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CHAPTER ONE

LITERATURE SURVEY

1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS AND SUBSTATION

LAYOUTS

Substations maybe classified according to service,

mounting, function and type of apparatus.

1.1.1 DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION: These are transforming

stations where voltages are transformed to low values for use by

household and other small power consumers. This system is

generally a four wire 3 - phase system with the Phase - Phase

Voltage at 415V and the Phase - Neutral Voltage at 230V.

1.1.2 INDUSTRIAL SUBSTATION: These substations serve the

needs of consumers who need bulk power, as it is advisable that

they install an individual substation.

1.1.3 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION SUBSTATION: This variation of

substation is used in the control of the transmission line receiving

end voltage and power factor. They have synchronous condensers

and reactors as their major components. These take care of the

large variations in voltage and power factor, which occur because

of the line inductance and capacitance.

1.1.4 FREQUENCY CHANGER SUBSTATION: These substations

convert any frequency to the type that can be utilized. This

substation is found where there are two or more power systems

1
operating at two different frequencies. A typical example is in the

United Kingdom where independent power producers generate

different frequencies from each other and the public utilities. A

frequency changer substation is used when it is required to

connect the systems together.

This kind of substation is not in the country right now but

with the recent government policy on the deregulation of electric

power industry, independent power producers are expected in the

country and this shall give rise to this kind of substation.

1.1.5 OUTDOOR/INDOOR SUBSTATION: Substations can also be

classified according to whether it is outdoor or indoor. The type

chosen depends on choice after a careful consideration of their

respective advantages and disadvantages.

1.2 ADVANTAGES OF OUTDOOR SUBSTATIONS OVER

INDOOR SUBSTATIONS

1. Outdoor substations require less constructional work than the

indoor substation.

2. Less quantity of building materials is needed.

3. The cost of switchgear installation is less.

4. Adequate spacing between two adjoining equipment can be

provided which will reduce the possibility of faults.

5. Erection of switchgear can be completed in a much lesser time.

2
6. The whole equipment can be viewed and this makes fault

location easier.

7. The scheme is easier to extend when needed.

1.3 DISADVANTAGES OF OUTDOOR SUBSTATIONS

1. A much more space is needed for arranging the equipment.

2. Dirt and dust deposits accumulate over the contacts of switches

etc. and thus, the maintenance cost increases.

3. The switching operations become difficult during rainy season

as the chances of current leakages increase.

1.4 TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION: This serves the purpose of

connecting generating stations to the national grid. They serve the

purpose of stepping up the voltage obtained from the generating

stations to higher values so that power can be sent over long

distances across the country.

1.5 11/0.415KV LOCAL SUBSTATION

An 11/0.415KV distribution substation is a local substation

used to feed the L.T lines within the L.T network. The substation

usually consists of a distribution transformer, a feeder pillar and an

3
RMU for supplying voltage. The substation may be fed through an

RMU or through a set of three J&P fuses on the H.T overhead lines.

RMU are used either as sources of supply or as open points or as

the junction points in the H.T network. They may be installed in the

substation or anywhere along the street, but properly earthed

fence shall be made to enclose the substation RMU which is raised

above the ground by the use of plinths.

The local substation is usually a rectangular enclosed area of

3.8m x 2.74m properly fenced and earthed by wire - gauze

reinforced by concrete pillars. An outlet in the form of a door is

provided in the fence. It is normally sited at junctions of two or

more streets and shall be always locked and only authorized

persons are allowed to enter the fenced area. The ground is

covered with gravel to avoid water - logging or accumulation of oil.

This permits any dripping oil from the transformer to sink into the

soil so as not to cause slippery hazard for the personnel working in

the area. Both the transformer and RMU are raised above the

ground by the use of solid concrete plinths of standard dimensions

specified by the authority for the contractors.

The 11KV supply from either a fused RMU or from H.T.

overhead lines through the three J&P fuses goes into the 11KV

primary - side of the distribution transformer (The size of cables

used depends on the capacity of the transformer but usually,

4
35mm2 XLPE cables or 70mm2, 1 - core cables are used as the

droppers for up to 300KVA transformers). At the L.T secondary

side of the transformer, four single - core cables of sizes

depending on the capacity of the transformers are connected by

the use of Raychem.

1.6 POWER ROUTING AND TRANSFORMER LOADING

PRACTICE

A substation supplies a given area and should be located at

or near the load centre of that area. Thismakes the copper losses

in the outgoing feeders or distributors a minimum and will reduce

difficulties due to voltage drop. In practice however, it is usually

impossible to obtain a suitable substation site at precisely the

point required and hence compromise must be struck.

1.7 ESTIMATION OR PREDICTION OF LOAD

Load prediction for an area depends upon the following factors

among others.

a. Nature of the area

b. Population and population density of area

c. Living standards of people in the locality

d. Industrial, commercial and agricultural development of the

area

5
e. Whether the load forecast is for a new town or

reinforcements of existing supply.

Terms that are important in forecasting load are:

(1) Consumer Demand factor (Df) = Maximum Demand


Connected Load

Thus a consumer of maximum demand of 400w, but with


connected load of 500w has a Df= 400 = 80%
500

(2) Load Factor = Average load


Maximum load

Load Factor = Energy consumed during time t hrs


Maximum demand in time t hrs

The needs of consumers differ and accordingly they do not

simultaneously impose their respective maximum demands at the

same time on the supply systems. Accordingly, there is diversity in

the occurrence of load. Thus,

Diversity Factor = Sum of individual Maximum Demands


Simultaneous maximum demand

Diversity factor can easily be determined from a study of load

curves of consumers or even the load curve of an area or town.

From this, load current and load duration curve can be deduced

6
which becomes very useful for deciding power generation

requirements for the region.

1.8 TYPES OF LOAD

The main types of load are:

(1) Residential or domestic load which consists of, fans, heaters,

kettles, refrigerators, electric cookers, air conditioners, electric

water heaters and various other small appliances.


(2) Commercial loads which include shop lightings, fans, refrigerators,

light and various types of electric appliances used in commerce.

(3)Industrial load: This may include items in (1) and (2) above in

addition to heavy machineries driven by electric motors,

welding plants, electric furnaces.

Industrial loads may further be classified as

(i) Cottage industries ≤ 5kw load

(ii) Small scale industries ≤ 25kw load

(iii) Medium scale industries ≤ 500kw load

(iv) Heavy industries > 500kw load

In 24 hours, industries demand factors remain at about 85%

to 90% whilst load factor is 70% to 80%.

(4) Government load: This includes various kinds of office

equipment.

(5) Municipal load: This includes street lighting, their offices,

water supply, sewage system and drainage pumps.

(6) Irrigation loads for farms

(7) Mining Load (Heavy machinery)

7
(8) Traction load for trains (not available yet in Nigeria except in

moving devices which carry and generate their power

(requirements).

(9) Bulk supply to distribution centers.

(10) Specialised power requirement such as chemical plants,

steel plants, textile mills, paper mills, refineries and

extraction plants may need specific power supply

arrangement.
It is obvious that different types of load at different time may

be supplied by a power system leading to improvement of

individual load factors.

1.9 TRANSFORMER LOADING PRACTICES

Because of the varying load cycle of most transformers, it is

customary to permit loading considerably in excess of the

transformer nameplate rating. There may be limitations on the

transformer imposed by bushings, leads, tap changers, cables,

disconnecting switches, circuit breakers, etc. Good engineering

design however will permit operation without these limitations.

Increase in transformer loading is limited by the effect of

temperature on insulation life. High temperature decreases the

mechanical strength, increases the brittleness of fibrous insulation,

and makes transformer failure increasingly likely even though

dielectric strength of the insulation may not be seriously

decreased. Overloading should be limited then by considering the

effect on insulation life and transformer life. For recurring loads

8
such as the daily load cycles, the transformer would be operated

for normal life expectancy. For emergencies, either planned or

accidental, loading would be based on some percentage cost of

life.

In a typical case for a failure of part of the electrical system,

a 2.5% loss of life per day for a transformer may be acceptable.


The following temperatures and load limitations are

generally applied to transformers. The temperature of the top oil

should never exceed 100oC. The maximum hot-spot winding

temperature should not exceed 150oC for 55oC rise transformers or

180oC for 65oC rise transformers. Short-time peak loading for 1/2hr

or more should not exceed 200% rating. At abnormally high

temperatures, it may be necessary to remove some oil in order to

avoid overflow or excessive pressure.

A substation must be designed to be efficient from the

technological point of view.

That is:

(1) It must be able to carry the load imposed upon it without

causing excessive heating in the conductors, the

consequence of which is damage to insulation.

(2) The voltage drop throughout the network must be kept to a

minimum to hold the voltage at the consumers' terminals

within specified limits, whatever the load condition. An

allowable drop of 10% is used.

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(3) The substation must be designed to provide for continuity of

supply and should a fault occur on the system, power

interruption to individual consumers must be within the

shortest possible time. The system should be as simple to

operate and maintain as possible and losses must be kept at

a minimum. It is also required that routine maintenance

should be carried out without interruption of supply.

This condition involves a certain amount of circuit


duplication. This highlight the features of a perfect system but

the cost will be prohibitive

1.10 COMMON FAULTS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Common faults in distribution system can be categorized as listed

below:

1.) Insulation breakdown in cables, transformer windings,

transformer oil, bushings and insulators.

2.) Over - current, earth - fault, short - circuit faults on lines, underground cables,

breakers and associated equipment.

3.) Over voltage, overload and under voltage.

1.11 NECESSITY OF PROTECTIONS IN DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEMS
Protection of electrical distribution supply system is highly

necessary and important to:

10
(a) Prevent damages on the equipment within the network and

safety of personnel.

(b) Limit Load losses and prevent instability of the system .

(c) Maintain the continuityof the system for better revenue

generation .

Protection is achieved by means of Protection devices and

Protective relays.

1.12 PROTECTIVE DEVICES

These devices protect electrical equipment physically

against atmospheric and mechanical fault occurrences. They are:

(a)Lightning Arresters or surge diverters-: used to guard the

outdoor equipment against direct and indirect

lightning - strokes by transferring the accumulated

charges directly to the general earth. Lightning

strokes usually result in over voltages in the network.

(b)Arcing - horns-: Used on transformers and H.T. lines to divert

lightning strikes to earth.

(c)Shield - wire-: Used to protect and shield the entire switchyard

equipment against lightning. It is normally installed above

the switchyard or the H.T lines at angles of 30o to the

shielded equipment.

(d) Lightning - Spikes-: Used to absorb lightning charges down to

the general earth instantaneously.

11
(e) Breathers (Silica gel)-: Used on transformers to prevent ingrain

of moisture.

(f) Pressure - relief device-: Used to release excessive gas -

pressure, generated within transformers during faults,

to the atmosphere.

(g) Oil - level indicators-: Used to monitor the level of oil inside

transformer tanks and oil switch - gears for

satisfactory performances.
(h) Bare - conductor fuses-: Used to protect electrical equipment

against excessive fault currents.

(I) HRC fuses-: Used to protect electrical equipment against

excessive fault currents within shorter - time of fault.

(j) CT and VT-: Used to monitor excess current in a feeder or

transformer and converts it to a value for the

operation of the protective relays.

CHAPTER 2

DATA COLLECTED

2.1.0: SUBSTATIONS IN BENIN ENVIRONMENT

2.1.1: UGBOWO 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

2.1.1.1 SUBSTATION PARAMETERS

LOCATION: BENIN CITY

CAPACITY: 2 X 15MVA

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SUBSTATION TYPE: OUTDOOR/INDOOR

EARTHING SYSTEM: EFFECTIVELY EARTHED

D C SYSTEM: 110V DC WITH NEGATIVE GROUND

NUMBER OF RADIATING FEEDERS:4

2.1.1.2 LINE PARAMETERS:

LINE LENGTH: 8KM section one, 6KM section two.

