Kz¡82*2Ì6*£KzM|M
¤kGf¤+*§qk6*K “ÒH”j©<|Dj©+mfMf¡·*j¿|Iz¡<¥I*§JÏD5*~c7ÏGÒnº*
{©¡F 4fgH” ¤kº*K “£Ï©q0 f/4” ¤kº*K “£fM§G* Ó0” ¤kº*K “MfJ z¿”
u©t8Ò=z0*§G*|¸f+¥©<K24”º*G*l±K f¤-¶f+¤k¤/*§Hz¡<K“£Ï<§G*
.247“j©<|Dmf+fwkI*f¡If¡I*
zqº* fH*¢Mzkº*ªG*“MfJz¿”¤kº* fEj+fG*,|G*j=f©8z©<&¶*3*
G*l±Kf©w7§Jf¤+4f7Kl.z0f¤I*Ef<¤qM¶ªkG*j©<|G*mf+fwkI¶*4fIf+
"*{Jz+ “j©G*¥kIfM2K”Mf¤G¨g-j©E*zH«&*º*
VGAŹÇac&Ŭ°®®¶Ø¥Ø¯°`ÏT¹uæÅVGAŹèÅcŬ°®®¶Ø¥Ø¯°`ÏT¹uæÅVGAŹeHÅ«°²±
Æ°®®¶Ø¥Ø¯°`ÏT¹uæÅ
Æ°®®¶Ø¥Øµ`ÏT¹uæÅVGAŹÇac&Å«°²²
Æ°®®¶Ø¥Øµ`ÏT¹uæÅVGAŹeHÅ«°²³
Æ°®®¶ØµØ¥`ÏT¹uæÅVGAŹeHÅ«°²´
¯´·
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
¢H *z0*K ¢M}9f¸* z0&* v5fH £*|º* j©<|D j©E j/ $f¤kI* z+” £&*
gG* |F{-K
u©g- m*4K}G* £&f+ - »&**z+&* f0f9 ¥©< 2|D fH*|0 ª¡G*
©G&* Ï)fE fDzG*
.247“m*4§tº*
,4*5K £&* ¶* fM&* ,ÒgG* )fgG* ©· j©<|D mf+fwkI* f¤kg6 zD 09 mf+fwkI* fH*
m*4f©G*mf0§G fE4&* ©q-Kz©+¢HjgE*|ºf+lkFfDª9fº*
6K42¢Hl-*j©1*zG*
j+f©¡G¤M§±.¢HK
j©G*j64fº*¦{¤GjM|¡G*mf0K|G*
§-j©6f6&* ©JfHHj©<|G*mf+fwkI¶*
94f-µ
7f¡G*K&* z·* “KzgG*”
D|M
Golden”jM2K|Dj©<j©0¼*G3¢H¶z+£K&fqMKªkM§G*4§k6zG*K£§IfG*jGK2f¤©<
Everybody”“g¥Nª¸+¤'+”,z<fE¨<jH|qº*¤-f+fwkI*£K4Ê©D “Rationalization
¥+£§H§M¢H2zGfg:¢tk-Gj©EÏ1¶*j©gG*£&* £§9ÌM“does it
?“KzgG*”¨<~©FÌG**3fºgE¢HfJK|/&*¤-*3}¸fD
ÎF&*¢tIJjkwº*i*~0¶*f¤M|¯f©ºf<j©:*|ÈzG*,z)*4,ztkº*mfM¶§G*µ+
"fM|H*¢Hj©:*|È2
j0ÏH Ó+K j©¹* Ó+ f¤-f©0 lE mf©G ª©g: sfkI ªJ mf©Gz·* ¦{J £&* =4K
f0«*¨<fJz©¡kG|Hª¡G$*|tG*µ “£fgG*”
j©gEj©<|D¢+¢Hu7|Hs|wMfHz¡<f¤F&f+jH¶*¢<j+f©IªJjH¶*
¾jM§<
jH¶*
¾j+f©I §¤HH
94fkM*{JDj©+fwkI¶*,z<fG*¦{¤G$¶§Gf+¢MzM¥IfD
f¤F&f+jH¶*¢<ÏnÁjH¶*
¾§<¢H¯ªkG*
