Chemistry 127 Fall 2003 Dr.

Vilchiz
Chapter 10 Due Tuesday November 25th, 2003

1. The following species do not obey the octet rule. Draw Lewis structure for each, and
state the type of octet exception: a) O3-; b) XeF2; c) SbF4-.

2. What is required for an atom to expand its valence shell? Which of the following
atoms can expand its valence shell: F, S, H, Al, Se, Cl?

3. Acetylene gas (C2H2) burns with oxygen in an oxyacetylene torch to produce carbon
dioxide, water vapor, and the great heat needed for welding metals. The heat of
combustion of acetylene is 1259 kJ/mol. Estimate the bond energy of the triple bond
between the carbons, and compare your value with that in table 9.2.

4. Write a solution plan (without actual number but including the bond energies - not the
actual numbers - you would use and how you would combine them algebraically) for
calculating the enthalpy change of the following reaction:
H2(g) + O2(g) Æ H2O2(g)

5. Use bond energies on page 339 to calculate the heat of reaction for the addition of a
hydrogen molecule to CH2=CH2 across the double bond to produce CH3-CH3

6. Use wedge-line perspective drawings if necessary to sketch the atom positions in a

general molecule of formula (not shape class) AXn that has each of the following shapes:
a) V shape, b) trigonal planar, trigonal bipyramidal, d) T shape, e) trigonal pyramidal,
f) square pyramidal.

7. Consider the molecules BF3, PF3, BrF3, SF4, SF6.

a) which has bonds that are most polar?
b) Which have a molecular dipole moment?

8. Nitrosyl Fluoride (NOF) has an atom sequence in which all atoms have formal charges
of zero. Write the Lewis structure consistent with this fact.

9. The VSEPR model was developed in the 1950’s, before any xenon compounds had
been prepared. Thus, in the early 1950’s, these compounds provided an excellent test for
the models’ predictive power. What would you have predicted for the shapes of XeF2,
XeF4, XeF6?

10. Chloral, Cl3C-CH=O, reacts with water to form the sedative and hypnotic agent
chloral hydrate. Cl3C-CH(OH)2. Draw Lewis structures for these substances, and describe
the change in molecular shape, if any, that occurs around the carbon atoms during the
reaction.
11. Like several other bonds, carbon oxygen bonds have lengths and strengths that
depend on the bond order. Draw Lewis structures for the following species and arrange
then in order of increasing carbon-oxygen bond length and then by increasing carbon-
oxygen bond strength: a) CO, b)CO32-, c) H2CO, d) CH4O, e)HCO3- (H attached to O).

12. The four bonds of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) are polar but the molecule is nonpolar
because the bond polarity is canceled due to symmetry. When other atoms substitute the
Cl atoms, the symmetry is broken and the molecule becomes polar. Rank the following
molecules from the least polar to the most polar: CH2Br2, CF2Cl2, CH2F2, CH2Cl2, CBr4,
CF2Br2.

13. A major short lived, neutral species in flames is OH.

a)What is unusual about the electronic structure of OH?
b) Use standard heat of formation of OH(g) and bond energies to calculate the O-H bond
energy in OH(g) (∆Hf° of OH(g) =39.0 kJ/mol).

14. Pure HN3 (atoms sequence HNNN) is a very explosive compound. In aqueous
solution is a very weak acid(comparable to acetic acid) that yields the azide ion N3-. Draw
the resonance structuresto explain why the nitrogen-nitrogen bond lengths are equal in
N3- but unequal in HN3.

15. Hydrazine (N2H4) is used as a rocket fuel because it reacts very exothermically with
oxygen to form nitrogen gas and water vapor. The heat released and the increase in
number of moles of gas provides thrust. Calculate the heat of reaction.