Total line length = 14KM

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (ALL ALUMINIUM CONDUCTORS)

CONDUCTOR AREA: 150mm2

LINE IMPEDANCE: (0.0022 +j0.2) Ω/KM

NOMINAL VOLTAGE: 33KV

CONDUCTOR SPACING: 0.7m

RATED LINE CAPACITY: 30MW

2.1.1.2.1 UGBOWO 11KV FEEDER

LINE PARAMETERS

LINE LENGTH: 20.5KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 350A

TYPE OF LOAD: RESIDENTIAL, SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES AND

OFFICES.

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

13
CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

LINE IMPEDANCE = (O.0024 + j0.395) Ω/KM


TABLE 2.1: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007

DATE DURATION REASONS FOR FAILURE LOAD

INTERRUPTED
06-05- 1608 – FEEDER OFF SEVICE DUE TO POOR

07 2110HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY 296A

(302MINS)
07-05- 1005 – FEEDER OFF SERVICE ON OVER

07 1106HRS CURRENT .RAINSTORM WAS 260A

(61MINS) REPORTED DURING TRIPPING.


16- 05- 0430 FEEDER OFF SEVICE DUE TO POOR

07 -0630HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 300A

(120MINS)
19-05- 1000 – FEEDER OFF SERVICE BECAUSE of

07 1430HRS A BROKEN CROSS ARMS 316A

(270MINS)
26-05- 1111 – FEEDER OFF SEVICE DUE TO POOR

07 1508HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 296A

(242MINS)
30-05- 1210 – FEEDER OFF SERVICE ON

07 1808HRS EMERGENCY FOR THE REPAIR OF 300A

(352MINS) THE LINE CIRCUIT BREAKER.

14
2.1.1.2.2 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT COLLEGE 11KV FEEDER

LINE PARAMETERS

LINE LENGTH: 7KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 110A

TYPE OF LOAD: RESIDENTIAL AND OFFICES

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j0.395) Ω/KM

TABLE 2.2: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007

LOAD

DATE DURATION FAILURE INTERRUPTED


1016– FEEDER WAS OFF ON LOAD

01- 05- 1109HRS SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 100A

07 (53MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY.


2030– FEEDER WAS OFF ON LOAD

04-05- 2116HRS SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 110A

07 (46MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY.


1515-

16-05- 1816HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE DUE TO 106A

15
07 ( 181MINS) A CUT DOWN WIRE.
2020-

19-05- 2310HRS FEEDER WAS OFF ON LOAD

07 (170MINS) SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 99A

SYSTEM FREQUENCY.
1516 FEEDER WAS OFF SERVICE AS

26-05- -1610HRS A RESULT OF A SHATTERED 108A

07 (54MINS) LIGHTENING ARRESTER.

2.1.1.2.3 EGUADIAEKEN 11KV FEEDER

LINE PARAMETERS

LINE LENGTH: 9.0KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 180A

TYPE OF LOAD: MIXED

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j0.395) Ω/KM

16
TABLE 2.3: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007

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DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD
INTERRUPTED
0600 –
02-05- 0715HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 172A
07 (75MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY.
0600-
09-05- 0730HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 170A
07 (90MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY.
0600 –
13-05- 0730HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 166A
07 (90MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY.
1400 –
16-05- 1442HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 150A
07 (42MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY
2015-
19-05- 2206HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 180A
07 (111MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY.
0918-1030
20-05- (72MINS) LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 170A
07 SYSTEM FREQUENCY.
0948-
26-05- 1030HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 180A
07 (72MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY.
1950-
31-05- 2130HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 180A
07 (130MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY.

2.1.1.2.4 USELU 11KV FEEDER

18
LINE PARAMETERS

LINE LENGTH: 10KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 350A

TYPE OF LOAD: MIXED

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY = 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j0.395) Ω/KM

TABLE 2.4: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2000

19
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD
INTERRUPTED
01-05- 0530- LOADSHEDDING DUE TO POOR
07 0830HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 300A
(180MINS)
08-05- 1950- LOADSHEDDING DUE TO POOR
07 2200HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 296A
(190MINS)
16- 05- 1952- LOADSHEDDING DUE TO POOR
07 2210HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 200A
(132MINS)
22-05- 1206- LOADSHEDDING DUE TO POOR
07 1515HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 216A
(189MINS)
24-05- 1414- FEEDER OFF SERVICE AS A
07 1906HRS RESULT OF A BROKEN CROSS 219A
(308MINS) ARM
28-05- 0600 – LOADSHEDDING DUE TO POOR
07 0815HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 300A
(135MINS)

2.1.1.3 INCOMING 33KV LINE PARAMETERS

LINE LENGTH: 8KM section one, 6KM section 2.

Total line length = 12KM

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (ALL ALUMINIUM CONDUCTORS)

CONDUCTOR AREA: 150mm2

LINE IMPEDANCE: (0.0022 +j0.2) Ω/KM

NOMINAL VOLTAGE: 33KV

CONDUCTOR SPACING: 0.7m

RATED LINE CAPACITY: 30MW

2.1.1.4 SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENT

20
Figure 2.1 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF UGBOWO INJECTION SUBSTAT MAY 2007
The substation is fed on 33KV via the same line that supplies power to

Guinness injection substation, from where it tees off to Ugbowo.The

33KV line is 12km long and the substation consists of two 15MVA

transformers. It is interesting to note that until the year 2004, the

substation used to be a 33/6.6KV type. The problem of low voltage and

the associated overload led to its upgrade. The incoming 33KV line ends

at Ugbowo substation. The original arrangement is such that the 33KV

line terminates at Okada injection substation. Siluko Injection Substation

is feeding the Army barracks/Okada axes of the network. This is due to the

operational difficulties being encountered by the Authority of PHCN.This

study is based on the present arrangement

21
FIG.2.2: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF POWER FLOW FROM THE 33KV

SOURCE TO UGBOWO INJECTION SUBSTATION AS AT MAY 2007

22
2.1.2 SILUKO 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

2.1.2.1 SUBSTATION PARAMETERS

LOCATION: BENIN CITY

CAPACITY: 2x15MVA

SUBSTATION TYPE: OUTDOOR/INDOOR

EARTHING SYSTEM: EFFECTIVELY GROUNDED

DC VOLTAGE: 110Vdc

YEAR OF COMMISSIONING: 1976

NUMBER OF RADIATING FEEDERS: FOUR

2.1.2.2 LINE PARAMETERS

2.1.2.2.1 OLIHA 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENTH: 6KM

MAXUMUM LOAD RECORDED: 360A

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

23
TABLE 2.5: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY

DATE DURATION REASONS FOR FAILURE LOAD


LOST

1830-2030HRS
01-05-07 (120MINS) Feeder was off service on load shedding due to poor 320A
system frequency
1006-1209HRS
02-05-07 (123mins) Feeder tripped on earth fault. A cut down cable was 308A
amended before restoration
1830-2030HRS
02-05-07 (120mins) Feeder off service on load shedding due to 330A
transformer load limitation
1230-1436HRS
05-05-07 (126mins) Feeder off service on emergency load shedding due to 312A
transformer load limitation
0630-1016HRS
07-05-07 (226mins) Feeder tripped on over current blue phase. A broken 320A
cross arm was replaced before restoration
1045-1845HRS Feeder was off service on over current. Rainstorm
09-05-07 (480mins) was reported during tripping. Broken poles were 212A
replaced before restoration
1010-2010HRS Feeder tripped on overcurrent.Rainstorm was reported
10-05-07 (600mins) during the tripping and broken poles were re-planted 300A
before restoration of service.
1000-1408HRS
15-05-07 (248mins) Feeder was off service for the maintenance of circuit 200A
the line SF6 circuit breaker at the substation.
1408-1610HRS
19-05-07 (122mins) Loss of the 33KV incomer. This was to enable them 300A
carry out maintenance at the transmission substation.
1616-2010HRS
21-05-07 (236mins) Feeder off service on over current. Rainstorm was 312A
reported during tripping.
1930-2030HRS
22-05-07 (60mins) 33KV incomer was opened on load shedding at 338A
Transmission end.
1318-1710HRS
25-05-07 (232mins) Feeder was opened on load shedding due to poor 318A
generated power.
1414-1508HRS
31-05-07 (54mins) Feeder was opened on load shedding due to poor 320A
generated power

24
2.1.2.2.2 UPPER SILUKO 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENTH: 8KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 240A

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

TABLE: 2.6 OUTAGES RECORDED ON UPPER SILUKO FEEDER IN


MAY 2007

25
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD
LOST
01-05-07 1828-2032HRS Feeder off service due to poor system frequency.
(124mins) 220A
02-05-07 1606-2210HRS Feeder off service due to poor system frequency 218A
(364mins)
07-05-07 1206hrs(7/5/7)- Broken poles. Rainstorm reported during tripping. 200A
1206hrs(10/5/7)
19-05-07 1616-2000HRS Feeder tripped on over current. Rainstorm was 218A
(214mns) reported during tripping.
22-05-07 1930-2032HRS Load shedding because of poor generation. 200A
(58mins)
31-05-07 1444-1500HRS Load shedding because of poor generation. 212A
(16mins)

2.1.2.2.3 EDO TEXTILE MILL 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENTH: 6.1KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 290A

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

26
TABLE 2.7: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007

LOAD
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOST
06- 05- 1016-
07 1515HRS Feeder off service on overcurrent.Lightening was 215A
(299MINS) Reported during tripping.
07-05- 0906-
07 1112HRS Emergency load shedding on poor system 200A
(186mins) frequency.
7-5-07 1030-
2230HRS Load shedding on transformer load limitation 268A
(180mins)
10-5-07 1410-
1432HRS Feeder off service on over current. Rainstorm 116A
(22mins) reported during tripping.
13-5-07 2020-
2356HRS Transformer tripped on over current. 210A
(226mins)
15-05- 1618- 200A
07 2015HRS Feeder off service for the amendment of a broken
(237mins) cross arm on the 11kv circuit.
18-05- 10120-
07 1418HRS Load shedding due to transformer load limitation. 219A
(248mins)
19-05- 1730-
07 2230HRS Load shedding on poor system frequency. 268A
(300mins)
21-05- 1616-
07 2210HRS Load shedding on poor system frequency. 210A
(8mins)
22-05- 0815-
07 1015HRS Load shedding on poor system frequency. 219A
(120mins)

27
LOAD
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOST
25-05- 1930-
07 2210HRS Load shedding on poor system frequency. 200A
(200mins)
26-05- 2010-
07 2018HRS Feeder off service on over current 196A
(8mins)
30-05- 1616-
07 1840HRS Feeder off service on over current. Broken cross 200A
(134mins) arms were replaced before restoration.
31-05- 0010-
07 1008HRS Feeder tripped on earth fault. Broken cross arms 218A
(542mins) were replaced before restoration.

2.1.2.2.4 UWELU 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENTH: 8KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 320A

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

TABLE 2.8: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007

28
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD
LOST
08-05-07 1030-1530HRS Load shedding due to low system 299A

(300MINS) frequency.

10-05-07 1410-1440HRS Feeder tripped on over current. 308A

(30mins) Rainstorm was reported during trip.

13-05-07 2010-2350HRS Transformer tripped o overcurrent.The 300A

(190mins) transformer is suspected to have been

18-05-07 1000-1510HRS loaded beyond


Feeder was theonset
opened loadpoint of its
shedding 312A

(310mins) due to poor system frequency.

22-05-07 1030-1415HRS Feeder was opened on load shedding 300A

(225mins) due to poor system frequency

25-05-07 1440-1928HRS Feeder was opened on load shedding 333A

(288mins) due to poor system frequency

26-05-07 2010-2216HRS Feeder was opened on load shedding 316A

(6mins) due to poor system frequency

2.1.2.3 SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENT

29
The substation is fed by a 33KV line that is approximately 32KM in lenth.The

switchgear are arranged such that the 33KV circuit is outdoor while the 11KV is

indoor. Four 11KV feeders radiate from the substation with two on each

transformer. The areas being fed by these feeders consists of residential,

commercial and industrial loads.