,|)*zG* f©:* ªEf+ fH* ¥.Ï. K&* Ók©gE ¨< f©+fwkI* ,|)*zG* - j©<|G* mf+fwkI¶*
©Jf }M *{J £fºÊG §8§Gf+ ± ÏD L|1* j©<fk/* mfI§H ¢H j©+fwkI¶*
“|7”nH)fgD
8|G*'§Df-K,*Kfº*KzGfFªkM§G*4§k6zG*f¤©< fEj©6f6&*
Ó-|)*zG*µ “j©G*”K “}tG”jDf9(* “©gG*”“§¤G*”“}6*KzG*”“Ò;”
f¤gg+ª+f©¡G*©nkGf+±¶jHf¹*Kj+*|G*
Æ°®®·Ø°Ø·`ÏT¹âaEÅcAVG~¹eHÅ«°²µ
¯µ®
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
nM©Ff¤)*|/* zG*z/µfFhg6¦z0§G§Jf©I§IfEj©<|G*mf+fwkI¶*É|¯G
"£§IfG*jGfwª+f©¡G*¦4*§H&*zk+*h)f¡+¢:*§H
kqº*f©:&* ªEf+£K|Mj©<|G*mf+fwkIÏGÓ<*2KÓ¡HKÓF4fH¢H$¶§JJ
¢HK&*JKÏnHj©¡:§G*,z0§G*¢<fDzG*¤GtMJ"¢:§Gf+¤G$fF&*$fF}F
j©gG*j©gGf+jN Ifk6*ÇfºÊG*©nkGf+JÒ=¸¤©¡+f¤E~H
j©kM§G* j©<|G* mf+fwkI¶* j©I§IfE ,ztkº* mfM¶§G* µ jMz©¤kG* i*~0¶* mf+fwkI*
©<fHF”©qGj0§kH,ztkº*mfM¶§G*µjMz©¤kG*i*~0¶*mf+fwkI*jH|¾
“ªM|H¶*Ò+¨k0h0|HmfM¶§G*
+µj©+~¸*jM§G*,4fk6*$H§J¥D
,4§¿ j©kM§G* j©<|G* mf+fwkI¶* jG*zG*K ,*Kfº* e2fg }- ¶ ªJ ½fkGf+K
,*Kfº*KjG*zG*e2fg}-½fkGf+KjF4fº*¢HfJ*§6¡³,2z¿j©<fk/*jc+
fDK¤¡©+f©D£§t7|º*
Df¡kM,ztkº*mfM¶§G*µjMz©¤kG*i*~0¶*mf+fwkI*µ
¤¡©+f©D£§t7|º*
Df¡kMj©kM§G*j©<|G*mf+fwkI¶*µjkwº*¤)2fgHK¤-f6f©G
ÊF&¶*{wG*j6f©6Kj©gG*j<~GfDK
¥kt+j©I§IfE|I¥¤/K¢H¤Dmf©¡©IfnG*µj©<|Dmf+fwkI¶ “}¸*”$*|/(* fH*
¦|ºf+ªEÏ1&* Ò=¤D£&* =|D1996µ¶*É|qkG*£§IfE4zMD*z/©6
§-«{G*ªH*|/¶*Gf+¥kI4fH5§qM¶z©FfkGf+¥I*¶*4§k6zG*e2fgHHkM¶K
¨<fJ|1¼*mf©¡©kG*jM*z+{¡H}¸*¨<KfH§<Kmf+fwkI*Fµ)fgG*¥+
f¤)*|/(*¼**K2§MDj©:*|ÈzG*
£§tM¤I¶j©<|G*mf+fwkI¶*¦{J£§94fM¤I*}tGz¡G* f¤6¥/§-fHz¡<¢G
¶m*2fkI¶*¦{JnH£(fDKzgG*i*§¡G*2z<¢H©kGf+ “«KzgG*”3§¡G*¢H©kG*
jHf¹*Kj+*|G*Ó-|)*zG*µj©E&fF}¸**§0¶*gDf¤©)fEj/*{6¶*
-
j©I§IfG*Ò=¤GfD&*¢<)fgG*¨w-jGf0µ¨k0ª+f©¡G*©nkG*¢<zgG*F,z©+
*{Ju9§Mª-%¶*
fg©-|-«}0u7|HK&* £&* Óg-j+*|G*,|)*zG*µ08mf+fwkI*r)fkI¼*j©©±,|I
