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JABATAN BOMBA, KUANTAN - BANGUNAN UTAMA

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Pile Footing Detailed Design Calculation:

Code of Practice Used: BS8110:1997

The Design Parameters used:

Steel fy = 460 N/mm^2; Concrete fcu = 45 N/mm^2

Concrete cover, cov = 50 mm
Rebar maximum spacing = 300 mm, Minimum spacing = 100 mm
Steel maximum bar size = 25 mm, Minimum bar size = 16 mm
Shear capacity at stump face, 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 5.37 N/mm^2
Rebar percentage used for Shear Design = 0.30
Design Shear Stress, vc = 0.79*(100As/bd)^(1/3)*(400/d)^(1/4)/Ym

The Following Design Parameters are used for Bending Moment Design:
Maximum Concrete strain, Ecc = 0.0035
Average Concrete Stress Above Neutral Axis, k1 = 17.71 N/mm^2
Concrete Lever Arm Factor, k2 = 0.4419
Limiting Effective Depth Factor, cb = 0.50
Limiting Concrete Moment Capacity Factor, kk1
= cb*k1*(1-cb*k2) = 0.50*17.71(1-0.50*0.4419) = 6.9004 N/mm^2
k2/k1 Factor, kkk = 0.0249

COLUMN FOUNDATION DESIGN:

Location of Footing: 10--A

Dead Load, DL = 129.5; Live Load, LL = 57.9; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 142.5; Live Load, LL = 63.7

Total Unfactored Load = 142.5 + 63.7 + 0.0 = 206.2 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/271) = 1.474
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.474)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.545 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 521 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.521)x24 = 5.0 kN
Total No of Piles required = 211.1/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 860.1/(900*900) = 1.062 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997
Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/271) = 1.474
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.474)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.545 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 230 mm x 230 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 271 mm = 0.545 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.496
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 134 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*271*0.545/134 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*271*(4*0.496*271+230+230) = 595.8 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.062 *(2*0.496*271+230)*(2*0.496*271+230) = 264.3 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 860.1 - 264.3 = 595.8 kN <= 595.8 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 271 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 860.1-1.062*230*230/1000 = 803.9 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*163(230+230)/1000 = 803.9 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 163 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

271 163

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/271^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.6 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*25.6 = 454.04 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 454.04/(0.95*460) = 1039 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 454.04(271-0.4419*25.6)/1000 = 118.1 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1039 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/271^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.6 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*25.6 = 454.04 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 454.04/(0.95*460) = 1039 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 454.04(271-0.4419*25.6)/1000 = 118.1 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1039 mm^2

Location of Footing: 10-A

Dead Load, DL = 512.8; Live Load, LL = 106.6; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 564.1; Live Load, LL = 117.3

Total Unfactored Load = 564.1 + 117.3 + 0.0 = 681.4 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/328) = 1.221
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.221)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/490) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/144) = 2.785
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.785)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.639 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 869 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.869)x24 = 20.6 kN
Total No of Piles required = 702.0/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1688.0/(1800*900) = 1.042 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/328) = 1.221
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.221)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 328 mm = 0.520 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.546
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 179 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*328*0.520/179 = 0.954 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.954*328*(4*0.546*328+450+450) = 1008.8 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.042 *(2*0.546*328+450)*(2*0.546*328+450) = 679.2 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1688.0 - 679.2 = 1008.8 kN <= 1008.8 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 328 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1688.0-1.042*450*450/1000 = 1477.0 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*153(450+450)/1000 = 1477.0 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 153 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/490) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,490 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.690
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.690 = 0.717 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 490 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.717*490*900 = 632.2 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.042 *(2*0.690*490+450)*900 = 1055.8 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1688.0 - 1055.8 = 632.2 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/144) = 2.785
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.785)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.639 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,144 mm = 0.639 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.780
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.639/0.780 = 0.820 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 144 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.820*144*1800 = 423.8 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.042 *(2*0.780*144+450)*1800 = 1264.3 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1688.0 - 1264.3 = 423.8 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
328 153 490

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 844.0 kN *0.225 m = 189.9 kNm
 Moment about Y-axis = 189.9 kN/0.500 m = 379.8 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 225 - 450/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 175 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1688.0 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*175*(450+450)/1000 = 1688.0 kN

TVu = 1688.0 ; Pu = 1688.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 175 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 619 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 844.0 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*619*0.49/225 = 2.72 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.72*619*500/1000 = 844.0 kN

TVu = 844.0 ; Pu = 844.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 619 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/619) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 600 619 490 619 0 175 0

Design for Bending Moment: 379.8/1.00 = 379.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 379.8*1000/619^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.4 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.4 = 910.48 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 910.48/(0.95*460) = 2083 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 910.48(617-0.4419*51.4)/1000 = 541.5 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2083 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/619^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.4 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.4 = 910.48 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 910.48/(0.95*460) = 2083 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 910.48(617-0.4419*51.4)/1000 = 541.5 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2083 mm^2

Location of Footing: 10-B

Dead Load, DL = 1186.9; Live Load, LL = 207.9; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1305.6; Live Load, LL = 228.7

Total Unfactored Load = 1305.6 + 228.7 + 0.0 = 1534.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/493) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1300 X 868 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.300X0.868)x24 = 44.7 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1579.0/(60.0*9.81) = 3

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 2523.9/(1800*1800) = 0.779 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/493) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 493 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.545
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 268 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*493*0.495/268 = 0.908 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.908*493*(4*0.545*493+450+450) = 1765.3 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.779 *(2*0.545*493+450)*(2*0.545*493+450) = 758.6 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 2523.9 - 758.6 = 1765.3 kN <= 1765.3 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 493 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 2523.9-0.779*450*450/1000 = 2366.1 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*245(450+450)/1000 = 2366.1 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 245 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear
493 245

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 3

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*3*60.0*9.81 = 2648.7 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.50*60.0*9.81 = 441.5 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 2152.7 kN *0.338 m = 726.6 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 726.6 kN/1.279 m = 567.9 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1308.7 kN *0.295 m = 385.6 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 385.6 kN/1.400 m = 275.4 kNm/m

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 500 mm; Width
= 1000 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 841.3 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*500*0.49/295 = 1.68 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.68*500*1000/1000 = 841.3 kN

TVu = 841.3 ; Pu = 841.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 500 !!!

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 261 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2523.9 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*261*(450+450)/1000 = 2523.9 kN

TVu = 2523.9 ; Pu = 2523.9 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 261 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 618 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 841.3 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*618*0.49/225 = 2.72 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.72*618*500/1000 = 841.3 kN

TVu = 841.3 ; Pu = 841.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 618 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 477 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2523.9 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*477*0.49/225 = 2.10 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.10*477*(450+295)/1000 = 1491.4 kN
 Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 477 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*477*0.49/295 = 1.60 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.60*477*(450+225)/1000 = 1032.5 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1491.4+1032.5 = 2523.9 kN

TVu = 2523.9 ; Pu = 2523.9 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 477 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/618) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

3 1400 1300 618 493 618 500 261 477

Design for Bending Moment: 567.9/1.00 = 567.9 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 567.9*1000/618^2 = 1.484

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 53.9 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*53.9 = 954.93 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 954.93/(0.95*460) = 2185 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 954.93(616-0.4419*53.9)/1000 = 566.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2185 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 567.9/1.00 = 567.9 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 567.9*1000/618^2 = 1.484

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 53.9 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*53.9 = 954.93 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 954.93/(0.95*460) = 2185 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 954.93(616-0.4419*53.9)/1000 = 566.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2185 mm^2

Location of Footing: 10-C

Dead Load, DL = 1507.9; Live Load, LL = 325.3; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1658.7; Live Load, LL = 357.8

Total Unfactored Load = 1658.7 + 357.8 + 0.0 = 2016.5 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/570) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1500 X 819 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.500X0.819)x24 = 48.6 kN
Total No of Piles required = 2065.2/(60.0*9.81) = 4

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 3378.6/(1800*1800) = 1.043 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/570) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 570 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 256 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*570*0.495/256 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*570*(4*0.450*570+450+450) = 2412.2 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.043 *(2*0.450*570+450)*(2*0.450*570+450) = 966.4 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3378.6 - 966.4 = 2412.2 kN <= 2412.2 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 570 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.460, enhanced shear stress, v = 1.076 N/mm^2

Shear Capacity = 2*1.076*570*(4*0.460*570+450+450) = 2387.6 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.043 *(2*0.460*570+450)*(2*0.460*570+450) = 989.4 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3378.6 - 989.4 = 2389.1 > 2387.6 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 3378.6-1.043*450*450/1000 = 3167.4 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*328(450+450)/1000 = 3167.4 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 328 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

570 328

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 4

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*4*60.0*9.81 = 3531.6 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1689.3 kN *0.338 m = 570.1 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 570.1 kN/1.400 m = 407.2 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1689.3 kN *0.338 m = 570.1 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 570.1 kN/1.400 m = 407.2 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 350 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3378.6 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*350*(450+450)/1000 = 3378.6 kN

TVu = 3378.6 ; Pu = 3378.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 350 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 533 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3378.6 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*533*0.49/225 = 2.35 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.35*533*(450+225)/1000 = 1689.3 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 533 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*533*0.49/225 = 2.35 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*2.35*533*(450+225)/1000 = 1689.3 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1689.3+1689.3 = 3378.6 kN

TVu = 3378.6 ; Pu = 3378.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 533 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 524 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1689.3 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*524*0.49/225 = 2.30 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.30*524*1400/1000 = 1689.3 kN

TVu = 1689.3 ; Pu = 1689.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 524 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 524 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1689.3 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*524*0.49/225 = 2.30 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.30*524*1400/1000 = 1689.3 kN
TVu = 1689.3 ; Pu = 1689.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 524 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/533) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

4 1400 1400 570 570 524 524 350 533

Design for Bending Moment: 407.2/1.00 = 407.2 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 407.2*1000/570^2 = 1.255

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 47.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*47.7 = 845.14 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 845.14/(0.95*460) = 1934 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 845.14(570-0.4419*47.7)/1000 = 463.6 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1934 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 407.2/1.00 = 407.2 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 407.2*1000/570^2 = 1.255

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 47.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*47.7 = 845.14 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 845.14/(0.95*460) = 1934 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 845.14(570-0.4419*47.7)/1000 = 463.6 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1934 mm^2

Location of Footing: 10-D

Dead Load, DL = 1710.4; Live Load, LL = 351.9; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1881.4; Live Load, LL = 387.1

Total Unfactored Load = 1881.4 + 387.1 + 0.0 = 2268.5 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/569) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1500 X 819 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.500X0.819)x24 = 48.6 kN
Total No of Piles required = 2317.1/(60.0*9.81) = 4

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 3375.3/(1800*1800) = 1.042 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/569) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 569 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 256 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*569*0.495/256 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*569*(4*0.450*569+450+450) = 2410.4 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.042 *(2*0.450*569+450)*(2*0.450*569+450) = 965.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3375.3 - 965.0 = 2410.4 kN <= 2410.4 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 569 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.460, enhanced shear stress, v = 1.076 N/mm^2

Shear Capacity = 2*1.076*569*(4*0.460*569+450+450) = 2385.9 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.042 *(2*0.460*569+450)*(2*0.460*569+450) = 988.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3375.3 - 988.0 = 2387.4 > 2385.9 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 3375.3-1.042*450*450/1000 = 3164.4 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*328(450+450)/1000 = 3164.4 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 328 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

569 328

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 4

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*4*60.0*9.81 = 3531.6 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1687.7 kN *0.338 m = 569.6 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 569.6 kN/1.400 m = 406.8 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1687.7 kN *0.338 m = 569.6 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 569.6 kN/1.400 m = 406.8 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 349 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3375.3 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*349*(450+450)/1000 = 3375.3 kN

TVu = 3375.3 ; Pu = 3375.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 349 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 533 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3375.3 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*533*0.49/225 = 2.34 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.34*533*(450+225)/1000 = 1687.7 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 533 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*533*0.49/225 = 2.34 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*2.34*533*(450+225)/1000 = 1687.7 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1687.7+1687.7 = 3375.3 kN

TVu = 3375.3 ; Pu = 3375.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 533 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 524 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1687.7 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*524*0.49/225 = 2.30 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.30*524*1400/1000 = 1687.7 kN

TVu = 1687.7 ; Pu = 1687.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 524 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 524 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1687.7 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*524*0.49/225 = 2.30 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.30*524*1400/1000 = 1687.7 kN

TVu = 1687.7 ; Pu = 1687.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 524 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/533) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

4 1400 1400 569 569 524 524 349 533

Design for Bending Moment: 406.8/1.00 = 406.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 406.8*1000/569^2 = 1.255

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 47.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*47.7 = 844.78 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 844.78/(0.95*460) = 1933 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 844.78(569-0.4419*47.7)/1000 = 463.2 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1933 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 406.8/1.00 = 406.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 406.8*1000/569^2 = 1.255

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 47.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*47.7 = 844.78 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 844.78/(0.95*460) = 1933 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 844.78(569-0.4419*47.7)/1000 = 463.2 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1933 mm^2

Location of Footing: 10-E

Dead Load, DL = 1106.3; Live Load, LL = 220.7; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1216.9; Live Load, LL = 242.7

Total Unfactored Load = 1216.9 + 242.7 + 0.0 = 1459.6 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/493) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1300 X 869 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.300X0.869)x24 = 44.7 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1504.4/(60.0*9.81) = 3

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE
 Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 2530.0/(1800*1800) = 0.781 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/493) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 493 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.545
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 269 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*493*0.495/269 = 0.908 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.908*493*(4*0.545*493+450+450) = 1768.5 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.781 *(2*0.545*493+450)*(2*0.545*493+450) = 761.5 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 2530.0 - 761.5 = 1768.5 kN <= 1768.5 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 493 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 2530.0-0.781*450*450/1000 = 2371.9 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*246(450+450)/1000 = 2371.9 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 246 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

493 246

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 3

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*3*60.0*9.81 = 2648.7 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.50*60.0*9.81 = 441.5 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 2157.9 kN *0.338 m = 728.3 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 728.3 kN/1.279 m = 569.2 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1311.8 kN *0.295 m = 386.5 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 386.5 kN/1.400 m = 276.1 kNm/m

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 501 mm; Width
= 1000 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 843.3 kN
Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*501*0.49/295 = 1.68 N/mm^2
Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.68*501*1000/1000 = 843.3 kN

TVu = 843.3 ; Pu = 843.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 501 !!!

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 262 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2530.0 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*262*(450+450)/1000 = 2530.0 kN

TVu = 2530.0 ; Pu = 2530.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 262 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 619 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 843.3 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*619*0.49/225 = 2.72 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.72*619*500/1000 = 843.3 kN

TVu = 843.3 ; Pu = 843.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 619 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 478 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2530.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*478*0.49/225 = 2.10 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.10*478*(450+295)/1000 = 1495.0 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 478 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*478*0.49/295 = 1.60 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.60*478*(450+225)/1000 = 1035.0 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1495.0+1035.0 = 2530.0 kN

TVu = 2530.0 ; Pu = 2530.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 478 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/619) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

3 1400 1300 619 493 619 501 262 478

Design for Bending Moment: 569.2/1.00 = 569.2 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 569.2*1000/619^2 = 1.484

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 54.0 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*54.0 = 956.08 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 956.08/(0.95*460) = 2188 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 956.08(617-0.4419*54.0)/1000 = 567.3 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2188 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 569.2/1.00 = 569.2 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 569.2*1000/619^2 = 1.484

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 54.0 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*54.0 = 956.08 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 956.08/(0.95*460) = 2188 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 956.08(617-0.4419*54.0)/1000 = 567.3 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2188 mm^2

Location of Footing: 10-F

Dead Load, DL = 588.4; Live Load, LL = 136.2; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 647.2; Live Load, LL = 149.8

Total Unfactored Load = 647.2 + 149.8 + 0.0 = 797.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/143) = 2.794
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.794)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.640 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/527) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/50) = 8.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(8.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.832 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 1500 X 776 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X1.500X0.776)x24 = 18.4 kN
Total No of Piles required = 815.5/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1691.7/(1800*900) = 1.044 N/mm^2

 Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/143) = 2.794
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.794)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.640 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 350 mm x 1650 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 143 mm = 0.640 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.704
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 101 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*143*0.640/101 = 0.909 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.909*143*(4*0.704*143+350+1650) = 625.3 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.044 *(2*0.704*143+350)*(2*0.704*143+1650) = 1066.5 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1691.7 - 1066.5 = 625.3 kN <= 625.3 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 143 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1691.7-1.044*350*1650/1000 = 1088.7 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*51(350+1650)/1000 = 1088.7 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 51 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/527) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,527 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.690
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.690 = 0.717 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 527 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.717*527*900 = 679.8 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.044 *(2*0.690*527+350)*900 = 1012.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1691.7 - 1012.0 = 679.8 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/50) = 8.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(8.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.832 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,50 mm = 0.832 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.500
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.832/0.500 = 1.664 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 50 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*1.664*50*1800 = 299.6 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.044 *(2*0.500*50+1650)*1800 = 3195.5 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1691.7 - 3195.5 = -1503.8 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
143 51 527

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 1650 mm x 350 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 1650/2 = -375 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 845.9 kN *-0.375 m = -317.2 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = -317.2 kN/0.500 m = -634.4 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 175 - 350/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 79 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1691.7 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*79*(1650+350)/1000 = 1691.7 kN

TVu = 1691.7 ; Pu = 1691.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 79 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 0 mm; Width =
500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 1650/2 = -375 mm = - VE --> NO
CHECKING NECESSARY !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/79) = 5.076
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(5.076)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.743 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 500 1800 527 527 0 0 79 0

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/527^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !
Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 44.5 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*44.5 = 788.71 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 788.71/(0.95*460) = 1805 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 788.71(527-0.4419*44.5)/1000 = 399.8 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1805 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: -634.4/1.00 = -634.4 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = -634.4*1000/527^2 = -2.288

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = -2.288 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = -2.288 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 44.5 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*44.5 = 788.71 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 788.71/(0.95*460) = 1805 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 788.71(527-0.4419*44.5)/1000 = 399.8 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1805 mm^2

Location of Footing: 10-F2

Dead Load, DL = 466.6; Live Load, LL = 131.8; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 513.3; Live Load, LL = 145.0

Total Unfactored Load = 513.3 + 145.0 + 0.0 = 658.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/329) = 1.217
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.217)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/491) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/144) = 2.774
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.774)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.639 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 871 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.871)x24 = 20.7 kN
Total No of Piles required = 679.0/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE
 Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1699.4/(1800*900) = 1.049 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/329) = 1.217
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.217)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 329 mm = 0.520 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.546
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 179 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*329*0.520/179 = 0.953 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.953*329*(4*0.546*329+450+450) = 1013.3 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.049 *(2*0.546*329+450)*(2*0.546*329+450) = 686.1 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1699.4 - 686.1 = 1013.3 kN <= 1013.3 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 329 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1699.4-1.049*450*450/1000 = 1486.9 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*154(450+450)/1000 = 1486.9 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 154 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/491) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,491 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.690
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.690 = 0.717 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 491 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.717*491*900 = 634.3 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.049 *(2*0.690*491+450)*900 = 1065.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1699.4 - 1065.0 = 634.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/144) = 2.774
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.774)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.639 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,144 mm = 0.639 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.780
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.639/0.780 = 0.819 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 144 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.819*144*1800 = 425.0 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.049 *(2*0.780*144+450)*1800 = 1274.4 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1699.4 - 1274.4 = 425.0 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
329 154 491

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 849.7 kN *0.225 m = 191.2 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 191.2 kN/0.500 m = 382.4 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 225 - 450/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 176 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1699.4 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*176*(450+450)/1000 = 1699.4 kN

TVu = 1699.4 ; Pu = 1699.4 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 176 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 622 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 849.7 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*622*0.49/225 = 2.73 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.73*622*500/1000 = 849.7 kN

TVu = 849.7 ; Pu = 849.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 622 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/622) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 600 622 491 622 0 176 0
Design for Bending Moment: 382.4/1.00 = 382.4 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 382.4*1000/622^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.6 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.6 = 913.21 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 913.21/(0.95*460) = 2090 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 913.21(620-0.4419*51.6)/1000 = 545.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2090 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/622^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.6 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.6 = 913.21 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 913.21/(0.95*460) = 2090 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 913.21(620-0.4419*51.6)/1000 = 545.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2090 mm^2

Location of Footing: 10-G2

Dead Load, DL = 1142.7; Live Load, LL = 162.2; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1256.9; Live Load, LL = 178.4

Total Unfactored Load = 1256.9 + 178.4 + 0.0 = 1435.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/492) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1300 X 867 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.300X0.867)x24 = 44.6 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1479.9/(60.0*9.81) = 3

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 2515.1/(1800*1800) = 0.776 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/492) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 492 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.545
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 268 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*492*0.495/268 = 0.908 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.908*492*(4*0.545*492+450+450) = 1760.6 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.776 *(2*0.545*492+450)*(2*0.545*492+450) = 754.6 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 2515.1 - 754.6 = 1760.6 kN <= 1760.6 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 492 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 2515.1-0.776*450*450/1000 = 2358.0 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*244(450+450)/1000 = 2358.0 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 244 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

492 244

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 3

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*3*60.0*9.81 = 2648.7 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.50*60.0*9.81 = 441.5 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 2145.3 kN *0.338 m = 724.0 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 724.0 kN/1.279 m = 565.9 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1304.2 kN *0.295 m = 384.2 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 384.2 kN/1.400 m = 274.4 kNm/m

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 500 mm; Width
= 1000 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 838.4 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*500*0.49/295 = 1.68 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.68*500*1000/1000 = 838.4 kN

TVu = 838.4 ; Pu = 838.4 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 500 !!!

