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LITERATURE SURVEY
LAYOUTS
1
operating at two different frequencies. A typical example is in the
INDOOR SUBSTATIONS
indoor substation.
2
6. The whole equipment can be viewed and this makes fault
location easier.
used to feed the L.T lines within the L.T network. The substation
3
RMU for supplying voltage. The substation may be fed through an
RMU or through a set of three J&P fuses on the H.T overhead lines.
the junction points in the H.T network. They may be installed in the
This permits any dripping oil from the transformer to sink into the
the area. Both the transformer and RMU are raised above the
overhead lines through the three J&P fuses goes into the 11KV
4
35mm2 XLPE cables or 70mm2, 1 - core cables are used as the
PRACTICE
or near the load centre of that area. Thismakes the copper losses
among others.
area
5
e. Whether the load forecast is for a new town or
From this, load current and load duration curve can be deduced
6
which becomes very useful for deciding power generation
(3)Industrial load: This may include items in (1) and (2) above in
equipment.
7
(8) Traction load for trains (not available yet in Nigeria except in
(requirements).
arrangement.
It is obvious that different types of load at different time may
8
such as the daily load cycles, the transformer would be operated
life.
180oC for 65oC rise transformers. Short-time peak loading for 1/2hr
That is:
9
(3) The substation must be designed to provide for continuity of
below:
2.) Over - current, earth - fault, short - circuit faults on lines, underground cables,
SYSTEMS
Protection of electrical distribution supply system is highly
10
(a) Prevent damages on the equipment within the network and
safety of personnel.
generation .
Protective relays.
shielded equipment.
11
(e) Breathers (Silica gel)-: Used on transformers to prevent ingrain
of moisture.
to the atmosphere.
(g) Oil - level indicators-: Used to monitor the level of oil inside
satisfactory performances.
(h) Bare - conductor fuses-: Used to protect electrical equipment
CHAPTER 2
DATA COLLECTED
CAPACITY: 2 X 15MVA
12
SUBSTATION TYPE: OUTDOOR/INDOOR
LINE PARAMETERS
OFFICES.
13
CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
INTERRUPTED
06-05- 1608 – FEEDER OFF SEVICE DUE TO POOR
(302MINS)
07-05- 1005 – FEEDER OFF SERVICE ON OVER
(120MINS)
19-05- 1000 – FEEDER OFF SERVICE BECAUSE of
(270MINS)
26-05- 1111 – FEEDER OFF SEVICE DUE TO POOR
(242MINS)
30-05- 1210 – FEEDER OFF SERVICE ON
14
2.1.1.2.2 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT COLLEGE 11KV FEEDER
LINE PARAMETERS
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
LOAD
15
07 ( 181MINS) A CUT DOWN WIRE.
2020-
SYSTEM FREQUENCY.
1516 FEEDER WAS OFF SERVICE AS
LINE PARAMETERS
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
16
TABLE 2.3: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007
17
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD
INTERRUPTED
0600 –
02-05- 0715HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 172A
07 (75MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY.
0600-
09-05- 0730HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 170A
07 (90MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY.
0600 –
13-05- 0730HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 166A
07 (90MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY.
1400 –
16-05- 1442HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 150A
07 (42MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY
2015-
19-05- 2206HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 180A
07 (111MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY.
0918-1030
20-05- (72MINS) LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 170A
07 SYSTEM FREQUENCY.
0948-
26-05- 1030HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 180A
07 (72MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY.
1950-
31-05- 2130HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 180A
07 (130MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY.