Figure 2.3: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF SILUKO SUBSTATION

2.1.3 WELFARE 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

2.6.1 SUBSTATION PARAMETERS

LOCATION: BENIN CITY

CAPACITY: 1 X 15MVA, 33/11KV

SUBSTATION TYPE: OUTDOOR/INDOOR

EARTHING SYSTEM: EFFECTIVELY EARTHED

DC VOLTAGE: 110V dc

YEAR OF COMMISSIONING

30
NUMBER OF RADIATING FEEDERS: TWO

2.1.3.2 LINE PARAMETERS

2.1.3.2.1 UPPER SAKPONBA FEEDER

LINE LENGTH: 7KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 440A

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

TABLE 2. 9: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007

31
LOAD
DATE DURATION REASONS FOR FAILURE FAILURE INTERRUPTED

01-05-07 1828-
2932HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 400A
(124MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY
02-05-07 1606- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR
2210HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY 389A
(364MINS)
19-05-07 1616- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR
2000HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY 355A
(214MINS)
22-05-07 1930- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR
2032HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY 400A
(58MINS)
23-05-07 1320-
1700HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 328A
(220MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY
25-05-07 1440- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR SYSTE
1500HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR 330A
(16MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY M FREQUENCY
31-05-07 1830-
2030HRS BROKEN CROSS ARM ON THE 33KV 414A
(120MINS) LINE.

2.1.3.2.2 ST. SAVIOUR 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENGTH: 3KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 70A

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

32
CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

TABLE 2.10: RECORDED IN MAY 2007

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD LOST


08-05-07 1030- Load shedding due to low system frequency.
1530HRS 299A
(300MINS)
10-05-07 1410- Feeder tripped on over current. Rainstorm was
1440HRS reported during trip. 308A
(30mins)
13-05-07 2010- Transformer tripped on overcurrent.The
2350HRS transformer is suspected to have been loaded 300A
(190mins) beyond the set point of its protective relays.
18-05-07 1000- Feeder was opened on load shedding due to
1510HRS poor system frequency. 312A
(310mins)
22-05-07 1030- Feeder was opened on load shedding due to
1415HRS poor system frequency 300A
(225mins)
25-05-07 1440- Feeder was opened on load shedding due to
1928HRS poor system frequency 333A
(288mins)
26-05-07 2010- Feeder was opened on load shedding due to
2216HRS poor system frequency 316A
(6mins)

2.1.3.3 SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENT

Two 11KV feeders radiate from this substation namely: UPPER SAKPONBA and

ST. SAVIOUR FEEDERS.

33
Figure 2.4: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM 0F WELFARE SUBSTATIO

2.1.4 GUINESS 33/11/6.6KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

2.1.4.1 SUBSTATION PARAMETERS

LOCATION: BENIN CITY

CAPACITY: 1 X 15 MVA 33/11KV, 1 X 7.5 MVA 33/6.6KV

SUBSTATION TYPE: OUTDOOR/INDOOR

EARTHING TYPE: EFFECTIVELY EARTHED

D C VOLTAGE: 110V DC WITH NEGATIVE GROUND

2.1.4.2 LINE PARAMETERS

2.1.4.2.1 NEW BENIN 11 KV FEEDER

LINE LEGTH: 8 KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 270A

34
LINE TYPE: OVERHEAD

TYPE OF LOAD: RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL AND COTTAGE

INDUSTRY

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

TABLE 2.11: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007

2.1.4.2.2 BDPA 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENGTH: 4KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 230A

TYPE OF LOAD: RESIDENTIAL

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD


INTERRUPTED
10-05-07 0530-0700HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE ON POOR 120A
(90MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY.
16-05-07 1630-1710HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE AS ARESULT 220A
(40MINS) OF A CUT DOWN 11KV
CONDUCTOR.
21-05-07 1515- 1810HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE AS A
(175MINS) RESULT OF POOR SYSTEM 211A
FREQUENCY.
24-05-07 2030-2115HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE AS ARESULT
(75MINS) OF TRANSFORMER LOAD 210A
LIMITATION.
30-05-07 2110-2115HRS FEEDER TRIPPED ON
(5MINS) OVERCURRENT. THUNDERSTORM 215A
WAS REPORTED DURING
TRIPPING.
35
NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

TABLE 2.12: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD INTERRUPTED

01-05- 0530-0630HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE DUE 200A

07 (60MINS) TO POOR SYSTEM


1016 – 1508HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE AS A
FREQUENCY
04-05- (308MINS) RESULT OF A SHATTERED 216A

07 LIGTHENING ARRESTER.
1020-1410HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE DUE

10-05- (230MINS) TO BROKEN CROSSARM. 216A

07
1020-1410HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE DUE

14-05- (230MINS) TO POOR SYSTEM 200A

07 FREQUENCY.
1810-1910HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE FOR

15-05- (60MINS) THE EMERGENCY REPAIR 200A

07 OF A BREAKER

36
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD INTERRUPTED

1440-1810HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE DUE

16-05- (210MINS) TO A SHATTERED 180A


1106-1206HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE ON
07 LIGHTENING
27-05- (60MINS) LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO 200A

07 POOR SYSTEM

FREQUENCY.

2.1.4.2.3 ASABA 6.6 KV FEEDER

LINE LENGTH: 7KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 400A

TYPE OF LOAD: RESIDENTIAL/COTTAGE INDUSTRIES

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 6.6KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 670A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

LINE IMPEDANCE (0.0024 + j0.395)/KM

TABLE 2.2.13: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY

LOAD
DATE DURATION FAILURE INTERRUPTED
01-05-07 0545-0745HRS FEEDER TRIPED ON

37
(120MINS) OVERCURRENT.THE FEEDER WAS
LOADED BEYOUND THE SET 400A
VALUES FOR THE PROTECTIVE
RELAYS.
02-05-07 1016-1208HRS FEEDER TRIPED ON
(112MINS) OVERCURRENT.THE FEEDER WAS
LOADED BEYOUND THE SET
VALUES FOR THE PROTECTIVE 392A
RELAYS.
04-05-07 2020-2115HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR
(65MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY 318A
06-05-07 0630-0715HRS FEEDER TRIPPED ON OVERCURRENT.
(45MINS) RAINSTORM WAS REPORTED
DURING THE FAILURE 200A
08-05-07 1616-1830HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR
(134MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 180A
10-05-07 2008-2116HRS FEEDER TRIPPED ON OVERCURRENT.
(68MINS) FEEDER IS SUSPECTED TO HAVE
BEEN OVERLOADED. 399A
18-05-07 1306-1408HRS LOADSHEDDING DUE TO POOR
(62MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 206A
21-05-07 1108-1208HRS FEEDER WAS OFF SERVICE FOR THE
(60MINS) REFIL OF LINE CIRCUIT BREAKER
WITH SF6 GAS. 200A
22-05-07 0630-1118HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE DUE TO POOR
(288MINS) SYSTEM FREQUENCY. 188A

24-05-07 1010-1810HRS FEEDER TRIPPED ON EARTH FAULT.


(480MINS) A CUT DOWN CONDUCTOR WAS
REPAIRED BEFORE RESTORATION. 200A
26-05-07 1515-1615HRS FEEDER WAS OFF SERVICE ON LOAD
(60MINS) SHEDDING DUE TO POOR SYSTEM 119A
FREQUENCY.
28-05-07 2008-2016HRS FEEDER TRIPPED ON OVERCURRENT.

38
(120MINS) OVERLOAD BEYOUND PROTECTION
SETTING. 399A
31-05-07 0530-0730HRS FEEDER TRIPPED ON OVERCURRENT.
(120MINS) OVERLOAD BEYOUND PROTECTION
SETTING. 390A

2.1.4.3 INCOMING 33KV FEEDER

LINE LENGTH: 8KM

LINE TYPE: OVERHEAD

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC

LINE IMPEDANCE :( 0.0022+j0.22)Ω/KM

NOMINAL VOLTAGE: 33KV

CONDUCTOR SPACING: 0.7m

2.1.4.4 SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENT

39
Figure2.5: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF GUINESS SUBSTATION

The substation is fed by a 20KM –long 33KV line from the transmission substation. The

injection substation, which is the indoor/outdoor type, has two power transformers with

different power and voltage ratings.

2.1.5 NEKPENEKPEN 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

2.1.5.1 SUBSTATION PARAMETERS

LOCATION: BENIN CITY

CAPACITY: 2x15MVA

SUBSTATION TYPE: OUTDOOR/INDOOR

EARTHING SYSTEM: EFFECTIVELY EARTHED

SYSTEM DC VOLTAGE: 110V DC

2.1.5.2 LINE PARAMETERS

2.1.5.2.1 FEEDER 1

40
LENTH OF LINE: 7KM

LINE TYPE: OVERHEAD

MAXIMUM LOAD RECORDED: 350A

TYPE OF LOAD: MIXED

TABLE 2.14: OUTAGES RECORDED IN THE MONTH OF MAY

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD


LOST
02-05- 1015- Feeder was off service on load shedding due
07 1315HRS to poor system frequency 300A
(180MINS)
06-05- 1530- Feeder tripped on over current. Rainstorm
07 2010HRS was reported during tripping. 295A
(280MINS)
09-05- 0630- Feeder was off service as a result of a
07 1030HRS broken cross arm. 318A
(280MINS)
10-5-7 1620- Feeder was off service for the emergency
1830HRS repair of a hot spot at the 11kv busbar. 326A
(130MINS)
16-05- 1440- Feeder was off service as a result of high
07 1640HRS transformer winding temperature. 318A
(120MINS)
20-05- 2310- Feeder was off service due to system
07 2354HRS frequency correction. 341A
(44MINS)

2.1.5.2.2 FEEDER 2

LENTH OF LINE: 6KM

LINE TYPE: OVERHEAD

41
MAXIMUM LOAD: 400A

TYPE OF LOAD: RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL AND COTTAGE INDUSTRY

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

TABLE 2.15: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD


LOST
1015-
5-05- 1035HRS Feeder tripped on over current 210A
07 (20MINS)
1902-
5-5-07 2115HRS Feeder off service due to transformer load 350A
(133mins) limitation
0630- Feeder off service for replacement of broken pin
6-05- 1108HRS insulator 320A
07 (66mins)
2210- Feeder tripped on earth fault. Cut down wire was
12-5- 2315hrs amended before restoration 316A
07 (65mins)
1010- Feeder off service due to broken pole
14-05- 1806HRS 310A
07 (474mins)
1515- Feeder off service on poor system frequency
14-05- 1610hrs 312A
07 (53mins)

42
1018- Feeder off service on over current. A cut down
16_05 1316hrs jumper was replaced before restoration 296A
-07 (178mins)
1832- Feeder off service to correct poor system
22-05- 1942hrs frequency. 310A
07 (50mins)
1916-
30-05- 2110hrs Feeder off service on transformer load limitation 382A
07 (114mins)

0630-
31-05- 0710hrs Feeder tripped on over current 375A
07 (40mins)

2.1.5.2.3 FEEDER 3

LINE LENTH: 6KM

LINE TYPE: OVERHEAD

MAXIMUM LOAD: 410A

TYPE OF LOAD: MIXED

43
TABLE 2.16: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD INTERRUPTED

01-05- 0530-0630HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE DUE 200A

07 (60MINS) TO POOR SYSTEM


1016 – 1508HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE
FREQUENCY
04-05- (308MINS) BECAUSE of A SHATTERED 216A

07 LIGTHENING ARRESTER.
1020-1410HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE DUE

10-05- (230MINS) TO BROKEN CROSSARM. 216A

07
1020-1410HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE DUE

14-05- (230MINS) TO POOR SYSTEM 400A

07 FREQUENCY.
1810-1910HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE FOR

15-05- (60MINS) THE EMERGENCY REPAIR 430A

07 OF A BREAKER

1440-1810HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE DUE

16-05- (210MINS) TO A SHATTERED 380A


1106-1206HRS FEEDER OFF SERVICE ON
07 LIGHTENING
27-05- (60MINS) LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO 200A

07 POOR SYSTEM

FREQUENCY.