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 260 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2515.1 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*260*(450+450)/1000 = 2515.1 kN

TVu = 2515.1 ; Pu = 2515.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 260 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 617 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 838.4 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*617*0.49/225 = 2.72 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.72*617*500/1000 = 838.4 kN

TVu = 838.4 ; Pu = 838.4 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 617 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 476 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2515.1 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*476*0.49/225 = 2.10 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.10*476*(450+295)/1000 = 1486.2 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 476 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*476*0.49/295 = 1.60 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.60*476*(450+225)/1000 = 1028.9 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1486.2+1028.9 = 2515.1 kN

TVu = 2515.1 ; Pu = 2515.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 476 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/617) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

3 1400 1300 617 492 617 500 260 476

Design for Bending Moment: 565.9/1.00 = 565.9 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 565.9*1000/617^2 = 1.484

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 53.8 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*53.8 = 953.28 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 953.28/(0.95*460) = 2181 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 953.28(615-0.4419*53.8)/1000 = 564.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2181 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 565.9/1.00 = 565.9 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 565.9*1000/617^2 = 1.484

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 53.8 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*53.8 = 953.28 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 953.28/(0.95*460) = 2181 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 953.28(615-0.4419*53.8)/1000 = 564.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2181 mm^2

Location of Footing: 10-I

Dead Load, DL = 231.7; Live Load, LL = 94.4; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 254.9; Live Load, LL = 103.8

Total Unfactored Load = 254.9 + 103.8 + 0.0 = 358.7 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/159) = 2.513
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.513)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.623 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 363.4/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 857.8/(900*900) = 1.059 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/159) = 2.513
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.513)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.623 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 159 mm = 0.623 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.646
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 103 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*159*0.623/103 = 0.965 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.965*159*(4*0.646*159+450+450) = 402.8 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.059 *(2*0.646*159+450)*(2*0.646*159+450) = 455.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 857.8 - 455.0 = 402.8 kN <= 402.8 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 159 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 857.8-1.059*450*450/1000 = 643.4 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*67(450+450)/1000 = 643.4 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 67 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

159 67

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Location of Footing: 10-J

Dead Load, DL = 170.0; Live Load, LL = 32.6; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 187.0; Live Load, LL = 35.9

Total Unfactored Load = 187.0 + 35.9 + 0.0 = 222.9 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/158) = 2.539
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.539)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.625 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 227.7/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 842.7/(900*900) = 1.040 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/158) = 2.539
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.539)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.625 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 158 mm = 0.625 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.646
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 102 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*158*0.625/102 = 0.967 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.967*158*(4*0.646*158+450+450) = 398.3 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.040 *(2*0.646*158+450)*(2*0.646*158+450) = 444.4 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 842.7 - 444.4 = 398.3 kN <= 398.3 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 158 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 842.7-1.040*450*450/1000 = 632.0 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*65(450+450)/1000 = 632.0 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 65 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

158 65

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Location of Footing: 09-H

Dead Load, DL = 541.3; Live Load, LL = 164.4; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 595.5; Live Load, LL = 180.9

Total Unfactored Load = 595.5 + 180.9 + 0.0 = 776.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/329) = 1.215
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.215)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/492) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/144) = 2.772
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.772)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.638 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 872 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.872)x24 = 20.7 kN
Total No of Piles required = 797.0/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1702.3/(1800*900) = 1.051 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/329) = 1.215
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.215)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 329 mm = 0.520 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.546
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 180 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*329*0.520/180 = 0.952 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.952*329*(4*0.546*329+450+450) = 1014.5 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.051 *(2*0.546*329+450)*(2*0.546*329+450) = 687.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1702.3 - 687.9 = 1014.5 kN <= 1014.5 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 329 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1702.3-1.051*450*450/1000 = 1489.6 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*154(450+450)/1000 = 1489.6 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 154 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/492) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,492 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.690
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.690 = 0.717 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 492 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.717*492*900 = 634.9 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.051 *(2*0.690*492+450)*900 = 1067.5 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1702.3 - 1067.5 = 634.9 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/144) = 2.772
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.772)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.638 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,144 mm = 0.638 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.780
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.638/0.780 = 0.819 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 144 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.819*144*1800 = 425.3 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.051 *(2*0.780*144+450)*1800 = 1277.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1702.3 - 1277.0 = 425.3 kN
Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
329 154 492

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 851.2 kN *0.225 m = 191.5 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 191.5 kN/0.500 m = 383.0 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 225 - 450/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 176 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1702.3 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*176*(450+450)/1000 = 1702.3 kN

TVu = 1702.3 ; Pu = 1702.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 176 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 622 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 851.2 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*622*0.49/225 = 2.74 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.74*622*500/1000 = 851.2 kN

TVu = 851.2 ; Pu = 851.2 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 622 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/622) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 600 622 492 622 0 176 0

Design for Bending Moment: 383.0/1.00 = 383.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 383.0*1000/622^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.6 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.6 = 913.92 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 913.92/(0.95*460) = 2091 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 913.92(620-0.4419*51.6)/1000 = 545.9 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2091 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/622^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.6 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.6 = 913.92 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 913.92/(0.95*460) = 2091 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 913.92(620-0.4419*51.6)/1000 = 545.9 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2091 mm^2

Location of Footing: 09-H1

Dead Load, DL = 440.4; Live Load, LL = 81.2; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 484.5; Live Load, LL = 89.3

Total Unfactored Load = 484.5 + 89.3 + 0.0 = 573.8 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/355) = 1.128
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.128)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.510 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/507) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/162) = 2.472
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.472)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.620 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 902 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.902)x24 = 21.4 kN
Total No of Piles required = 595.2/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1684.2/(1800*900) = 1.040 N/mm^2

 Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/355) = 1.128
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.128)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.510 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 400 mm x 400 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 355 mm = 0.510 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.504
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 179 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*355*0.510/179 = 1.012 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.012*355*(4*0.504*355+400+400) = 1087.5 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.040 *(2*0.504*355+400)*(2*0.504*355+400) = 596.6 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1684.2 - 596.6 = 1087.5 kN <= 1087.5 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 355 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1684.2-1.040*400*400/1000 = 1517.8 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*177(400+400)/1000 = 1517.8 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 177 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/507) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,507 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.690
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.690 = 0.717 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 507 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.717*507*900 = 654.9 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.040 *(2*0.690*507+400)*900 = 1029.3 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1684.2 - 1029.3 = 654.9 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/162) = 2.472
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.472)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.620 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,162 mm = 0.620 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.770
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.620/0.770 = 0.806 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 162 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.806*162*1800 = 469.4 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.040 *(2*0.770*162+400)*1800 = 1214.8 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1684.2 - 1214.8 = 469.4 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
355 177 507

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 400 mm x 400 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 842.1 kN *0.250 m = 210.5 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 210.5 kN/0.500 m = 421.0 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 200 - 400/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 196 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1684.2 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*196*(400+400)/1000 = 1684.2 kN

TVu = 1684.2 ; Pu = 1684.2 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 196 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 652 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 842.1 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*652*0.49/250 = 2.58 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.58*652*500/1000 = 842.1 kN

TVu = 842.1 ; Pu = 842.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 652 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/652) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 500 652 507 652 0 196 0

Design for Bending Moment: 421.0/1.00 = 421.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 421.0*1000/652^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 53.8 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*53.8 = 953.43 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 953.43/(0.95*460) = 2182 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 953.43(650-0.4419*53.8)/1000 = 597.3 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2182 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/652^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 53.8 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*53.8 = 953.43 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 953.43/(0.95*460) = 2182 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 953.43(650-0.4419*53.8)/1000 = 597.3 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2182 mm^2

Location of Footing: 09-J

Dead Load, DL = 113.9; Live Load, LL = 103.6; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 125.2; Live Load, LL = 113.9

Total Unfactored Load = 125.2 + 113.9 + 0.0 = 239.1 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/161) = 2.478
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.478)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.621 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 243.9/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 879.8/(900*900) = 1.086 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/161) = 2.478
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.478)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.621 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 161 mm = 0.621 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.646
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 104 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*161*0.621/104 = 0.962 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.962*161*(4*0.646*161+450+450) = 408.9 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.086 *(2*0.646*161+450)*(2*0.646*161+450) = 470.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 879.8 - 470.9 = 408.9 kN <= 408.9 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 161 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 879.8-1.086*450*450/1000 = 659.9 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*68(450+450)/1000 = 659.9 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 68 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

161 68

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

 Location of Footing: 09-K

Dead Load, DL = 102.4; Live Load, LL = 41.8; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 112.6; Live Load, LL = 46.0

Total Unfactored Load = 112.6 + 46.0 + 0.0 = 158.6 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/159) = 2.513
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.513)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.623 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 163.3/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 857.9/(900*900) = 1.059 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/159) = 2.513
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.513)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.623 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 159 mm = 0.623 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.646
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 103 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*159*0.623/103 = 0.965 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.965*159*(4*0.646*159+450+450) = 402.8 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.059 *(2*0.646*159+450)*(2*0.646*159+450) = 455.1 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 857.9 - 455.1 = 402.8 kN <= 402.8 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 159 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 857.9-1.059*450*450/1000 = 643.4 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*67(450+450)/1000 = 643.4 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 67 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

159 67

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Location of Footing: 09-L

Dead Load, DL = 217.2; Live Load, LL = 33.0; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 238.9; Live Load, LL = 36.3

Total Unfactored Load = 238.9 + 36.3 + 0.0 = 275.2 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/157) = 2.544
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.544)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.625 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 280.0/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 839.3/(900*900) = 1.036 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/157) = 2.544
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.544)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.625 N/mm^2
Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 157 mm = 0.625 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.646
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 102 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*157*0.625/102 = 0.967 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.967*157*(4*0.646*157+450+450) = 397.3 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.036 *(2*0.646*157+450)*(2*0.646*157+450) = 442.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 839.3 - 442.0 = 397.3 kN <= 397.3 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 157 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 839.3-1.036*450*450/1000 = 629.5 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*65(450+450)/1000 = 629.5 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 65 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

157 65

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Location of Footing: 09-M

Dead Load, DL = 95.7; Live Load, LL = 15.7; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 105.3; Live Load, LL = 17.3

Total Unfactored Load = 105.3 + 17.3 + 0.0 = 122.5 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/157) = 2.543
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.543)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.625 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 127.3/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 840.3/(900*900) = 1.037 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/157) = 2.543
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.543)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.625 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 157 mm = 0.625 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.646
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 102 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*157*0.625/102 = 0.967 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.967*157*(4*0.646*157+450+450) = 397.6 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.037 *(2*0.646*157+450)*(2*0.646*157+450) = 442.7 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 840.3 - 442.7 = 397.6 kN <= 397.6 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 157 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 840.3-1.037*450*450/1000 = 630.2 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*65(450+450)/1000 = 630.2 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 65 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

157 65

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Location of Footing: 8a-E

Dead Load, DL = 1190.7; Live Load, LL = 396.6; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1309.8; Live Load, LL = 436.2

Total Unfactored Load = 1309.8 + 436.2 + 0.0 = 1746.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/496) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1300 X 872 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.300X0.872)x24 = 44.9 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1790.9/(60.0*9.81) = 4

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 3412.6/(1800*1800) = 1.053 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/573) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

 Design Shear stress based on d, 573 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2
Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 258 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*573*0.495/258 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*573*(4*0.450*573+450+450) = 2431.1 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.053 *(2*0.450*573+450)*(2*0.450*573+450) = 981.5 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3412.6 - 981.5 = 2431.1 kN <= 2431.1 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 573 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.460, enhanced shear stress, v = 1.076 N/mm^2

Shear Capacity = 2*1.076*573*(4*0.460*573+450+450) = 2406.5 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.053 *(2*0.460*573+450)*(2*0.460*573+450) = 1004.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3412.6 - 1004.9 = 2407.7 > 2406.5 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 3412.6-1.053*450*450/1000 = 3199.3 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*331(450+450)/1000 = 3199.3 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 331 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

573 331

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 4

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*4*60.0*9.81 = 3531.6 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1706.3 kN *0.338 m = 575.9 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 575.9 kN/1.400 m = 411.3 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1706.3 kN *0.338 m = 575.9 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 575.9 kN/1.400 m = 411.3 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 353 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3412.6 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*353*(450+450)/1000 = 3412.6 kN

TVu = 3412.6 ; Pu = 3412.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 353 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 536 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3412.6 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm
Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*536*0.49/225 = 2.36 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.36*536*(450+225)/1000 = 1706.3 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 536 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*536*0.49/225 = 2.36 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*2.36*536*(450+225)/1000 = 1706.3 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1706.3+1706.3 = 3412.6 kN

TVu = 3412.6 ; Pu = 3412.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 536 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 526 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1706.3 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*526*0.49/225 = 2.32 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.32*526*1400/1000 = 1706.3 kN

TVu = 1706.3 ; Pu = 1706.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 526 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 526 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1706.3 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*526*0.49/225 = 2.32 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.32*526*1400/1000 = 1706.3 kN

TVu = 1706.3 ; Pu = 1706.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 526 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/536) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

4 1400 1400 573 573 526 526 353 536

Design for Bending Moment: 411.3/1.00 = 411.3 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 411.3*1000/573^2 = 1.255

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 47.9 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*47.9 = 848.97 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 848.97/(0.95*460) = 1943 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 848.97(573-0.4419*47.9)/1000 = 468.1 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1943 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 411.3/1.00 = 411.3 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 411.3*1000/573^2 = 1.255

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 47.9 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*47.9 = 848.97 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 848.97/(0.95*460) = 1943 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 848.97(573-0.4419*47.9)/1000 = 468.1 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1943 mm^2

Location of Footing: 8a-F

Dead Load, DL = 973.1; Live Load, LL = 300.5; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1070.4; Live Load, LL = 330.6

Total Unfactored Load = 1070.4 + 330.6 + 0.0 = 1401.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/498) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/473) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/376) = 1.065
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.065)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.503 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1300 X 968 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.300X0.968)x24 = 49.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1450.8/(60.0*9.81) = 3

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 2554.6/(1800*1800) = 0.788 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/498) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 300 mm x 600 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 498 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.545
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 271 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*498*0.495/271 = 0.908 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.908*498*(4*0.545*498+300+600) = 1795.3 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.788 *(2*0.545*498+300)*(2*0.545*498+600) = 759.3 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 2554.6 - 759.3 = 1795.3 kN <= 1795.3 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 498 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 2554.6-0.788*300*600/1000 = 2412.7 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*250(300+600)/1000 = 2412.7 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 250 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/473) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,473 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.790
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.790 = 0.626 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 473 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.626*473*1800 = 1067.4 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
0.788 *(2*0.790*473+300)*1800 = 1487.2 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 2554.6 - 1487.2 = 1067.4 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/376) = 1.065
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.065)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.503 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,376 mm = 0.503 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.800
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.503/0.800 = 0.628 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 376 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.628*376*1800 = 849.8 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
0.788 *(2*0.800*376+600)*1800 = 1704.7 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 2554.6 - 1704.7 = 849.9 kN
Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
498 250 473

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 600 mm x 300 mm

Total No of Piles used = 3

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*3*60.0*9.81 = 2648.7 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.50*60.0*9.81 = 441.5 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 525 - 600/4 = 375 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 2178.9 kN *0.375 m = 817.1 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 817.1 kN/1.279 m = 638.6 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 370 - 300/2 = 220 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1324.6 kN *0.220 m = 290.9 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 290.9 kN/1.400 m = 207.8 kNm/m

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 435 mm; Width
= 1000 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 370 - 300/2 = 220 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 851.5 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*435*0.49/220 = 1.96 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.96*435*1000/1000 = 851.5 kN

TVu = 851.5 ; Pu = 851.5 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 435 !!!

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 264 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2554.6 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*264*(600+300)/1000 = 2554.6 kN

TVu = 2554.6 ; Pu = 2554.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 264 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 719 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 600 - 600/2 = 300 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 851.5 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*719*0.49/300 = 2.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.37*719*500/1000 = 851.5 kN

TVu = 851.5 ; Pu = 851.5 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 719 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 471 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2554.6 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 600 - 600/2 = 300 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*471*0.49/300 = 1.55 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*1.55*471*(300+220)/1000 = 758.9 kN
 Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 471 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 370 - 300/2 = 220 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*471*0.49/220 = 2.12 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*2.12*471*(600+300)/1000 = 1795.6 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 758.9+1795.6 = 2554.6 kN

TVu = 2554.6 ; Pu = 2554.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 471 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/719) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

3 1400 1300 719 498 719 435 264 471

Design for Bending Moment: 638.6/1.00 = 638.6 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 638.6*1000/719^2 = 1.237

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.237 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.237 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 58.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*58.7 = 1040.29 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 1040.29/(0.95*460) = 2381 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 1040.29(717-0.4419*58.7)/1000 = 718.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2381 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 638.6/1.00 = 638.6 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 638.6*1000/719^2 = 1.237

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.237 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.237 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 58.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*58.7 = 1040.29 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 1040.29/(0.95*460) = 2381 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 1040.29(717-0.4419*58.7)/1000 = 718.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2381 mm^2

Location of Footing: 8b--A

Dead Load, DL = 223.8; Live Load, LL = 119.6; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 246.2; Live Load, LL = 131.5

Total Unfactored Load = 246.2 + 131.5 + 0.0 = 377.7 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/272) = 1.470
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.470)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.545 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 522 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.522)x24 = 5.0 kN
Total No of Piles required = 382.7/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 864.7/(900*900) = 1.068 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/272) = 1.470
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.470)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.545 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 230 mm x 230 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 272 mm = 0.545 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.496
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 135 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*272*0.545/135 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*272*(4*0.496*272+230+230) = 598.2 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.068 *(2*0.496*272+230)*(2*0.496*272+230) = 266.6 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 864.7 - 266.6 = 598.2 kN <= 598.2 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 272 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 864.7-1.068*230*230/1000 = 808.3 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*164(230+230)/1000 = 808.3 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 164 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

272 164

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/272^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*25.7 = 455.12 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 455.12/(0.95*460) = 1041 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 455.12(272-0.4419*25.7)/1000 = 118.7 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1041 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/272^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*25.7 = 455.12 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 455.12/(0.95*460) = 1041 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 455.12(272-0.4419*25.7)/1000 = 118.7 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1041 mm^2

Location of Footing: 8b-A

Dead Load, DL = 290.7; Live Load, LL = 123.1; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 319.7; Live Load, LL = 135.4

Total Unfactored Load = 319.7 + 135.4 + 0.0 = 455.1 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/271) = 1.476
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.476)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.545 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 521 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.521)x24 = 5.0 kN
Total No of Piles required = 460.1/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 858.8/(900*900) = 1.060 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/271) = 1.476
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.476)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.545 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 230 mm x 230 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 271 mm = 0.545 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.496
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 134 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*271*0.545/134 = 1.101 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.101*271*(4*0.496*271+230+230) = 595.1 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.060 *(2*0.496*271+230)*(2*0.496*271+230) = 263.6 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 858.8 - 263.6 = 595.1 kN <= 595.1 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 271 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 858.8-1.060*230*230/1000 = 802.7 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*163(230+230)/1000 = 802.7 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 163 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

271 163

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/271^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.6 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*25.6 = 453.72 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 453.72/(0.95*460) = 1038 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 453.72(271-0.4419*25.6)/1000 = 117.9 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1038 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/271^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.6 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*25.6 = 453.72 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 453.72/(0.95*460) = 1038 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 453.72(271-0.4419*25.6)/1000 = 117.9 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1038 mm^2

Location of Footing: 08-L

Dead Load, DL = 361.5; Live Load, LL = 105.9; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 397.6; Live Load, LL = 116.5

Total Unfactored Load = 397.6 + 116.5 + 0.0 = 514.1 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997
Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/158) = 2.525
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.525)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.624 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 518.8/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 850.4/(900*900) = 1.050 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/158) = 2.525
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.525)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.624 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 158 mm = 0.624 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.646
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 102 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*158*0.624/102 = 0.966 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.966*158*(4*0.646*158+450+450) = 400.5 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.050 *(2*0.646*158+450)*(2*0.646*158+450) = 449.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 850.4 - 449.9 = 400.5 kN <= 400.5 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 158 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 850.4-1.050*450*450/1000 = 637.8 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*66(450+450)/1000 = 637.8 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 66 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

158 66

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Location of Footing: 08-M

Dead Load, DL = 183.1; Live Load, LL = 54.5; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 201.4; Live Load, LL = 60.0

Total Unfactored Load = 201.4 + 60.0 + 0.0 = 261.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/158) = 2.525
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.525)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.624 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 266.1/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 850.8/(900*900) = 1.050 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/158) = 2.525
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.525)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.624 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 158 mm = 0.624 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.646
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 102 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*158*0.624/102 = 0.966 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.966*158*(4*0.646*158+450+450) = 400.6 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
 1.050 *(2*0.646*158+450)*(2*0.646*158+450) = 450.2 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 850.8 - 450.2 = 400.6 kN <= 400.6 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 158 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 850.8-1.050*450*450/1000 = 638.1 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*66(450+450)/1000 = 638.1 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 66 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

158 66

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Location of Footing: 7a-G

Dead Load, DL = 1138.2; Live Load, LL = 405.4; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1252.0; Live Load, LL = 445.9

Total Unfactored Load = 1252.0 + 445.9 + 0.0 = 1697.9 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/520) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1300 X 907 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.300X0.907)x24 = 46.7 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1744.6/(60.0*9.81) = 3

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 2564.0/(1800*1800) = 0.791 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/520) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 400 mm x 400 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 520 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.500
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 260 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*520*0.495/260 = 0.990 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.990*520*(4*0.500*520+400+400) = 1894.1 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.791 *(2*0.500*520+400)*(2*0.500*520+400) = 669.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 2564.0 - 669.9 = 1894.1 kN <= 1894.1 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 520 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 2564.0-0.791*400*400/1000 = 2437.4 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*284(400+400)/1000 = 2437.4 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 284 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

520 284

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 400 mm x 400 mm

Total No of Piles used = 3

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*3*60.0*9.81 = 2648.7 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.50*60.0*9.81 = 441.5 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/4 = 350 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 2186.9 kN *0.350 m = 765.4 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 765.4 kN/1.279 m = 598.3 kNm/m
Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 400/2 = 320 mm
Total Moment about X-axis = 1329.5 kN *0.320 m = 424.9 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 424.9 kN/1.400 m = 303.5 kNm/m

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 525 mm; Width
= 1000 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 400/2 = 320 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 854.7 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*525*0.49/320 = 1.63 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.63*525*1000/1000 = 854.7 kN

TVu = 854.7 ; Pu = 854.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 525 !!!

