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DEREK WENDT
SOUND
a phenomenology of aural architecture
DEREK WENDT
Master of Architecture
The University of Detroit Mercy School of Architecture
ARCH 5100, 5110, 5200, and 5210
Adjunct Professor Karen Swanson, AIA
29 April 2011
This book is dedicated to an angel
who continued my path in life...
TABULATION
... noisy world 11
... deaf perceivability 17
... advocacy 21
precedents 29
... design standards 30
... materiality 33
... structural 37
... environmental 43
prototypes 45
plan 55
... preface 56
... analysis and considerations of nodes 65
... progress 73
... kiosk concepts 83
... Sound Exposition 89
................. organization of spaces 93
................. sketch models 95
................. preliminary building sections 97
................. preliminary building plan 99
................. conceptual spaces 101
................. interior perspectives 105
... design precedents 115
epilogue 121
catalogue 125
... published references 126
... internet references 132
... professional references 134
I have a natural tendency to see sound. I was born
profoundly deaf and grew up with hearing aids. I was
enrolled at an oral deaf program, learning how to hear
and speak. This learning process continued until the
fourth grade when I received a cochlear implant. A
the
PREFACE
device was installed with its tail wire cord invigorat-
ing the damaged hair cells inside the cochlea. The
device was implanted beneath the skin, near my left
ear. Outside of the skin, a processor was magnetically
snapped to this device. Upon activation, any noise
would transmit to the processor’s microphone. The
processor then carries the data through my skin to
the implanted device, continuing its way through the
wire to the cochlea. It then electrifies the damaged
hair cells to transmit information to the brain. Feeling
like a half-bionic man, the cochlear implant technol-
ogy magically transformed my journey to the physical
world of sound.
1
on to have normal vision. A cochlear implant can be what the characters were saying. Closed captioning
controlled to transport from silence to various levels of for television programs and movies became a legal
auditory stimulation. Many cochlear implant recipients requirement as technology improved the accessibility
do not wear the processor while sleeping or showering for the deaf.
and can turn it off in an unpleasant noise environment.
Between middle and high school I began to read lips
After graduating from an oral deaf program, I was on live action television shows to improve my pronun-
“mainstreamed” to a private middle school. I was the ciation of words and phrases. During college, I had
only hearing impaired student and had a consultant access to computers with “speaking” options. At this
to continue my speech development. This continued point I no longer had a speech consultant that would
when I became a student at a private high school. read stories out loud or listen to words to continue my
I become a visual learner and developed as a lip speech development. My speech was improving and I
reader. I had a difficult time maintaining friendships was speaking more accentually. Occasionally, my use
and conversations because of my unordinary speech. of words would be questioned by others.
Although I was shy, I had artistic abilities to support
my individuality. The cochlear implant, as currently developed, cannot
distinguish noise coming from one place and is heard
Growing up, I enjoyed drawing, painting, building by the user as scattered data. It is difficult to distin-
LEGO sets, and a variety of crafts. I do not remem- guish who is speaking or to focus on a specific sound
ber sounds as part of my youth while enjoying these source. A noisy restaurant is always a challenge for a
activities. I remember watching many Disney and cochlear implant recipient. One must use lip-reading
Nickelodeon cartoon shows without the awareness of while blocking out irrelevant noises. The cochlear
sound. I would only watch the characters’ uncanny implant has yet to be developed to mimic normal hear-
and witty expressions that left me laughing. When I ing; nevertheless it has exceeded expectations since
was old enough to read, I had a closed captioning de- the first clinical implant in 1957. Technology is appre-
vice hooked up to the television so I could understand ciated by recipients as an aid to learning both how to
THESIS
through buildings, structures and spaces. Design was
for the human eye because of its unlimited range of
vision and its impact on consciousness. Frank Lloyd
Wright, an renowned architect, designed homes in
delicate decorative details without deviating far from
Traditionalism, the upholding of traditional architecture.