}7fG*~F|º*”m§82141¢HÎF&*5*|0(*kM»K21~F|º*µ0 “z©G*uGf8”
mf+fwkI*µr)fk¡G*
Im4|-K“m§883945|0&* mf+fwkI¶*-µ¢M~)fG*|1%*
¯µ¯
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
D5|0&*K25~F|ºf+0 “z©G*uGf8”fg©-|-«}0u7|HK&fD¥+*|G*,|)*zG*µ09
.248 “m§8118365|0&*mf+fwkI¶*-µ¢M~)fG*|1%*}7fG*~F|º*”m§82243
µ,ÒG*j©gG*mfqkG*
+Hj©+fwkI*mfGf±µ§1zG* “,42f¡G*”4|MfHz¡<¨k0K
=4K “«4z¡G*©D”kMD
qG§8§G*¢<zgG*F¢Mz©+JzÃjHf¹*,|)*zG*
9962C+14~F|º*¨<§¸*¶*09mf+fwkI*µ “5§¡G*£fgG*§¤G*”)fgEH¥Gf±
nȶ¦5|0&* «{G*E|G**{JKm§813115}7fG*~F|Gvfq¡G*E4£fFÓ0µm§8
.248L|1&*)fgE¥.Ï.HGftkGf+¶*¥©<tM»§¤D,|)*zGf+«§E “«}0”2§/K
z¡< jHf¹* ,|)*zG* µ “¥©G*”K “}tG”jMÒ©qkG*,§G*-,zMf¿j6*42£&* .
.249vfq¡G*¢<zgG*F¢Mz©+¤qME4§JKm§84000
¢HjHf¹*Kj+*|G*|)*KzG*¨<jgGfG*jMKzgG*jg©FÌG*fHf³u9§-j©©kG*r)fk¡G*¦{J
“5§¡<ÒG*|7”|8&*3§wDK)fgE¢H¢GfM&* “Kz+”Jmf©<|G*¡H¢Hz©k©6
jHf¹*,|)*zGf+ “§¤G*©g6ÒH£fgkG*}6*KzG*”Kj+*|G*,|)*zGf+
H
94fk-f¤I§F¼*D/|MjH|qº*fD¶*¦{J¨<ªEÏ1¶*}¸*
9*Ì<**3*
j©I§IfG*jGKzG*jGf¤MztkGjDf9(*¶*
©G
8|G*'§Df-K,*Kfº*¨<
¡-jM4§k62©JfH
f¤I§¡q©6j©w7uGfH«&*¼*/|M¶Kf¤kg©JK
* * *
,2f©6m|wg-jGKzG*jg©Jm4f¤I*fJz+LÊF§±jI08mf©<|Dp*z0*-*3*
*§gk7*f¤+*§+&**K}Fj©¡H*ÇfgH*§tkE*Ók¡HÓk.2f0µ “f<|G*”¢Hj<§¾£§IfG*
j:}G*mfgF|H*§0¢H¶*f/4H
j©H§©G*,f©¸*hI*§/¢HhIf/FµjGKzG*jg©Jl<f9*3fº$fkM¢Hª-&fMG3z+
{¡-jFftGf<|G*Éz-K£§IfG*©g-¢H¶z+f¤+jGKzG*jg©Jl7Ï-j©+j+f/¶*
"fM&*jG2¶*f/Ì6f+£§gGfMK¤If©:2*2~©GD"ÓI§qHv*}6MK¤-fg:
y§©7¢HfIÒ=*3fº"“y§©G*”jg©JlgJ3¢M&*"jGKzG*jg©JlgJ3¢M&*£§G$fkMG3z+
"¤H*Ì0*K¤kg©¤+£§ktM*§G*5¶r©¹*
“Herb”ÈTTNaT¸ÏaA)Å«°²¶
Herb , Michael. Kuwait politics database. Retrieved june 23, 2010 from http://www2.gsu.