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 299 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2564.0 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*299*(400+400)/1000 = 2564.0 kN

TVu = 2564.0 ; Pu = 2564.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 299 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 657 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 854.7 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*657*0.49/250 = 2.60 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.60*657*500/1000 = 854.7 kN

TVu = 854.7 ; Pu = 854.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 657 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 514 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2564.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*514*0.49/250 = 2.03 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.03*514*(400+320)/1000 = 1502.5 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 514 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 400/2 = 320 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*514*0.49/320 = 1.59 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.59*514*(400+250)/1000 = 1061.5 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1502.5+1061.5 = 2564.0 kN

TVu = 2564.0 ; Pu = 2564.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 514 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/657) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

 3 1400 1300 657 520 657 525 299 514

Design for Bending Moment: 598.3/1.00 = 598.3 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 598.3*1000/657^2 = 1.386

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.386 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.386 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 54.2 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*54.2 = 959.80 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 959.80/(0.95*460) = 2196 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 959.80(655-0.4419*54.2)/1000 = 605.8 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2196 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 598.3/1.00 = 598.3 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 598.3*1000/657^2 = 1.386

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.386 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.386 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 54.2 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*54.2 = 959.80 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 959.80/(0.95*460) = 2196 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 959.80(655-0.4419*54.2)/1000 = 605.8 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2196 mm^2

Location of Footing: 7a-H

Dead Load, DL = 1339.4; Live Load, LL = 423.2; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1473.3; Live Load, LL = 465.5

Total Unfactored Load = 1473.3 + 465.5 + 0.0 = 1938.8 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/600) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1500 X 849 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.500X0.849)x24 = 50.4 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1989.2/(60.0*9.81) = 4

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 3408.1/(1800*1800) = 1.052 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997
Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/600) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 400 mm x 400 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 600 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 270 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*600*0.495/270 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*600*(4*0.450*600+400+400) = 2479.1 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.052 *(2*0.450*600+400)*(2*0.450*600+400) = 929.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3408.1 - 929.0 = 2479.1 kN <= 2479.1 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 600 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 3408.1-1.052*400*400/1000 = 3239.8 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*377(400+400)/1000 = 3239.8 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 377 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

600 377

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 400 mm x 400 mm

Total No of Piles used = 4

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*4*60.0*9.81 = 3531.6 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/4 = 350 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1704.0 kN *0.350 m = 596.4 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 596.4 kN/1.400 m = 426.0 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/4 = 350 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1704.0 kN *0.350 m = 596.4 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 596.4 kN/1.400 m = 426.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 397 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3408.1 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*397*(400+400)/1000 = 3408.1 kN

TVu = 3408.1 ; Pu = 3408.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 397 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 575 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3408.1 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*575*0.49/250 = 2.28 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.28*575*(400+250)/1000 = 1704.0 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 575 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*575*0.49/250 = 2.28 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*2.28*575*(400+250)/1000 = 1704.0 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1704.0+1704.0 = 3408.1 kN

TVu = 3408.1 ; Pu = 3408.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 575 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 554 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1704.0 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*554*0.49/250 = 2.20 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.20*554*1400/1000 = 1704.0 kN

TVu = 1704.0 ; Pu = 1704.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 554 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 554 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1704.0 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*554*0.49/250 = 2.20 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.20*554*1400/1000 = 1704.0 kN

TVu = 1704.0 ; Pu = 1704.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 554 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/575) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

4 1400 1400 600 600 554 554 397 575

Design for Bending Moment: 426.0/1.00 = 426.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 426.0*1000/600^2 = 1.184

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.184 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.184 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 49.9 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*49.9 = 884.59 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 884.59/(0.95*460) = 2024 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 884.59(598-0.4419*49.9)/1000 = 509.2 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2024 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 426.0/1.00 = 426.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 426.0*1000/600^2 = 1.184

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.184 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.184 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 49.9 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*49.9 = 884.59 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 884.59/(0.95*460) = 2024 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 884.59(598-0.4419*49.9)/1000 = 509.2 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2024 mm^2

Location of Footing: 7a-I

Dead Load, DL = 1594.8; Live Load, LL = 529.1; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1754.3; Live Load, LL = 582.0

Total Unfactored Load = 1754.3 + 582.0 + 0.0 = 2336.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/688) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1800 X 1800 X 937 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.800X1.800X0.937)x24 = 80.1 kN
Total No of Piles required = 2416.4/(60.0*9.81) = 5

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 4265.4/(2173*2173) = 0.903 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/688) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 688 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 309 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*688*0.495/309 = 1.100 N/mm^2
 Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*688*(4*0.450*688+450+450) = 3233.1 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.903 *(2*0.450*688+450)*(2*0.450*688+450) = 1032.3 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 4265.4 - 1032.3 = 3233.1 kN <= 3233.1 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 688 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.460, enhanced shear stress, v = 1.076 N/mm^2

Shear Capacity = 2*1.076*688*(4*0.460*688+450+450) = 3203.5 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.903 *(2*0.460*688+450)*(2*0.460*688+450) = 1059.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 4265.4 - 1059.0 = 3206.4 > 3203.5 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 4265.4-0.903*450*450/1000 = 4082.4 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*423(450+450)/1000 = 4082.4 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 423 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

688 423

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 5

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*5*60.0*9.81 = 4414.5 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/4 = 524 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1765.8 kN *0.524 m = 925.1 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 925.1 kN/1.773 m = 521.8 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/4 = 524 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1765.8 kN *0.524 m = 925.1 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 925.1 kN/1.773 m = 521.8 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 353 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3412.3 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*353*(450+450)/1000 = 3412.3 kN

TVu = 3412.3 ; Pu = 3412.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 353 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 642 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3412.3 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*642*0.49/411 = 1.54 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*1.54*642*(450+411)/1000 = 1706.1 kN
 Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 642 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*642*0.49/411 = 1.54 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.54*642*(450+411)/1000 = 1706.1 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1706.1+1706.1 = 3412.3 kN

TVu = 3412.3 ; Pu = 3412.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 642 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 633 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1706.1 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*633*0.49/411 = 1.52 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.52*633*1773/1000 = 1706.1 kN

TVu = 1706.1 ; Pu = 1706.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 633 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 633 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1706.1 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*633*0.49/411 = 1.52 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.52*633*1773/1000 = 1706.1 kN

TVu = 1706.1 ; Pu = 1706.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 633 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/642) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

5 1800 1800 688 688 633 633 353 642

Design for Bending Moment: 521.8/1.00 = 521.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 521.8*1000/688^2 = 1.104

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.104 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.104 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 56.4 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*56.4 = 999.85 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 999.85/(0.95*460) = 2288 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 999.85(686-0.4419*56.4)/1000 = 660.6 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2288 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 521.8/1.00 = 521.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 521.8*1000/688^2 = 1.104

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.104 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.104 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 56.4 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*56.4 = 999.85 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 999.85/(0.95*460) = 2288 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 999.85(686-0.4419*56.4)/1000 = 660.6 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2288 mm^2

Location of Footing: 7a-J

Dead Load, DL = 1656.1; Live Load, LL = 508.5; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1821.7; Live Load, LL = 559.3

Total Unfactored Load = 1821.7 + 559.3 + 0.0 = 2381.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/687) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1800 X 1800 X 936 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.800X1.800X0.936)x24 = 80.1 kN
Total No of Piles required = 2461.1/(60.0*9.81) = 5

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 4257.0/(2173*2173) = 0.902 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/687) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 687 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 309 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*687*0.495/309 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*687*(4*0.450*687+450+450) = 3228.0 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.902 *(2*0.450*687+450)*(2*0.450*687+450) = 1029.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 4257.0 - 1029.0 = 3228.0 kN <= 3228.0 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 687 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.460, enhanced shear stress, v = 1.076 N/mm^2
Shear Capacity = 2*1.076*687*(4*0.460*687+450+450) = 3198.4 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.902 *(2*0.460*687+450)*(2*0.460*687+450) = 1055.7 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 4257.0 - 1055.7 = 3201.3 > 3198.4 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 4257.0-0.902*450*450/1000 = 4074.4 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*422(450+450)/1000 = 4074.4 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 422 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

687 422

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 5

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*5*60.0*9.81 = 4414.5 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/4 = 524 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1765.8 kN *0.524 m = 925.1 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 925.1 kN/1.773 m = 521.8 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/4 = 524 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1765.8 kN *0.524 m = 925.1 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 925.1 kN/1.773 m = 521.8 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 353 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3405.6 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*353*(450+450)/1000 = 3405.6 kN

TVu = 3405.6 ; Pu = 3405.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 353 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 641 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3405.6 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*641*0.49/411 = 1.54 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*1.54*641*(450+411)/1000 = 1702.8 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 641 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*641*0.49/411 = 1.54 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.54*641*(450+411)/1000 = 1702.8 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1702.8+1702.8 = 3405.6 kN

TVu = 3405.6 ; Pu = 3405.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 641 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 632 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1702.8 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*632*0.49/411 = 1.52 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.52*632*1773/1000 = 1702.8 kN

TVu = 1702.8 ; Pu = 1702.8 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 632 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 632 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1702.8 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*632*0.49/411 = 1.52 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.52*632*1773/1000 = 1702.8 kN

TVu = 1702.8 ; Pu = 1702.8 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 632 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/641) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

5 1800 1800 687 687 632 632 353 641

Design for Bending Moment: 521.8/1.00 = 521.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 521.8*1000/687^2 = 1.106

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.106 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.106 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 56.4 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*56.4 = 998.95 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 998.95/(0.95*460) = 2286 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 998.95(685-0.4419*56.4)/1000 = 659.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2286 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 521.8/1.00 = 521.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 521.8*1000/687^2 = 1.106

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.106 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.106 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 56.4 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*56.4 = 998.95 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 998.95/(0.95*460) = 2286 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 998.95(685-0.4419*56.4)/1000 = 659.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2286 mm^2

Location of Footing: 7a-K

Dead Load, DL = 825.6; Live Load, LL = 204.8; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 908.1; Live Load, LL = 225.3

Total Unfactored Load = 908.1 + 225.3 + 0.0 = 1133.4 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/328) = 1.219
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.219)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/491) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/144) = 2.779
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.779)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.639 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 870 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.870)x24 = 20.7 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1154.1/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1694.3/(1800*900) = 1.046 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/328) = 1.219
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.219)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 328 mm = 0.520 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.546
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 179 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*328*0.520/179 = 0.953 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.953*328*(4*0.546*328+450+450) = 1011.3 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.046 *(2*0.546*328+450)*(2*0.546*328+450) = 683.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1694.3 - 683.0 = 1011.3 kN <= 1011.3 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 328 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1694.3-1.046*450*450/1000 = 1482.5 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*153(450+450)/1000 = 1482.5 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 153 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/491) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,491 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.690
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.690 = 0.717 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 491 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.717*491*900 = 633.4 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.046 *(2*0.690*491+450)*900 = 1060.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1694.3 - 1060.9 = 633.4 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/144) = 2.779
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.779)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.639 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,144 mm = 0.639 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.780
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.639/0.780 = 0.819 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 144 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.819*144*1800 = 424.4 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.046 *(2*0.780*144+450)*1800 = 1269.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1694.3 - 1269.9 = 424.4 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
328 153 491

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm
Total Moment about Y-axis = 847.1 kN *0.225 m = 190.6 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 190.6 kN/0.500 m = 381.2 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 225 - 450/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 175 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1694.3 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*175*(450+450)/1000 = 1694.3 kN

TVu = 1694.3 ; Pu = 1694.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 175 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 621 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 847.1 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*621*0.49/225 = 2.73 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.73*621*500/1000 = 847.1 kN

TVu = 847.1 ; Pu = 847.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 621 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/621) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 600 621 491 621 0 175 0

Design for Bending Moment: 381.2/1.00 = 381.2 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 381.2*1000/621^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.5 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.5 = 911.99 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 911.99/(0.95*460) = 2087 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 911.99(619-0.4419*51.5)/1000 = 543.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2087 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/621^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.5 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.5 = 911.99 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 911.99/(0.95*460) = 2087 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 911.99(619-0.4419*51.5)/1000 = 543.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2087 mm^2

Location of Footing: 07-B

Dead Load, DL = 1160.5; Live Load, LL = 317.1; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1276.6; Live Load, LL = 348.9

Total Unfactored Load = 1276.6 + 348.9 + 0.0 = 1625.5 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/495) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1300 X 871 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.300X0.871)x24 = 44.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1670.3/(60.0*9.81) = 3

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 2547.0/(1800*1800) = 0.786 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/495) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 495 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.545
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 270 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*495*0.495/270 = 0.908 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.908*495*(4*0.545*495+450+450) = 1777.7 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.786 *(2*0.545*495+450)*(2*0.545*495+450) = 769.4 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 2547.0 - 769.4 = 1777.7 kN <= 1777.7 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 495 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 2547.0-0.786*450*450/1000 = 2387.9 kN
Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*247(450+450)/1000 = 2387.9 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 247 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

495 247

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 3

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*3*60.0*9.81 = 2648.7 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.50*60.0*9.81 = 441.5 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 2172.5 kN *0.338 m = 733.2 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 733.2 kN/1.279 m = 573.1 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1320.7 kN *0.295 m = 389.1 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 389.1 kN/1.400 m = 277.9 kNm/m

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 503 mm; Width
= 1000 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 849.0 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*503*0.49/295 = 1.69 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.69*503*1000/1000 = 849.0 kN

TVu = 849.0 ; Pu = 849.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 503 !!!

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 264 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2547.0 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*264*(450+450)/1000 = 2547.0 kN

TVu = 2547.0 ; Pu = 2547.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 264 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 621 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 849.0 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*621*0.49/225 = 2.73 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.73*621*500/1000 = 849.0 kN

TVu = 849.0 ; Pu = 849.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 621 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 479 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2547.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm
Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*479*0.49/225 = 2.11 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.11*479*(450+295)/1000 = 1505.1 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 479 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*479*0.49/295 = 1.61 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.61*479*(450+225)/1000 = 1042.0 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1505.1+1042.0 = 2547.0 kN

TVu = 2547.0 ; Pu = 2547.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 479 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/621) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

3 1400 1300 621 495 621 503 264 479

Design for Bending Moment: 573.1/1.00 = 573.1 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 573.1*1000/621^2 = 1.484

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 54.2 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*54.2 = 959.30 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 959.30/(0.95*460) = 2195 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 959.30(619-0.4419*54.2)/1000 = 571.2 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2195 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 573.1/1.00 = 573.1 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 573.1*1000/621^2 = 1.484

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 54.2 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*54.2 = 959.30 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 959.30/(0.95*460) = 2195 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 959.30(619-0.4419*54.2)/1000 = 571.2 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2195 mm^2

Location of Footing: 07-C

Dead Load, DL = 1782.2; Live Load, LL = 670.4; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1960.4; Live Load, LL = 737.5

Total Unfactored Load = 1960.4 + 737.5 + 0.0 = 2697.9 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/689) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1800 X 1800 X 938 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.800X1.800X0.938)x24 = 80.2 kN
Total No of Piles required = 2778.1/(60.0*9.81) = 5

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 4279.6/(2173*2173) = 0.907 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/689) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 689 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 310 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*689*0.495/310 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*689*(4*0.450*689+450+450) = 3241.8 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.907 *(2*0.450*689+450)*(2*0.450*689+450) = 1037.8 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 4279.6 - 1037.8 = 3241.8 kN <= 3241.8 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 689 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.460, enhanced shear stress, v = 1.076 N/mm^2

Shear Capacity = 2*1.076*689*(4*0.460*689+450+450) = 3212.2 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.907 *(2*0.460*689+450)*(2*0.460*689+450) = 1064.7 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 4279.6 - 1064.7 = 3215.0 > 3212.2 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 4279.6-0.907*450*450/1000 = 4096.1 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*424(450+450)/1000 = 4096.1 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 424 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

689 424
CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 5

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*5*60.0*9.81 = 4414.5 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/4 = 524 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1765.8 kN *0.524 m = 925.1 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 925.1 kN/1.773 m = 521.8 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/4 = 524 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1765.8 kN *0.524 m = 925.1 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 925.1 kN/1.773 m = 521.8 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 354 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3423.7 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*354*(450+450)/1000 = 3423.7 kN

TVu = 3423.7 ; Pu = 3423.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 354 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 643 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3423.7 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*643*0.49/411 = 1.55 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*1.55*643*(450+411)/1000 = 1711.8 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 643 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*643*0.49/411 = 1.55 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.55*643*(450+411)/1000 = 1711.8 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1711.8+1711.8 = 3423.7 kN

TVu = 3423.7 ; Pu = 3423.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 643 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 634 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1711.8 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*634*0.49/411 = 1.52 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.52*634*1773/1000 = 1711.8 kN

TVu = 1711.8 ; Pu = 1711.8 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 634 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 634 mm; Width
= 1773 mm
X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm
Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1711.8 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*634*0.49/411 = 1.52 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.52*634*1773/1000 = 1711.8 kN

TVu = 1711.8 ; Pu = 1711.8 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 634 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/643) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

5 1800 1800 689 689 634 634 354 643

Design for Bending Moment: 521.8/1.00 = 521.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 521.8*1000/689^2 = 1.100

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.100 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.100 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 56.5 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*56.5 = 1001.40 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 1001.40/(0.95*460) = 2292 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 1001.40(687-0.4419*56.5)/1000 = 662.8 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2292 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 521.8/1.00 = 521.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 521.8*1000/689^2 = 1.100

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.100 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.100 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 56.5 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*56.5 = 1001.40 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 1001.40/(0.95*460) = 2292 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 1001.40(687-0.4419*56.5)/1000 = 662.8 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2292 mm^2

Location of Footing: 07-D

Dead Load, DL = 1465.7; Live Load, LL = 537.7; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1612.3; Live Load, LL = 591.4