18
LINE PARAMETERS
MW CAPACITY = 7.5MW
19
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD
INTERRUPTED
01-05- 0530- LOADSHEDDING DUE TO POOR
07 0830HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 300A
(180MINS)
08-05- 1950- LOADSHEDDING DUE TO POOR
07 2200HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 296A
(190MINS)
16- 05- 1952- LOADSHEDDING DUE TO POOR
07 2210HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 200A
(132MINS)
22-05- 1206- LOADSHEDDING DUE TO POOR
07 1515HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 216A
(189MINS)
24-05- 1414- FEEDER OFF SERVICE AS A
07 1906HRS RESULT OF A BROKEN CROSS 219A
(308MINS) ARM
28-05- 0600 – LOADSHEDDING DUE TO POOR
07 0815HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 300A
(135MINS)
20
Figure 2.1 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF UGBOWO INJECTION SUBSTAT MAY 2007
The substation is fed on 33KV via the same line that supplies power to
33KV line is 12km long and the substation consists of two 15MVA
the associated overload led to its upgrade. The incoming 33KV line ends
is feeding the Army barracks/Okada axes of the network. This is due to the
21
FIG.2.2: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF POWER FLOW FROM THE 33KV
22
2.1.2 SILUKO 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION
CAPACITY: 2x15MVA
DC VOLTAGE: 110Vdc
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
23
TABLE 2.5: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY
1830-2030HRS
01-05-07 (120MINS) Feeder was off service on load shedding due to poor 320A
system frequency
1006-1209HRS
02-05-07 (123mins) Feeder tripped on earth fault. A cut down cable was 308A
amended before restoration
1830-2030HRS
02-05-07 (120mins) Feeder off service on load shedding due to 330A
transformer load limitation
1230-1436HRS
05-05-07 (126mins) Feeder off service on emergency load shedding due to 312A
transformer load limitation
0630-1016HRS
07-05-07 (226mins) Feeder tripped on over current blue phase. A broken 320A
cross arm was replaced before restoration
1045-1845HRS Feeder was off service on over current. Rainstorm
09-05-07 (480mins) was reported during tripping. Broken poles were 212A
replaced before restoration
1010-2010HRS Feeder tripped on overcurrent.Rainstorm was reported
10-05-07 (600mins) during the tripping and broken poles were re-planted 300A
before restoration of service.
1000-1408HRS
15-05-07 (248mins) Feeder was off service for the maintenance of circuit 200A
the line SF6 circuit breaker at the substation.
1408-1610HRS
19-05-07 (122mins) Loss of the 33KV incomer. This was to enable them 300A
carry out maintenance at the transmission substation.
1616-2010HRS
21-05-07 (236mins) Feeder off service on over current. Rainstorm was 312A
reported during tripping.
1930-2030HRS
22-05-07 (60mins) 33KV incomer was opened on load shedding at 338A
Transmission end.
1318-1710HRS
25-05-07 (232mins) Feeder was opened on load shedding due to poor 318A
generated power.
1414-1508HRS
31-05-07 (54mins) Feeder was opened on load shedding due to poor 320A
generated power
24
2.1.2.2.2 UPPER SILUKO 11KV FEEDER
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
25
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD
LOST
01-05-07 1828-2032HRS Feeder off service due to poor system frequency.
(124mins) 220A
02-05-07 1606-2210HRS Feeder off service due to poor system frequency 218A
(364mins)
07-05-07 1206hrs(7/5/7)- Broken poles. Rainstorm reported during tripping. 200A
1206hrs(10/5/7)
19-05-07 1616-2000HRS Feeder tripped on over current. Rainstorm was 218A
(214mns) reported during tripping.
22-05-07 1930-2032HRS Load shedding because of poor generation. 200A
(58mins)
31-05-07 1444-1500HRS Load shedding because of poor generation. 212A
(16mins)
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
26
TABLE 2.7: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007
LOAD
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOST
06- 05- 1016-
07 1515HRS Feeder off service on overcurrent.Lightening was 215A
(299MINS) Reported during tripping.
07-05- 0906-
07 1112HRS Emergency load shedding on poor system 200A
(186mins) frequency.
7-5-07 1030-
2230HRS Load shedding on transformer load limitation 268A
(180mins)
10-5-07 1410-
1432HRS Feeder off service on over current. Rainstorm 116A
(22mins) reported during tripping.
13-5-07 2020-
2356HRS Transformer tripped on over current. 210A
(226mins)
15-05- 1618- 200A
07 2015HRS Feeder off service for the amendment of a broken
(237mins) cross arm on the 11kv circuit.