44
2.1.5.2.4 FEEDER 4

LINE LENGTH: 7.1KM

LINE TYPE: OVERHEAD

MAXIMUM LOAD RECORDED: 220A

TYPE OF LOAD: RESIDENTIAL

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

45
TABLE 2.17: OUTAGES RECORDED IN THE MONTH OF MAY 2007

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD


LOST
01-05-07 1816-2000HRS Load shedding on poor system
(104MINS) frequency 200A
06-05-07 0016- Feeder off service on over
0230HRS(134MIN current.Rainstorm was reported 212A
S) during tripping.
09-05-07 0630-1030HRS Feeder off service on over current. A
(240MINS) broken crosarm was replaced before 200A
restoration.
16-05-07 1500-1606HRS Load shedding due to transformer
(126MINS) load limitation. 96A
19-05-07 0816-1016HRS Feeder tripped on earth fault. A cut
(120MINS) down conductor was replaced before 168A
restoration.
20-05-07 1616-1630HRS Feeder tripped on over current.
(14MINS) Lightening storm was reported 210A
during tripping.
29-05-07 1008-1216HRS Feeder off service on over current.
(128MINS) Rainstorm reported during tripping. 200A

2.1.5.3 SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENT

46
The injection substation fed via Nekpenekpen 33KV feeder from the transmission

substation at Sapele road Benin City. The 33KV switchgear arrangement is outdoor while

the 11KV ones are the indoor type. The substation supplies power to Sakponba,

Evbuoriaria, Oka, Ugbekun, Idogbo and Muritala Mohammed settlements of Benin City.

These are densely populated settlements that consist of mixed loads, as activities ranging

from commercial to private and governmental take place here. Four 11KV feeders radiate

from the substation, two being fed by each of the transformers.

Figure 2.6: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF NEKPENEKPEN SUBSTATIO

2.1.6 ETETE 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

47
2.1.6.1 SUBSTATION PARAMETERS

LOCATION: BENIN CITY

CAPACITY: 2x15MVA

SUBSTATION TYPE: OUTDOOR/INDOOR

EARTHING SYSTEM: EFFECTIVELY GROUNDED

D C VOLTAGE: 110Vdc WITH NEGATIVE GROUND

YEAR OF COMMISIONING: 1997

2.1.6.2 LINE PARAMETERS

2.1.6.2.1 IHAMA 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENGTH: 5KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 432A

TYPE OF LOAD: RESIDENTIAL/GOVERNMENT

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

TABLE 2.18: OUTAGES RECORDED IN THE MONTH OF MAY 2007

48
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD
LOST
02-05- 1015- Feeder was off service on load shedding due
07 1315HRS to poor system frequency 400A
(180MINS)
06-05- 1530- Feeder tripped on over current. Rainstorm
07 2010HRS was reported during tripping. 295A
(280MINS)
09-05- 0630- Feeder was off service because of a broken
07 1030HRS cross arm. 318A
(280MINS)
10-5-7 1620- Feeder was off service for the emergency
1830HRS repair of a hot spot at the 11kv busbar. 366A
(130MINS)
16-05- 1440- Feeder was off service because of high
07 1640HRS transformer winding temperature. 388A
(120MINS)
20-05- 2310- Feeder was off service due to system
07 2354HRS frequency correction. 349A
(44MINS)

2.1.6.2.2 DUMEZ 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENGTH: 6KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 264A

TYPE OF LOAD: RESIDENTIAL/OFFOCIAL

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

49
TABLE 2.9 : OUTAGES RECORDED

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD


LOST
02-05- 1015- Feeder was off service on load shedding due to
07 1315HRS poor system frequency 200A
(180MINS)
06-05- 1530- Feeder tripped on over current. Rainstorm was
07 2010HRS reported during tripping. 195A
(280MINS)
09-05- 0630- Feeder was off service because of a broken cross
07 1030HRS arm. 118A
(280MINS)
10-5-7 1620- Feeder was off service for the emergency repair
1830HRS of a hot spot at the 11kv busbar. 166A
(130MINS)
16-05- 1440- Feeder was off service because of high
07 1640HRS transformer winding temperature. 188A
(120MINS)
20-05- 2310- Feeder was off service due to system frequency
07 2354HRS correction. 229A
(44MINS)

2.1.6.2.3 UGBOR 11 KV FEEDER

LINE LENGTH: 6KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 440A

TYPE OF LOAD: RESIDENTIAL/OFFICES

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

50
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD
LOST
01-05-07 1816-2000HRS Load shedding on poor system
(104MINS) frequency 300A
06-05-07 0016- Feeder off service on over
0230HRS(134MIN current.Rainstorm was reported 312A
S) during tripping.
09-05-07 0630-1030HRS Feeder off service on over current. A
(240MINS) broken crosarm was replaced before 300A
restoration.
16-05-07 1500-1606HRS Load shedding due to transformer
(126MINS) load limitation. 296A
19-05-07 0816-1016HRS Feeder tripped on earth fault. A cut
(120MINS) down conductor was replaced before 168A
restoration.
20-05-07 1616-1630HRS Feeder tripped on over current.
(14MINS) Lightening storm was reported 310A
during tripping.
29-05-07 1008-1216HRS Feeder off service on over current.
(128MINS) Rainstorm reported during tripping. 230A
TABLE 2.20: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY

2.1.6.2.4 UPPER SAPELE 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENGTH: 7KM

51
MAXIMUM LOAD: 316A

TYPE OF LOAD: RESIDENTIAL AND OFFICIAL

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

TABLE 2.21: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007

DATE DURATION REASONS FOR FAILURE FAILURE LOAD LOST


02-05- 0530-0730hrs Load shedding due to poor system
07 (120MINS) frequency 300A
04-05- 1018-1416HRS Broken cross arm .Rainstorm as
07 (238MINS) reported during tripping 309A
06-05- 2010-2210HRS Load shedding due to poor system
07 (120MINS) frequency 300A
08-05- 1944-2210HRS Load shedding due to transformer load
07 (86MINS) limitation. 296A
18-05- 1614-2018HRS Feeder tripped on earth fault. Broken
07 (244MINS) poles were replaced before restoration. 290A
21-05- 2014 -2030 HRS Feeder tripped on over current. Broken
07 (16MINS) poles were replaced before restoration. 211
24-05- 1015- Load shedding due to poor system
07 1206HRS(111MINS) frequency. 290A
26-05- 1515-1608HRS Load shedding due to poor system
07 (53MINS) frequency 310A
27-05- 0810-0916HRS Load shedding due to poor system
07 (66MINS) frequency 306A
29-05- 1018-1416HRS Load shedding due to poor system
07 (238MINS) frequency 289A

52
29-05- 1018-1416HRS Load shedding due to poor system
07 (238MINS) frequency 289A
31-05- 1106-1119HRS Load shedding due to poor system
07 (13MINS) frequency 211A

2.1.6.3 SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENT

This substation is fed via ETETE 33KV feeder from the transmission substation,

which is just 2.8km away. Four 11KV feeders radiate from the substation with

two tied to each transformer. These feeders are IHAMA, DUMEZ, UGBOR and

UPPER SAPELE 11KVfeeders.

Figure 2.7: SINGLE DIAGRAM OF ETETE INJECTION SUBSTATION


2.1.7 GRA 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

2.1.7.1 SUBSTATION PARAMETERS

LOCATION: BENIN CITY, EDO STATE.

CAPACITY: 2x15MVA

SUBSTATION TYPE: OUTDOOR/INDOOR

53
YEAR OF COMMISSIONING: 1995

EARTHING SYSTEM: EFFECTIVELY EARTHED

DC SYSTEM: 110V DC WITH NEGATIVE GROUND

2.1.7.2 LINE PARAMETERS

2.1.7.2.1 OBA PALACE 11KV FEEDER

MAXIMUM LOAD RECORDED: 285A

LINE TYPE: OVERHEAD

LINE LENTH: 7KM

TYPE OF LOAD: OFFICES, COTTAGE INDUTRIES AND RESIDENTIAL.

TABLE 2.22 OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007

54
DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD

LOST
12-15- 1006- The line was interrupted for replanting of a 280A

07 1200HRS broken pole.

(114MINS)
22-05- 1600- The feeder tripped on over current. Rainstorm 252A

07 1200HRS was reported during tripping.

(55MINS)

2.1.7.2.2 GRA 11KV FEEDER

MAXIMUM LOAD RECORDED: 279A

LINE TYPE: OVERHEAD

LINE LENTH: 6KM

TABLE 2.23 OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007

55
LOAD LOST
DATE DURATION FAILURE

1616 -1635HRS The feeder tripped on earth fault. A cut-down 230A


09-05- (19MINS) conductor was amended before restoration.
07
0205-0630HRS The feeder tripped on over current red and blue
16-05- (265MINS) phases. Rainstorm was reported during the trip. 200A
07
1935-2000HRS The line was of service as the 33KV feeder was
24-05- (25MINS) opened on emergency load shedding for system 250A
07 frequency control.
1000-1245HRS The feeder was opened for the emergency
30-05- (165MINS) maintenance of its line breaker, which lost SF6 270A
07 gas.
1608-1702HRS The feeder tripped on over current blue phase. It
30-05- (66MINS) was patrolled and no fault was found .It was 258A
07 then restored back to service.

2.1.7.2.3 RESERVATION 11KV FEEDER

MAXIMUM LOAD: 430A

LINE LENTH: 6KM

TYPE OF LOAD: RESIDENTIAL/GOVERNMENT OFFICES

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC

CURRENT RATING: 401.9A

MW RATING: 7.5MW

56
LOAD

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOST


12-5- 1440- The feeder was opened on emergency to replant

07 1540HRS a weak electric pole 398A

(60MINS)

TABLE 2.24 OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY

2.1.7.3 SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENT

Figure 2.8: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF GRA SUBSTATION

57
GRA 33KV feeder feeds the substation from Benin transmission substation at

sapele road in Benin City. The 33KV switchgear arrangement is outdoor and

consists of isolators, circuit breakers, insulation support and surge arresters which

are so arranged that the 33KV line feeds into 33KV busbar to which two

transformers are connected via isolators and circuit breaker.

The 11KV circuit is indoor. The circuit breaker CB4 is provided to facilitate both

parallel operation of the two transformers and to allow for transfer of load from

one transformer to the other. At the time of this research however, the

transformers were running individually and not in parallel.Transfomer one feeds

Oba palace and GRA feeders while transformer 2 feeds Reservation feeder.

58
2.1.8 EVBUOTUBU 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

2.1.8.1 SUBSTATION PARAMETERS

LOCATION: BENIN CITY

CAPACITY: 1 X 15MVA, 33/11KV

EARTHING SYSTEM: EFFECTIVELY EARTHED

DC SYSTEM: 110Vdc WITH NEGATIVE GROUND

YEAR OF COMMISSIONING: 2002

2.1.8.2 LINE PARAMETERS

2.1.8.2.1 EVBUOTUBU 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENGTH: 8KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 288A

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

59
TABLE 2.25 OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD


INTERRUPTED
06-05-07 1005- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO
1206HRS POOR FREQUENCY 200A
(120MINS)
16-05-07 1216- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO
1416HRS POOR FREQUENCY 236A
(120MINS)
22-05-07 0630- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO
1006HRS POOR FREQUENCY 250A
(116MINS)
24-05-07 1944- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO
2210HRS POOR FREQUENCY 275A
(146MINS)
26-05-07 1515- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO
2010HRS POOR FREQUENCY 200A
(295MINS)
30-05-07 0201- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO
0415HRS POOR FREQUENCY 200A
(134MINS)

2.1.8.2.2 ASORO 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENGTH: 8KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 255A

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

60
CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

TABLE 2.26 OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD


09-05- 1930-
07 2230HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR SYSTEM 250A
(180MINS) FREQUENCY
19-05- 1930-
07 2230HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR SYSTEM 250A
(180MINS FREQUENCY

26-05- 0530- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR SYSTEM


07 0730HRS FREQUENCY 250A
(120MINS)
28-05- 1414-
07 1814HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR SYSTEM 200A
(240MINS) FREQUENCY
31-05- 0530-
07 0700HRS LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO POOR SYSTEM 250A
(90MINS) FREQUENCY

2.1.8.3 SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENT

Figure 2.9: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF EVBUOTUBU SUBSTATION

61
The substation is one of the newest in the zone and it supplies power to the
Evbuotubu, Ekenwan and Asoro communities. The load is largely
residential with pockets of cottage industries. The substation is supplied
on 33KV from the transmission substation. Two 11KV feeders are
available and they are EVBUOTUBU and ASORO 11KV feeders.