Another renowned architect, Le Corbusier designed
his buildings with a belief that light was phenomeno-
logically critical. Yet another architect, Ludwig Mies
van der Rohe simply adopted theoretical design con-
cepts that “less is more” and “God is in the details,”
defining modern architecture by emphasizing open
space. His reinvention of ornamentation and form of
buildings was unorthodox and the exposure of indus-
trial materials to the eye teased human consciousness.
7
of the Skin by a Finnish architect, Juhani Pallasmaa, futuristic space, e.g. New York City’s Times Square
Rene Magritte believed that architecture of our time and London’s Piccadilly Circus.
is turning into the retinal art of the eye.1 Architecture
has become an art of the printed image that is cap- Visual hegemony also brought a great notion to Hol-
tured by our cameras. The architecture of printed lywood, creating aesthetic landscapes on movie
images is losing its plasticity, leaving out an opportu- screens that take people to a place they have never
nity to experience it as a part of our being in the world. gone before, e.g. 2001: A Space Odyssey, Matrix tril-
Magritte noted that “as buildings lose their plasticity ogy, Minority Report. Recently, the new three-dimen-
and their connection with the language and wisdom of sional stereoscopic photography and computer-gener-
the body, they become isolated in the cool and distant ated imagery, CGI, has grown highly popular creating
realm of vision. With the loss of tactility, and the scale realistic perception at the movies, e.g. Avatar, IMAX
and details crafted for the human body and hand, our nature movies, Tron: Legacy.
structures become repulsively flat, sharp-edged, im-
material, and unreal.”2 The detachment of construction While the Hollywood screen has a way of making
turns architecture into stage sets for the eye, creating viewers feel alive with their striking beautiful imagery,
a lack of authenticity in material and tectonic logic. humans have carried on in the visual world. The ef-
fects and perceptions of how one sees normally has
As architecture has grown accustomed to visual hege- entirely changed through the 20th Century and the
mony, the world has become obsessed with it. Thus early 21st Century. One can now view sport games in
came a way for retail shops, stores and office head- many different angles. One can get a close-up view
quarters to make a statement. Signs of all kind have of a basketball player taking his free throw shot with a
grown popular for their attempt to effortlessly capture definite feature of his sweat! With television and the
and lure human attention. The technology of visual computer, one can explore and see what’s going on in
signs had a significant boom in the late 20th century Iraq, Africa and China in seconds! It brought people
with television, digital billboards and neon signs suc- closer together, making the world seem smaller and
cessfully transforming our major cities into seemingly offering new opportunities to live and learn.
1
Juhani Pallasmaa, Eyes of the Skin : Architecture and the Senses (Chichester, United
Kingdom: Wiley-Academy, 2005), 226.
2
Pallasmaa, 226.
3
Edward T. Hall, The Hidden Dimension (New York, New York: Anchor Books, 1990), 45.
4
Barry Blesser and Linda-Ruth Salter, Spaces Speak: Are You LIstening? (Cambridge, Mas-
sachusetts: MIT Press, 2007), 16.
5
George Prochnik, In Pursuit of Silence: Listening for Meaning in a World of Noise (New
York, New York: Doubleday, 2010), 59.
6
Prochnik, 40.
7
Prochnik, 40.
8
Christopher N. Brooks, Architectural Acoustics (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland &
Co., 2003), 1.
9
Blesser and Salter, 4. 10
Blesser and Salter, 4.
PRECEDENTS
William Lidwell, Kritina Holden, Jill Butler, and
Kimberly Elam
29
is an intensive approach in response to the Universal
Design Principles, a broad-spectrum architectural
planning guideline. Even with their disability, the deaf
can be consulted regarding the sensibility of acoustic
design and noise control. With the Deaf Diverse De-
sign Guidelines as supporting material, how can they
be incorporated with the Universal Design Principles
to economically build a detectable, perceptible and
desirable environment?
affordance nudge
desire line stickiness
entry point storytelling
inattentional blindness von Restorff effect
A non-denominational chapel designed by Eero Saa- David Byrne, a former member of the Talking Heads
rinen has a metal sculpture that hangs from a circular band, built a sound installation in which the infrastruc-
skylight. The full-height sculpture situated behind ture is converted into a giant musical instrument. De-
the altar to catch natural light and make the space vices are attached around the structure and are used
brighter. Not only does it bring light, it also reflects the to produce sound by causing the building elements
altar’s sound source to the audience. This beautiful to vibrate, resonate and oscillate. This is a emotional
installation was done aesthetically for visual and aural installation that brought a new aesthetic way to cel-
experiences. ebrate architecture.