18-05- 10120-
07 1418HRS Load shedding due to transformer load limitation. 219A
(248mins)
19-05- 1730-
07 2230HRS Load shedding on poor system frequency. 268A
(300mins)
21-05- 1616-
07 2210HRS Load shedding on poor system frequency. 210A
(8mins)
22-05- 0815-
07 1015HRS Load shedding on poor system frequency. 219A
(120mins)
27
LOAD
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOST
25-05- 1930-
07 2210HRS Load shedding on poor system frequency. 200A
(200mins)
26-05- 2010-
07 2018HRS Feeder off service on over current 196A
(8mins)
30-05- 1616-
07 1840HRS Feeder off service on over current. Broken cross 200A
(134mins) arms were replaced before restoration.
31-05- 0010-
07 1008HRS Feeder tripped on earth fault. Broken cross arms 218A
(542mins) were replaced before restoration.
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
28
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD
LOST
08-05-07 1030-1530HRS Load shedding due to low system 299A
(300MINS) frequency.
29
The substation is fed by a 33KV line that is approximately 32KM in lenth.The
switchgear are arranged such that the 33KV circuit is outdoor while the 11KV is
indoor. Four 11KV feeders radiate from the substation with two on each
DC VOLTAGE: 110V dc
YEAR OF COMMISSIONING
30
NUMBER OF RADIATING FEEDERS: TWO
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
31
LOAD
DATE DURATION REASONS FOR FAILURE FAILURE INTERRUPTED
01-05-07 1828-
2932HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 400A
(124MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY
02-05-07 1606- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR
2210HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY 389A
(364MINS)
19-05-07 1616- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR
2000HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY 355A
(214MINS)
22-05-07 1930- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR
2032HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY 400A
(58MINS)
23-05-07 1320-
1700HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 328A
(220MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY
25-05-07 1440- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR SYSTE
1500HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 330A
(16MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY M FREQUENCY
31-05-07 1830-
2030HRS BROKEN CROSS ARM ON THE 33KV 414A
(120MINS) LINE.
32
CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
Two 11KV feeders radiate from this substation namely: UPPER SAKPONBA and
33
Figure 2.4: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM 0F WELFARE SUBSTATIO
LINE LEGTH: 8 KM
34
LINE TYPE: OVERHEAD
INDUSTRY
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
07 LIGTHENING ARRESTER.
1020-1410HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE DUE
07
1020-1410HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE DUE
07 FREQUENCY.
1810-1910HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE FOR
07 OF A BREAKER
36
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD INTERRUPTED
07 POOR SYSTEM
FREQUENCY.
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
LOAD
DATE DURATION FAILURE INTERRUPTED
01-05-07 0545-0745HRS FEEDER TRIPED ON
37
(120MINS) OVERCURRENT.THE FEEDER WAS
LOADED BEYOUND THE SET 400A
VALUES FOR THE PROTECTIVE
RELAYS.
02-05-07 1016-1208HRS FEEDER TRIPED ON
(112MINS) OVERCURRENT.THE FEEDER WAS
LOADED BEYOUND THE SET
VALUES FOR THE PROTECTIVE 392A
RELAYS.
04-05-07 2020-2115HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR
(65MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY 318A
06-05-07 0630-0715HRS FEEDER TRIPPED ON OVERCURRENT.
(45MINS) RAINSTORM WAS REPORTED
DURING THE FAILURE 200A
08-05-07 1616-1830HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR
(134MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 180A
10-05-07 2008-2116HRS FEEDER TRIPPED ON OVERCURRENT.
(68MINS) FEEDER IS SUSPECTED TO HAVE
BEEN OVERLOADED. 399A
18-05-07 1306-1408HRS LOADSHEDDING DUE TO POOR
(62MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 206A
21-05-07 1108-1208HRS FEEDER WAS OFF SERVICE FOR THE
(60MINS) REFIL OF LINE CIRCUIT BREAKER
WITH SF6 GAS. 200A
22-05-07 0630-1118HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE DUE TO POOR
(288MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 188A
38
(120MINS) OVERLOAD BEYOUND PROTECTION
SETTING. 399A
31-05-07 0530-0730HRS FEEDER TRIPPED ON OVERCURRENT.