edu/~polmfh/database/database.htm
Æ°®¯®Ø´Ø´`ÏT¹§´«´¦VT(ÅVNTÅÇcyÅaÅvÇ¿Åc¹eHÅ«°²·
¯µ°
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
¢Hȶ¤IfG
H|-¶¤H*zE&*¨<¥kgnH¤I§©<
6K'K|G*ªc:&fHJ*|IjM2§G*µ
«2§G*5*§·*£§GzgkMKlM§G*¼*£§/|MfHz¡<K“|<f:” “|<f:”4*|-
“£§cGf+E,4*2(¶uM¶”fw©7*{Jug©D*z6&*,&fqDhI4¶*§tkMªkM§G*5*§·f+
.“¥H*zG*jg0”¥I*¥¡H<zD*3fH*“,KfG*x©7”*{JK
» £§IfG* jg©J ¨k0 lM§Gf+ fIf©0&* £§IfG* gE j©wG* ¤kg©J *§9|D x©¹* y§©7
K&*µjM2§G*µ*z6&**KzM£&*hI4¶*4|E§Gpzt©6£fF*3fH©wkI§Gf¤9|DKftI
¢tI¢G “
G”ª<*2¶lM§G*µ,}7fgH,ÏG*z+ “¤E”LÐ6jH2fE “j/”
*3fº¢H¶*f/4¨<«zkGf+Ó¤kG|1%*KhG*jtDfH£§IfEf¡MzG£§IfEjGK2f¡I*ª<zI
KfkG*¢H*N zM~H¶*"22ÌG*K§¹*jq©kIlIfF*3fHK"f)*222ÌG**3fº"¤©g-¢H§¹*
mfIfJ¶*K
¯µ±
©+*
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
wO{uwU{ÅoK
¯µ³
©+*
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
j0fG*f¤-z¤7ªkG*j©©-fH*4zG*m*4§kGf+lc/§DifkG**{Jj<fg:m*Ò±Hf¡H*~-”
*{Jmf©9|+«§G*f¤:fg-4¶j©gJ{º*h©g0}6fMj¡kD2010Êkg6
=*j©6f©G*
“tº**{Jµf¤EfI&*£&*lqk0&*ifkG*
ifkG**{Jµf¤©<2*ªkG*mf©9|G*¢HÒnG*j©E*zH~¡-,Ò1¶*p*z0¶*fN M|Jf;
j©7Kj¡6Ó+fHª¡M2*}G*£fF+*N z+&*jM}0jMKz+¢-»,Ò1¶*j¡kG*
"*3*m&*|¯©F
"Kz+}0*}8¼*j©<fk/¶*¦4K{/µª6f©G**}G*lG~k1&*©F
ª-f©9|Dz+f¡©M,Ò1¶*p*z0¶*ª¡-2*5+*{JªE§kH;&f6Ç&*j©¸*
µfHf³uq¡-,Ò1¶*j©©G*j©¡G*j¡kG*£(fDj<*z¹*f¤kM|Jf;1*{J
©I¨<¥I¶
¥©<2*fH£f©+
j©¡.*mf<f/Ó+ª<fk/**}8¢<Òg-ªJfº*jMf¤Iµ,4|kº*j©6f©G*mfH5¶*
j¡MfgkH
«KzgG*«}¸**}G*£*<5*Ç*¶**z+&*ª©G*ª¡G**}G*Jf¯&*¶Ç*=4K
¨k0£&*<5&*Ç*¥+*|GfMK+ªtº*ª6f©G*z¤º*µ
6f6¶*¢F4§J “E¶*¨<f©Gf0”
«}¸**}G|1%*|¤H¶*ªJfHE¶*¨<f¤¡Hz0*KhIf/µh©g0}6f+ª©G*j¡kD
fMj©IfnG*,|GK”f¤I&*+htDj©7Kj¡6¼*E§kH§JfFkqº*5|-»ª¤D«KzgG*
}0Kz+¥©7mf<§¾pÏ.¼*¥-5|D“j+*|G
"*{J©F
hM|G*<~G**{J1ª¡H0&*f¡J
¢Hj©E&* *z<fH}¸*j©gGf=£&* *KzgM»f¡©+KzgG*f¤GLz-j¡kG*¦{Jm&*z+Ó0
f¤kH|+j©Gp*ÌF¶*G{+Ó·2'§º*
Ï6¶*¢H “f¤¡<¥G*¨94”Ó¡H'§º* &*
9|<¨< “jM4f=”ÎF&*«KzgG* Ï6¶*|¤;fº
"«}¸*
HH©D
+|¸*£f/”j©1*zG*|M5KKz+jH&*
¾$f<&*/fJÓ01
*§<2K “f¤©DlD£&*g6jMKz+j©+fwkI*mf:fg-4*K3«}0ª)fggG*z©GK*ÊG*