2.1.9 FEDERAL SECRETERIAT 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

2.1.9.1 SUBSTATION PARAMETERS

LOCATION: BENIN CITY

CAPACITY: 1X 15MVA, 33/11KV

SUBSTATION TYPE: OUTDOOR/INDOOR

EARTHING SYSTEM: EFECTIVELY EARTHED

DC SYSTEM: 110V DC WITH NEGATIVE GROUND

2.1.9.2 LINE PARAMETERS

2.1.9.2.1 NEW AUCHI 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENGTH: 6KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 440A

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

62
TABLE 2.27 OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD


LNTERRUPTED
01-05-07 0630- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO
0800HRS POOR SYSTEM 399A
(90MINS) FREQUENCY
06-05-07 1616- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO
2016HRS POOR SYSTEM 409A
(240MINS) FREQUENCY
16-05-07 1010- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO
1510HRS POOR SYSTEM 410A
(300MINS) FREQUENCY
23-05-07 1606- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO
1620HRS POOR SYSTEM 430A
(14MINS) FREQUENCY
29-05-07 1930- LOAD SHEDDING DUE TO
2030HRS POOR SYSTEM 300A
(60MINS) FREQUENCY

2.1.9.2.2 FEDERAL HOUSING 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENGTH: 4KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 180A

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

63
TABLE 2.28 OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD


INTERRUPTED
06-05- 0530- LOADSHEDDING DUE TO POOR
07 0730HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY 170A
(120MINS)
10-05- 0545- LOADSHEDDING DUE TO POOR
07 0730HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY
(105MINS) 170A
16-05- 1930- LOADSHEDDING DUE TO POOR
07 2030HRS SYSTEM FREQUENCY 180A
(60MINS)

2.1.9.3 SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENT

Figure 2.10: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF FEDERAL SECRETERIAT SUBSTATION

2.1.10 IKPOBA DAM 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

64
2.1.10.1 SUBSTATION PARAMETERS

LOCATION: BENIN CITY

CAPACITY: 1X7.5MVA &1X15MVA, 33/11KV

SUBSTATION TYPE: OUTDOOR/INDOOR

EARTHING SYSTEM: EFFECTIVELY EARTHED

DC VOLTAGE: 110VDC WITH NEGATIVE GROUND.

2.1.10.2 LINE PARAMETERS

2.1.10.2.1 DAM 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENGTH: 0.1KM

MAXIMUM LOAD: 200A

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

TABLE 2.29 OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD


INTERRUPTED
06-05- 1440- FEEDER WAS OFF SERVICE
07 1630HRS FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF 186A
(110MINS) ITS TERMINAL EQUIPMENT

2.1.10.2.2 UPPER LAWANI 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENGTH: 4KM

65
MAXIMUM LOAD: 110A

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

TABLE 2.30: OUTEGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007


DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD
INTERRUPTED
06-05- 1440- GENERAL
07 1635HRS MAINTENANCE 100A
(115MINS)
16-05- 0650- POOR SYSTEM
07 1005HRS FREQUENCY 105A
(255MINS)
20-05- 1005- POOR SYSTEM
07 1210HRS FREQUENCY 103A
(125MINS)
22-05- 1616- POOR SYSTEM
07 1916HRS FREQUENCY 96A
(180MINS)
26-05- 0530- POOR SYSTEM
07 0730HRS FREQUENCY 108A
(120MINS)

2.1.10.2.3 OKHORO 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENGTH: 4.5KM

66
MAXIMUM LOAD: 190A

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

TABLE 2.30: OUTAGES RECORDED IN MAY 2007

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD INTERRUPTED


6-05-07 1440-1640HRS GENERAL MAINTENANCE 180A

(120MINS)
07-05- 0630-0700HRS POOR SYSTEM FREQUENCY 190A
07 (30MINS)
10-05- 1630-1930HRS POOR SYSTEM FREQUENCY 120A
07 (180MINS)
13-05- 1900-2200HRS POOR SYSTEM FREQUENCY 180A
07 (180MINS
23-05- 2210-2220HRS POOR SYSTEM FREQUENCY 152A
07 (10MINS)
29-05- 0630-0659HRS POOR SYSTEM FREQUENCY 166A
07 (29MINS)

2.1.10.3 SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENT

67
Figure 2.11: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF IKPOBA DAM SUBSTATION

This substation supplies power to Ikpoba River dam which is the only water works in

Benin City and to two other feeders on 11KV .The feeders are: OKHORO &

LAWANI 11KV FEEDERS.

2.2.0 SUBSTATIONS IN DELTA STATE ENVIRONMENT

2.2.1 OGHAREKI 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

68
2.2.1.1 SUBSTATION PARAMETERS

LOCATION: Oghara town Delta state

CAPACITY: 1x15MVA

SUBSTATION TYPE: outdoor/indoor

YEAR OF COMMISSIONING: 2001

2.2.1.2 LINE PARAMETERS

LINE LENGTH: 10KM

LINE TYPE: OVERHEAD

MAXIMUM LOAD RECORDED ON THE FEEDER: 450A

MINIMUM LOAD RECORDED ON THE FEEDER: 215A

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

TABLE 2.32: OUTAGES RECORDED IN THE MONTH OF MAY 2007

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD


1000-

69
16-05-07 1015HRS LOSS OF SOURCE 300A
(15MINS)
2105-2145HR FEEDER TRIPPED ON OVERCURRENT
22-05 -07 (40MINS) A BLOWN HRC FUSE WAS REPLACED 408A
BEFORE RESTORATRION
2130- FEEDER TRIPPED ON OVERCURRENT 430A
30-05-07 2155HRS A BLOWN HRC FUSE WAS REPLACED
(25MINS) BEFORE RESTORATRION

2.2.1.2 SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENT

The substation receives supply from Amukpe 330/33KV transmission substation

via Mosogar 33KV feeder. The 33KV switchgear is outdoor and 11KV

switchgear arranged indoor. One 11KV feeder, Oghareki 11KV feeder originates

from the station. This feeder feeds the Oghareki community, which has mixed

loads (residential, small cottage industries, offices and schools).

70
2.2.2 OGHAREFE 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

2.2.2.1 SUBSTATION PARAMETERS

CAPACITY: 1x15MVA

SUBSTATION TYPE: OUTDOOR/INDOOR

YEAR OF COMMISSIONING: 2001

2.2.2.2 LINE PARAMETERS

2.2.2.2.1 GOVERNOR 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENTH: 6KM

TYPE OF LINE: OVERHEAD

TYPE OF LOAD: OFFICES, RESIDENTIAL AND COTTAGE INDUSTRIES.

MAXIMUM LOAD RECORDED: 220A

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

71
CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR:100mm2

OUTAGES RECORDED IN THE MONTH OF MAY 2007: NIL

2.2.2.2.2 OTEFE 11KV FEEDER

LINE LENTH: 10KM

TYPE OF LINE: OVERHEAD

TYPE OF LOAD: COTTAGE INDUSTRIES, OFFICES AND RESIDENTIAL.

MAXIMUM LOAD RECORDED: 300A

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

TABLE 2.33 OUTAGES RECORDED IN THE MONTH OF MAY

DATE DURATION REASONS FOR FAILURE LOAD


LOST
0245-1045HRS Broken pin insulators at Otefe town

6-05-07 (480mins) caused the trip. 200A


0924-1010HRS Feeder opened to enable maintenance

18-5-07 (46mins) crew replace blown HRC fuses. 272A


2.2.3 BETA GLASS 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

2.2.3.1 SUBSTATION PARAMETERS

72
LOCATION: UGHELLI, DELTA STATE

CAPACITY: 1x7.5MVA

SUBSTATION TYPE: OUTDOOR/INDOOR

YEAR OF FIRST COMMISSIONING: 1978

2.2.3.2 LINE PARAMETERS

2.2.3.2.1 UGHELLI 11KV FEEDER

LENTH OF LINE: 12KM

TYPE OF LINE: Overhead

MAXIMUM LOAD RECORDED: 200A

TYPE OF LOAD: RESIDENTIAL

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR: 100mm2

TABLE 2.34: OUTAGES RECORDED ON THE FEEDER IN MAY2007

DATE DURATION FAILURE LOAD LOST


The feeder tripped

73
03-05-07 0600-1035HRS. on earth fault. A tree 180A
branch was removed
(275mins.) from the line before
restoration.
There was loss of
supply from the
16-05-07 1436-1458HRS. source 33kv feeder. 200A
This was for the
(22mins.) purpose of
maintenance of their
33kv line breaker.

The feeder tripped


26-05-07 2006-2027HRS. on over current red 200A
phase.
(21mins.)

2.2.3.2.2 BETA GLASS 11KV FEEDER

LENTH OF LINE=3KM

TYPE OF LINE: OVERHEAD

MAXIMUM LOAD: 150A

TYPE OF LOAD: INDUTRIAL (GLASS FACTORY)

NOMINAL SENDING END VOLTAGE: 11KV

CONDUCTOR TYPE: AAC (All aluminum conductors)

CONDUCTOR CODE: SPARROW

CURRENT CAPACITY: 401.9A

MW CAPACITY: 7.5MW
CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF CONDUCTOR:100mm2

TABLE 2.35: OUTAGES RECORDED IN THE MONTH OF MAY 2007

DATE DURATION REASONS FOR FAILURE LOAD


LOST
16-05- 1436-1458 THERE WAS LOSS OF POWER FROM SOURCE 120A
07 (22MINS) 33KV SUBSTATION.
74
2.2.3.3 SWITCHGEAR ARRANGEMENT

Figure2.14: SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF BETA GLASS SUBSTATION

The substation, which is both the indoor and outdoor type, is fed via a 2km-long

33kv feeder which comes from Delta power station also in ughelli. The 33kv

switchgear is outdoor while the 11kv switchgear is indoor. The 33kv arrangement

consists of a line isolator, an SF6 gas circuit breaker and a transformer isolator.

The 11kv output of the transformer goes straight to the indoor switchgear

arrangement for distribution to consumers via two 11kv overhead lines.