Total Unfactored Load = 1612.3 + 591.4 + 0.0 = 2203.7 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997
Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/573) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1500 X 823 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.500X0.823)x24 = 48.9 kN
Total No of Piles required = 2252.6/(60.0*9.81) = 4

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 3421.4/(1800*1800) = 1.056 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/573) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 573 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 258 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*573*0.495/258 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*573*(4*0.450*573+450+450) = 2436.0 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.056 *(2*0.450*573+450)*(2*0.450*573+450) = 985.4 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3421.4 - 985.4 = 2436.0 kN <= 2436.0 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 573 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.460, enhanced shear stress, v = 1.076 N/mm^2

Shear Capacity = 2*1.076*573*(4*0.460*573+450+450) = 2411.3 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.056 *(2*0.460*573+450)*(2*0.460*573+450) = 1008.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3421.4 - 1008.9 = 2412.5 > 2411.3 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 3421.4-1.056*450*450/1000 = 3207.5 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*332(450+450)/1000 = 3207.5 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 332 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

573 332

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 4

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*4*60.0*9.81 = 3531.6 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1710.7 kN *0.338 m = 577.4 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 577.4 kN/1.400 m = 412.4 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1710.7 kN *0.338 m = 577.4 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 577.4 kN/1.400 m = 412.4 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 354 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3421.4 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*354*(450+450)/1000 = 3421.4 kN

TVu = 3421.4 ; Pu = 3421.4 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 354 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 537 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3421.4 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*537*0.49/225 = 2.36 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.36*537*(450+225)/1000 = 1710.7 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 537 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*537*0.49/225 = 2.36 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*2.36*537*(450+225)/1000 = 1710.7 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1710.7+1710.7 = 3421.4 kN

TVu = 3421.4 ; Pu = 3421.4 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 537 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 527 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1710.7 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*527*0.49/225 = 2.32 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.32*527*1400/1000 = 1710.7 kN

TVu = 1710.7 ; Pu = 1710.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 527 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 527 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1710.7 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*527*0.49/225 = 2.32 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.32*527*1400/1000 = 1710.7 kN

TVu = 1710.7 ; Pu = 1710.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 527 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/537) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

4 1400 1400 573 573 527 527 354 537

Design for Bending Moment: 412.4/1.00 = 412.4 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 412.4*1000/573^2 = 1.255

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 48.0 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*48.0 = 849.95 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 849.95/(0.95*460) = 1945 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 849.95(573-0.4419*48.0)/1000 = 469.3 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1945 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 412.4/1.00 = 412.4 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 412.4*1000/573^2 = 1.255

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 48.0 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*48.0 = 849.95 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 849.95/(0.95*460) = 1945 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 849.95(573-0.4419*48.0)/1000 = 469.3 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1945 mm^2

Location of Footing: 6a--A

Dead Load, DL = 141.2; Live Load, LL = 91.0; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 155.4; Live Load, LL = 100.1

Total Unfactored Load = 155.4 + 100.1 + 0.0 = 255.4 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/273) = 1.465
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.465)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.544 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 523 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.523)x24 = 5.0 kN
Total No of Piles required = 260.4/(60.0*9.81) = 1
ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 869.9/(900*900) = 1.074 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/273) = 1.465
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.465)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.544 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 230 mm x 230 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 273 mm = 0.544 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.496
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 135 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*273*0.544/135 = 1.099 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.099*273*(4*0.496*273+230+230) = 600.7 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.074 *(2*0.496*273+230)*(2*0.496*273+230) = 269.1 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 869.9 - 269.1 = 600.7 kN <= 600.7 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 273 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 869.9-1.074*230*230/1000 = 813.1 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*165(230+230)/1000 = 813.1 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 165 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

273 165

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/273^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.8 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*25.8 = 456.31 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 456.31/(0.95*460) = 1044 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 456.31(273-0.4419*25.8)/1000 = 119.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1044 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/273^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !
Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.8 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*25.8 = 456.31 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 456.31/(0.95*460) = 1044 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 456.31(273-0.4419*25.8)/1000 = 119.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1044 mm^2

Location of Footing: 6a-A

Dead Load, DL = 762.0; Live Load, LL = 177.2; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 838.2; Live Load, LL = 194.9

Total Unfactored Load = 838.2 + 194.9 + 0.0 = 1033.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/413) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/545) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/200) = 2.002
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.002)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.589 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 966 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.966)x24 = 23.0 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1056.0/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1691.9/(1800*900) = 1.044 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/413) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 300 mm x 300 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 413 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 186 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*413*0.495/186 = 1.100 N/mm^2
 Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*413*(4*0.450*413+300+300) = 1220.6 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.044 *(2*0.450*413+300)*(2*0.450*413+300) = 471.3 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1691.9 - 471.3 = 1220.6 kN <= 1220.6 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 413 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1691.9-1.044*300*300/1000 = 1597.9 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*248(300+300)/1000 = 1597.9 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 248 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/545) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,545 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.690
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.690 = 0.717 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 545 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.717*545*900 = 703.3 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.044 *(2*0.690*545+300)*900 = 988.7 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1691.9 - 988.7 = 703.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/200) = 2.002
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.002)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.589 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,200 mm = 0.589 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.750
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.589/0.750 = 0.785 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 200 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.785*200*1800 = 564.5 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.044 *(2*0.750*200+300)*1800 = 1127.4 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1691.9 - 1127.4 = 564.5 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
413 248 545

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 300 mm x 300 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 300/2 = 300 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 846.0 kN *0.300 m = 253.8 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 253.8 kN/0.500 m = 507.6 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 150 - 300/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 263 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1691.9 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*263*(300+300)/1000 = 1691.9 kN

TVu = 1691.9 ; Pu = 1691.9 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 263 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 716 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 300/2 = 300 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 846.0 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*716*0.49/300 = 2.36 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.36*716*500/1000 = 846.0 kN

TVu = 846.0 ; Pu = 846.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 716 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/716) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 500 716 545 716 0 263 0

Design for Bending Moment: 507.6/1.00 = 507.6 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 507.6*1000/716^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 58.5 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*58.5 = 1037.20 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 1037.20/(0.95*460) = 2373 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 1037.20(714-0.4419*58.5)/1000 = 713.9 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2373 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/716^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 58.5 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*58.5 = 1037.20 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 1037.20/(0.95*460) = 2373 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 1037.20(714-0.4419*58.5)/1000 = 713.9 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2373 mm^2

Location of Footing: 06-A

Dead Load, DL = 60.5; Live Load, LL = 46.5; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 66.6; Live Load, LL = 51.1

Total Unfactored Load = 66.6 + 51.1 + 0.0 = 117.7 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/235) = 1.705
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.705)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.565 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 122.4/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 874.9/(900*900) = 1.080 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/235) = 1.705
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.705)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.565 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 300 mm x 300 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 235 mm = 0.565 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.546
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 128 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*235*0.565/128 = 1.036 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.036*235*(4*0.546*235+300+300) = 541.0 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.080 *(2*0.546*235+300)*(2*0.546*235+300) = 333.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 874.9 - 333.9 = 541.0 kN <= 541.0 kN --> O.K. !!
Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 235 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 874.9-1.080*300*300/1000 = 777.7 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*121(300+300)/1000 = 777.7 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 121 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

235 121

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Location of Footing: 06-B

Dead Load, DL = 583.3; Live Load, LL = 91.4; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 641.6; Live Load, LL = 100.6

Total Unfactored Load = 641.6 + 100.6 + 0.0 = 742.2 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/327) = 1.225
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.225)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.521 N/mm^2
Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997
Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/489) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/143) = 2.793
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.793)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.640 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 867 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.867)x24 = 20.6 kN
Total No of Piles required = 762.8/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1679.4/(1800*900) = 1.037 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/327) = 1.225
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.225)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.521 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 327 mm = 0.521 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.546
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 178 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*327*0.521/178 = 0.954 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.954*327*(4*0.546*327+450+450) = 1005.3 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.037 *(2*0.546*327+450)*(2*0.546*327+450) = 674.1 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1679.4 - 674.1 = 1005.4 kN <= 1005.3 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 327 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1679.4-1.037*450*450/1000 = 1469.5 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*152(450+450)/1000 = 1469.5 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 152 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/489) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,489 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.690
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.690 = 0.717 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 489 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.717*489*900 = 630.6 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.037 *(2*0.690*489+450)*900 = 1048.8 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1679.4 - 1048.8 = 630.6 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/143) = 2.793
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.793)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.640 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,143 mm = 0.640 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.790
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.640/0.790 = 0.810 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 143 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.810*143*1800 = 417.5 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.037 *(2*0.790*143+450)*1800 = 1261.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1679.4 - 1261.9 = 417.5 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
327 152 489

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 839.7 kN *0.225 m = 188.9 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 188.9 kN/0.500 m = 377.9 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 225 - 450/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 174 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1679.4 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*174*(450+450)/1000 = 1679.4 kN

TVu = 1679.4 ; Pu = 1679.4 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 174 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 618 mm; Width
= 500 mm
X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm
Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 839.7 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*618*0.49/225 = 2.72 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.72*618*500/1000 = 839.7 kN

TVu = 839.7 ; Pu = 839.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 618 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/618) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 600 618 489 618 0 174 0

Design for Bending Moment: 377.9/1.00 = 377.9 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 377.9*1000/618^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.3 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.3 = 908.41 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 908.41/(0.95*460) = 2079 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 908.41(616-0.4419*51.3)/1000 = 538.9 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2079 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/618^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.3 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.3 = 908.41 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 908.41/(0.95*460) = 2079 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 908.41(616-0.4419*51.3)/1000 = 538.9 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2079 mm^2

Location of Footing: 06-C

Dead Load, DL = 341.3; Live Load, LL = 139.9; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 375.4; Live Load, LL = 153.9

Total Unfactored Load = 375.4 + 153.9 + 0.0 = 529.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997
Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/159) = 2.513
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.513)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.623 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 534.0/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 858.0/(900*900) = 1.059 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/159) = 2.513
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.513)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.623 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 159 mm = 0.623 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.646
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 103 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*159*0.623/103 = 0.965 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.965*159*(4*0.646*159+450+450) = 402.8 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.059 *(2*0.646*159+450)*(2*0.646*159+450) = 455.1 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 858.0 - 455.1 = 402.8 kN <= 402.8 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 159 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 858.0-1.059*450*450/1000 = 643.5 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*67(450+450)/1000 = 643.5 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 67 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

159 67

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Location of Footing: 06-D

Dead Load, DL = 710.0; Live Load, LL = 298.7; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 780.9; Live Load, LL = 328.6

Total Unfactored Load = 780.9 + 328.6 + 0.0 = 1109.5 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/331) = 1.209
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.209)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.519 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/494) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/145) = 2.758
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.758)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.638 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 874 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.874)x24 = 20.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1130.3/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1717.2/(1800*900) = 1.060 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/331) = 1.209
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.209)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.519 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 331 mm = 0.519 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.525
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 174 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*331*0.519/174 = 0.988 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.988*331*(4*0.525*331+450+450) = 1043.1 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.060 *(2*0.525*331+450)*(2*0.525*331+450) = 674.1 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1717.2 - 674.1 = 1043.1 kN <= 1043.1 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 331 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1717.2-1.060*450*450/1000 = 1502.6 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*156(450+450)/1000 = 1502.6 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 156 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/494) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,494 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.680
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.680 = 0.728 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 494 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.728*494*900 = 647.0 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.060 *(2*0.680*494+450)*900 = 1070.2 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1717.2 - 1070.2 = 647.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/145) = 2.758
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.758)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.638 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,145 mm = 0.638 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.780
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.638/0.780 = 0.818 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 145 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.818*145*1800 = 426.9 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.060 *(2*0.780*145+450)*1800 = 1290.3 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1717.2 - 1290.3 = 426.9 kN
Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
331 156 494

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 858.6 kN *0.225 m = 193.2 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 193.2 kN/0.500 m = 386.4 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 225 - 450/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 178 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1717.2 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*178*(450+450)/1000 = 1717.2 kN

TVu = 1717.2 ; Pu = 1717.2 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 178 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 625 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 858.6 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*625*0.49/225 = 2.75 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.75*625*500/1000 = 858.6 kN

TVu = 858.6 ; Pu = 858.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 625 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/625) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 600 625 494 625 0 178 0

Design for Bending Moment: 386.4/1.00 = 386.4 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 386.4*1000/625^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.8 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.8 = 917.47 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 917.47/(0.95*460) = 2099 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 917.47(623-0.4419*51.8)/1000 = 550.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2099 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/625^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.8 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.8 = 917.47 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 917.47/(0.95*460) = 2099 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 917.47(623-0.4419*51.8)/1000 = 550.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2099 mm^2

Location of Footing: 06-D1

Dead Load, DL = 413.0; Live Load, LL = 132.4; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 454.3; Live Load, LL = 145.6

Total Unfactored Load = 454.3 + 145.6 + 0.0 = 599.9 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/329) = 1.214
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.214)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.519 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/492) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/144) = 2.769
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.769)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.638 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 872 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.872)x24 = 20.7 kN
Total No of Piles required = 620.6/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE
 Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1704.6/(1800*900) = 1.052 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/329) = 1.214
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.214)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.519 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 329 mm = 0.519 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.546
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 180 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*329*0.519/180 = 0.952 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.952*329*(4*0.546*329+450+450) = 1015.4 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.052 *(2*0.546*329+450)*(2*0.546*329+450) = 689.2 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1704.6 - 689.2 = 1015.4 kN <= 1015.4 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 329 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1704.6-1.052*450*450/1000 = 1491.6 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*154(450+450)/1000 = 1491.6 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 154 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/492) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,492 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.690
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.690 = 0.717 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 492 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.717*492*900 = 635.3 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.052 *(2*0.690*492+450)*900 = 1069.3 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1704.6 - 1069.3 = 635.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/144) = 2.769
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.769)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.638 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,144 mm = 0.638 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.780
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.638/0.780 = 0.818 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 144 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.818*144*1800 = 425.5 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.052 *(2*0.780*144+450)*1800 = 1279.1 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1704.6 - 1279.1 = 425.5 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
329 154 492

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 852.3 kN *0.225 m = 191.8 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 191.8 kN/0.500 m = 383.5 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 225 - 450/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 176 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1704.6 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*176*(450+450)/1000 = 1704.6 kN

TVu = 1704.6 ; Pu = 1704.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 176 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 623 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 852.3 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*623*0.49/225 = 2.74 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.74*623*500/1000 = 852.3 kN

TVu = 852.3 ; Pu = 852.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 623 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/623) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 600 623 492 623 0 176 0

Design for Bending Moment: 383.5/1.00 = 383.5 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 383.5*1000/623^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.6 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.6 = 914.47 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 914.47/(0.95*460) = 2093 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 914.47(621-0.4419*51.6)/1000 = 546.6 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2093 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/623^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.6 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.6 = 914.47 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 914.47/(0.95*460) = 2093 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 914.47(621-0.4419*51.6)/1000 = 546.6 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2093 mm^2

Location of Footing: 06-E

Dead Load, DL = 1873.9; Live Load, LL = 599.5; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 2061.3; Live Load, LL = 659.4

Total Unfactored Load = 2061.3 + 659.4 + 0.0 = 2720.7 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/687) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1800 X 1800 X 937 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.800X1.800X0.937)x24 = 80.1 kN
Total No of Piles required = 2800.9/(60.0*9.81) = 5

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 4261.4/(2173*2173) = 0.903 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/687) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 687 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 309 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*687*0.495/309 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*687*(4*0.450*687+450+450) = 3230.7 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.903 *(2*0.450*687+450)*(2*0.450*687+450) = 1030.7 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 4261.4 - 1030.7 = 3230.7 kN <= 3230.7 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 687 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.460, enhanced shear stress, v = 1.076 N/mm^2

Shear Capacity = 2*1.076*687*(4*0.460*687+450+450) = 3201.1 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.903 *(2*0.460*687+450)*(2*0.460*687+450) = 1057.4 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 4261.4 - 1057.4 = 3204.0 > 3201.1 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 4261.4-0.903*450*450/1000 = 4078.6 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*422(450+450)/1000 = 4078.6 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 422 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

687 422

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 5

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*5*60.0*9.81 = 4414.5 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/4 = 524 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1765.8 kN *0.524 m = 925.1 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 925.1 kN/1.773 m = 521.8 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/4 = 524 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1765.8 kN *0.524 m = 925.1 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 925.1 kN/1.773 m = 521.8 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 353 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3409.1 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*353*(450+450)/1000 = 3409.1 kN
TVu = 3409.1 ; Pu = 3409.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 353 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 641 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3409.1 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*641*0.49/411 = 1.54 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*1.54*641*(450+411)/1000 = 1704.6 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 641 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*641*0.49/411 = 1.54 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.54*641*(450+411)/1000 = 1704.6 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1704.6+1704.6 = 3409.1 kN

TVu = 3409.1 ; Pu = 3409.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 641 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 632 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1704.6 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*632*0.49/411 = 1.52 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.52*632*1773/1000 = 1704.6 kN

TVu = 1704.6 ; Pu = 1704.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 632 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 632 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1704.6 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*632*0.49/411 = 1.52 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.52*632*1773/1000 = 1704.6 kN

TVu = 1704.6 ; Pu = 1704.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 632 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/641) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

5 1800 1800 687 687 632 632 353 641

Design for Bending Moment: 521.8/1.00 = 521.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 521.8*1000/687^2 = 1.105

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.105 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.105 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 56.4 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*56.4 = 999.42 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 999.42/(0.95*460) = 2287 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 999.42(685-0.4419*56.4)/1000 = 660.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2287 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 521.8/1.00 = 521.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 521.8*1000/687^2 = 1.105

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.105 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.105 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 56.4 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*56.4 = 999.42 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 999.42/(0.95*460) = 2287 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 999.42(685-0.4419*56.4)/1000 = 660.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2287 mm^2

Location of Footing: 06-F

Dead Load, DL = 1120.6; Live Load, LL = 417.3; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1232.7; Live Load, LL = 459.0

Total Unfactored Load = 1232.7 + 459.0 + 0.0 = 1691.6 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/499) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/475) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/377) = 1.062
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.062)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.502 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1300 X 970 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.300X0.970)x24 = 49.9 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1741.6/(60.0*9.81) = 3

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 2567.1/(1800*1800) = 0.792 N/mm^2

 Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/499) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 300 mm x 600 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 499 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.545
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 272 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*499*0.495/272 = 0.908 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.908*499*(4*0.545*499+300+600) = 1802.0 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.792 *(2*0.545*499+300)*(2*0.545*499+600) = 765.1 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 2567.1 - 765.1 = 1802.0 kN <= 1802.0 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 499 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 2567.1-0.792*300*600/1000 = 2424.4 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*251(300+600)/1000 = 2424.4 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 251 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/475) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,475 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.790
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.790 = 0.626 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 475 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.626*475*1800 = 1070.0 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
0.792 *(2*0.790*475+300)*1800 = 1497.1 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 2567.1 - 1497.1 = 1070.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/377) = 1.062
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.062)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.502 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,377 mm = 0.502 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.800
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.502/0.800 = 0.628 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 377 mm
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.628*377*1800 = 851.6 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
0.792 *(2*0.800*377+600)*1800 = 1715.4 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 2567.1 - 1715.4 = 851.6 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
499 251 475

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 600 mm x 300 mm

Total No of Piles used = 3

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*3*60.0*9.81 = 2648.7 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.50*60.0*9.81 = 441.5 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 525 - 600/4 = 375 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 2189.6 kN *0.375 m = 821.1 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 821.1 kN/1.279 m = 641.8 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 370 - 300/2 = 220 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1331.1 kN *0.220 m = 292.3 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 292.3 kN/1.400 m = 208.8 kNm/m

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 436 mm; Width
= 1000 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 370 - 300/2 = 220 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 855.7 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*436*0.49/220 = 1.96 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.96*436*1000/1000 = 855.7 kN

TVu = 855.7 ; Pu = 855.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 436 !!!