2. Observance 4. Sonambient
Film | Bill Viola Sculpture | Harry Bertoia
Bill Viola’s experimental video about human emotions Harry Bertoia, an Italian-born artist, devoted his time
was a part of inspiration for the “See + Listen” video to make sculpture to produce sound environment with
(see pg. 46). Taking away sound, Viola captured sculptures. He manipulated tonal wire rods by stretch-
fundamental human experiences and consciousness. ing and bending to create different tones in response
Most of his films were generated in slow motion to con- to wind and touch. It provoked Bertoia to examine dif-
nect and understand a human reaction. It is an inspir- ferent results with the amount or thickness of the rods
ing piece to assist on to understand human beings by and thus formed Sonambient. Bertoia never made the
body language and gestures. same piece twice, seeking a different or richer sound
with varying size rods.
5. Transmaterial Series
Blaine Brownell
A concert hall, designed by Architect Hans Scharoun, One effective element of Daniel Libeskind’s Jüdisches
is acclaimed for both its acoustics and architecture. (Jewish) Museum in Berlin is the direction path. The
The irregular seating and height rows are positioned museum was designed to recognize the imprisoned
to view the stage for the quality of acoustics. Jews’ experiences during the World War Two. The
building forms in a zig-zag pattern and is only acces-
2. Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision sible from underground. The path takes visitors to
Hilversum, The Netherlands void and confused spaces. This is an inspirational
phenomenology of human presence in architecture
The Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision that evoked a design concept for this thesis project.
(“NISV”) is one of the largest audio-visual archives in
Europe. It preserves Dutch audio-visual heritage and 4. Sarphatistraat Offices
makes it accessible to potential users with a collec- Amsterdam, The Netherlands
tion of television, radio, music and film. Designed by
Willem Jan Neutelings and Michiel Riedijk, the NISV Steven Holl phenomenologically designed the Sarpha-
is wrapped in a skin of colorful cast-glass panels that tistraat Offices with a series of perspectual overlap-
stunningly glow inside like stained-glass windows of ping interior spaces animated by screens of colors.
a medieval cathedral. Several interior spaces are de- The screens form a spatial and experimental frame
signed accordingly for aural experiences. The NISV is with lighting and HVAC systems. The use of color
a great way to experience a sensibility of sound. screens is an example of a deaf design standard.
This is an anti-precedent. Marvin Miller, an organizer, Like the Japanese Tea Garden, Paley Park is a public
proposed to build a new town 40 miles west of Sioux space that encourages silence and privacy. Surround-
Falls, South Dakota for sign-language users. Miller ed by high-rise buildings near Midtown, New York,
intended to create an inclusive city with deaf employ- this celebrated park became a phenomenal success
ees and deaf-friendly resources. Even though 100 as a welcoming respite from the sights and sounds of
familites reserved their homes, there was a nationwide urban living. Located on the street, people are at-
criticisim on location and integration of the community. tracted to look in and enter at a dramatic focal entry
Isolation was not the answer for deaf individuals as point through a 20-foot cascading waterfall. The noise
many would integrate within the hearing community. of the waterfall blocks out the sounds of the city and
The emergence of criticism and several dismissals creates a sense of quiet and privacy. With moveable
from its county’s commission had Miller cancelling the chairs and tables, there is also adequate shade from
proposal a year later. This evoked the importance of the trees.
deaf people’s desirability of community.
4. London Sound Survey
2. Japanese Tea Garden London, United Kingdom
San Francisco, California
A comprehensive collection of sound recordings of
The oldest Japanese park in United States is intended places, events and wildlife in the metropolitan area of
to celebrate the Zen culture within the environment. London is an ambitious approach to sound mapping.
