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Glaeser, Edward L., Ponzetto, Giacomo A. M. and Andrei Shleife. (2007). Why Does
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Lipset, Seymour Martin. (1959). Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic
Development and Political Legitimacy. American Political Science Review 53: 69–105.
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Inglehart, Ronald and Christian Welzel. (2005). Modernization, cultural change, and
democracy: the human development sequence. Cambridge Univ Pr. 135-146.
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