(120MINS) OVERLOAD BEYOUND PROTECTION
SETTING. 390A
39
Figure2.5: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF GUINESS SUBSTATION
The substation is fed by a 20KM –long 33KV line from the transmission substation. The
injection substation, which is the indoor/outdoor type, has two power transformers with
CAPACITY: 2x15MVA
2.1.5.2.1 FEEDER 1
40
LENTH OF LINE: 7KM
2.1.5.2.2 FEEDER 2
41
MAXIMUM LOAD: 400A
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
42
1018- Feeder off service on over current. A cut down
16_05 1316hrs jumper was replaced before restoration 296A
-07 (178mins)
1832- Feeder off service to correct poor system
22-05- 1942hrs frequency. 310A
07 (50mins)
1916-
30-05- 2110hrs Feeder off service on transformer load limitation 382A
07 (114mins)
0630-
31-05- 0710hrs Feeder tripped on over current 375A
07 (40mins)
2.1.5.2.3 FEEDER 3
43
TABLE 2.16: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007
07 LIGTHENING ARRESTER.
1020-1410HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE DUE
07
1020-1410HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE DUE
07 FREQUENCY.
1810-1910HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE FOR
07 OF A BREAKER
07 POOR SYSTEM
FREQUENCY.
44
2.1.5.2.4 FEEDER 4
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
45
TABLE 2.17: OUTAGES RECORDED IN THE MONTH OF MAY 2007
46
The injection substation fed via Nekpenekpen 33KV feeder from the transmission
substation at Sapele road Benin City. The 33KV switchgear arrangement is outdoor while
the 11KV ones are the indoor type. The substation supplies power to Sakponba,
Evbuoriaria, Oka, Ugbekun, Idogbo and Muritala Mohammed settlements of Benin City.
These are densely populated settlements that consist of mixed loads, as activities ranging
from commercial to private and governmental take place here. Four 11KV feeders radiate
47
2.1.6.1 SUBSTATION PARAMETERS
CAPACITY: 2x15MVA
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
48
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD
LOST
02-05- 1015- Feeder was off service on load shedding due
07 1315HRS to poor system frequency 400A
(180MINS)
06-05- 1530- Feeder tripped on over current. Rainstorm
07 2010HRS was reported during tripping. 295A
(280MINS)
09-05- 0630- Feeder was off service because of a broken
07 1030HRS cross arm. 318A
(280MINS)
10-5-7 1620- Feeder was off service for the emergency
1830HRS repair of a hot spot at the 11kv busbar. 366A
(130MINS)
16-05- 1440- Feeder was off service because of high
07 1640HRS transformer winding temperature. 388A
(120MINS)
20-05- 2310- Feeder was off service due to system
07 2354HRS frequency correction. 349A
(44MINS)
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
49
TABLE 2.9 : OUTAGES RECORDED
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
50
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD
LOST
01-05-07 1816-2000HRS Load shedding on poor system
(104MINS) frequency 300A
06-05-07 0016- Feeder off service on over
0230HRS(134MIN current.Rainstorm was reported 312A
S) during tripping.
09-05-07 0630-1030HRS Feeder off service on over current. A
(240MINS) broken crosarm was replaced before 300A
restoration.
16-05-07 1500-1606HRS Load shedding due to transformer
(126MINS) load limitation. 296A
19-05-07 0816-1016HRS Feeder tripped on earth fault. A cut
(120MINS) down conductor was replaced before 168A
restoration.
20-05-07 1616-1630HRS Feeder tripped on over current.
(14MINS) Lightening storm was reported 310A
during tripping.
29-05-07 1008-1216HRS Feeder off service on over current.