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 266 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2567.1 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*266*(600+300)/1000 = 2567.1 kN

TVu = 2567.1 ; Pu = 2567.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 266 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 720 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 600 - 600/2 = 300 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 855.7 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*720*0.49/300 = 2.38 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.38*720*500/1000 = 855.7 kN

TVu = 855.7 ; Pu = 855.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 720 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 472 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2567.1 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 600 - 600/2 = 300 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*472*0.49/300 = 1.56 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*1.56*472*(300+220)/1000 = 762.6 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 472 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 370 - 300/2 = 220 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*472*0.49/220 = 2.13 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*2.13*472*(600+300)/1000 = 1804.4 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 762.6+1804.4 = 2567.1 kN

TVu = 2567.1 ; Pu = 2567.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 472 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/720) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

3 1400 1300 720 499 720 436 266 472

Design for Bending Moment: 641.8/1.00 = 641.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 641.8*1000/720^2 = 1.237

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.237 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.237 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 58.9 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*58.9 = 1042.59 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 1042.59/(0.95*460) = 2386 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 1042.59(718-0.4419*58.9)/1000 = 721.7 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2386 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 641.8/1.00 = 641.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 641.8*1000/720^2 = 1.237

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.237 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.237 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 58.9 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*58.9 = 1042.59 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 1042.59/(0.95*460) = 2386 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 1042.59(718-0.4419*58.9)/1000 = 721.7 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2386 mm^2

 Location of Footing: 5c--A

Dead Load, DL = 219.8; Live Load, LL = 134.5; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 241.8; Live Load, LL = 148.0

Total Unfactored Load = 241.8 + 148.0 + 0.0 = 389.8 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/273) = 1.466
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.466)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.545 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 522 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.522)x24 = 5.0 kN
Total No of Piles required = 394.8/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 868.4/(900*900) = 1.072 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/273) = 1.466
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.466)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.545 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 230 mm x 230 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 273 mm = 0.545 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.496
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 135 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*273*0.545/135 = 1.099 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.099*273*(4*0.496*273+230+230) = 600.0 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.072 *(2*0.496*273+230)*(2*0.496*273+230) = 268.4 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 868.4 - 268.4 = 600.0 kN <= 600.0 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 273 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 868.4-1.072*230*230/1000 = 811.7 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*164(230+230)/1000 = 811.7 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 164 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

273 164

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/273^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*25.7 = 455.98 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 455.98/(0.95*460) = 1043 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 455.98(273-0.4419*25.7)/1000 = 119.2 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1043 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/273^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*25.7 = 455.98 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 455.98/(0.95*460) = 1043 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 455.98(273-0.4419*25.7)/1000 = 119.2 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1043 mm^2

Location of Footing: 5c-A

Dead Load, DL = 209.3; Live Load, LL = 126.5; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 230.2; Live Load, LL = 139.1

Total Unfactored Load = 230.2 + 139.1 + 0.0 = 369.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/273) = 1.467
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.467)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.545 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 522 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.522)x24 = 5.0 kN
Total No of Piles required = 374.3/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 868.1/(900*900) = 1.072 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/273) = 1.467
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.467)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.545 N/mm^2
Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 230 mm x 230 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 273 mm = 0.545 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.496
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 135 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*273*0.545/135 = 1.099 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.099*273*(4*0.496*273+230+230) = 599.8 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.072 *(2*0.496*273+230)*(2*0.496*273+230) = 268.2 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 868.1 - 268.2 = 599.8 kN <= 599.8 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 273 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 868.1-1.072*230*230/1000 = 811.4 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*164(230+230)/1000 = 811.4 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 164 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

273 164

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/273^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*25.7 = 455.90 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 455.90/(0.95*460) = 1043 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 455.90(273-0.4419*25.7)/1000 = 119.2 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1043 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/273^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*25.7 = 455.90 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 455.90/(0.95*460) = 1043 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 455.90(273-0.4419*25.7)/1000 = 119.2 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1043 mm^2

Location of Footing: 5c-L

Dead Load, DL = 300.6; Live Load, LL = 106.7; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 330.6; Live Load, LL = 117.4

Total Unfactored Load = 330.6 + 117.4 + 0.0 = 448.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/159) = 2.518
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.518)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.623 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 452.8/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 854.6/(900*900) = 1.055 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/159) = 2.518
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.518)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.623 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 159 mm = 0.623 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.646
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 103 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*159*0.623/103 = 0.966 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.966*159*(4*0.646*159+450+450) = 401.9 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.055 *(2*0.646*159+450)*(2*0.646*159+450) = 452.7 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 854.6 - 452.7 = 401.9 kN <= 401.9 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 159 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 854.6-1.055*450*450/1000 = 640.9 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*66(450+450)/1000 = 640.9 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 66 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

159 66

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Location of Footing: 5c-M

Dead Load, DL = 214.6; Live Load, LL = 77.3; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 236.1; Live Load, LL = 85.1

Total Unfactored Load = 236.1 + 85.1 + 0.0 = 321.1 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/159) = 2.518
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.518)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.623 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 325.9/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 854.9/(900*900) = 1.055 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/159) = 2.518
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.518)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.623 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 159 mm = 0.623 N/mm^2
Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.646
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 103 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*159*0.623/103 = 0.966 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.966*159*(4*0.646*159+450+450) = 402.0 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.055 *(2*0.646*159+450)*(2*0.646*159+450) = 452.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 854.9 - 452.9 = 402.0 kN <= 402.0 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 159 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 854.9-1.055*450*450/1000 = 641.2 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*66(450+450)/1000 = 641.2 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 66 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

159 66

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Location of Footing: 05-G

Dead Load, DL = 1359.2; Live Load, LL = 631.1; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1495.1; Live Load, LL = 694.2

Total Unfactored Load = 1495.1 + 694.2 + 0.0 = 2189.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/603) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1500 X 852 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.500X0.852)x24 = 50.6 kN
Total No of Piles required = 2239.9/(60.0*9.81) = 4

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 3444.3/(1800*1800) = 1.063 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/603) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 400 mm x 400 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 603 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.446
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 269 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*603*0.495/269 = 1.111 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.111*603*(4*0.446*603+400+400) = 2510.6 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.063 *(2*0.446*603+400)*(2*0.446*603+400) = 933.7 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3444.3 - 933.7 = 2510.6 kN <= 2510.6 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 603 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 3444.3-1.063*400*400/1000 = 3274.2 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*381(400+400)/1000 = 3274.2 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 381 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

603 381

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 400 mm x 400 mm

Total No of Piles used = 4

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*4*60.0*9.81 = 3531.6 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/4 = 350 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1722.1 kN *0.350 m = 602.8 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 602.8 kN/1.400 m = 430.5 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/4 = 350 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1722.1 kN *0.350 m = 602.8 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 602.8 kN/1.400 m = 430.5 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 401 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3444.3 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*401*(400+400)/1000 = 3444.3 kN

TVu = 3444.3 ; Pu = 3444.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 401 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 578 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3444.3 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*578*0.49/250 = 2.29 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.29*578*(400+250)/1000 = 1722.1 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 578 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*578*0.49/250 = 2.29 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*2.29*578*(400+250)/1000 = 1722.1 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1722.1+1722.1 = 3444.3 kN

TVu = 3444.3 ; Pu = 3444.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 578 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 557 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1722.1 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*557*0.49/250 = 2.21 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.21*557*1400/1000 = 1722.1 kN

TVu = 1722.1 ; Pu = 1722.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 557 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 557 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1722.1 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*557*0.49/250 = 2.21 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.21*557*1400/1000 = 1722.1 kN

TVu = 1722.1 ; Pu = 1722.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 557 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/578) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

4 1400 1400 603 603 557 557 401 578

Design for Bending Moment: 430.5/1.00 = 430.5 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 430.5*1000/603^2 = 1.184

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.184 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.184 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 50.2 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*50.2 = 888.76 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 888.76/(0.95*460) = 2034 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 888.76(601-0.4419*50.2)/1000 = 514.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2034 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 430.5/1.00 = 430.5 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 430.5*1000/603^2 = 1.184

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.184 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.184 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 50.2 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*50.2 = 888.76 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 888.76/(0.95*460) = 2034 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 888.76(601-0.4419*50.2)/1000 = 514.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2034 mm^2

Location of Footing: 05-H

Dead Load, DL = 1682.6; Live Load, LL = 529.2; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1850.8; Live Load, LL = 582.1

Total Unfactored Load = 1850.8 + 582.1 + 0.0 = 2433.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/687) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1800 X 1800 X 937 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.800X1.800X0.937)x24 = 80.1 kN
Total No of Piles required = 2513.1/(60.0*9.81) = 5
ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 4259.6/(2173*2173) = 0.902 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/687) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 687 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 309 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*687*0.495/309 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*687*(4*0.450*687+450+450) = 3229.5 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.902 *(2*0.450*687+450)*(2*0.450*687+450) = 1030.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 4259.6 - 1030.0 = 3229.5 kN <= 3229.5 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 687 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.460, enhanced shear stress, v = 1.076 N/mm^2

Shear Capacity = 2*1.076*687*(4*0.460*687+450+450) = 3200.0 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.902 *(2*0.460*687+450)*(2*0.460*687+450) = 1056.7 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 4259.6 - 1056.7 = 3202.9 > 3200.0 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 4259.6-0.902*450*450/1000 = 4076.9 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*422(450+450)/1000 = 4076.9 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 422 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

687 422

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 5

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*5*60.0*9.81 = 4414.5 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/4 = 524 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1765.8 kN *0.524 m = 925.1 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 925.1 kN/1.773 m = 521.8 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/4 = 524 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1765.8 kN *0.524 m = 925.1 kNm
 Moment about X-axis = 925.1 kN/1.773 m = 521.8 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 353 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3407.7 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*353*(450+450)/1000 = 3407.7 kN

TVu = 3407.7 ; Pu = 3407.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 353 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 641 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3407.7 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*641*0.49/411 = 1.54 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*1.54*641*(450+411)/1000 = 1703.8 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 641 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*641*0.49/411 = 1.54 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.54*641*(450+411)/1000 = 1703.8 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1703.8+1703.8 = 3407.7 kN

TVu = 3407.7 ; Pu = 3407.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 641 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 632 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1703.8 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*632*0.49/411 = 1.52 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.52*632*1773/1000 = 1703.8 kN

TVu = 1703.8 ; Pu = 1703.8 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 632 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 632 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1703.8 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*632*0.49/411 = 1.52 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.52*632*1773/1000 = 1703.8 kN

TVu = 1703.8 ; Pu = 1703.8 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 632 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/641) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

5 1800 1800 687 687 632 632 353 641
Design for Bending Moment: 521.8/1.00 = 521.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 521.8*1000/687^2 = 1.105

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.105 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.105 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 56.4 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*56.4 = 999.23 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 999.23/(0.95*460) = 2287 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 999.23(685-0.4419*56.4)/1000 = 659.8 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2287 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 521.8/1.00 = 521.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 521.8*1000/687^2 = 1.105

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.105 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.105 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 56.4 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*56.4 = 999.23 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 999.23/(0.95*460) = 2287 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 999.23(685-0.4419*56.4)/1000 = 659.8 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2287 mm^2

Location of Footing: 05-H1

Dead Load, DL = 670.9; Live Load, LL = 193.0; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 738.0; Live Load, LL = 212.2

Total Unfactored Load = 738.0 + 212.2 + 0.0 = 950.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/329) = 1.216
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.216)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/491) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/144) = 2.774
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.774)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.639 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 871 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.871)x24 = 20.7 kN
Total No of Piles required = 971.0/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1700.1/(1800*900) = 1.049 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/329) = 1.216
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.216)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 329 mm = 0.520 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.546
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 179 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*329*0.520/179 = 0.953 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.953*329*(4*0.546*329+450+450) = 1013.6 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.049 *(2*0.546*329+450)*(2*0.546*329+450) = 686.5 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1700.1 - 686.5 = 1013.6 kN <= 1013.6 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 329 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1700.1-1.049*450*450/1000 = 1487.6 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*154(450+450)/1000 = 1487.6 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 154 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/491) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,491 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.690
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.690 = 0.717 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 491 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.717*491*900 = 634.5 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.049 *(2*0.690*491+450)*900 = 1065.6 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1700.1 - 1065.6 = 634.5 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/144) = 2.774
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.774)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.639 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,144 mm = 0.639 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.780
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.639/0.780 = 0.819 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 144 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.819*144*1800 = 425.1 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.049 *(2*0.780*144+450)*1800 = 1275.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1700.1 - 1275.0 = 425.1 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
329 154 491

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 850.0 kN *0.225 m = 191.3 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 191.3 kN/0.500 m = 382.5 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 225 - 450/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 176 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1700.1 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*176*(450+450)/1000 = 1700.1 kN

TVu = 1700.1 ; Pu = 1700.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 176 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 622 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 850.0 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*622*0.49/225 = 2.73 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.73*622*500/1000 = 850.0 kN

TVu = 850.0 ; Pu = 850.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 622 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/622) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 600 622 491 622 0 176 0

Design for Bending Moment: 382.5/1.00 = 382.5 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 382.5*1000/622^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.6 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.6 = 913.38 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 913.38/(0.95*460) = 2090 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 913.38(620-0.4419*51.6)/1000 = 545.2 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2090 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/622^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.6 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.6 = 913.38 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 913.38/(0.95*460) = 2090 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 913.38(620-0.4419*51.6)/1000 = 545.2 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2090 mm^2

Location of Footing: 05-I

Dead Load, DL = 659.1; Live Load, LL = 322.8; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 725.0; Live Load, LL = 355.0

Total Unfactored Load = 725.0 + 355.0 + 0.0 = 1080.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/332) = 1.206
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.206)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.519 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/495) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/145) = 2.751
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.751)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.637 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 876 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.876)x24 = 20.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1100.8/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1724.9/(1800*900) = 1.065 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/332) = 1.206
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.206)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.519 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 332 mm = 0.519 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.525
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 174 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*332*0.519/174 = 0.988 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.988*332*(4*0.525*332+450+450) = 1046.3 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.065 *(2*0.525*332+450)*(2*0.525*332+450) = 678.6 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1724.9 - 678.6 = 1046.3 kN <= 1046.3 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 332 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1724.9-1.065*450*450/1000 = 1509.3 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*156(450+450)/1000 = 1509.3 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 156 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/495) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,495 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.680
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.680 = 0.728 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 495 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.728*495*900 = 648.5 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
 1.065 *(2*0.680*495+450)*900 = 1076.4 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1724.9 - 1076.4 = 648.5 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/145) = 2.751
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.751)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.637 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,145 mm = 0.637 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.780
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.637/0.780 = 0.817 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 145 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.817*145*1800 = 427.7 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.065 *(2*0.780*145+450)*1800 = 1297.2 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1724.9 - 1297.2 = 427.7 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
332 156 495

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 862.4 kN *0.225 m = 194.0 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 194.0 kN/0.500 m = 388.1 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 225 - 450/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 179 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1724.9 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*179*(450+450)/1000 = 1724.9 kN

TVu = 1724.9 ; Pu = 1724.9 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 179 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 626 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 862.4 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*626*0.49/225 = 2.75 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.75*626*500/1000 = 862.4 kN
TVu = 862.4 ; Pu = 862.4 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 626 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/626) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 600 626 495 626 0 179 0

Design for Bending Moment: 388.1/1.00 = 388.1 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 388.1*1000/626^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.9 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.9 = 919.30 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 919.30/(0.95*460) = 2104 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 919.30(624-0.4419*51.9)/1000 = 552.8 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2104 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/626^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.9 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.9 = 919.30 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 919.30/(0.95*460) = 2104 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 919.30(624-0.4419*51.9)/1000 = 552.8 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2104 mm^2

Location of Footing: 05-I1

Dead Load, DL = 357.5; Live Load, LL = 269.7; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 393.2; Live Load, LL = 296.6

Total Unfactored Load = 393.2 + 296.6 + 0.0 = 689.8 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/334) = 1.196
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.196)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.518 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/498) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/147) = 2.729
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.729)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.636 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 880 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.880)x24 = 20.9 kN
Total No of Piles required = 710.7/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1748.7/(1800*900) = 1.079 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/334) = 1.196
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.196)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.518 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 334 mm = 0.518 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.520
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 174 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*334*0.518/174 = 0.995 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.995*334*(4*0.520*334+450+450) = 1061.8 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.079 *(2*0.520*334+450)*(2*0.520*334+450) = 686.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1748.7 - 686.9 = 1061.8 kN <= 1061.8 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 334 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1748.7-1.079*450*450/1000 = 1530.1 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*158(450+450)/1000 = 1530.1 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 158 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/498) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,498 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2
Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.680
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.680 = 0.728 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 498 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.728*498*900 = 652.9 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.079 *(2*0.680*498+450)*900 = 1095.8 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1748.7 - 1095.8 = 652.9 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/147) = 2.729
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.729)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.636 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,147 mm = 0.636 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.770
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.636/0.770 = 0.826 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 147 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.826*147*1800 = 435.8 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.079 *(2*0.770*147+450)*1800 = 1312.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1748.7 - 1312.9 = 435.8 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
334 158 498

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 874.4 kN *0.225 m = 196.7 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 196.7 kN/0.500 m = 393.5 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 225 - 450/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 181 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1748.7 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*181*(450+450)/1000 = 1748.7 kN

TVu = 1748.7 ; Pu = 1748.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 181 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 631 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 874.4 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*631*0.49/225 = 2.77 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.77*631*500/1000 = 874.4 kN

TVu = 874.4 ; Pu = 874.4 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 631 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/631) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 600 631 498 631 0 181 0

Design for Bending Moment: 393.5/1.00 = 393.5 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 393.5*1000/631^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 52.2 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*52.2 = 924.95 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 924.95/(0.95*460) = 2117 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 924.95(629-0.4419*52.2)/1000 = 560.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2117 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/631^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 52.2 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*52.2 = 924.95 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 924.95/(0.95*460) = 2117 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 924.95(629-0.4419*52.2)/1000 = 560.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2117 mm^2

Location of Footing: 05-K

Dead Load, DL = 790.0; Live Load, LL = 141.0; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 869.0; Live Load, LL = 155.1
Total Unfactored Load = 869.0 + 155.1 + 0.0 = 1024.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/327) = 1.223
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.223)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/489) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/143) = 2.790
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.790)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.640 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 868 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.868)x24 = 20.6 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1044.7/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1683.2/(1800*900) = 1.039 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/327) = 1.223
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.223)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 327 mm = 0.520 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.546
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 178 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*327*0.520/178 = 0.954 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.954*327*(4*0.546*327+450+450) = 1006.8 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.039 *(2*0.546*327+450)*(2*0.546*327+450) = 676.3 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1683.2 - 676.3 = 1006.8 kN <= 1006.8 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 327 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1683.2-1.039*450*450/1000 = 1472.8 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*152(450+450)/1000 = 1472.8 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 152 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/489) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,489 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.690
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.690 = 0.717 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 489 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.717*489*900 = 631.3 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.039 *(2*0.690*489+450)*900 = 1051.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1683.2 - 1051.9 = 631.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/143) = 2.790
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.790)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.640 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,143 mm = 0.640 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.790
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.640/0.790 = 0.809 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 143 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.809*143*1800 = 417.9 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.039 *(2*0.790*143+450)*1800 = 1265.3 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1683.2 - 1265.3 = 417.9 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
327 152 489

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 841.6 kN *0.225 m = 189.4 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 189.4 kN/0.500 m = 378.7 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 225 - 450/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 174 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1683.2 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2
Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*174*(450+450)/1000 = 1683.2 kN

TVu = 1683.2 ; Pu = 1683.2 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 174 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 619 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 841.6 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*619*0.49/225 = 2.72 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.72*619*500/1000 = 841.6 kN

TVu = 841.6 ; Pu = 841.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 619 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/619) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 600 619 489 619 0 174 0

Design for Bending Moment: 378.7/1.00 = 378.7 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 378.7*1000/619^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.3 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.3 = 909.31 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 909.31/(0.95*460) = 2081 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 909.31(617-0.4419*51.3)/1000 = 540.1 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2081 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/619^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.3 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.3 = 909.31 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 909.31/(0.95*460) = 2081 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 909.31(617-0.4419*51.3)/1000 = 540.1 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2081 mm^2

 Location of Footing: 04--A

Dead Load, DL = 127.6; Live Load, LL = 75.0; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 140.3; Live Load, LL = 82.5

Total Unfactored Load = 140.3 + 82.5 + 0.0 = 222.8 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/273) = 1.467
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.467)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.545 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 522 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.522)x24 = 5.0 kN
Total No of Piles required = 227.8/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 867.3/(900*900) = 1.071 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/273) = 1.467
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.467)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.545 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 230 mm x 230 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 273 mm = 0.545 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.496
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 135 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*273*0.545/135 = 1.099 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.099*273*(4*0.496*273+230+230) = 599.5 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.071 *(2*0.496*273+230)*(2*0.496*273+230) = 267.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 867.3 - 267.9 = 599.5 kN <= 599.5 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 273 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 867.3-1.071*230*230/1000 = 810.7 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*164(230+230)/1000 = 810.7 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 164 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

273 164

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/273^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*25.7 = 455.72 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 455.72/(0.95*460) = 1043 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 455.72(273-0.4419*25.7)/1000 = 119.1 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1043 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/273^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*25.7 = 455.72 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 455.72/(0.95*460) = 1043 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 455.72(273-0.4419*25.7)/1000 = 119.1 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1043 mm^2

Location of Footing: 04-A

Dead Load, DL = 119.3; Live Load, LL = 70.7; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 131.2; Live Load, LL = 77.7