¦{J¢<zgG*F¢Mz©+}¸*i*§¡G*£fFi*§qk6¶*K&* “h©g0”j©¡/ht6¼*
¯µµ
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
jgH¢H4{0Kj)z¤kGf<2 “µ*|¹*6f/ÆfG*K5|H”¤+j©GfM2*|G*E*§º*
ªwG* “h©g0”
9|-=4KG*,fk<}¸*Ó©HÏ6¶*¨k0ª6f¡·f+ogG*
¢<&*KD,z0*K,KzIµ4f7£fG*zGf1”z©kG*j©I¤GLzg-»6¶f+K¤G
E§M»j©H§¸*m*$*|/¶*¢<h)fI11CG*£f©+“L|1&*m*Kz¡+4fM¢G¥I*fJz+
Kz+¤©/ªEfgG*K}0i*§I3¶*¥©<
"KzgG*K}¸*E*§Hµ2f¸*Ïk1¶**{J*3fº
£§7fIf¤HfE&*j©G*¦{¤Gl©E&*ªkG*jMÒJf·*m*Kz¡G*jDfFj©gG*E*§º*µ2
µª©G*zGf1
6K2|G*µMfJz¿Kz+fJ}t©GjMKz+:f¡HµKz+
µ«Òº*z/fH4zgG,4|º*,Kz¡G*jM|G*µjMKzG*4fgº,4|º*,Kz¡G*$*|¤·*
j©0fgG*
G*Hµm*KzIz-»*3fº"j.fÁm*KzI*KzM»*3fº"}¸*¢M&**N z/hM|=
"j9K|G*µÓº*£*§1¶*Hµz-»*3fº"£f©F§HÒG*µ
jHfG*jM}¸*j¡©¤G*l±j©k¾mf©/£&*+"j©G*¦{J¢HjM}¸*mf©GfG*¢M&*
§¸ j©kM§G* j©·*” j©¡·* ht6 fM*§¡+ 2z¡- mfIf©+ m4z8&* + lGf+ ªk- »
.“ª:*|ÈzG*Ê¡º*£fI¶*
"KzgG*K}¸*E*§Hµ2f¸*Ïk1¶**{J*3fºL|1&*,|H
¶"«}0hkº**{J£fFJjH&*
¾$f<&*k+|kH4§¤kH2zJÓ0¨k03
"|1%¶*§J2z¤M«}0|kH|¤M»*3fº“½*{gG*4fgH”fN MKz+£fFfg:
"KzgG*K}¸*E*§Hµ2f¸*Ïk1¶**{J*3fºL|1&*,|H
j©6f6&¶*ªk©9|DzF&fIE*§º*µÏk1¶**{J©tk+J&¶*+E*§º*¦{J©tk+
¨<ªJfHK2jGfwkH,z<fgkHj¡MfgkHj©<fk/*mf<f/¼*5K|Hf)*2ªkM§G*kqº*”
“4fkG*KÏk1ÏG2*zk6&*
¯µ¶
§¡< qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
z9ª<fk/¶*¤<*}8¤+|0 f¤6¥©/§-,|º*¦{JKzgG*4fk1&*zMztkGf+j©G*¦{Jµ
t'Å
ªJfH4z+j©¡M2ifg6&* ¥1M¶z©kG**{J£&* }¸*42&* f¡©+}¸*
©GKj©G*
KzgG*z©+4fI,|/4K2*§gM£&**§g=|MDj©<fk/&*
j©G*¦{J£§D|MJ¢Gfg:¶Ó¡H'§º* &*¦f¯}¸*¢H “jM4f=”ÎF&**§©GKzgG**3*
mish
K&* }¸* z9 ª<fk/¶* ¤F*|0 ¤<*}8 zwkG “£fn<
©F” fJÒ= *§D4 fF
j©G*
j©<fk/¶*¥k©¡+µ¢-j©-*3kqº**{Jj<ªkM§G*kqº*j7fJj©G*¦{JlF
¦$*4%*¥E*§HG3ª<zIKfH|G*µf¡6K'K4¢DzI¶ªg¡/&*©<
©Gh©g0}6fMjGfwkº*
4fgHK&* j©H4§+¥G*©9K&* h©/Ó0«KzgG*nH¥nH¥kH$f¡+&* ¢HÒnG*f¤+¥F4fM
z¿nHK&* }¸*z9jD|kº*¤)*4&* £KzM&fMKzgG*¢HÒnG*¤1M«{G*£Ï<§G*
}¸*¥MzM|HK¤M§·*
2*zk6¶* jgJ&* ¨< ªJ fHK2 ,|Df¡kº* j©<fk/¶* ¥-f<f/ ¼(* 5K|H fN )*2 k¾ *{J
GfwkG*K4fkG
z9j©G*K}¸*8*09µj©¡HÓ+&f-j©G*z9}¸*KKzgG*8*08µ
