IBM DB2 9

Section 3 - Working with Databases and

Database Objects (17%)
IBM DB2 9

Ability to identify and connect to DB2 servers

Section -3) Working with and databases
Databases and Database Objects

Ability to identify DB2 objects

Knowledge of basic characteristics and
properties of DB2 objects

Given a DDL SQL statement, ability to identify
results (ability to create DB2 objects)
© 2008 IBM Corporation
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Servers, Instances, and Databases More on instances

During the installation process, program files for a background
The default instance for a particular system is defined by the
process known as the DB2 Database Manager are physically DB2INSTANCE environment variable. Initially for Windows
copied to a specific location on the server. default is ‘DB2’ and for Linux/Unix it is ‘db2inst1’.

DB2 9 Instance Management Commands:

Command Purpose
db2icrt [InstanceName] Creates a new instance
db2idrop [InstanceName] Deletes (drops) an existing instance
db2ilist Lists all instances that have been defined
db2start Starts the DB2 Database Manager background
processes for the current instance

A DB2 instance is a logical database server environment.
db2stop Stops the DB2 Database Manager background
There can be multiple DB2 instances on a server. Multiple
processes for the current instance
Databases can be created within a DB2 instance.
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DB2 Storage Model DB2 Storage Model

A database is created within an instance.
- There may be multiple databases managed by a DB2
instance

Logical storage model:

- Tables are made up of columns and rows
- Tables are placed into table spaces
- Table spaces can contain more than one table

Physical storage model:

- Container is a physical storage device
- Can be a directory, a device, or a file
- Container is assigned to a table space
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Tablespaces Types of Tablespaces

A tablespace is a logical layer between data and storage
devices.
- Consists of one or more containers.
- Tables, regular data, indexes, and long data reside in
tablespaces

SQL: CREATE / DROP / ALTER TABLESPACE

To display Table space info:
- LIST TABLESPACES [SHOW DETAIL]

Details about containers can be obtained with following
command.
- LIST TABLESPACE CONTAINERS FOR tablespace_id
[SHOW DETAIL]
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System-Managed Space (SMS):
- OS’s file system manager allocates and manages the space.

Database-Managed Space (DMS):
- Here, the database manager controls the storage space.

Automatic Storage With DMS:
- Databases that are enabled for automatic storage have a set
of one or more storage paths associated with them.
- A table space can be defined as "managed by automatic
storage" and its containers assigned and allocated by DB2
based on those storage paths.
- You cannot enable/disable automatic storage once it is
defined for database.
- Default type in DB2 9.

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With database, DB2 automatically creates

Three table spaces are created.
- SYSCATSPACE - This is where the DB2 system
catalog is kept that tracks all of the metadata
associated with DB2 objects.
- TEMPSPACE1 – A temporary work area where
DB2 can place intermediate results.
- USERSPACE1 – A place where all user objects
(tables, indexes) reside by default.

Configuration information (DB CFG)

Log files, History files etc.
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Database

The database contains following objects:
-Tables, views, indexes, schemas, Locks, triggers, stored
procedures, packages, Buffer pools, log files, table spaces

Tools, which can help you create DB2 9 database are First
Steps, Control Center [ Using GUI Wizard ] and Command
Line Processor (CLP).

Some database commands -
CREATE DATABASE To create a database. (Database name
<dbname> can not begin with "SYS", "DBM", or "IBM“)
CONNECT TO <dbname> To connect to a database
CONNECT RESET To terminate connection
DROP DATABASE <dbname> To drop database
IBM DB2 9
Cataloging

DB2 automatically catalogs databases when they are
created. It catalogs an entry for the DB in the local database
directory and another entry in the system database directory.

Without catalog information, an application cannot connect to a
DB. DB2 has multiple directories that are used to access DBs.
- The database directory contains a list and pointer to where
all the known databases can be found. (list db directory)
- The node directory contains information relating to how and
where remote instances can be found. (list node directory)
- The Database Connection Services (DCS) Directory
contains information relating to how and where databases on
DRDA systems can be found. (list dcs directory)
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3 ways of cataloging a database at a client Get connected using Configuration Assistant

Automated configuration using discovery. This method is
normally used to configure small numbers of clients.
- Search discovery- Client searches for servers on the network
- Known discovery- one particular server is queried for
information about the instances and their databases

Automated configuration using access profiles. This
method is used to configure a large number of clients.
- Server profiles- created from DB2 servers, contains
information about all the instances and databases of server
- Client profiles- used to duplicat the cataloged databases
and/or the client settings from one client to another

Manual configuration used to exploit some advanced options
not available using automation
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Configuration Assistant - Search the Network (1) Configuration Assistant - Search the Network (2)

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Configuration Assistant - Search the Network (3) Configuration Assistant - Search the Network (4)

Enter User ID and

Password through
which you want to
connect and click
Test Connection

Result tab will show

connection results.
Click
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Configuration Assistant – Manually (1) Configuration Assistant - Manually (2)