(128MINS) Rainstorm reported during tripping. 230A
TABLE 2.20: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY
51
MAXIMUM LOAD: 316A
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
52
29-05- 1018-1416HRS Load shedding due to poor system
07 (238MINS) frequency 289A
31-05- 1106-1119HRS Load shedding due to poor system
07 (13MINS) frequency 211A
This substation is fed via ETETE 33KV feeder from the transmission substation,
which is just 2.8km away. Four 11KV feeders radiate from the substation with
two tied to each transformer. These feeders are IHAMA, DUMEZ, UGBOR and
CAPACITY: 2x15MVA
53
YEAR OF COMMISSIONING: 1995
54
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD
LOST
12-15- 1006- The line was interrupted for replanting of a 280A
(114MINS)
22-05- 1600- The feeder tripped on over current. Rainstorm 252A
(55MINS)
55
LOAD LOST
DATE DURATION FAILURE
MW RATING: 7.5MW
56
LOAD
(60MINS)
57
GRA 33KV feeder feeds the substation from Benin transmission substation at
sapele road in Benin City. The 33KV switchgear arrangement is outdoor and
consists of isolators, circuit breakers, insulation support and surge arresters which
are so arranged that the 33KV line feeds into 33KV busbar to which two
The 11KV circuit is indoor. The circuit breaker CB4 is provided to facilitate both
parallel operation of the two transformers and to allow for transfer of load from
one transformer to the other. At the time of this research however, the
Oba palace and GRA feeders while transformer 2 feeds Reservation feeder.
58
2.1.8 EVBUOTUBU 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
59
TABLE 2.25 OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
60
CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2
61
The substation is one of the newest in the zone and it supplies power to the
Evbuotubu, Ekenwan and Asoro communities. The load is largely
residential with pockets of cottage industries. The substation is supplied
on 33KV from the transmission substation. Two 11KV feeders are
available and they are EVBUOTUBU and ASORO 11KV feeders.
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
62
TABLE 2.27 OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
63
TABLE 2.28 OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007
64
2.1.10.1 SUBSTATION PARAMETERS
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
65
MAXIMUM LOAD: 110A
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
66
MAXIMUM LOAD: 190A
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
(120MINS)
07-05- 0630-0700HRS POOR SYSTEM FREQUENCY 190A
07 (30MINS)
10-05- 1630-1930HRS POOR SYSTEM FREQUENCY 120A
07 (180MINS)
13-05- 1900-2200HRS POOR SYSTEM FREQUENCY 180A
07 (180MINS
23-05- 2210-2220HRS POOR SYSTEM FREQUENCY 152A
07 (10MINS)
29-05- 0630-0659HRS POOR SYSTEM FREQUENCY 166A
07 (29MINS)
67
Figure 2.11: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF IKPOBA DAM SUBSTATION
This substation supplies power to Ikpoba River dam which is the only water works in
Benin City and to two other feeders on 11KV .The feeders are: OKHORO &
68
2.2.1.1 SUBSTATION PARAMETERS
CAPACITY: 1x15MVA
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
69
16-05-07 1015HRS LOSS OF SOURCE 300A
(15MINS)
2105-2145HR FEEDER TRIPPED ON OVERCURRENT
22-05 -07 (40MINS) A BLOWN HRC FUSE WAS REPLACED 408A
BEFORE RESTORATRION
2130- FEEDER TRIPPED ON OVERCURRENT 430A
30-05-07 2155HRS A BLOWN HRC FUSE WAS REPLACED
(25MINS) BEFORE RESTORATRION
via Mosogar 33KV feeder. The 33KV switchgear is outdoor and 11KV
switchgear arranged indoor. One 11KV feeder, Oghareki 11KV feeder originates
from the station. This feeder feeds the Oghareki community, which has mixed
70
2.2.2 OGHAREFE 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION
CAPACITY: 1x15MVA
71
CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
72
LOCATION: UGHELLI, DELTA STATE
CAPACITY: 1x7.5MVA
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
73
03-05-07 0600-1035HRS. on earth fault. A tree 180A
branch was removed
(275mins.) from the line before
restoration.
There was loss of
supply from the
16-05-07 1436-1458HRS. source 33kv feeder. 200A
This was for the
(22mins.) purpose of
maintenance of their
33kv line breaker.