fgE|-¥kt6&* |:F{tM£&* 2010µ 2fG*Kj©¡·*j©/*K25*4§G*jH5&*KzgG*
«}¸*l©gG*h<,4fqkG*jD|=jH5&*}¸*z9j©G*KKzgG* 2fG**}G
"kqº**{Jj¸¢M&*
j©:*|È2«&* jg6f¡º*K|G*|D§-jM}7j¸«&* µ4f©¤IÏG+fEHk¾*{J
"kqº**{Jµ,f©tG¥+fE
¯µ·
©+*
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
o*Ç
¯¶¯
©+*
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
j©;§G*h0«zgG*
qº*ªg1fI
iÒJmfIf©+,z<fGfDK
¯¶±
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
fEµj¡º*mfF}G*
j©)fI(¶*Kj©Izº*f<&¶*
jM~F|º*mfEf¡º*j¡·
2010/5/18xM4fk+fF
¼K&¶*jcG*
¯¶²
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
fEµj¡º*mfF}G*
j©)fI(¶*Kj©Izº*f<&¶*
jM~F|º*mfEf¡º*j¡·
2010/5/18xM4fk+fF
j©IfnG*jcG*
¯¶³
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
¯¶´
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
fEµj¡º*mfF}G*
j©)fI(¶*Kj©Izº*f<&¶*
jM~F|º*mfEf¡º*j¡·
2010/5/18xM4fk+fF
jnGfnG*jcG*
¯¶µ
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
¯¶¶
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
fEµj¡º*mfF}G*
j©)fI(¶*Kj©Izº*f<&¶*
jM~F|º*mfEf¡º*j¡·
2010/5/18xM4fk+fF
j+*|G*jcG*
¯¶·
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
¯·®
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
¯·¯
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
¯·°
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
¯·±
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
¯·²
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
§©G*lM§G*1957$f0*
¯·³
©+*
qàà(ÇèWààUàà(Ç
6|C¤CCG*
jtG* §9§º*
5 j±fD
11 ª)zgHz©¤³
15 $*|tG*Kz+z¡<,4fH¶*lM§G*µj¡:*§º* §¤HK4f©H
29 ªkM§G*ª<fk/¶*r©¡G*j©D*|ÈzGªq¤¡º*Ò©kG*¢:K*|=(*
37 $*|tG*fH4µ|-lM§G*zMz/¢H-fHK4
63 f¤1fJ|JfHf¤©8§-,zMz·*j94fº*
¥-f:f6(*m*2z¿Kªtº*ª<fk/¶**}G*mf©9|Dj©/§G§©6§6jGKf¿
75 jM2fkE¶*Kj©6f©G*
101 m¶f7(*fMfElM§G*µ “j:|HzG*”jGf0
123 G*,24KG*j©Gf7(*j©:*|ÈzG*¢<
8§¡G*
143 “jMKzgG*”j©G*mfgF|H¨<,|I
KzgG*4fH
165 ËG¥¡0jg8j©<|Dl©GKjM4Kf-j©<|G*mf+fwkI¶*jF|H
175 ªt©9§-µf9(*tH
181 0Ϻ*
¯·µ