Choose protocol
(e.g. TCP/IP)

Enter IP address or
Default port on Machine Name
Windows : 50000

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Click Click

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Configuration Assistant – Manually (3) Configuration Assistant – Manually (4)

Enter : Alias of database

which don't exist on client Enter Database name

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Click Click

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Configuration Assistant - Manually (5) Configuration Assistant – Manually (6)

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Click Click

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Configuration Assistant - Manually (7) Client/Server Connectivity using CLP

To illustrate connectivity ,we will use a scenario:
- INSTANCE is DB2
- DATABASE is SAMPLE
- IP ADDRESS is 9.186.128.141
Enter User ID and
Settings on the server:
Password through - Value of DB2COMM is tcpip
which you want to
connect and click - Services file contains valid TCP/IP port number , in our case
Test Connection default is 50000

Windows client machine:
Result tab will show - Catalog the server
connection results.
- Catalog the database
Click
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CLP - Cataloging the Server and Database Database Objects - Schemas

Cataloging a server:
- CATALOG TCPIP NODE db2server
REMOTE 9.186.128.141 SERVER 50000

Cataloging a database:
- CATALOG DATABASE sample AS srv_samp
AT NODE db2server
- UNCATALOG DATABASE sample

Cataloging a DCS database (DRDA Server)
- CATALOG DCS DATABASE test_db AS dsn_db
WITH "DB2 z/OS database"

Schemas are objects that are used to logically classify and
group other objects in the database. Schemas have privileges
associated with them that allow the schema owner to control
which users can create, alter, and drop objects within them.

When an object is created without specifying a schema, object
will be associated with an implicit schema using the
authorization ID.

Most database objects are named using a two-part naming
convention (SCHEMA_NAME.OBJECT_NAME).

The CURRENT SCHEMA special register contains the default
qualifier to be used for unqualified objects.

CREATE SCHEMA inventory

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Database Objects - Tables

A Table is an unordered set of rows. Rows consist of columns.
Each column is based on a data type. Types of tables can be:

Base tables: User-defined tables designed to hold persistent
user data, created with the CREATE TABLE SQL statement.

Temporary (Derived) tables: Tables populated with rows
retrieved from one or more base tables in response to a query.

Temporary (Declared) tables: User-defined tables used to
hold non-persistent data temporarily, on behalf of a single
application. These tables are explicitly created by an
application when they are needed and implicitly destroyed
when the application terminates its last database connection.
Declared temporary table is created with the DECLARE
GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE statement.
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Database Objects - Indexes

An index is an object that contains an ordered set of
pointers that refer to rows in a base table, based upon
one or more columns but stored as a separate entity.

Indexes are used to enforce uniqueness in a table
(that is, to make sure that there are no duplicate
values) and to improve performance when retrieving
information.

Indexes are maintained automatically by DB2 as
data is inserted, updated, and deleted.

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX empno_indx ON
employees(empno)
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Database Objects - Views

Views can be seen as virtual tables derived from one
or more tables or views and
- Created to limit access to sensitive data while allowing
more general access to other data.
- Views do not contain real data.
- Can be deletable, updatable, insertable, and read-only.
- When changes are made to data through a view, the data
is changed in underlying table itself.
- Can be used interchangeably with tables when retrieving
data.

CREATE VIEW dept_view AS
SELECT * FROM department
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Database Objects – Aliases & Nicknames

An alias is simply an alternate name for a table or
view.

Like tables and views, an alias can be created,
dropped, and have comments associated with it.

Aliases can also be created for nicknames that refer
to tables or views found on federated systems.

Aliases are publicly referenced names, so no special
authority or privilege is required to use them.

CREATE ALIAS empinfo FOR employees
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Database Objects – Sequences Database Objects – Triggers

A sequence is an object that is used to generate data values
A trigger is used to define a set of actions that are to be
automatically. Unlike an identity column, a sequence is not tied executed whenever an insert, update, or delete operation is
to any specific column or any specific table. performed against a table or updatable view.

Like constraints, triggers are often used to enforce data

Values generated can be any exact numeric data type that
integrity and business rules.
has a scale of zero (SMALLINT, BIGINT, INTEGER, or

Unlike constraints, triggers can also be used to update other
DECIMAL).The default increment value is 1.
tables, automatically generate or transform values for inserted

The PREVIOUS VALUE expression returns the most recently or updated rows, and invoke functions to perform tasks such
generated value for the specified sequence, while the NEXT as issuing errors or alerts.
VALUE expression returns the next sequence value.
Ex. CREATE TRIGGER pay_raise
BEFORE UPDATE ON employees

CREATE SEQUENCE emp_id START WITH 100 FOR EACH ROW
INCREMENT BY 10 CACHE 5 SET new.salary = salary * 1.1
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Database Objects – Stored Procedures Calling a Stored Procedure