Total Unfactored Load = 131.2 + 77.7 + 0.0 = 209.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/273) = 1.467
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.467)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.545 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 522 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.522)x24 = 5.0 kN
Total No of Piles required = 213.9/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 867.5/(900*900) = 1.071 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/273) = 1.467
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.467)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.545 N/mm^2
Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 230 mm x 230 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 273 mm = 0.545 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.496
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 135 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*273*0.545/135 = 1.099 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.099*273*(4*0.496*273+230+230) = 599.6 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.071 *(2*0.496*273+230)*(2*0.496*273+230) = 268.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 867.5 - 268.0 = 599.6 kN <= 599.6 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 273 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 867.5-1.071*230*230/1000 = 810.9 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*164(230+230)/1000 = 810.9 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 164 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

273 164

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/273^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*25.7 = 455.77 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 455.77/(0.95*460) = 1043 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 455.77(273-0.4419*25.7)/1000 = 119.1 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1043 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/273^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 25.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*25.7 = 455.77 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 455.77/(0.95*460) = 1043 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 455.77(273-0.4419*25.7)/1000 = 119.1 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1043 mm^2

Location of Footing: 04-I

Dead Load, DL = 1359.1; Live Load, LL = 556.3; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1495.0; Live Load, LL = 612.0

Total Unfactored Load = 1495.0 + 612.0 + 0.0 = 2107.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/574) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1500 X 824 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.500X0.824)x24 = 48.9 kN
Total No of Piles required = 2155.9/(60.0*9.81) = 4

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 3431.7/(1800*1800) = 1.059 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/574) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 574 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 258 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*574*0.495/258 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*574*(4*0.450*574+450+450) = 2441.8 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.059 *(2*0.450*574+450)*(2*0.450*574+450) = 990.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3431.7 - 990.0 = 2441.8 kN <= 2441.8 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 574 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.460, enhanced shear stress, v = 1.076 N/mm^2

Shear Capacity = 2*1.076*574*(4*0.460*574+450+450) = 2417.1 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.059 *(2*0.460*574+450)*(2*0.460*574+450) = 1013.6 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3431.7 - 1013.6 = 2418.1 > 2417.1 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 3431.7-1.059*450*450/1000 = 3217.3 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*333(450+450)/1000 = 3217.3 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 333 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

574 333

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 4

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*4*60.0*9.81 = 3531.6 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1715.9 kN *0.338 m = 579.1 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 579.1 kN/1.400 m = 413.6 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1715.9 kN *0.338 m = 579.1 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 579.1 kN/1.400 m = 413.6 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 355 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3431.7 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*355*(450+450)/1000 = 3431.7 kN

TVu = 3431.7 ; Pu = 3431.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 355 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 538 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3431.7 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*538*0.49/225 = 2.36 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.36*538*(450+225)/1000 = 1715.9 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 538 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*538*0.49/225 = 2.36 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*2.36*538*(450+225)/1000 = 1715.9 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1715.9+1715.9 = 3431.7 kN

TVu = 3431.7 ; Pu = 3431.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 538 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 528 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1715.9 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*528*0.49/225 = 2.32 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.32*528*1400/1000 = 1715.9 kN

TVu = 1715.9 ; Pu = 1715.9 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 528 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 528 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1715.9 kN
Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*528*0.49/225 = 2.32 N/mm^2
Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.32*528*1400/1000 = 1715.9 kN

TVu = 1715.9 ; Pu = 1715.9 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 528 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/538) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

4 1400 1400 574 574 528 528 355 538

Design for Bending Moment: 413.6/1.00 = 413.6 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 413.6*1000/574^2 = 1.255

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 48.0 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*48.0 = 851.11 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 851.11/(0.95*460) = 1948 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 851.11(574-0.4419*48.0)/1000 = 470.6 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1948 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 413.6/1.00 = 413.6 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 413.6*1000/574^2 = 1.255

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 48.0 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*48.0 = 851.11 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 851.11/(0.95*460) = 1948 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 851.11(574-0.4419*48.0)/1000 = 470.6 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1948 mm^2

Location of Footing: 04-J

Dead Load, DL = 1830.0; Live Load, LL = 710.9; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 2013.0; Live Load, LL = 782.0

Total Unfactored Load = 2013.0 + 782.0 + 0.0 = 2795.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/689) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1800 X 1800 X 939 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.800X1.800X0.939)x24 = 80.3 kN
Total No of Piles required = 2875.3/(60.0*9.81) = 5

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 4283.4/(2173*2173) = 0.907 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/689) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 689 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 310 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*689*0.495/310 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*689*(4*0.450*689+450+450) = 3244.2 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.907 *(2*0.450*689+450)*(2*0.450*689+450) = 1039.2 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 4283.4 - 1039.2 = 3244.2 kN <= 3244.2 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 689 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.460, enhanced shear stress, v = 1.076 N/mm^2

Shear Capacity = 2*1.076*689*(4*0.460*689+450+450) = 3214.5 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.907 *(2*0.460*689+450)*(2*0.460*689+450) = 1066.2 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 4283.4 - 1066.2 = 3217.2 > 3214.5 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 4283.4-0.907*450*450/1000 = 4099.7 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*424(450+450)/1000 = 4099.7 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 424 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

689 424

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 5

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*5*60.0*9.81 = 4414.5 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/4 = 524 mm
Total Moment about Y-axis = 1765.8 kN *0.524 m = 925.1 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 925.1 kN/1.773 m = 521.8 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/4 = 524 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1765.8 kN *0.524 m = 925.1 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 925.1 kN/1.773 m = 521.8 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 355 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3426.7 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*355*(450+450)/1000 = 3426.7 kN

TVu = 3426.7 ; Pu = 3426.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 355 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 643 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3426.7 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*643*0.49/411 = 1.55 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*1.55*643*(450+411)/1000 = 1713.4 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 643 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*643*0.49/411 = 1.55 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.55*643*(450+411)/1000 = 1713.4 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1713.4+1713.4 = 3426.7 kN

TVu = 3426.7 ; Pu = 3426.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 643 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 634 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1713.4 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*634*0.49/411 = 1.52 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.52*634*1773/1000 = 1713.4 kN

TVu = 1713.4 ; Pu = 1713.4 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 634 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 634 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1713.4 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*634*0.49/411 = 1.52 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.52*634*1773/1000 = 1713.4 kN

TVu = 1713.4 ; Pu = 1713.4 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 634 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/643) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

5 1800 1800 689 689 634 634 355 643

Design for Bending Moment: 521.8/1.00 = 521.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 521.8*1000/689^2 = 1.099

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.099 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.099 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 56.6 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*56.6 = 1001.81 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 1001.81/(0.95*460) = 2292 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 1001.81(687-0.4419*56.6)/1000 = 663.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2292 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 521.8/1.00 = 521.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 521.8*1000/689^2 = 1.099

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.099 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.099 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 56.6 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*56.6 = 1001.81 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 1001.81/(0.95*460) = 2292 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 1001.81(687-0.4419*56.6)/1000 = 663.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2292 mm^2

Location of Footing: 04-K

Dead Load, DL = 1047.7; Live Load, LL = 354.8; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1152.4; Live Load, LL = 390.3

Total Unfactored Load = 1152.4 + 390.3 + 0.0 = 1542.7 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/496) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1300 X 872 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.300X0.872)x24 = 44.9 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1587.6/(60.0*9.81) = 3

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE
 Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 2560.6/(1800*1800) = 0.790 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/496) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 496 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.545
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 270 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*496*0.495/270 = 0.908 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.908*496*(4*0.545*496+450+450) = 1784.9 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.790 *(2*0.545*496+450)*(2*0.545*496+450) = 775.7 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 2560.6 - 775.7 = 1784.9 kN <= 1784.9 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 496 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 2560.6-0.790*450*450/1000 = 2400.6 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*249(450+450)/1000 = 2400.6 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 249 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

496 249

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 3

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*3*60.0*9.81 = 2648.7 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.50*60.0*9.81 = 441.5 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 2184.1 kN *0.338 m = 737.1 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 737.1 kN/1.279 m = 576.1 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1327.7 kN *0.295 m = 391.2 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 391.2 kN/1.400 m = 279.4 kNm/m

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 504 mm; Width
= 1000 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 853.5 kN
Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*504*0.49/295 = 1.69 N/mm^2
Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.69*504*1000/1000 = 853.5 kN

TVu = 853.5 ; Pu = 853.5 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 504 !!!

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 265 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2560.6 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*265*(450+450)/1000 = 2560.6 kN

TVu = 2560.6 ; Pu = 2560.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 265 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 623 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 853.5 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*623*0.49/225 = 2.74 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.74*623*500/1000 = 853.5 kN

TVu = 853.5 ; Pu = 853.5 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 623 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 481 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2560.6 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*481*0.49/225 = 2.11 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.11*481*(450+295)/1000 = 1513.1 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 481 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*481*0.49/295 = 1.61 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.61*481*(450+225)/1000 = 1047.5 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1513.1+1047.5 = 2560.6 kN

TVu = 2560.6 ; Pu = 2560.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 481 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/623) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

3 1400 1300 623 496 623 504 265 481

Design for Bending Moment: 576.1/1.00 = 576.1 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 576.1*1000/623^2 = 1.484

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 54.3 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*54.3 = 961.85 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 961.85/(0.95*460) = 2201 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 961.85(621-0.4419*54.3)/1000 = 574.2 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2201 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 576.1/1.00 = 576.1 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 576.1*1000/623^2 = 1.484

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 54.3 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*54.3 = 961.85 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 961.85/(0.95*460) = 2201 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 961.85(621-0.4419*54.3)/1000 = 574.2 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2201 mm^2

Location of Footing: 04-L

Dead Load, DL = 837.1; Live Load, LL = 145.0; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 920.8; Live Load, LL = 159.5

Total Unfactored Load = 920.8 + 159.5 + 0.0 = 1080.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/327) = 1.223
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.223)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/489) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/143) = 2.790
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.790)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.640 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 868 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.868)x24 = 20.6 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1100.9/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE
 Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1682.3/(1800*900) = 1.038 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/327) = 1.223
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.223)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 327 mm = 0.520 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.546
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 178 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*327*0.520/178 = 0.954 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.954*327*(4*0.546*327+450+450) = 1006.5 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.038 *(2*0.546*327+450)*(2*0.546*327+450) = 675.8 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1682.3 - 675.8 = 1006.5 kN <= 1006.5 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 327 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1682.3-1.038*450*450/1000 = 1472.0 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*152(450+450)/1000 = 1472.0 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 152 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/489) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,489 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.690
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.690 = 0.717 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 489 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.717*489*900 = 631.1 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.038 *(2*0.690*489+450)*900 = 1051.1 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1682.3 - 1051.1 = 631.1 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/143) = 2.790
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.790)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.640 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,143 mm = 0.640 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.790
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.640/0.790 = 0.810 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 143 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.810*143*1800 = 417.8 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.038 *(2*0.790*143+450)*1800 = 1264.5 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1682.3 - 1264.5 = 417.8 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
327 152 489

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 841.1 kN *0.225 m = 189.3 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 189.3 kN/0.500 m = 378.5 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 225 - 450/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 174 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1682.3 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*174*(450+450)/1000 = 1682.3 kN

TVu = 1682.3 ; Pu = 1682.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 174 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 618 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 841.1 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*618*0.49/225 = 2.72 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.72*618*500/1000 = 841.1 kN

TVu = 841.1 ; Pu = 841.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 618 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/618) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 600 618 489 618 0 174 0

Design for Bending Moment: 378.5/1.00 = 378.5 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 378.5*1000/618^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.3 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.3 = 909.10 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 909.10/(0.95*460) = 2080 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 909.10(616-0.4419*51.3)/1000 = 539.8 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2080 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/618^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.3 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.3 = 909.10 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 909.10/(0.95*460) = 2080 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 909.10(616-0.4419*51.3)/1000 = 539.8 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2080 mm^2

Location of Footing: 03-B

Dead Load, DL = 797.4; Live Load, LL = 162.8; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 877.1; Live Load, LL = 179.1

Total Unfactored Load = 877.1 + 179.1 + 0.0 = 1056.2 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/328) = 1.221
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.221)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/490) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/144) = 2.786
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.786)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.639 N/mm^2
Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 869 to calculate Selfweight,SW:
Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.869)x24 = 20.6 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1076.9/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1687.4/(1800*900) = 1.042 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/328) = 1.221
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.221)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 328 mm = 0.520 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.546
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 179 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*328*0.520/179 = 0.954 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.954*328*(4*0.546*328+450+450) = 1008.5 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.042 *(2*0.546*328+450)*(2*0.546*328+450) = 678.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1687.4 - 678.9 = 1008.5 kN <= 1008.5 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 328 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1687.4-1.042*450*450/1000 = 1476.5 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*153(450+450)/1000 = 1476.5 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 153 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/490) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,490 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.690
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.690 = 0.717 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 490 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.717*490*900 = 632.1 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.042 *(2*0.690*490+450)*900 = 1055.3 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1687.4 - 1055.3 = 632.1 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/144) = 2.786
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.786)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.639 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,144 mm = 0.639 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.780
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.639/0.780 = 0.820 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 144 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.820*144*1800 = 423.7 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.042 *(2*0.780*144+450)*1800 = 1263.7 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1687.4 - 1263.7 = 423.7 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
328 153 490

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 843.7 kN *0.225 m = 189.8 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 189.8 kN/0.500 m = 379.7 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 225 - 450/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 175 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1687.4 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*175*(450+450)/1000 = 1687.4 kN

TVu = 1687.4 ; Pu = 1687.4 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 175 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 619 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 843.7 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*619*0.49/225 = 2.72 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.72*619*500/1000 = 843.7 kN

TVu = 843.7 ; Pu = 843.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 619 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/619) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 600 619 490 619 0 175 0

Design for Bending Moment: 379.7/1.00 = 379.7 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 379.7*1000/619^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.4 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.4 = 910.34 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 910.34/(0.95*460) = 2083 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 910.34(617-0.4419*51.4)/1000 = 541.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2083 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/619^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.4 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.4 = 910.34 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 910.34/(0.95*460) = 2083 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 910.34(617-0.4419*51.4)/1000 = 541.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2083 mm^2

Location of Footing: 03-C

Dead Load, DL = 1615.6; Live Load, LL = 431.4; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1777.1; Live Load, LL = 474.5

Total Unfactored Load = 1777.1 + 474.5 + 0.0 = 2251.6 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/571) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1500 X 821 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.500X0.821)x24 = 48.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 2300.4/(60.0*9.81) = 4

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE
 Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 3394.2/(1800*1800) = 1.048 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/571) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 571 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 257 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*571*0.495/257 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*571*(4*0.450*571+450+450) = 2420.9 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.048 *(2*0.450*571+450)*(2*0.450*571+450) = 973.3 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3394.2 - 973.3 = 2420.9 kN <= 2420.9 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 571 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.460, enhanced shear stress, v = 1.076 N/mm^2

Shear Capacity = 2*1.076*571*(4*0.460*571+450+450) = 2396.3 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.048 *(2*0.460*571+450)*(2*0.460*571+450) = 996.5 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3394.2 - 996.5 = 2397.7 > 2396.3 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 3394.2-1.048*450*450/1000 = 3182.1 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*329(450+450)/1000 = 3182.1 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 329 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

571 329

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 4

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*4*60.0*9.81 = 3531.6 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1697.1 kN *0.338 m = 572.8 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 572.8 kN/1.400 m = 409.1 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1697.1 kN *0.338 m = 572.8 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 572.8 kN/1.400 m = 409.1 kNm/m
STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 351 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3394.2 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*351*(450+450)/1000 = 3394.2 kN

TVu = 3394.2 ; Pu = 3394.2 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 351 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 535 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3394.2 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*535*0.49/225 = 2.35 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.35*535*(450+225)/1000 = 1697.1 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 535 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*535*0.49/225 = 2.35 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*2.35*535*(450+225)/1000 = 1697.1 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1697.1+1697.1 = 3394.2 kN

TVu = 3394.2 ; Pu = 3394.2 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 535 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 525 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1697.1 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*525*0.49/225 = 2.31 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.31*525*1400/1000 = 1697.1 kN

TVu = 1697.1 ; Pu = 1697.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 525 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 525 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1697.1 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*525*0.49/225 = 2.31 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.31*525*1400/1000 = 1697.1 kN

TVu = 1697.1 ; Pu = 1697.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 525 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/535) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

4 1400 1400 571 571 525 525 351 535

Design for Bending Moment: 409.1/1.00 = 409.1 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 409.1*1000/571^2 = 1.255

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 47.8 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*47.8 = 846.91 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 846.91/(0.95*460) = 1938 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 846.91(571-0.4419*47.8)/1000 = 465.7 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1938 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 409.1/1.00 = 409.1 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 409.1*1000/571^2 = 1.255

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 47.8 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*47.8 = 846.91 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 846.91/(0.95*460) = 1938 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 846.91(571-0.4419*47.8)/1000 = 465.7 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1938 mm^2

Location of Footing: 03-D

Dead Load, DL = 1681.9; Live Load, LL = 425.0; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1850.1; Live Load, LL = 467.5

Total Unfactored Load = 1850.1 + 467.5 + 0.0 = 2317.6 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/686) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1800 X 1800 X 935 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.800X1.800X0.935)x24 = 80.0 kN
Total No of Piles required = 2397.6/(60.0*9.81) = 5

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 4237.5/(2173*2173) = 0.898 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/686) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 686 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.495
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 339 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*686*0.495/339 = 1.000 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.000*686*(4*0.495*686+450+450) = 3094.0 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.898 *(2*0.495*686+450)*(2*0.495*686+450) = 1143.5 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 4237.5 - 1143.5 = 3094.0 kN <= 3094.0 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 686 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.485, enhanced shear stress, v = 1.020 N/mm^2

Shear Capacity = 2*1.020*686*(4*0.485*686+450+450) = 3119.5 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.898 *(2*0.485*686+450)*(2*0.485*686+450) = 1115.8 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 4237.5 - 1115.8 = 3121.6 > 3119.5 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 4237.5-0.898*450*450/1000 = 4055.7 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*420(450+450)/1000 = 4055.7 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 420 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

686 420

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 5

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*5*60.0*9.81 = 4414.5 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/4 = 524 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1765.8 kN *0.524 m = 925.1 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 925.1 kN/1.773 m = 521.8 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/4 = 524 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1765.8 kN *0.524 m = 925.1 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 925.1 kN/1.773 m = 521.8 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 351 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3390.0 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*351*(450+450)/1000 = 3390.0 kN
TVu = 3390.0 ; Pu = 3390.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 351 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 640 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3390.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*640*0.49/411 = 1.54 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*1.54*640*(450+411)/1000 = 1695.0 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 640 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*640*0.49/411 = 1.54 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.54*640*(450+411)/1000 = 1695.0 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1695.0+1695.0 = 3390.0 kN

TVu = 3390.0 ; Pu = 3390.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 640 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 630 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1695.0 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*630*0.49/411 = 1.52 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.52*630*1773/1000 = 1695.0 kN

TVu = 1695.0 ; Pu = 1695.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 630 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 630 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1695.0 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*630*0.49/411 = 1.52 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.52*630*1773/1000 = 1695.0 kN

TVu = 1695.0 ; Pu = 1695.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 630 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/640) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

5 1800 1800 686 686 630 630 351 640

Design for Bending Moment: 521.8/1.00 = 521.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 521.8*1000/686^2 = 1.110

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.110 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.110 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 56.3 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*56.3 = 997.08 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 997.08/(0.95*460) = 2282 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 997.08(684-0.4419*56.3)/1000 = 656.7 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2282 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 521.8/1.00 = 521.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 521.8*1000/686^2 = 1.110

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.110 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.110 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 56.3 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*56.3 = 997.08 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 997.08/(0.95*460) = 2282 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 997.08(684-0.4419*56.3)/1000 = 656.7 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2282 mm^2

Location of Footing: 03-E

Dead Load, DL = 1464.3; Live Load, LL = 507.5; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1610.8; Live Load, LL = 558.3

Total Unfactored Load = 1610.8 + 558.3 + 0.0 = 2169.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/600) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1500 X 850 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.500X0.850)x24 = 50.5 kN
Total No of Piles required = 2219.5/(60.0*9.81) = 4

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 3416.2/(1800*1800) = 1.054 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/600) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 400 mm x 400 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 600 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
 Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 270 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*600*0.495/270 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*600*(4*0.450*600+400+400) = 2483.7 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.054 *(2*0.450*600+400)*(2*0.450*600+400) = 932.5 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3416.2 - 932.5 = 2483.7 kN <= 2483.7 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 600 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 3416.2-1.054*400*400/1000 = 3247.5 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*378(400+400)/1000 = 3247.5 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 378 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