CHAPTER 3

ANALYSIS OF DATA

3.1.0 SUBSTATIONS IN BENIN ENVIRONMENT

3.1.1 UGBOWO 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

CALCULATIONS

75
Current in section 1 = Current due to Ugbowo substation + Current due to

Guinness substation

CURRENT DUE TO UGBOWO SUBSTATION

MAXIMUM LOAD DUE TO TRANSFORMER 1= 460A

MAXIMUM LOAD DUE TO TRANSFORMER 2=530A

TOTAL LOAD = 990A AT 11KV

TOTAL LOAD =330A AT 33KV

CURRENT DUE TO GUINESS SUBSTATION

MAXIMUM LOAD DUE TO TRANSFORMER 1 = 500A AT 11KV (166.7A

AT 33KV)

MAXIMUM LOAD DUE TO TRANSFORMER 2 = 400A AT 6.6KV (80A AT

33KV)

TOTAL LOAD DUE TO GUINESS SUBSTATION = 246.7A AT 33KV

TOTAL LOAD DUE TO GUINESS SUBSTATION = 13.8MW

CURRENT IN SECTION 1 = 576.7A

IMPEDANCE OF SECTION 1 = (0.0022 +j0.2) x 8 = ( 0.0176 + j1.6)Ω

AT FULL LOAD VOLTAGE DROP OF SECTION 1 = I x Z = 576.7X

(0.0176+j1.6) = (10.14 +j921.6) V

CURRENT IN SECTION 2 AT FULL LOAD = 330A

IMPEDANCE OF SECTION 2 = (0.002+j0.2) x 6 = (0.012+j1.2) Ω

VOLTAGE DROP IN SECTION 2 AT FULL LOAD = 330 x (0.012+j1.2)Ω =

(3.96 + j396)V

76
TOTAL VOLTAGE DROP = VOLTAGE DROP IN SECTION 1 + VOLTAGE

DROP IN SECTION 2 = (14.1 + j1317.6) V

|V| =1.32KV

VOLTAGE AT THE RECEIVING END = 33-1.32= 31.68KV

VOLTAGE REGULATION = RECEIVING END VOLTAGE x 100


SENDING END VOLTAGE

= 31.68 x 100 = 96 %
33.0

3.1.1.2 CALCULATIONS FOR 11KV FEEDERS

3.1.1.2.1 UGBOWO 11KV FEEDER

RATED CURRENT CAPACITY = 401.9A

% LOADING = 350 X 100 = 87.1%


401.9

TOTAL LINE RESISTANCE = (0.0024 +j0.395) x 20.5 = (0.0492 + j8.096)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I x Z = 350 x ( 0.0492 + j8.096) = (17.22 + j2833.6)V

|V| =2.83KV

VOLTAGE AT THE MOST REMOTE END OF FEEDER= 8.17KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 302+ 61 + 120 + 270 + 242 + 352 = 134MINUTES

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD = 44640MINUTES

AVAILABILITY = 44640 -1347 = 0.97


44640

3.1.1.2.2 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT COLLEGE 11KV FEEDER

RATED CURRENT CAPACITY OF LINE = 401.9A

% LOADING OF LINE = 110 X 100 = 27.3%


401.9
TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 +j0.395) x 7 = (0.0168 +j2.765)Ω

77
VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 110 X(0.0168 + j2.765) = (1.848 +j304.15)V

|V| = 0.3KV

VOLTAGE AT THE MOST REMOTE END =11-0.3=10.7KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 53 + 46 + 181 +170 +54 =504MINS

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD = 44640MINS

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY = 44640 – 504 = 0.99


44640

3.1.1.2.3 EGUADIEKEN 11KV FEEDER

RATED CURRENT CAPACITY = 401.9A

%LOADING OF LINE = 180 x 100 = 44.8%


401.9

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j0.395) x 9 = (0.022 + j3.56)

VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 180 X (0.022 + j3.56) = (3.96 +j640.8) V

|V| =0.64KV

VOLTAGE AT THE MOST REMOTE END = 11.0 – 0.64 = 10.38KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 692MINS

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD = 44640MINS

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY = 44640 – 692 = 0.99


44640

78
3.1.1.2.4 USELU 11KV FEEDER

% LOADING OF LINE = 350 X 100 = 87.1%


401.9
TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j0.395) x 10 = (0.024 +j3.95) Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 350 X (0.024 +j3.95) V

|V| = 1.4KV

VOLTAGE AT THE MOST REMOTE SUBSTATION = 11.0 – 1.4 =9.6KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD: 180 + 190 + 132 + 189 + 30C 8 + 135 = 1134MINS.

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD = 44640 MINS

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABITY = 44640 – 1134 = 0.98


44640

3.1.1.3 TRANSFORMER LOADING

Transformer 1

RATING: 15MVA, 33/11KV

COOLING TYPE: ONAN

WINDING TYPE: DY1

CALCULATIONS

79
MAXIMUM LOAD ON TRANSFORMER = 350 + 110 = 460A

P =√3xIxVxCosø

TRANSFORMER RATED CURRENT = 15 X 106 = 803.36A


3
√3X11X10 X0.98

%LOADING = 460 X 100 = 57.3%


803.36

MAXIMUM H.V VOLTAGE = 34.0KV (RECORDE BY OPERATORS)

MINIMUM H.V VOLTAGE = 31.04KV (FROM CALCULATIONS)

MAXIMUM L.V VOLTAGE = 11.3KV (RECORDE BY OPERATORS)

MINIMUM L.V VOLTAGE = 10.4KV (FROM CALCULATIONS)

3.1.1.3.2 TRANSFORMER 2

RATING: 15MVA, 33/11KV

COOLING TYPE: ONAN

WINDING TYPE: DY1

CALCULATIONS

MAXIMUM LOAD ON TRANSFORMER = 180 + 350 = 530A

P =√3xIxVxCosø
RATED FULL LOAD CURRENT = 15 X 106 = 803.36
√3X11X103X0.98

% LOADING = 530 X 100 = 66%


803.36

MAXIMUM H.V VOLTAGE =34.0KV

MINIMUM H.V VOLTAGE = 31.04KV

MAXIMUM L.V VOLTAGE = 11.3 KV

80
MINIMUM L.V VOLTAGE = 10.4KV

PROTECTION AVAILABLE FOR THE TRANSFORMERS

Differential protection

Over current protection

Restricted earth fault protection

Buchholz (gas) protection

Winding temperature protection

Surge protection

LINE PROTECTION

2-Phase over current relay

1-Sensitive earth fault relay

3.1.2 SILUKO 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

3.1.2.1 CALCULATIONS FOR 11KV FEEDERS

3.1.2.1.1 OLIHA 11KV FEEDER

% LOADING OF LINE: 360 X100 =89.57%


401.9

CALCULATIONS

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE= (0.0024 + j0.395) x 6 = (0.012 +j2.4)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP= IxZ= 360X(0.012 + j2.4)=(4.32 + j864)V

|V| =0.9KV

81
VOLTAGE AT THE MOST REMOTE END = 11-0.9=10.1KV

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD
TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD: 44640 MINUTES

AVAILABILITY= 44640-2147 = 0.95


44640

3.1.2.1.2 UPPER SILUKO 11KV FEEDER

% Loading of line = 240 x 100 =59.72%


401.9

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE =(0.0024 + j0.395) X 8 =(0.0192 + j3.16)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I x Z = 240 x(0.0192 + j3.16) =(4.608 + j758.4) 1.7 KV

|V| = 0.76KV

VOLTAGE AT THE MOST REMOTE END OF THE LINE =11-0.76=10.4KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 996 MINS

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD = 44640MINS

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AILABILITY = 44640 – 996 =0.98


44640

3.1.2.1.3 EDO TEXTILE MILL 11KV FEEDER

% LOADING OF LINE: 290 X 100 =72.2%


401.9
TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j0.395) x 6.1 = (0.015 + j2.41)

VOLTAGE DROP = I X = 290 X (0.015 + j2.4) = (4.35 + j696)

82
|V| = 0.7KV

VOLTAGE AT THE REMOTE END OF FEEDER = 11-0.7=10.3KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD: 3056 MINUTES

SERVICE PERIOD: 44640MINUTES

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY =44640– 3056 =0.93


44640

3.1.2.1.4 UWELU 11KV FEEDER

% LOADING OF LINE: 320 X 100 =77.9%


401.9
TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE :( 0.0024 + j 0.395) X 8 = (0.019 + j3.16)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP : I X Z = 320 X(0.019 + j3.16) = (6.08 + j1011.2)Ω

|V| = 1.0KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD: 1349MINUTES

SERVICE PERIOD: 44640MINS

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY= 44640 – 1349 = 0.97


44640

3.1.2.2 TRANSFORMER LOADING

Transformer 1

RATING: 15 MVA, 33/11KV

COOLING TYPE: ONAN

83
WINDING TYPE: DY11

CALCULATIONS

COMBINED LOAD ON TRANSFORMER: 600A

P =√3xIxVxCosø

RATED FULL LOAD CURRENT: 803.6A

% LOADING 600 X 100 =74.7%


803.6

3.1.2.2.2 TRANSFORMER 2

RATING: 15MVA,33/11KV

COOLING TYPE: ONAN

WINDING TYPE:DY11

CALCULATIONS

COMBINED LOAD: 610A

P =√3xIxVxCosø

TRANSFORMER RATED CURRENT= 803.36A

% LOADING OF TRANSFORMER = 610 X 100 = 76%


803.36

PROTECTION AVAILABLE FOR THE TRANSFORMERS

Differential protection

Over current protection

84
Restricted earth fault protection

Buchholz (gas) protection

Winding temperature protection

Surge protection

LINE PROTECTION

2-Phase over current relay

1-Sensitive earth fault relay

3.1.3 WELFARE 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

3.1.3.1 CALCULATIONS FOR 11KV FEEDERS

UPPER SAKPONBA FEEDER

% LOADING OF LINE = 440 X 100 =109.5%


401.9
TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j0.395) X7 =(0.016 +j2.765)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 440 X(0.016 + j2.765) =(7.04 + j1216.6)V

|V| =1.2KV

VOLTAGE AT REMOTE END = 11-1.2 = 10.8KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 1116MINS

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD = 44640MINS

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY = 44640 – 1116 = 0.98


44640

85
3.1.3.1.2 ST. SAVIOUR 11KV FEEDER

% LOADING OF LINE = 70 X 100 = 17.4%


401.9

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j0.395) X 3 = (0.0072 + j1.185) Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 70 X (0.0072 + j1.185)V

|V| = 0.1KV

VOLTAGE AT REMOTE END = 11-0.1=10.9KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD: 1349MINUTES

SERVICE PERIOD: 44640

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY= 44640 – 1349 = 0.97


44640

3.1.3.2 TRANSFORMER LOADING

RATING: 15MVA, 33/11KV

COOLING TYPE: ONAN

WINDING TYPE : DY11

CALCULATIONS

MAXIMUM LOAD = 440+70 = 510A

P =√3xIxVxCosø

RATED CURRENT = 803.36A

% LOADING = 510 X 100 =63.5%


803.36

86
PROTECTION AVAILABLE FOR THE TRANSFORMERS

Differential protection

Over current protection

Restricted earth fault protection

Buchholz (gas) protection

Winding temperature protection

Surge protection

LINE PROTECTION

2-Phase over current relay

1-Sensitive earth fault relay

3.1.4 GUINESS 33/11/6.6KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

3.1.4.1 INCOMING 33KV FEEDER

87
CALCULATIONS

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0022 + j0.22) x 8 =(0.0176 +j1.76)Ω

MAXIMUM LOAD DUE TO 11KV FEEDERS = 270 + 230 = 500A

EQUIVALENT LOAD AT 33KV = 500 X 11 = 166.7A


33
MAXIMUM LOAD DUE TO 6.6KV FEEDER = 400A

EQUIVALENT LOAD AT 33KV = 400 X 6.6 = 80A


33
LOAD DUE TO GUINESS SUBSTATION AT 33KV =66.7+ 80=246.7A

LOAD DUE TO UGBOWO SUBSTATION AT 33KV = 330A

TOTAL LOAD FLOWING THROUGH THE 8KM SECTION AT PEAK

PERIOD =330 +246.7 =576.7A

VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 576.7 x (0.0176+ j1.6) =(10.14 + j921.6)V

|V| = 0.92KV

3.1.4.2 CALCULATIONS FOR 11KV FEEDERS

3.1.4.2.1 NEW BENIN 11 KV FEEDER

CALCULATIONS

% LOADING OF LINE = 270 X 100 = 67.2%


401.9
TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE= (0.0024 + j0.395) x 7=(0.0168 + j2.765)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = 270 X (0.0168 + j2.765) =(4.54 + j746.6)V

|V| =0.8KV
TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD = 44640MINUTES