People have mediated in the park in silence and Recently formed, it appreciates the quality of aural
peace. environment and how sound has changed over time.
the
PROTOTYPES
without audio and, at various times, the audio would
turn on to identify its source and then back to si-
lence. Along with a roaring tiger and cruising cars,
the strongest clip of the ‘See + Listen’ video was of the
Fountains at Bellagio in Las Vegas in which water was
harmonically shooting in silence and with sound.
45
with attentive listening. Critically, they could imagine
their own personal experiences with a ‘bird chirping in
a forest,’ ‘a baby crying on a airplane,’ or ‘laughter of
children on a playground.’ Both experiments were a
cognitive phenomenon in which humans are already
adapted to identify a sound source without hearing
sound.
PLAN
the research and prototypes were used to improve a
part of a city. The process was to determine if an aural
environment could be designed with noise control and
a new sensibility of sound. A nearby urban city with
consistent use of crowd interactions was chosen. It
was necessary to experience the audio hegemony
within a city of considerable size. Ann Arbor, 35 miles
southwest of Detroit, is a college town and known as
one of the best American cities to raise a family. It has
interaction between the main campus of the University
of Michigan, the city blocks within State and Liberty
Streets and the downtown area. With students and lo-
cal residents present in each, fourteen different nodes
was chosen within these three sections to identify the
environment with and without sound. It was significant
that, without sound, Ann Arbor was dull outside the
beautiful main university campus comprised of trees
and slight hills. However, it was noted that students
were predominately occupied by their mobile devices
and were apathetic to their surroundings. On the
diagonal area of the main campus, the visualization of
55
trees with sunlight and shadows was filled with tran- which can be both highly practical and positively raise
quility which students could enjoy in solitude sitting on community interactions. An interactive landscape
the lawn or benches. Coincidentally, a short distance can also be a means for the deaf community to en-
away, there was a stage for student organizations to gage with the hearing community. The nodes in the
pass out brochures and to express themselves by downtown area are similar, but less populated than the
music, games or through a loudspeaker. On any given nodes near State and Liberty Streets. However, Main
day during the school year, this was a common scene. Street in the downtown area is congested with cars.
Being psychologically activated, it was noted their Because of the accessibility of a nearby highway exit,
noise was distracting. As observed, it was believed this is the most common directional path to get to Ann
that an absorption of sound or a human responsive Arbor. The Main Street section has a vibrant and el-
path acting as a soundscape could potentially im- egant night scene. There are also local boutiques and
prove the environment. While at the State and Liberty cafés that make this area pleasantly approachable.
city block nodes, it was noted that there was no noise With two traffic lanes, it can be busy and therefore
other than that coming from automobiles. The pedes- noisy. There is street-side parking sections that leave
trians were walking on their own or in pairs. The retail limited space for pedestrians to walk. If street-side
shops and restaurants had insignificant approaches parking were eliminated, the sidewalk could be wider.
except for those with attentive storefronts. This envi- This would give pedestrians an opportunity to walk
ronment signifies visual hegemony where structures side by side. If a sidewalk were to be expanded, a
or storefronts were so overwhelmingly developed that human height wall could separate the pedestrian from
they become ordinary. A few shops and cafés had the street. The wall would have acoustic panels and
retail music blasting near their entrances, an obvi- elegant tall grasses which could block out traffic noise
ous attempt to lure customers. Like ADA required and provide a new urban lifestyle in the city.
unaesthetic wheelchair ramps, the speakers were
embellished. Another idea was that the music could
be responsive to pedestrian movement with lights or
vibrations resulting in an aesthetic approach to sound
liberty street
state street
1 2 31 4 2 5 3 4 5
main street a.2. post office district
obstructive sidewalk objects and parked cars . traffic not a vibrant area . traffic noise at intersection . down-
noise . vibrant night scene . retail spaces . hear other town directional signs . highly used by pedestrians .
side? . noise control wall? bus station nearby . semi-open . noise branding?