600 378

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 400 mm x 400 mm

Total No of Piles used = 4

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*4*60.0*9.81 = 3531.6 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/4 = 350 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1708.1 kN *0.350 m = 597.8 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 597.8 kN/1.400 m = 427.0 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/4 = 350 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1708.1 kN *0.350 m = 597.8 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 597.8 kN/1.400 m = 427.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 398 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3416.2 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*398*(400+400)/1000 = 3416.2 kN

TVu = 3416.2 ; Pu = 3416.2 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 398 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 576 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3416.2 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*576*0.49/250 = 2.28 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.28*576*(400+250)/1000 = 1708.1 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 576 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*576*0.49/250 = 2.28 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*2.28*576*(400+250)/1000 = 1708.1 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1708.1+1708.1 = 3416.2 kN

TVu = 3416.2 ; Pu = 3416.2 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 576 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 555 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1708.1 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*555*0.49/250 = 2.20 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.20*555*1400/1000 = 1708.1 kN

TVu = 1708.1 ; Pu = 1708.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 555 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 555 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1708.1 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*555*0.49/250 = 2.20 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.20*555*1400/1000 = 1708.1 kN

TVu = 1708.1 ; Pu = 1708.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 555 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/576) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

4 1400 1400 600 600 555 555 398 576

Design for Bending Moment: 427.0/1.00 = 427.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 427.0*1000/600^2 = 1.184

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.184 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.184 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 50.0 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*50.0 = 885.52 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 885.52/(0.95*460) = 2026 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 885.52(598-0.4419*50.0)/1000 = 510.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2026 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 427.0/1.00 = 427.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 427.0*1000/600^2 = 1.184

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.184 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.184 < 3.450 -->O.K. !
Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 50.0 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*50.0 = 885.52 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 885.52/(0.95*460) = 2026 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 885.52(598-0.4419*50.0)/1000 = 510.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2026 mm^2

Location of Footing: 2c-M

Dead Load, DL = 181.9; Live Load, LL = 37.7; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 200.1; Live Load, LL = 41.5

Total Unfactored Load = 200.1 + 41.5 + 0.0 = 241.6 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/158) = 2.536
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.536)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.624 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 246.4/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 844.0/(900*900) = 1.042 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/158) = 2.536
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.536)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.624 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 158 mm = 0.624 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.646
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 102 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*158*0.624/102 = 0.967 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.967*158*(4*0.646*158+450+450) = 398.7 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.042 *(2*0.646*158+450)*(2*0.646*158+450) = 445.3 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 844.0 - 445.3 = 398.7 kN <= 398.7 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 158 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 844.0-1.042*450*450/1000 = 633.0 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*66(450+450)/1000 = 633.0 kN
Effective Depth required at stump face = 66 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

158 66

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Location of Footing: 2b-H

Dead Load, DL = 1279.0; Live Load, LL = 404.7; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1406.9; Live Load, LL = 445.1

Total Unfactored Load = 1406.9 + 445.1 + 0.0 = 1852.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/572) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1500 X 822 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.500X0.822)x24 = 48.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1900.8/(60.0*9.81) = 4

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE
 Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 3408.2/(1800*1800) = 1.052 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/572) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 572 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 257 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*572*0.495/257 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*572*(4*0.450*572+450+450) = 2428.7 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.052 *(2*0.450*572+450)*(2*0.450*572+450) = 979.5 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3408.2 - 979.5 = 2428.7 kN <= 2428.7 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 572 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.460, enhanced shear stress, v = 1.076 N/mm^2

Shear Capacity = 2*1.076*572*(4*0.460*572+450+450) = 2404.0 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.052 *(2*0.460*572+450)*(2*0.460*572+450) = 1002.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3408.2 - 1002.9 = 2405.3 > 2404.0 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 3408.2-1.052*450*450/1000 = 3195.2 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*331(450+450)/1000 = 3195.2 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 331 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

572 331

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 4

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*4*60.0*9.81 = 3531.6 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1704.1 kN *0.338 m = 575.1 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 575.1 kN/1.400 m = 410.8 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1704.1 kN *0.338 m = 575.1 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 575.1 kN/1.400 m = 410.8 kNm/m
STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 353 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3408.2 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*353*(450+450)/1000 = 3408.2 kN

TVu = 3408.2 ; Pu = 3408.2 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 353 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 536 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3408.2 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*536*0.49/225 = 2.36 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.36*536*(450+225)/1000 = 1704.1 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 536 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*536*0.49/225 = 2.36 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*2.36*536*(450+225)/1000 = 1704.1 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1704.1+1704.1 = 3408.2 kN

TVu = 3408.2 ; Pu = 3408.2 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 536 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 526 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1704.1 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*526*0.49/225 = 2.31 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.31*526*1400/1000 = 1704.1 kN

TVu = 1704.1 ; Pu = 1704.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 526 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 526 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1704.1 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*526*0.49/225 = 2.31 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.31*526*1400/1000 = 1704.1 kN

TVu = 1704.1 ; Pu = 1704.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 526 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/536) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

4 1400 1400 572 572 526 526 353 536

Design for Bending Moment: 410.8/1.00 = 410.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 410.8*1000/572^2 = 1.255

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 47.9 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*47.9 = 848.47 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 848.47/(0.95*460) = 1942 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 848.47(572-0.4419*47.9)/1000 = 467.5 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1942 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 410.8/1.00 = 410.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 410.8*1000/572^2 = 1.255

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 47.9 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*47.9 = 848.47 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 848.47/(0.95*460) = 1942 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 848.47(572-0.4419*47.9)/1000 = 467.5 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1942 mm^2

Location of Footing: 02-D2

Dead Load, DL = 1004.2; Live Load, LL = 129.5; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1104.6; Live Load, LL = 142.5

Total Unfactored Load = 1104.6 + 142.5 + 0.0 = 1247.1 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/515) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1300 X 900 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.300X0.900)x24 = 46.3 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1293.4/(60.0*9.81) = 3

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 2511.6/(1800*1800) = 0.775 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/515) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 400 mm x 400 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 515 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.500
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 257 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*515*0.495/257 = 0.990 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.990*515*(4*0.500*515+400+400) = 1863.2 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.775 *(2*0.500*515+400)*(2*0.500*515+400) = 648.4 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 2511.6 - 648.4 = 1863.2 kN <= 1863.2 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 515 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.510, enhanced shear stress, v = 0.970 N/mm^2

Shear Capacity = 2*0.970*515*(4*0.510*515+400+400) = 1847.2 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.775 *(2*0.510*515+400)*(2*0.510*515+400) = 663.1 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 2511.6 - 663.1 = 1848.5 > 1847.2 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 2511.6-0.775*400*400/1000 = 2387.6 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*278(400+400)/1000 = 2387.6 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 278 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

515 278

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 400 mm x 400 mm

Total No of Piles used = 3

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*3*60.0*9.81 = 2648.7 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.50*60.0*9.81 = 441.5 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/4 = 350 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 2142.3 kN *0.350 m = 749.8 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 749.8 kN/1.279 m = 586.0 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 400/2 = 320 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1302.3 kN *0.320 m = 416.2 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 416.2 kN/1.400 m = 297.3 kNm/m

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 520 mm; Width
= 1000 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 400/2 = 320 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 837.2 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*520*0.49/320 = 1.61 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.61*520*1000/1000 = 837.2 kN

TVu = 837.2 ; Pu = 837.2 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 520 !!!

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 293 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2511.6 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*293*(400+400)/1000 = 2511.6 kN

TVu = 2511.6 ; Pu = 2511.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 293 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 650 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 837.2 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*650*0.49/250 = 2.57 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.57*650*500/1000 = 837.2 kN

TVu = 837.2 ; Pu = 837.2 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 650 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 508 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2511.6 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*508*0.49/250 = 2.01 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.01*508*(400+320)/1000 = 1471.8 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 508 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 400/2 = 320 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*508*0.49/320 = 1.57 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.57*508*(400+250)/1000 = 1039.8 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1471.8+1039.8 = 2511.6 kN

TVu = 2511.6 ; Pu = 2511.6 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 508 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/650) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

3 1400 1300 650 515 650 520 293 508

Design for Bending Moment: 586.0/1.00 = 586.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 586.0*1000/650^2 = 1.386

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.386 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.386 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 53.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*53.7 = 950.95 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 950.95/(0.95*460) = 2176 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 950.95(648-0.4419*53.7)/1000 = 594.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2176 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 586.0/1.00 = 586.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 586.0*1000/650^2 = 1.386

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.386 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.386 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 53.7 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*53.7 = 950.95 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 950.95/(0.95*460) = 2176 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 950.95(648-0.4419*53.7)/1000 = 594.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2176 mm^2

Location of Footing: 02-E

Dead Load, DL = 305.8; Live Load, LL = 199.8; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 336.3; Live Load, LL = 219.8

Total Unfactored Load = 336.3 + 219.8 + 0.0 = 556.1 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/160) = 2.493
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.493)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.622 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 560.9/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 870.3/(900*900) = 1.074 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/160) = 2.493
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.493)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.622 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 160 mm = 0.622 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.646
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 104 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*160*0.622/104 = 0.963 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.963*160*(4*0.646*160+450+450) = 406.3 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.074 *(2*0.646*160+450)*(2*0.646*160+450) = 464.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 870.3 - 464.0 = 406.3 kN <= 406.3 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 160 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 870.3-1.074*450*450/1000 = 652.7 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*68(450+450)/1000 = 652.7 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 68 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

160 68

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Location of Footing: 02-F

Dead Load, DL = 1093.8; Live Load, LL = 450.1; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1203.2; Live Load, LL = 495.1
Total Unfactored Load = 1203.2 + 495.1 + 0.0 = 1698.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/521) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1300 X 908 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.300X0.908)x24 = 46.7 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1745.0/(60.0*9.81) = 3

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 2574.2/(1800*1800) = 0.795 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/521) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 400 mm x 400 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 521 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.500
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 261 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*521*0.495/261 = 0.990 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.990*521*(4*0.500*521+400+400) = 1900.1 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.795 *(2*0.500*521+400)*(2*0.500*521+400) = 674.1 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 2574.2 - 674.1 = 1900.1 kN <= 1900.1 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 521 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 2574.2-0.795*400*400/1000 = 2447.1 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*285(400+400)/1000 = 2447.1 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 285 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

521 285

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 400 mm x 400 mm

Total No of Piles used = 3

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*3*60.0*9.81 = 2648.7 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.50*60.0*9.81 = 441.5 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/4 = 350 mm
Total Moment about Y-axis = 2195.7 kN *0.350 m = 768.5 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 768.5 kN/1.279 m = 600.6 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 400/2 = 320 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1334.8 kN *0.320 m = 426.6 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 426.6 kN/1.400 m = 304.7 kNm/m

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 526 mm; Width
= 1000 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 400/2 = 320 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 858.1 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*526*0.49/320 = 1.63 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.63*526*1000/1000 = 858.1 kN

TVu = 858.1 ; Pu = 858.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 526 !!!

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 300 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2574.2 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*300*(400+400)/1000 = 2574.2 kN

TVu = 2574.2 ; Pu = 2574.2 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 300 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 658 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 858.1 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*658*0.49/250 = 2.61 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.61*658*500/1000 = 858.1 kN

TVu = 858.1 ; Pu = 858.1 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 658 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 515 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2574.2 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 400/2 = 250 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*515*0.49/250 = 2.04 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.04*515*(400+320)/1000 = 1508.4 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 515 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 400/2 = 320 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*515*0.49/320 = 1.59 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.59*515*(400+250)/1000 = 1065.7 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1508.4+1065.7 = 2574.2 kN

TVu = 2574.2 ; Pu = 2574.2 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 515 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/658) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

3 1400 1300 658 521 658 526 300 515

Design for Bending Moment: 600.6/1.00 = 600.6 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 600.6*1000/658^2 = 1.386

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.386 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.386 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 54.3 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*54.3 = 961.51 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 961.51/(0.95*460) = 2200 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 961.51(656-0.4419*54.3)/1000 = 608.1 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2200 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 600.6/1.00 = 600.6 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 600.6*1000/658^2 = 1.386

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.386 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.386 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 54.3 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*54.3 = 961.51 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 961.51/(0.95*460) = 2200 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 961.51(656-0.4419*54.3)/1000 = 608.1 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2200 mm^2

Location of Footing: 02-G

Dead Load, DL = 1052.3; Live Load, LL = 321.4; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1157.5; Live Load, LL = 353.6

Total Unfactored Load = 1157.5 + 353.6 + 0.0 = 1511.1 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/495) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1300 X 872 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.300X0.872)x24 = 44.9 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1556.0/(60.0*9.81) = 3

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE
 Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 2553.9/(1800*1800) = 0.788 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/495) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 495 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.545
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 270 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*495*0.495/270 = 0.908 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.908*495*(4*0.545*495+450+450) = 1781.3 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.788 *(2*0.545*495+450)*(2*0.545*495+450) = 772.6 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 2553.9 - 772.6 = 1781.3 kN <= 1781.3 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 495 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 2553.9-0.788*450*450/1000 = 2394.3 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*248(450+450)/1000 = 2394.3 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 248 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

495 248

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 3

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*3*60.0*9.81 = 2648.7 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.50*60.0*9.81 = 441.5 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 2178.3 kN *0.338 m = 735.2 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 735.2 kN/1.279 m = 574.6 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1324.2 kN *0.295 m = 390.1 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 390.1 kN/1.400 m = 278.7 kNm/m

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 503 mm; Width
= 1000 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 851.3 kN
Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*503*0.49/295 = 1.69 N/mm^2
Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.69*503*1000/1000 = 851.3 kN

TVu = 851.3 ; Pu = 851.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 503 !!!

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 264 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2553.9 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*264*(450+450)/1000 = 2553.9 kN

TVu = 2553.9 ; Pu = 2553.9 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 264 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 622 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 851.3 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*622*0.49/225 = 2.74 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.74*622*500/1000 = 851.3 kN

TVu = 851.3 ; Pu = 851.3 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 622 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 480 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2553.9 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*480*0.49/225 = 2.11 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.11*480*(450+295)/1000 = 1509.1 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 480 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*480*0.49/295 = 1.61 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.61*480*(450+225)/1000 = 1044.8 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1509.1+1044.8 = 2553.9 kN

TVu = 2553.9 ; Pu = 2553.9 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 480 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/622) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

3 1400 1300 622 495 622 503 264 480

Design for Bending Moment: 574.6/1.00 = 574.6 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 574.6*1000/622^2 = 1.484

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 54.2 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*54.2 = 960.59 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 960.59/(0.95*460) = 2198 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 960.59(620-0.4419*54.2)/1000 = 572.7 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2198 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 574.6/1.00 = 574.6 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 574.6*1000/622^2 = 1.484

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 54.2 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*54.2 = 960.59 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 960.59/(0.95*460) = 2198 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 960.59(620-0.4419*54.2)/1000 = 572.7 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2198 mm^2

Location of Footing: 01-E1

Dead Load, DL = 820.4; Live Load, LL = 150.3; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 902.4; Live Load, LL = 165.4

Total Unfactored Load = 902.4 + 165.4 + 0.0 = 1067.8 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/327) = 1.223
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.223)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/489) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/143) = 2.789
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.789)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.639 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 868 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.868)x24 = 20.6 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1088.4/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE
 Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1684.0/(1800*900) = 1.039 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/327) = 1.223
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.223)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.520 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 327 mm = 0.520 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.546
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 178 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*327*0.520/178 = 0.954 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.954*327*(4*0.546*327+450+450) = 1007.2 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.039 *(2*0.546*327+450)*(2*0.546*327+450) = 676.8 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1684.0 - 676.8 = 1007.2 kN <= 1007.2 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 327 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1684.0-1.039*450*450/1000 = 1473.5 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*153(450+450)/1000 = 1473.5 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 153 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/489) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,489 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.690
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.690 = 0.717 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 489 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.717*489*900 = 631.4 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.039 *(2*0.690*489+450)*900 = 1052.5 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1684.0 - 1052.5 = 631.4 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/143) = 2.789
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.789)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.639 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,143 mm = 0.639 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.790
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.639/0.790 = 0.809 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 143 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.809*143*1800 = 418.0 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.039 *(2*0.790*143+450)*1800 = 1266.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1684.0 - 1266.0 = 418.0 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
327 153 489

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 842.0 kN *0.225 m = 189.4 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 189.4 kN/0.500 m = 378.9 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 225 - 450/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 174 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1684.0 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*174*(450+450)/1000 = 1684.0 kN

TVu = 1684.0 ; Pu = 1684.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 174 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 619 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 842.0 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*619*0.49/225 = 2.72 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.72*619*500/1000 = 842.0 kN

TVu = 842.0 ; Pu = 842.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 619 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/619) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 600 619 489 619 0 174 0

Design for Bending Moment: 378.9/1.00 = 378.9 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 378.9*1000/619^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.3 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.3 = 909.50 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 909.50/(0.95*460) = 2081 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 909.50(617-0.4419*51.3)/1000 = 540.3 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2081 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/619^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.3 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.3 = 909.50 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 909.50/(0.95*460) = 2081 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 909.50(617-0.4419*51.3)/1000 = 540.3 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2081 mm^2

Location of Footing: 01-F1

Dead Load, DL = 365.8; Live Load, LL = 103.2; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 402.4; Live Load, LL = 113.6

Total Unfactored Load = 402.4 + 113.6 + 0.0 = 516.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/158) = 2.527
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.527)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.624 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 520.7/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 849.7/(900*900) = 1.049 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/158) = 2.527
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.527)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.624 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 158 mm = 0.624 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.646
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 102 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*158*0.624/102 = 0.966 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.966*158*(4*0.646*158+450+450) = 400.3 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.049 *(2*0.646*158+450)*(2*0.646*158+450) = 449.4 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 849.7 - 449.4 = 400.3 kN <= 400.3 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 158 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 849.7-1.049*450*450/1000 = 637.2 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*66(450+450)/1000 = 637.2 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 66 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

158 66

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

 Location of Footing: 01-G

Dead Load, DL = 698.5; Live Load, LL = 110.9; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 768.4; Live Load, LL = 122.0

Total Unfactored Load = 768.4 + 122.0 + 0.0 = 890.4 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/143) = 2.805
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.805)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.640 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/525) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/50) = 8.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(8.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.832 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 1500 X 774 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X1.500X0.774)x24 = 18.4 kN
Total No of Piles required = 908.8/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1679.8/(1800*900) = 1.037 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/143) = 2.805
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.805)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.640 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 350 mm x 1650 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 143 mm = 0.640 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.715
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 102 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*143*0.640/102 = 0.896 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.896*143*(4*0.715*143+350+1650) = 615.0 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.037 *(2*0.715*143+350)*(2*0.715*143+1650) = 1064.8 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1679.8 - 1064.8 = 615.0 kN <= 615.0 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 143 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1679.8-1.037*350*1650/1000 = 1081.0 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*50(350+1650)/1000 = 1081.0 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 50 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/525) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,525 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.690
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.690 = 0.717 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 525 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.717*525*900 = 677.4 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.037 *(2*0.690*525+350)*900 = 1002.4 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1679.8 - 1002.4 = 677.4 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/50) = 8.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(8.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.832 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,50 mm = 0.832 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.500
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.832/0.500 = 1.664 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 50 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*1.664*50*1800 = 299.6 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.037 *(2*0.500*50+1650)*1800 = 3172.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1679.8 - 3172.9 = -1493.1 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
143 50 525

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 1650 mm x 350 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 1650/2 = -375 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 839.9 kN *-0.375 m = -315.0 kNm
 Moment about Y-axis = -315.0 kN/0.500 m = -629.9 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 175 - 350/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 78 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1679.8 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*78*(1650+350)/1000 = 1679.8 kN

TVu = 1679.8 ; Pu = 1679.8 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 78 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 0 mm; Width =
500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 1650/2 = -375 mm = - VE --> NO
CHECKING NECESSARY !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/78) = 5.112
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(5.112)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.744 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 500 1800 525 525 0 0 78 0

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/525^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 44.4 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*44.4 = 786.26 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 786.26/(0.95*460) = 1799 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 786.26(525-0.4419*44.4)/1000 = 397.2 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1799 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: -629.9/1.00 = -629.9 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = -629.9*1000/525^2 = -2.288

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = -2.288 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = -2.288 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 44.4 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*44.4 = 786.26 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 786.26/(0.95*460) = 1799 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 786.26(525-0.4419*44.4)/1000 = 397.2 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1799 mm^2

Location of Footing: 01-H

Dead Load, DL = 900.8; Live Load, LL = 183.5; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 990.9; Live Load, LL = 201.8

Total Unfactored Load = 990.9 + 201.8 + 0.0 = 1192.7 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/493) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1300 X 869 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.300X0.869)x24 = 44.7 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1237.5/(60.0*9.81) = 3

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 2531.0/(1800*1800) = 0.781 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/493) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 493 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.545
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 269 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*493*0.495/269 = 0.908 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.908*493*(4*0.545*493+450+450) = 1769.1 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.781 *(2*0.545*493+450)*(2*0.545*493+450) = 761.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 2531.0 - 761.9 = 1769.1 kN <= 1769.1 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 493 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 2531.0-0.781*450*450/1000 = 2372.8 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*246(450+450)/1000 = 2372.8 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 246 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

493 246

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 3

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*3*60.0*9.81 = 2648.7 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.50*60.0*9.81 = 441.5 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 2158.8 kN *0.338 m = 728.6 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 728.6 kN/1.279 m = 569.5 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1312.4 kN *0.295 m = 386.6 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 386.6 kN/1.400 m = 276.2 kNm/m

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 501 mm; Width
= 1000 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 843.7 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*501*0.49/295 = 1.68 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.68*501*1000/1000 = 843.7 kN

TVu = 843.7 ; Pu = 843.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 501 !!!