LENTH OF LINE=3KM
MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR:100mm2
The substation, which is both the indoor and outdoor type, is fed via a 2km-long
33kv feeder which comes from Delta power station also in ughelli. The 33kv
switchgear is outdoor while the 11kv switchgear is indoor. The 33kv arrangement
consists of a line isolator, an SF6 gas circuit breaker and a transformer isolator.
The 11kv output of the transformer goes straight to the indoor switchgear
CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS OF DATA
CALCULATIONS
75
Current in section 1 = Current due to Ugbowo substation + Current due to
Guinness substation
AT 33KV)
33KV)
(3.96 + j396)V
76
TOTAL VOLTAGE DROP = VOLTAGE DROP IN SECTION 1 + VOLTAGE
|V| =1.32KV
= 31.68 x 100 = 96 %
33.0
|V| =2.83KV
77
VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 110 X(0.0168 + j2.765) = (1.848 +j304.15)V
|V| = 0.3KV
|V| =0.64KV
78
3.1.1.2.4 USELU 11KV FEEDER
|V| = 1.4KV
TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD: 180 + 190 + 132 + 189 + 30C 8 + 135 = 1134MINS.
Transformer 1
CALCULATIONS
79
MAXIMUM LOAD ON TRANSFORMER = 350 + 110 = 460A
P =√3xIxVxCosø
3.1.1.3.2 TRANSFORMER 2
CALCULATIONS
P =√3xIxVxCosø
RATED FULL LOAD CURRENT = 15 X 106 = 803.36
√3X11X103X0.98
80
MINIMUM L.V VOLTAGE = 10.4KV
Differential protection
Surge protection
LINE PROTECTION
CALCULATIONS
|V| =0.9KV
81
VOLTAGE AT THE MOST REMOTE END = 11-0.9=10.1KV
|V| = 0.76KV
82
|V| = 0.7KV
|V| = 1.0KV
Transformer 1
83
WINDING TYPE: DY11
CALCULATIONS
P =√3xIxVxCosø
3.1.2.2.2 TRANSFORMER 2
RATING: 15MVA,33/11KV
WINDING TYPE:DY11
CALCULATIONS
P =√3xIxVxCosø
Differential protection
84
Restricted earth fault protection
Surge protection
LINE PROTECTION
|V| =1.2KV
85
3.1.3.1.2 ST. SAVIOUR 11KV FEEDER
|V| = 0.1KV
CALCULATIONS
P =√3xIxVxCosø
86
PROTECTION AVAILABLE FOR THE TRANSFORMERS
Differential protection
Surge protection
LINE PROTECTION
87
CALCULATIONS
|V| = 0.92KV
CALCULATIONS
|V| =0.8KV
TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD = 44640MINUTES
88
AVAILABILITY = 44640 – 385 = 0.99
44640
CALCULATIONS
|V| =0.36KV
CALCULATIONS
|V| = 1.1KV
89
TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD
AVAILABILITY = 44640 – 1563 = 0.97
44640
3.1.4.3.1 Transformer 1
CALCULATIONS
P =√3xIxVxCosø
3.1.4.3.2 Transformer 2
CALCULATIONS
P =√3xIxVxCosø
Differential protection
90
Over current protection
Surge protection
LINE PROTECTION
3.1.5.1.1 FEEDER 1
CALCULATIONS
135+71+175+76+124+66+25+51+199+3810+210+20+180+165+63=5370MINS
3.1.5.1.2 FEEDER 2
CALCULATIONS
91
TOTAL OUTAGE
PERIOD:15+116+126+70+195+64+375+24+49+75+200+45=1354MINUTES
3.1.5.1.3 FEEDER 3
CALCULATIONS
AVAILABILITY= 0.97