6 7 8 6 9 7 10 8 9 10
2
11 3 1 13
12 4 11
2 14
5 12
3 4
13 5
14
the alley fifth avenue
lackluster transition from downtown to midtown . retail uninterested retail spaces and offices . common city
storefronts are not engaging . brand marketing and en- transition . traffic noise . one-way street (fifth avenue) .
gagement? functional night-time and delivery corridor? transform street into sound | quiet plaza?
7 8 6 9 7 10 8 9 10
12 1311 1412 13 14
65 sound: a phenomenology of aural architecture plan
1 2 3 4 5
5 6 7 8 9 10
washington and division maynard intersection
busy one-way street (division street) . vacant park- advertisement hegemony . national retail spaces and
ing lot . lacks connection from liberty street . potential eateries . visually open . vibrant day-and-night scene .
building site? quiet park? traffic-activated park? interactive and integrative intersection?
10
1 2 3 1 411
2 5 12
3 4
13 5
14
4 6 7 8 6 9 7 10 8 9 10
liberty plaza promenade
stepping concrete corner park . traffic noise still heard appealing but bland . local retail spaces . natural light-
. absorb sound by waterfall? . more trees on edge? ing . viewpoints to street and nature . quiet but traffic
noise still heard . hanging sound-absorbent material?
11 12 1311 1412 13 14
9 10 1 2
11 3
12 4
13 5
14
state street retail science and chemistry
narrow sidewalk . close to street parking . crowded nearby clock tower . nearby crosswalk has no pedes-
with numerous trash bins and bicycles . complete trian-crossing warnings . open with trees . sound- and
street? sound-absorbing bench-wall? light-activated crosswalk? . sound-transitional plaza?
3 5
14 6 7 8 9 10
10 11 12 13 14
retail corner diag the diag
silent zone . relaxing . plenty of trees to absorb traffic heart of college campus . students are occupied by
noise . open . retail spaces are in vicinity . aesthetic own phones . marketing hotspot - flyers, chalks, post-
video wall for more human interaction? ers . quiet zones . human-responsive soundscape?
4
13 5
14
(#8) and the Diag (#12), hence the watercolor insets.
law liberty plaza
quietest of all nodes . natural lighting . open . outdoor
studying area . precedent . no changes necessary
9 10
3 14
university avenue
lack of transition for humans between campus and
retail spaces . pedestrians typically walk fast . boring
bus stop . integrative and interactive corridor?
PROGRESS
located at the new #4. The analysis of the nodes were old #4 = new #3 Fifth Avenue
then rationalized with simple, yet complete, concepts old #5 = new #4 Sound Exposition
that would improve the aural environment economically. old #7 = new #5 Maynard Intxn
Kiosks
michigan
ornare porta. Nunc ac urna dui.
1 get sound-ical
mute
scaling
sound thru the eyes
2 theater
DESIGN PRECEDENTS 2. Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building
University of Toronto | Toronto, Ontario
In addition to the Precedents chapter, several archi-
tecture buildings were referred during the design of Renowened Architect Norman Foster designed a
Sound Exposition. pharmacy school for University of Toronto. It central-
izes all teaching, research and administrative spaces
with a single, efficient structure that is divided into
1. Children’s Room three parts. Similiar to the ‘Children’s Room,’ it holds
Mexico City, Mexico two dramatic ‘pods,’ or steel baskets, that hangs in
the atrium. It is visible from the exterior and can be
The Children’s Room was designed by Fernando stunning at night when the pods are illuminated with
Romero, a Latin American architect, for a private cli- colors. The larger of the two houses a 60-person
ent. The structure of the ‘bubble-shaped’ pod was re- lecture theatre and a reading room above. The other
alized to understand how spaces can be constructed accommodates a smaller 24-person classroom with
inside the Sound Exposition. the faculty lounge. The pods evoked the possibility
that it can be built by hanging and aesthetically effec-
tive. The interior spaces of the Sound Exposition will
be similar to these pods.