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 262 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2531.0 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*262*(450+450)/1000 = 2531.0 kN

TVu = 2531.0 ; Pu = 2531.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 262 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 619 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 843.7 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*619*0.49/225 = 2.72 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.72*619*500/1000 = 843.7 kN

TVu = 843.7 ; Pu = 843.7 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 619 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 478 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2531.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*478*0.49/225 = 2.10 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.10*478*(450+295)/1000 = 1495.6 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 478 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*478*0.49/295 = 1.61 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.61*478*(450+225)/1000 = 1035.4 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1495.6+1035.4 = 2531.0 kN

TVu = 2531.0 ; Pu = 2531.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 478 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/619) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

3 1400 1300 619 493 619 501 262 478

Design for Bending Moment: 569.5/1.00 = 569.5 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 569.5*1000/619^2 = 1.484

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 54.0 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*54.0 = 956.28 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 956.28/(0.95*460) = 2188 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 956.28(617-0.4419*54.0)/1000 = 567.6 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2188 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 569.5/1.00 = 569.5 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 569.5*1000/619^2 = 1.484

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 54.0 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*54.0 = 956.28 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 956.28/(0.95*460) = 2188 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 956.28(617-0.4419*54.0)/1000 = 567.6 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2188 mm^2

Location of Footing: 01-I

Dead Load, DL = 1664.1; Live Load, LL = 482.2; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1830.5; Live Load, LL = 530.4

Total Unfactored Load = 1830.5 + 530.4 + 0.0 = 2360.9 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/686) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1800 X 1800 X 936 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.800X1.800X0.936)x24 = 80.1 kN
Total No of Piles required = 2440.9/(60.0*9.81) = 5

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 4251.0/(2173*2173) = 0.900 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/686) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 686 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 309 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*686*0.495/309 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*686*(4*0.450*686+450+450) = 3224.3 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.900 *(2*0.450*686+450)*(2*0.450*686+450) = 1026.7 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 4251.0 - 1026.7 = 3224.3 kN <= 3224.3 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 686 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.460, enhanced shear stress, v = 1.076 N/mm^2

Shear Capacity = 2*1.076*686*(4*0.460*686+450+450) = 3194.7 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.900 *(2*0.460*686+450)*(2*0.460*686+450) = 1053.3 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 4251.0 - 1053.3 = 3197.7 > 3194.7 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 4251.0-0.900*450*450/1000 = 4068.6 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*421(450+450)/1000 = 4068.6 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 421 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

686 421

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 5

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*5*60.0*9.81 = 4414.5 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/4 = 524 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1765.8 kN *0.524 m = 925.1 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 925.1 kN/1.773 m = 521.8 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/4 = 524 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1765.8 kN *0.524 m = 925.1 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 925.1 kN/1.773 m = 521.8 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 352 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3400.8 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*352*(450+450)/1000 = 3400.8 kN

TVu = 3400.8 ; Pu = 3400.8 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 352 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 641 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3400.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*641*0.49/411 = 1.54 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*1.54*641*(450+411)/1000 = 1700.4 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 641 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*641*0.49/411 = 1.54 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.54*641*(450+411)/1000 = 1700.4 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1700.4+1700.4 = 3400.8 kN

TVu = 3400.8 ; Pu = 3400.8 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 641 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 631 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1700.4 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*631*0.49/411 = 1.52 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.52*631*1773/1000 = 1700.4 kN

TVu = 1700.4 ; Pu = 1700.4 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 631 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 631 mm; Width
= 1773 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 636 - 450/2 = 411 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1700.4 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*631*0.49/411 = 1.52 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.52*631*1773/1000 = 1700.4 kN

TVu = 1700.4 ; Pu = 1700.4 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 631 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/641) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

5 1800 1800 686 686 631 631 352 641

Design for Bending Moment: 521.8/1.00 = 521.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 521.8*1000/686^2 = 1.107

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.107 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.107 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 56.4 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*56.4 = 998.29 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 998.29/(0.95*460) = 2284 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 998.29(684-0.4419*56.4)/1000 = 658.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2284 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 521.8/1.00 = 521.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 521.8*1000/686^2 = 1.107

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.107 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.107 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 56.4 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*56.4 = 998.29 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 998.29/(0.95*460) = 2284 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 998.29(684-0.4419*56.4)/1000 = 658.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2284 mm^2

Location of Footing: 01-J

Dead Load, DL = 1402.0; Live Load, LL = 401.5; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1542.2; Live Load, LL = 441.7

Total Unfactored Load = 1542.2 + 441.7 + 0.0 = 1983.8 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/571) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1500 X 821 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.500X0.821)x24 = 48.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 2032.6/(60.0*9.81) = 4
ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 3399.8/(1800*1800) = 1.049 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/571) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 571 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.450
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 257 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*571*0.495/257 = 1.100 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*1.100*571*(4*0.450*571+450+450) = 2424.0 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.049 *(2*0.450*571+450)*(2*0.450*571+450) = 975.8 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3399.8 - 975.8 = 2424.0 kN <= 2424.0 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 571 mm

At Ratio of p = 0.460, enhanced shear stress, v = 1.076 N/mm^2

Shear Capacity = 2*1.076*571*(4*0.460*571+450+450) = 2399.4 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.049 *(2*0.460*571+450)*(2*0.460*571+450) = 999.1 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 3399.8 - 999.1 = 2400.7 > 2399.4 kN. Not O.K.!!!!

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 3399.8-1.049*450*450/1000 = 3187.3 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*330(450+450)/1000 = 3187.3 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 330 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

571 330

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 4

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*4*60.0*9.81 = 3531.6 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 1699.9 kN *0.338 m = 573.7 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 573.7 kN/1.400 m = 409.8 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1699.9 kN *0.338 m = 573.7 kNm
 Moment about X-axis = 573.7 kN/1.400 m = 409.8 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 352 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3399.8 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*352*(450+450)/1000 = 3399.8 kN

TVu = 3399.8 ; Pu = 3399.8 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 352 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 535 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*4.00*60.0*9.81 = 3399.8 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*535*0.49/225 = 2.35 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.35*535*(450+225)/1000 = 1699.9 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 4.00 ; Thickness,d = 535 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*535*0.49/225 = 2.35 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*2.35*535*(450+225)/1000 = 1699.9 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1699.9+1699.9 = 3399.8 kN

TVu = 3399.8 ; Pu = 3399.8 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 535 !!!

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 525 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1699.9 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*525*0.49/225 = 2.31 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.31*525*1400/1000 = 1699.9 kN

TVu = 1699.9 ; Pu = 1699.9 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 525 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 525 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1699.9 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*525*0.49/225 = 2.31 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.31*525*1400/1000 = 1699.9 kN

TVu = 1699.9 ; Pu = 1699.9 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 525 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/535) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

4 1400 1400 571 571 525 525 352 535
Design for Bending Moment: 409.8/1.00 = 409.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 409.8*1000/571^2 = 1.255

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 47.8 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*47.8 = 847.54 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 847.54/(0.95*460) = 1939 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 847.54(571-0.4419*47.8)/1000 = 466.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1939 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 409.8/1.00 = 409.8 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 409.8*1000/571^2 = 1.255

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.255 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 47.8 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*47.8 = 847.54 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 847.54/(0.95*460) = 1939 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 847.54(571-0.4419*47.8)/1000 = 466.4 kNm

Steel area required, As = 1939 mm^2

Location of Footing: 01-K

Dead Load, DL = 1094.9; Live Load, LL = 207.0; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 1204.4; Live Load, LL = 227.7

Total Unfactored Load = 1204.4 + 227.7 + 0.0 = 1432.1 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/493) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 1300 X 868 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X1.300X0.868)x24 = 44.7 kN
Total No of Piles required = 1476.8/(60.0*9.81) = 3

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 2527.4/(1800*1800) = 0.780 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/493) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 493 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.545
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 269 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*493*0.495/269 = 0.908 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.908*493*(4*0.545*493+450+450) = 1767.1 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
0.780 *(2*0.545*493+450)*(2*0.545*493+450) = 760.3 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 2527.4 - 760.3 = 1767.1 kN <= 1767.1 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 493 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 2527.4-0.780*450*450/1000 = 2369.4 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*245(450+450)/1000 = 2369.4 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 245 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

493 245

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 3

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*3*60.0*9.81 = 2648.7 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.50*60.0*9.81 = 441.5 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/4 = 338 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 2155.7 kN *0.338 m = 727.6 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 727.6 kN/1.279 m = 568.7 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = 1310.5 kN *0.295 m = 386.1 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 386.1 kN/1.400 m = 275.8 kNm/m

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 501 mm; Width
= 1000 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 842.5 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*501*0.49/295 = 1.68 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 1.68*501*1000/1000 = 842.5 kN

TVu = 842.5 ; Pu = 842.5 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 501 !!!

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 262 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2527.4 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*262*(450+450)/1000 = 2527.4 kN

TVu = 2527.4 ; Pu = 2527.4 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 262 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 619 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 842.5 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*619*0.49/225 = 2.72 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.72*619*500/1000 = 842.5 kN

TVu = 842.5 ; Pu = 842.5 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 619 !!!

PUNCHING SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 477 mm

Total ultimate pile load, Pu = 1.5*3.00*60.0*9.81 = 2527.4 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Enhanced shear Vc1 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*477*0.49/225 = 2.10 N/mm^2
X-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc1 = 2*2.10*477*(450+295)/1000 = 1493.5 kN

Y - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 3.00 ; Thickness,d = 477 mm; Width
= 1400 mm

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 520 - 450/2 = 295 mm

Enhanced shear Vc2 = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*477*0.49/295 = 1.60 N/mm^2
Y-Ultimate shear capacity, TVc2 = 2*1.60*477*(450+225)/1000 = 1033.9 kN

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = TVc1 + TVc2 = 1493.5+1033.9 = 2527.4 kN

TVu = 2527.4 ; Pu = 2527.4 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 477 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/619) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

3 1400 1300 619 493 619 501 262 477

Design for Bending Moment: 568.7/1.00 = 568.7 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 568.7*1000/619^2 = 1.484

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 53.9 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*53.9 = 955.60 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 955.60/(0.95*460) = 2187 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 955.60(617-0.4419*53.9)/1000 = 566.8 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2187 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 568.7/1.00 = 568.7 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 568.7*1000/619^2 = 1.484

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 1.484 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 53.9 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*53.9 = 955.60 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 955.60/(0.95*460) = 2187 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 955.60(617-0.4419*53.9)/1000 = 566.8 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2187 mm^2

Location of Footing: 01-L

Dead Load, DL = 479.2; Live Load, LL = 53.1; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 527.1; Live Load, LL = 58.4

Total Unfactored Load = 527.1 + 58.4 + 0.0 = 585.5 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/326) = 1.228
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.228)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.521 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/487) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/143) = 2.801
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.801)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.640 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 1500 X 600 X 866 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(1.500X0.600X0.866)x24 = 20.6 kN
Total No of Piles required = 606.1/(60.0*9.81) = 2

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 1671.0/(1800*900) = 1.031 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/326) = 1.228
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.228)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.521 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 326 mm = 0.521 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.546
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 178 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*326*0.521/178 = 0.955 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.955*326*(4*0.546*326+450+450) = 1002.0 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.031 *(2*0.546*326+450)*(2*0.546*326+450) = 669.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 1671.0 - 669.0 = 1002.0 kN <= 1002.0 kN --> O.K.
!!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 326 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 1671.0-1.031*450*450/1000 = 1462.1 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*151(450+450)/1000 = 1462.1 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 151 mm

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/487) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,487 mm = 0.495 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.690
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.495/0.690 = 0.717 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 487 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.717*487*900 = 629.0 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.031 *(2*0.690*487+450)*900 = 1042.0 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1671.0 - 1042.0 = 629.0 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/143) = 2.801
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.801)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.640 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Flexural Shear:

Design Shear stress based on d,143 mm = 0.640 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.790
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*vc/p = 1.0*0.640/0.790 = 0.810 N/mm^2
Required effective depth to satisfy flexure shear, d = 143 mm

Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d.'L'/1000 kN = 2*0.810*143*1800 = 416.6 kN

Load Within Shear Perimeter = Wu(2p.d+'A').'L'/1000 kN =
1.031 *(2*0.790*143+450)*1800 = 1254.4 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load - above = 1671.0 - 1254.4 = 416.6 kN

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear Flexural Shear
326 151 487

CONVENTIONAL DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING:

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Total No of Piles used = 2

Total ultimate pile load = 1.5*2*60.0*9.81 = 1765.8 kN

Total ultimate X-pile load = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 882.9 kN

Total ultimate Y-pile load = 1.5*0.00*60.0*9.81 = 0.0 kN

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total Moment about Y-axis = 835.5 kN *0.225 m = 188.0 kNm
Moment about Y-axis = 188.0 kN/0.500 m = 376.0 kNm/m

Y-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 225 - 450/2 = 0 mm

Total Moment about X-axis = -1.$ kN *0.000 m = 0.0 kNm
Moment about X-axis = 0.0 kN/1.400 m = 0.0 kNm/m

STUMP FACE SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 2.00 ; Thickness,d = 173 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*2.00*60.0*9.81 = 1671.0 kN

Stump Face shear Vc = 0.8*sqrt(fcu) = 0.8*sqrt(45) = 5.37 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2*5.37*173*(450+450)/1000 = 1671.0 kN

TVu = 1671.0 ; Pu = 1671.0 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 173 !!!

X - FLEXURAL BEAM SHEAR CAPACITY: Equivalent piles = 1.00 ; Thickness,d = 616 mm; Width
= 500 mm

X-Distance from piles' centroid to column face = 450 - 450/2 = 225 mm

Total ultimate pile load,Pu = 1.5*1.00*60.0*9.81 = 835.5 kN

Enhanced shear Vc = VcFac*d*vc/a = 2.0*616*0.49/225 = 2.71 N/mm^2

Total ultimate shear capacity,TVu = 2.71*616*500/1000 = 835.5 kN

TVu = 835.5 ; Pu = 835.5 ; i.e. Minimum thickness required = 616 !!!

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/616) = 1.000
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(1.000)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.495 N/mm^2

Pile:No Footing: x y t ; tPad tBeamX tBeamY tFace tPunch

2 1400 600 616 487 616 0 173 0

Design for Bending Moment: 376.0/1.00 = 376.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 376.0*1000/616^2 = 0.990

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.990 < 3.450 -->O.K. !
Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.2 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.2 = 906.37 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 906.37/(0.95*460) = 2074 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 906.37(614-0.4419*51.2)/1000 = 536.3 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2074 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/616^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 51.2 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*51.2 = 906.37 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 906.37/(0.95*460) = 2074 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 906.37(614-0.4419*51.2)/1000 = 536.3 kNm

Steel area required, As = 2074 mm^2

Location of Footing: -2A-I

Dead Load, DL = 138.3; Live Load, LL = 38.5; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance

Dead Load, DL = 152.1; Live Load, LL = 42.4

Total Unfactored Load = 152.1 + 42.4 + 0.0 = 194.5 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/158) = 2.527
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.527)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.624 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 199.2/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 849.4/(900*900) = 1.049 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/158) = 2.527
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.527)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.624 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 158 mm = 0.624 N/mm^2
Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.646
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 102 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*158*0.624/102 = 0.966 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.966*158*(4*0.646*158+450+450) = 400.2 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.049 *(2*0.646*158+450)*(2*0.646*158+450) = 449.2 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 849.4 - 449.2 = 400.2 kN <= 400.2 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 158 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 849.4-1.049*450*450/1000 = 637.0 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*66(450+450)/1000 = 637.0 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 66 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

158 66

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Location of Footing: -2A-J

Dead Load, DL = 165.8; Live Load, LL = 39.1; Wind Load, WL = 0.0

After additional 10 percent load allowance
Dead Load, DL = 182.3; Live Load, LL = 43.0

Total Unfactored Load = 182.3 + 43.0 + 0.0 = 225.3 kN

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/158) = 2.533
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.533)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.624 N/mm^2

Based on preliminary pile-cap size of 600 X 600 X 500 to calculate Selfweight,SW:

Selfweight of PileCap,SW = 1.10 x(0.600X0.600X0.500)x24 = 4.8 kN
Total No of Piles required = 230.1/(60.0*9.81) = 1

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN METHOD FOR PILE FOOTING: USING EQUIVALENT ULTIMATE SOIL PRESSURE

Ultimate soil pressure for design, Wu = 846.2/(900*900) = 1.045 N/mm^2

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Punching Shear:

Refer to Table 3.9 of BS8110:1997

Shear Capacity,vc = 0.79*((100As/(bd))^1/3)*(400/d)^1/4)*((fcu/25)^1/3)/1.25
Effective depth ratio = max(1,400/d) = max(1,400/158) = 2.533
Concrete Grade ratio = min(40,fcu)/25 = min(40,45)/25 = 1.600
Steel Percentage, 100As/(bd) = min(3,0.30) = 0.30
vc = ( 0.79*(0.30)^1/3*(2.533)^1/4*(1.600)^1/3 )/1.25 = 0.624 N/mm^2

Stump Size, A & B Dimensions,mm = 450 mm x 450 mm

Design Shear stress based on d, 158 mm = 0.624 N/mm^2

Ratio of shear plane from stump face to effective depth, p = 0.646
Distance of shear plane from stump face, a = 102 mm
Enhanced shear stress,v = fVcFac*d*vc/a = 1.0*158*0.624/102 = 0.966 N/mm^2
Ultimate Shear Capacity = 2v.d(4p.d+A+B)/1000 kN =
2*0.966*158*(4*0.646*158+450+450) = 399.3 kN
Load Within Shear Perimeter, Pi = Wu(2p.d+A)*(2p.d+B)/1000 kN =
1.045 *(2*0.646*158+450)*(2*0.646*158+450) = 446.9 kN
Ultimate Load = Total load,P - Pi = 846.2 - 446.9 = 399.3 kN <= 399.3 kN --> O.K. !!

Required effective depth to satisfy punching shear, d = 158 mm

Calculate Effective Depth, d to Satisfy Stump Face Shear:

Ultimate Load, Pu = 846.2-1.045*450*450/1000 = 634.7 kN

Stump Face Shear Capacity, Pc = 2*5.367*66(450+450)/1000 = 634.7 kN

Effective Depth required at stump face = 66 mm

Summary: Effective depth for Punching Shear Stump Shear

158 66

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

Design for Bending Moment: 0.0/1.00 = 0.0 kNm

Mu/bd^2 = 0.0*1000/250^2 = 0.000

For Footing Design, limit Mu/bd^2 < 0.5*kk1: Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 ; 0.5*kk1 = 3.450
Mu/bd^2 = 0.000 < 3.450 -->O.K. !

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 24.1 mm

Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1.b.x = 17.71*24.1 = 426.07 kN

Steel area required, As = Fc/(fyy*fy) = 426.07/(0.95*460) = 975 mm^2

Moment capacity = Fc(d-k2.x) = 426.07(250-0.4419*24.1)/1000 = 102.0 kNm

Steel area required, As = 975 mm^2

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SUMMARY OF COLUMN LOADING WITHOUT LOAD ALLOWANCE OF 10 PERCENT:

Total Footing SelfWeight = 2081 kN

Total Dead Load from floors above = 60445 kN

Total Dead Load (with SelfWeight) = 62526 kN

Total Live Load from floors above = 18241 kN

SUMMARY OF COLUMN LOADING WITH LOAD ALLOWANCE OF 10 PERCENT:

Total Dead Load (with SelfWeight) = 68778.23 kN

Total Live Load from floors above = 20065.12 kN

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SUMMARY OF TOTAL LOADING WITHOUT LOAD ALLOWANCE OF 10 PERCENT:

Total Footing SelfWeight of Whole Keyplan = 2081 kN

Total Dead & Live Load of Whole Keyplan = 78686 kN

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