3.1.5.1.4 FEEDER 4
92
3.1.5.2.1 TRANSFORMER 1
3.1.5.2.2 TRANSFORMER 2
Differential protection
Surge protection
LINE PROTECTION
93
CALCULATIONS
|V| = 0.3KV
|V| = 0.9KV
94
VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 440 X(0.0144 + j2.37)V
|V| =1.04KV
44640
|V| = 0.9KV
3.1.6.3.1 Transformer 1
COMBINED LOAD: 696A
P =√3xIxVxCosø
95
I = 803.36A
3.1.6.3.2 Transformer 2
P =√3xIxVxCosø
I= 15 X 106 = 803.36
3
√3x11x10 x0.98
CALCULATIONS
AVAILABILITY=44640-169
44640
AVAILABILITY=0.99
CALCULATIONS
96
TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD= 19+265+25+165+66= 540MINS
AVAILABILITY= 44640-60
44640
3.1.7.2.1 Transformer 1
I= 15x106
√3x11x103x0.98
I= 803.36A
3.1.7.2.2 Transformer 2
97
3.1.8 EVBUOTUBU 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION
CALCULATIONS
|V| = 0.8KV
CALCULATIONS
98
%LOADING OF LINE =255 X 100 = 63.5%
401.9
|V| =0.8KV
CALCULATIONS
P =√3xIxVxCosø
SUBSTATION
99
3.1.9.1.1 NEW AUCHI 11KV FEEDER
CALCULATIONS
|V| = 1.04KV
CALCULATIONS
|V| =0.3KV
TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 120+105+60+185 = 470 MINS
100
44640
3.1.9.2 TRANSFORMER LOADING
TRANSFORMER1
RATED CURRENT = 803.36A
TRANSFORMER 2
P =√3xIxVxCosø
CALCULATIONS
| V| =0.08KV
101
AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE
TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD
CALCULATIONS
|V| = 0.2KV
|V| =0.34KV
TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 549MINS
102
TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD = 44640
3.1.10.2.1 TRANSFORMER 1
P =√3xIxVxCosø
3.1.10.2.2 TRANSFORMER 2
P =√3xIxVxCosø
103
3.2.1.1.1 OGHAREKI 11KV FEEDER
CALCULATIONS
|V|=1.8KV
CALCULATIONS:
104
CALCULATIONS
|V| = 0.52KV
No outage was recorded on the feeder in the month of May 2007. The availability
CALCULATIONS
|V| = 1.2KV
P = √3xIxVxCosø
105
Full load current = (15x106)/ (√3x11x103x0.98) = 803.36A
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
1. Differential protection
6. Surge protection
LINE PROTECTION
2.Earthfault relays
106
3.2.3.1 CALCULATIONS FOR 11KV FEEDERS
CALCULATIONS
|V| = 0.2KV
107
Ughelli 11kv feeder: 200A
Total: 350A
CALCULATIONS
P = √3xIxVxcos
P=Power=7.5MVA
I=current
V=Voltage=11kv
Cosø=power factor=0.98
CHAPTER FOUR
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
TABLE 4.1 TABULATED SUMMARY OF 11KV FEEDERS
108
WELFA ST.SAVIOUR 3.0 401.9 70 17.4 11 0.10 0.9 0.97 SATISFACTORY
RE
“ UPPER 7.0 401.9 440 109.5 11 1.2 0.9 0.98 LINE IS OVER
SAKPONBA LOADED
GUINES NEW BENIN 8.0 401.9 270 67.2 11 0.8 7.2 0.99 SATISFACTORY
S
“ BDPA 4.0 401.9 230 70.3 11 0.36 3.3 0.97 SATISFACTORY
“ ASABA 7.0 670.0 400 59.7 6.6 1.10 10.0 0.97 HIGN LOSSES