3. Mute Room
Faulders Studio
The National Stadium, or colloquially the “Bird’s Nest,” 5. Prada Aoyama Boutique
was used for the 2008 Summer Olympics is a phe- Tokyo, Japan
nomenal structure that has many ways of perceiving
a building. Designed by Jacques Herzog and Pierre The Prada Aoyama Boutique was used to study the
de Meuron, they relied heavily on the parametic de- exterior envelope for its structural ability. It is aes-
sign software that helped to work out the sightlines, thetically elegant with spherically curved, frameless
the bowl geometry, airflow to keep the grass in good glazing, or glass windows. The glass walls are not
condition, seismic studies and the design of the exter- transparent curtain walls, but a transparent, structural
nal envelope. Since it could not be solved manually, shell. Designed by Herzog and de Meuron, the intent
the software was needed to make sure that the web of was to reshape the concept and function of shopping,
the
EPILOGUE
complete, but ‘SOUND’ is off to a good start and the
plan can gradually grow. The concepts of the nodes
(sound walls, alleyways, intersection roofs) can not
only be located at proposed locations, but can also be
implemented for other busy streets, intersections, and
alleys.
121
As an ending note - the project has taught its author
much about what is possible. The answers are right
in front of us, but it takes effort to advocate the aware-
ness of acoustic design and aural architecture. This
thesis project should do its part.
thank you.
CATALOGUE
Blesser, Barry, and Linda-Ruth Salter. Spaces Speak,
Are You Listening?: Experiencing Aural
Architecture. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT
Press, 2007.
125
Byrd, Todd. “Deaf Space.” Gallaudet Today: the Grueneisen, Peter. Soundspace: Architecture
Magazine, Spring 2007. for Sound and Vision. Basel, Switzerland:
Birkhäuser-Publishers for Architecture, 2003.
Campbell, Robert. “Critique: Architecture of the
Senses.” Architectural Record. 195.11 (2007): Hall, Edward T. The Hidden Dimension. New York, New
65. York: Anchor Books, 1990.
Cohen, Sharon. “A Town for the Deaf? Marvin Miller Holl, Steven. Architecture Spoken. New York, New
Figures If He Builds It, They Will Come.” The York: Rizzoli, 2007.
Associated Press [New York, New York] 14,
Aug. 2005. Holl, Steven. Parallax. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser-
Publishers for Architecture, 2000.
Chorost, Michael. Rebuilt: My Journey Back to the
Hearing World. Boston, Massachusetts: Holl, Steven, Juhani Pallasmaa, and Gómez A. Pérez.
Houghton Mifflin, 2006. Questions of Perception: Phenomenology of
Architecture. San Francisco, California: William
Davey, Monica. “As Town for Deaf Takes Shape, Stout, 2006.
Debate on Isolation Re-emerges.” New York
Times. 21 Mar. 2005. Holl, Steven. Urbanisms: Working with Doubt. New
York, New York: Princeton Architectural Press,
Fantasia. Dir. James Algar, Samuel Armstrong, Ford 2009.
Beebe, Norman Ferguson, Jim Handley, T. Hee,
Wilfred Jackson, Hamilton Luske, Bill Roberts, Kahn, Douglas. Noise, Water, Meat: A History of Sound
and Paul Satterfield. Perf. Leopold Stokowski in the Arts. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT
and Deems Taylor. Walt Disney Pictures: 1940, Press, 1999.
Film.
Koyaanisqatsi. Dir. Godfrey Reggio. Perf. Lou Dobbs
Fogg, Don. “Q&A> Architect Chris Downy Finds and Ted Koppel. IRE Productions: 1982, Film.
Second Sight.” The Architect’s Newspaper. 23
Sept. 2010.
Lidwell, William, Kritina Holden, Jill Butler, and
Golledge, Reginald G. Wayfinding Behavior: Cognitive Kimberly Elam. Universal Principles of Design.
Mapping and Other Spatial Processes. Beverly, Mass: Rockport Publishers, 2010.
Baltimore, Maryland: John Hopkins University
Press, 1999. Lie To Me. Fox Network: 2009-2011. Television.
Chattering Children
http://www.chatteringchildren.org/
Evelyn Glennie
http://www.evelyn.co.uk/
Noisy Planet
http://www.noisyplanet.nidcd.nih.gov/
Quiet Party
http://www.quietparty.com/
Transmaterial
http://www.transmaterial.net/