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 385 MINUTES

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

88
AVAILABILITY = 44640 – 385 = 0.99
44640

3.1.4.2.2 BDPA 11KV FEEDER

CALCULATIONS

% LOADING = 230 X 100 = 70.3%


401.9

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024+ j 0.395) x 4 = (0.0096 + j1.58) Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 230 X(0.0096 + j1.58) = (2.208 + j363.4)V

|V| =0.36KV

3.1.4.2.3 ASABA 6.6 KV FEEDER

CALCULATIONS

% LOADING OF LINE = 400 X 100 = 59.7%


670

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j0.395) x 7 = (0.0168 + j2.77) Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I XZ = 400 X(0.0168 + j2.77) = (6.72 + j1108)V

|V| = 1.1KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 1563MINUTES

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD = 44640MINUTES

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE

89
TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD
AVAILABILITY = 44640 – 1563 = 0.97
44640

3.1.4 .3 TRANSFORMER LOADING

3.1.4.3.1 Transformer 1
CALCULATIONS

COMBINED LOAD = 270 + 230 = 500A

P =√3xIxVxCosø

RATED CURRENT CAPACITY = 15 X 106 = 803.365


3
√3 X 11 X 10 X 0.98

% LOADING = 500 X 100 = 62.2%


803.36

3.1.4.3.2 Transformer 2

CALCULATIONS

MAXIMUM LOAD ON TRANSFORMER = 400A

P =√3xIxVxCosø

TRANSFORMER RATED CURRENT= 7.5 X 106 = 669.5A


√3 X 6.6 X 103 X0.98

% LOADING OF TRANFORMER = 400 X 100 = 59.8%


669.5

PROTECTION AVAILABLE FOR THE TRANSFORMERS

Differential protection

90
Over current protection

Restricted earth fault protection

Buchholz (gas) protection

Winding temperature protection

Surge protection

LINE PROTECTION

2-Phase over current relay

1-Sensitive earth fault relay

3.1.5 NEKPENEKPEN 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

3.1.5.1 CALCULATIONS FOR 11KV FEEDERS

3.1.5.1.1 FEEDER 1

CALCULATIONS

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD:

135+71+175+76+124+66+25+51+199+3810+210+20+180+165+63=5370MINS

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD: 44640MINS

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY= 44640-5370 =0.88


44640

3.1.5.1.2 FEEDER 2

CALCULATIONS

91
TOTAL OUTAGE

PERIOD:15+116+126+70+195+64+375+24+49+75+200+45=1354MINUTES

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD= 44640

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY= 44640-1354 =0.97


44640

3.1.5.1.3 FEEDER 3

CALCULATIONS

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD: 1517 MINUTES

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD: 44640

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY= 0.97

3.1.5.1.4 FEEDER 4

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD=688MINUTES

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD=44640MINUTES

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD
AVAILABILITY=0.98

3.1.5.2 TRANSFOMER LOADING

92
3.1.5.2.1 TRANSFORMER 1

TRANSFORMER RATED FULL LOAD CURRENT= 803.36A

%LOADING= 800 X 100 = 99.96%


803.36

3.1.5.2.2 TRANSFORMER 2

RATED CURRENT = 803.36A


% LOADING = 630 X 100 =78.4%
803.36

PROTECTION AVAILABLE FOR THE TRANSFORMERS

Differential protection

Over current protection

Restricted earth fault protection

Buchholz (gas) protection

Winding temperature protection

Surge protection

LINE PROTECTION

2-Phase over current relay

1-Sensitive earth fault relay

3.1.6 ETETE 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

3.1.6.1 INCOMING 33KV FEEDER

93
CALCULATIONS

MAXIMUM LOAD AT 11KV= 432 + 264+ 440+316 = 1452A

TRANSFORMER RATIO: 33/11 = 3:1

MAXIMUM LOAD AT 33KV = 1452 = 484A


3
VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 484 X (00616 + j0.56)V

|V| = 0.3KV

3.1.6.2 CALCULATIONS FOR 11KV FEEDERS

3.1.6.2.1 IHAMA 11KV FEEDER

% LOADING OF LINE = 432 X 100 = 107.5%


401.9
TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j 0.395) X 5 = (0.0120 + j 1.975)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 432 X(0.0120 = j 1.975)V

|V| = 0.9KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD: 2120 MINUTES

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD: 44640MINUTES

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY = 44640 – 2120 = 0.95


44640
3.1.6.2.2 DUMEZ 11KV FEEDER

% LOADING OF LINE = 264 X 100 = 65.7%


401.9
TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j0.395) x 6 = (0.0144 + j2.4)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = 264 X (0.0144 + j2.4) = (3.80 + j625.7)V


| V| = 0.63KV
3.1.6.2.3 UGBOR 11 KV FEEDER

% LOADING OF LINE: 440 X 100 = 109.5%


401.9
TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE :( 0.0024 +j 0.395) X 6 = (0.0144 + j2.37) Ω

94
VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 440 X(0.0144 + j2.37)V

|V| =1.04KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 866MINUTES

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD= 44640MINUTES

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERI
AVAILABILITY = 44640 – 866 = 0.98

44640

3.1.6.2.4 UPPER SAPELE 11KV FEEDER

% LOADING OF LINE = 316 X 100 = 78.6%


401.9

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j0.395) X 7 = (0.0168 + j2.765)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 316 X (0.0168 + j2.765)V

|V| = 0.9KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD: 1305MINUTES

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD: 44640MINUTES

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY = 44640 – 1305 = 0.97


44640

3.1.6.3 TRANSFORMER LOADING

3.1.6.3.1 Transformer 1
COMBINED LOAD: 696A

P =√3xIxVxCosø

95
I = 803.36A

% LOADING = 696 X 100 = 86.7%


803.36

3.1.6.3.2 Transformer 2

COMBINED LOAD = 756A

P =√3xIxVxCosø

I= 15 X 106 = 803.36
3
√3x11x10 x0.98

% LOADING OF TRANSFORMER = 756 x 100 = 94.1%


803.36

3.1.7 GRA 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

3.1.7.1 CALCULATIONS FOR 11KV

3.1.7.1.1 OBA PALACE 11KV FEEDER

CALCULATIONS

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD: 114+55=169MINUTES

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD: 44640MINUTES

AVAILABILITY=44640-169
44640

AVAILABILITY=0.99

3.1.7.1.2 GRA 11KV FEEDER

CALCULATIONS

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

96
TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD= 19+265+25+165+66= 540MINS

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD=44640MINS

AVAILABILITY= 44640-540 = 0.98


44640

3.1.7.1.3 RESERVATION 11KV FEEDER

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD: 60MINS

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD: 44640MINS

AVAILABILITY= 44640-60
44640

3.1.7.2 TRANSFORMER LOADING

3.1.7.2.1 Transformer 1

I= 15x106
√3x11x103x0.98

I= 803.36A

The full load current rating of the transformer=803.6A

MAXIMUM LOAD RECORDED ON THE TRANSFORMER=564A

% LOADING= 564 x 100 = 70.2%


803.36

3.1.7.2.2 Transformer 2

Transformer rated maximum load= 803.36A

% LOADING= 430 X 100 =53.5%


803.36

97
3.1.8 EVBUOTUBU 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

3.1.8.1 CALCULATIONS FOR 11KV FEDERS

3.1.8.1.1 EVBUOTUBU 11KV FEEDER

CALCULATIONS

%LOADING OF LINE = 288 X 100 = 71.7%


401.9

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE= (0.0024 + j 0.395) X 7 = (0.0168 + j2.8)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z =288 X(0.0168 + j2.8) = (4.8 + j2.8)V

|V| = 0.8KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 931MINS

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD = 44640MINS

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY = 44640 -931 = 0.98


44640

3.1.8.1.2 ASORO 11KV FEEDER

CALCULATIONS

98
%LOADING OF LINE =255 X 100 = 63.5%
401.9

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j0.395) X 8 = (0.019 + j 3.16)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I XZ = 255 X (0.019 + j 3.16) = (4.9 + j805)V

|V| =0.8KV

CALCULATIONS

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 810MINS

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD = 44640MINS

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY = 44640 – 810 = 0.98


44640

3.1.8.2 TRANSFORMER LOADING

MAXIMUM LOADING = 543A

P =√3xIxVxCosø

RATED MAXIMUM CURRENT = 803.36A

% LOADING = 543 X 100 = 67.6%


803.36

3.1.9 FEDERAL SECRETERIAT 33/11KV INJECTION

SUBSTATION

3.1.9.1 CALCULATIONS FOR 11KV FEEDERS

99
3.1.9.1.1 NEW AUCHI 11KV FEEDER

CALCULATIONS

% LOADING OF LINE = 440 X 100 =109.5%


401.9

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j0.395) X 6 = (0.0144 + j2.37) Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 440 X(0.0144 + j2.37) = (6.34 + j1042.8)V

|V| = 1.04KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 90+240+300+60+4=694MINS


TOTAL SERVICE PRIOD = 44640MINS
AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE
TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY = 44640 – 694 = 0.99


44640

3.1.9.1.2 FEDERAL HOUSING 11KV FEEDER

CALCULATIONS

% LOADING OF LINE = 180 X 100 = 44.8%


401.9

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j 0.395) X 4 =(0.0096 + j1.58)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = 180 x (0.0096 + j1.587) = (1.728 + j284.4)V

|V| =0.3KV
TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 120+105+60+185 = 470 MINS

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD = 44640MINS

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY = 44640 – 470 = 0.99

100
44640
3.1.9.2 TRANSFORMER LOADING
TRANSFORMER1
RATED CURRENT = 803.36A

% LOADING = 620 X 100 = 77.2%


803.36

TRANSFORMER 2

MAXIMUM LOAD = 190 + 110 = 300A

P =√3xIxVxCosø

RATED CURRENT = 803.36A

% LOADING = 300 X 100 = 37.3%


803.36

3.1.10 IKPOBA DAM 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

3.1.10.1 CALCULATIONS ON 11KV FEEDERS

3.1.10.1.1 DAM 11KV FEEDER

CALCULATIONS

% LOADING OF LINE = 200 X 100 = 49.8%


401.9

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j0.395) X0.1 = (0.00024 + j 0.0395)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = 200 X (0.00024 + j 0.0395) = (0.048 + j79)V

| V| =0.08KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 110MINS

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD = 44640MINS

101
AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE
TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY = 44640 – 110 = 0.98


44640

3.1.10.1.2 UPPER LAWANI 11KV FEEDER

CALCULATIONS

% LOADING OF LINE = 110 X 100 = 27.4%


401.9

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j0.395) x 4 = (0.0096 + j1.58)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 110 x (0.0096 + j1.58) = (1.056 + j173.8)V

|V| = 0.2KV

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 795MINS

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD = 44640MINS

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY = 44640- 795 = 0.98


44640

3.1.10.1.3 OKHORO 11KV FEEDER

% LOADING = 190 X 100 = 47.3%


401.9

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE =(0.0024 +j 0.395) X 4.5 = (0.0108 + j1.8)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I x Z =190 x (0.0108 + j1.8)= (2.052 + j337.7)V

|V| =0.34KV
TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD = 549MINS

102
TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD = 44640

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

AVAILABILITY = 4640 4-549 = 0.99


44640

3.1.10.2 TRANSFORMER LOADING

3.1.10.2.1 TRANSFORMER 1

MAXIMUM LOAD = 200A

P =√3xIxVxCosø

RATED CURRENT = 401.7A

% LOADING = 200 X 100 = 49.1%


401.7

3.1.10.2.2 TRANSFORMER 2

MAXIMUM LOAD = 190 + 110 = 300A

P =√3xIxVxCosø

RATED CURRENT = 803.36A

% LOADING = 300 X 100 = 37.3%


803.36

3.2.0 SUBSTATIONS IN DELTA ENVIRONMENTS

3.2.1 OGHAREKI 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

3.2.1.1 CALCULATIONS ON 11KV FEEDERS

103
3.2.1.1.1 OGHAREKI 11KV FEEDER

CALCULATIONS

RATED CURRENT CAPACITY =401.9A

% LOADING OF LINE = 400 X 100 = 68.8%


401.9

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE=(0.0024+j0.395) x 10 = (0.024 + j3.95)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 450 X(0.024 +j3.95)V = (10.8 +j1777.5)V

|V|=1.8KV

VOLTAGE AT THE MOST REMOTE SUBSTATION =11 – 1.8 = 9.2KV

CALCULATIONS:

TOTAL OUTAGE PERIOD: 15+40+25=80mins.

TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD: 31x24x60=44640mins

Availability of feeder= (44640-80)/44640 =0.99

3.2.1.2 TRANSFORMER LOADING

I=P/ √ 3xVx COSø = (15x106)/√3x11x103x0.98

Full load current = 803.36A

Maximum load recorded on the transformer =450A

3.2.2 OGHAREFE 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

3.2.2.1 CALCULATIONS ON 11KV FEEDERS

3.2.2.1.1 GOVERNOR 11KV FEEDER

104
CALCULATIONS

RATED CURRENT CAPACITY =401.9A

% LOADING OF LINE = 220 X 100 = 54.7%


401.9
TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE =(0.0024 +j 0.395) X 6 =(0.0144 +j2.37)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I XZ = 220 X(0.0144 +j2.37) = (3.16 +j521.4)

|V| = 0.52KV

VOLTAGE AT THE MOST REMOTE SUBSTATION = 11 – 0.52 =10.48KV

No outage was recorded on the feeder in the month of May 2007. The availability

of the feeder is unity.

3.2.2.1.2 OTEFE 11KV FEEDER

CALCULATIONS

RATED CURRENT CAPACITY =401.9A

% LOADING OF LINE = 300 X 100 = 74.7%


401.9

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE=(0.0024 + j0.395) x 10 =(0.024+j3.95)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 300 X(0.024 + j3.95) =(7.2 +j1185)

|V| = 1.2KV

Total outage period = 526mins

Total period in the month = 44640mins

Availability = (44640-526)/44640 =0.98

3.2.2.2 TRANSFORMER LOADING

P = √3xIxVxCosø

105
Full load current = (15x106)/ (√3x11x103x0.98) = 803.36A

% Loading of transformer = 520/803.36 x100 =64.7%

PROTECTION AVAILABLE IN THE SUBSTATION

 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

1. Differential protection

2. Over current protection

3. Restricted earth fault protection

4. Buchholz (gas) protection

5. Winding temperature protection

6. Surge protection

 LINE PROTECTION

1.Over current relays

2.Earthfault relays

3.2.3 BETA GLASS 33/11KV INJECTION SUBSTATION

106
3.2.3.1 CALCULATIONS FOR 11KV FEEDERS

3.2.3.1.1 UGHELLI 11KV FEEDER

CALCULATIONS

RATED CURRENT CAPACITY =401.9A

% LOADING = 200 X 100 = 48.7%


401.9
AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE
TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD

No. of days in May=31


No. of hours in a day=24

No. of minutes in one hour=60

Total period of time in one month=31x24x60=44640


Period feeder was off service=275+22+21=318minutes

AVAILABILITY= (44640-318)/44640 =0.99

3.2.3.1.2 BETA GLASS 11KV FEEDER

RATED CURRENT CAPACITY = 401.9A

% LOADING = 150 X 100 = 36.5 %


401.9

TOTAL LINE IMPEDANCE = (0.0024 + j 0.395) X 3 = (0.0072 + j1.185)Ω

VOLTAGE DROP = I X Z = 150 X (0.0072 + j1.185) = (1.05 +j177.8)V

|V| = 0.2KV

AVAILABILITY = ACTUAL PERIOD FEEDER WAS IN SERVICE


TOTAL SERVICE PERIOD
Availability = (44640-22) /44640 =0.99

107
Ughelli 11kv feeder: 200A

Beta glass 11kv feeder: 150A

Total: 350A

Rating of transformer: 7.5MVA

Cooling type: ONAF

Winding type: Yd11

CALCULATIONS

P = √3xIxVxcos

P=Power=7.5MVA

I=current

V=Voltage=11kv

Cosø=power factor=0.98

I= p/ (√3V cosø) = (7.5x106) / (√3x11x103x0.98) =401.68A

The substation is capable of supplying 401.68A

There is therefore, a reserve capacity of 401.68-350=51.68A

Percentage loading of the transformer = (350/401.68) x100 =87.13%

CHAPTER FOUR
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
TABLE 4.1 TABULATED SUMMARY OF 11KV FEEDERS

SUBSTA LENG CAPACI MAX. %LOAD NOMIN VOLTAGE


TION FEEDER TH TY LOAD ING ALVOLT DROP %VOLTAG AVAILA REMARKS
(KM) (A) (A) AGE (KV) E REGULA BILITY
(KV) TION

108
WELFA ST.SAVIOUR 3.0 401.9 70 17.4 11 0.10 0.9 0.97 SATISFACTORY
RE
“ UPPER 7.0 401.9 440 109.5 11 1.2 0.9 0.98 LINE IS OVER
SAKPONBA LOADED
GUINES NEW BENIN 8.0 401.9 270 67.2 11 0.8 7.2 0.99 SATISFACTORY
S
“ BDPA 4.0 401.9 230 70.3 11 0.36 3.3 0.97 SATISFACTORY
“ ASABA 7.0 670.0 400 59.7 6.6 1.10 10.0 0.97 HIGN LOSSES
NEKPEN FEEDER 1 7.0 401.9 350 87.1 11 0.17 1.6 0.88 SATISFACTORY
EKPEN
“ FEEDER 2 6.0 401.9 400 99.5 11 0.95 0.64 0.97 SATISFACTORY
“ FEEDER 3 6.0 401.9 410 102.0 11 0.98 8.9 0.97 LINE IS OVER
LOADED
“ FEEDER 4 7.1 401.9 220 54.7 11 0.62 5.6 0.98 SATISFACTORY
ETET IHAMA 5.0 401.9 432 107.5 11 0.90 8.2 0.95 LINE IS OVER
E LOADED
“ DUMEZ 6.0 401.9 264 65.7 11 0.63 5.7 N/A SATISFACTORY
“ UGBOR 6.0 401.9 440 109.5 11 1.04 9.5 0.98 LINE IS OVER
LOADED
“ UPPER SAPELE 7.0 401.9 316 78.6 11 0.90 8.2 0.97 SATISFACTORY
GRA OBA PALACE 7.0 401.9 285 70.9 11 0.78 7.1 0.99 SATISFACTORY
“ GRA 6.0 401.9 279 69.4 11 0.67 6.1 0.98 SATISFACTORY
“ RESERVATION 6.0 803.6 330 53.5 11 1.0 9.1 0.99 SATISFACTORY
EVBUOT EVBUOTUBU 8.0 401.9 288 71.7 11 0.8 7.3 0.98 SATISFACTORY
UBU
“ ASORO 8.0 401.9 255 63.5 11 0.8 7.3 0.98 SATISFACTORY
FEDERA NEW AUCHI 6.0 401.9 440 109.5 11 1.04 9.5 0.99 LINE IS OVER
L LOADED
SECRET
ERIAT
“ FEDERAL 4.0 401.9 180 44.8 11 0.3 2.7 0.99 SATISFACTORY
HOUSING
IKPOBA DAM 0.1 401.9 200 49.8 11 0.08 0.7 0.98 SAT
DAM SATISFACTORY
ISFACTORY
“ UPPER 4.0 401.9 110 27.4 11 0.2 1.8 0.98 SATISFACTORY
LAWANI
“ OKHORO 4.5 401.9 190 47.3 11 0.34 3.1 0.99 SATISFACTORY
UGBOW UGBOWO 20.5 401.9 350 87.1 11 2.83 2.83 0.97 SATISFACTORY
O
“ FEDERAL 7.0 401.9 110 27.3 11 1.9 1.9 0.99 SATISFACTORY
GOVERNMENT
COLLEGE
“ EGUADIAEKEN 9.0 401.9 180 44.8 11 0.64 0.64 0.99 SATISFACTORY
“ USELU 10.0 401.9 350 87.1 11 1.4 1.4 0.98 SATISFACTORY
OGHAR OGHAREKI 10.0 401.9 400 99.8 11 1.8 1.8 0.99 SATISFACTORY
EKI
OGHAR GOVERNOR 6.0 401.9 220 54.7 11 0.52 0.52 1.0 SATISFACTORY
EFE
“ OTEFE 10.0 401.9 300 74.7 11 1.2 1.2 0.98 SATISFACTORY
BETA UGHELLI 12.0 401.9 200 48.7 11 0.95 0.95 0.99 SATISFACTORY
GLASS
“ BETA GLASS 3.0 401.9 150 36.5 11 0.2 0.2 0.99 SATISFACTORY
SILUKO OLIHA 6.0 401.9 360 89.57 11 0.9 0.9 0.95 SATISFACTORY
“ UPPER SILUKO 8.0 401.9 240 59.72 11 0.76 0.76 0.98 SATISFACTORY
“ EDO TEXTILE 6.1 401.9 290 72.2 11 0.7 0.7 0.93 SATISFACTORY
MILL
“ UWELU 8.0 401.9 320 77.9 11 1.0 1.0 0.97 SATISFACTORY
TABLE 4.2: TABULATED SUMMARY OF TRANSFORMERS

109
SUBSTATION INSTALLED MAX. MAX. % % % %
CAPACITY LOAD LOAD LOADING LOADING VOLTAGE VOLTAGE REMARKS
(MVA) T1 T2 T1 T2 REGULATION REGULATION
(A) (A) T1 T2

UGBOWO 2X15 460 530 57.3 66.O 7.96 7.96 SATISFACTORY


SILUKO 2X15 600 610 74.7 76.0 5.3 5.3 SATISFACTORY
WELFARE 1X15 510 N/A 63.5 N/A 5.3 N/A SATISFACTORY
GUINESS 1X15 500 400 62.2 59.8 5.3 5.9 SATISFACTORY
1X7.5
NEKPENEKPEN 2X15 800 630 99.6 78.4 8.9 8.9 SATISFACTORY
ETETE 2X15 696 756 86.7 94.1 2.6 2.6 SATISFACTORY
GRA 2X15 564 430 70.2 53.5 8.7 8.7 SATISFACTORY
EVBUOTUBU 1X15 543 N/A 67.6 N/A 1.8 N/A SATISFACTORY
FEDERAL 1X15 620 N/A 77.2 N/A 2.7 N/A SATISFACTORY
SECRETERIAT
IKPOBA DAM 1X7.5 200 300 49.1 37.3 8.7 8.7 SATISFACTORY
1X15
OGHAREKI 1X15 450 N/A 56.1 N/A 2.7 N/A SATISFACTORY
OGHAREFE 1X15 220 N/A 27.4 N/A 2.7 N/A SATISFACTORY
BETA GLASS 1X7.5 350 N/A 87.1 N/A 2.7 N/A SATISFACTORY

DISCUSSION

The availability of the 11KV feeders and the injection substations was observed

to be quite low in some cases. This can be attributed to overloaded transformers

and poor distribution network.

It was also observed that feeders were taken off service due to poor generated

power.

The common denominators to all the substations in this study are:

• All the substations have outdoor 33KV switchgear and indoor 11KV

switchgear.

• All the transformers belong to the ONAN cooling system. It is highly

recommended that for the transformers to carry higher load especially in

overloaded substations, assisted cooling in the form of fans should be

provided.

110
• In some substations with two transformers, it was observed that their

vector groups are dissimilar making it impossible to run them in parallel.

• No frequency meter was found in any of the control rooms. This leads to

slow response to system disturbances and eventually lead to system

collapse.

• It was observed that a 33/6.6KV transformer is in circuit at GUINNES

substation in Benin City. This should be upgraded to take care of the

overload and voltage drop problem being encountered by consumers on

that transformer.

• Transformers were observed to have tripped on high winding temperature

on many occasions. This can be prevented if the temperature warning

alarms are made effective.

111
REFERENCES

Brown R.E (2002) “Electric Power Distribution Reliability” “Marcel Dekker,


Inc. New York.

Billinton, R and Allan, R.N (1996) “Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems”.


Platinum Press, New York, USA.

GEC –ALSTHOM (2004) ‘‘Network Protection and Automation Guide’’


‘‘GEC- ALSTHOM, United Kingdom’’

Power Holding Company of Nigeria Hourly Reading Sheets and operational


records.

112

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