NEKPEN FEEDER 1 7.0 401.9 350 87.1 11 0.17 1.6 0.88 SATISFACTORY
EKPEN
“ FEEDER 2 6.0 401.9 400 99.5 11 0.95 0.64 0.97 SATISFACTORY
“ FEEDER 3 6.0 401.9 410 102.0 11 0.98 8.9 0.97 LINE IS OVER
LOADED
“ FEEDER 4 7.1 401.9 220 54.7 11 0.62 5.6 0.98 SATISFACTORY
ETET IHAMA 5.0 401.9 432 107.5 11 0.90 8.2 0.95 LINE IS OVER
E LOADED
“ DUMEZ 6.0 401.9 264 65.7 11 0.63 5.7 N/A SATISFACTORY
“ UGBOR 6.0 401.9 440 109.5 11 1.04 9.5 0.98 LINE IS OVER
LOADED
“ UPPER SAPELE 7.0 401.9 316 78.6 11 0.90 8.2 0.97 SATISFACTORY
GRA OBA PALACE 7.0 401.9 285 70.9 11 0.78 7.1 0.99 SATISFACTORY
“ GRA 6.0 401.9 279 69.4 11 0.67 6.1 0.98 SATISFACTORY
“ RESERVATION 6.0 803.6 330 53.5 11 1.0 9.1 0.99 SATISFACTORY
EVBUOT EVBUOTUBU 8.0 401.9 288 71.7 11 0.8 7.3 0.98 SATISFACTORY
UBU
“ ASORO 8.0 401.9 255 63.5 11 0.8 7.3 0.98 SATISFACTORY
FEDERA NEW AUCHI 6.0 401.9 440 109.5 11 1.04 9.5 0.99 LINE IS OVER
L LOADED
SECRET
ERIAT
“ FEDERAL 4.0 401.9 180 44.8 11 0.3 2.7 0.99 SATISFACTORY
HOUSING
IKPOBA DAM 0.1 401.9 200 49.8 11 0.08 0.7 0.98 SAT
DAM SATISFACTORY
ISFACTORY
“ UPPER 4.0 401.9 110 27.4 11 0.2 1.8 0.98 SATISFACTORY
LAWANI
“ OKHORO 4.5 401.9 190 47.3 11 0.34 3.1 0.99 SATISFACTORY
UGBOW UGBOWO 20.5 401.9 350 87.1 11 2.83 2.83 0.97 SATISFACTORY
O
“ FEDERAL 7.0 401.9 110 27.3 11 1.9 1.9 0.99 SATISFACTORY
GOVERNMENT
COLLEGE
“ EGUADIAEKEN 9.0 401.9 180 44.8 11 0.64 0.64 0.99 SATISFACTORY
“ USELU 10.0 401.9 350 87.1 11 1.4 1.4 0.98 SATISFACTORY
OGHAR OGHAREKI 10.0 401.9 400 99.8 11 1.8 1.8 0.99 SATISFACTORY
EKI
OGHAR GOVERNOR 6.0 401.9 220 54.7 11 0.52 0.52 1.0 SATISFACTORY
EFE
“ OTEFE 10.0 401.9 300 74.7 11 1.2 1.2 0.98 SATISFACTORY
BETA UGHELLI 12.0 401.9 200 48.7 11 0.95 0.95 0.99 SATISFACTORY
GLASS
“ BETA GLASS 3.0 401.9 150 36.5 11 0.2 0.2 0.99 SATISFACTORY
SILUKO OLIHA 6.0 401.9 360 89.57 11 0.9 0.9 0.95 SATISFACTORY
“ UPPER SILUKO 8.0 401.9 240 59.72 11 0.76 0.76 0.98 SATISFACTORY
“ EDO TEXTILE 6.1 401.9 290 72.2 11 0.7 0.7 0.93 SATISFACTORY
MILL
“ UWELU 8.0 401.9 320 77.9 11 1.0 1.0 0.97 SATISFACTORY
TABLE 4.2: TABULATED SUMMARY OF TRANSFORMERS
109
SUBSTATION INSTALLED MAX. MAX. % % % %
CAPACITY LOAD LOAD LOADING LOADING VOLTAGE VOLTAGE REMARKS
(MVA) T1 T2 T1 T2 REGULATION REGULATION
(A) (A) T1 T2
DISCUSSION
The availability of the 11KV feeders and the injection substations was observed
It was also observed that feeders were taken off service due to poor generated
power.
• All the substations have outdoor 33KV switchgear and indoor 11KV
switchgear.
provided.
110
• In some substations with two transformers, it was observed that their
• No frequency meter was found in any of the control rooms. This leads to
collapse.
that transformer.
111
REFERENCES
112