An SQL stored procedure is composed entirely of SQL CREATE PROCEDURE get_sales
statements. It is created by executing one form of the CREATE (IN quota INTEGER, OUT retcode CHAR(5))
PROCEDURE SQL statement. DYNAMIC RESULT SETS 1 LANGUAGE SQL

When an SQL stored procedure is used to implement a BEGIN
business rule, the logic can be incorporated into any DECLARE sqlstate CHAR(5);
application simply by invoking the stored procedure. DECLARE sales_results CURSOR WITH RETURN FOR
SELECT sales_person, SUM(sales) AS total_sales

An external stored procedure is a stored procedure that is FROM sales GROUP BY sales_person
written using a high-level programming language such as C, HAVING SUM(sales) > quota;
C++, Java, or COBOL. DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION

External stored procedures can be more powerful than SQL SET retcode = sqlstate; OPEN sales_results;
stored procedures because they can take advantage of system SET retcode = sqlstate;
calls and administrative APIs along with SQL statements. END

CALL get_sales (25, ?)
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Database Objects – Packages Database Objects – UDFs

A package is an object that contains information needed to process SQL
statements associated with a source code file of an application program.

During the pre-compile process,
- a source code file containing embedded SQL statements is converted
into a source code file that is made up entirely of high-level programming
language statements.
- At the same time, a corresponding package that contains the access
plans that will be used to process each SQL statement embedded in the
source code file is also produced.
- This package must reside in a DB2 database that contains the data
objects referenced by the package before the corresponding application
can be executed against that database.

The process of creating and storing a package in a DB2 database is known
as binding, and by default, packages are automatically bound to a
database during the precompile process.
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User-defined functions (UDFs) are special objects that are
used to extend and enhance the support provided by the built-
in functions available with DB2 9.

Unlike DB2's built-in functions, user-defined functions can take
advantage of system calls and DB2's administrative APIs.

User-defined functions are created (or registered) by executing
the CREATE FUNCTION SQL statement.

SQL Scalar, Table, or Row. constructed using only SQL
statements and can return a value, row or table.

External Scalar/Table written using a high-level programming
language such as C, C++, or Java and returns a single value
or table.
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Invoking User-Defined Functions

CREATE FUNCTION jobemployees (job VARCHAR(8))
RETURNS TABLE (empno CHAR(6),
firstname VARCHAR(12), lastname VARCHAR(15))
LANGUAGE SQL READS SQL DATA
NO EXTERNAL ACTION DETERMINISTIC
RETURN SELECT empno, firstnme, lastname
FROM employee
WHERE employee.job = jobemployees.job;
Calling function -

SELECT * FROM TABLE (jobemployees('CLERK'))

SELECT temp AS tempf, convert_temp(temp, 'F') AS tempc
FROM climate_info
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1) While attempting to connect to a database stored on an iSeries
server from a Windows client, the following message was displayed:

SQL1013N The database alias name or
database name "TEST_DB" could not be found.

Which of the following actions can be used to help determine why
this message was displayed?

A. Execute the LIST REMOTE DATABASES command on the
server; look for an entry for the TEST_DB database

B. Execute the LIST DCS DIRECTORY command on the server;
look for an entry for the TEST_DB database

C. Execute the LIST REMOTE DATABASES command on the client;
look for an entry for the TEST_DB database

D. Execute the LIST DCS DIRECTORY command on the client; look
for an entry for the TEST_DB database
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3) In which of the following scenarios would a stored procedure
be beneficial?

A. An application running on a remote client needs to be able
to convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit and vice
versa

B. An application running on a remote client needs to collect
three input values, perform a calculation using the values
provided, and store the input data, along with the results of the
calculation in two different base tables

C. An application running on a remote client needs to track
every modification made to a table that contains sensitive data

D. An application running on a remote client needs to ensure
that every new employee that joins the company is assigned a
unique, sequential employee number
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2) A database named TEST_DB resides on a z/OS system and listens on
port 446. The TCP/IP address for this system is 192.168.10.20 and the
TCP/IP host name is MYHOST. Which of the following commands is
required to make this database accessible to a Linux client?

A. CATALOG TCPIP NODE zos_srvr REMOTE myhost SERVER
192.168.10.20;CATALOG DATABASE zos_db AS test_db AT NODE
zos_srvr;CATALOG DCS DATABASE zos_db AS test_db;

B. CATALOG TCPIP NODE zos_srvr REMOTE myhost SERVER
192.168.10.20;CATALOG DCS DATABASE zos_db AS test_db AT
NODE zos_srvr;

C. CATALOG TCPIP NODE zos_srvr REMOTE myhost SERVER
446;CATALOG DCS DATABASE zos_db AS test_db AT NODE
zos_srvr;

D. CATALOG TCPIP NODE zos_srvr REMOTE myhost SERVER
446;CATALOG DATABASE zos_db AS test_db AT NODE
zos_srvr;CATALOG DCS DATABASE zos_db AS test_db;
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4) If the following SQL statements are executed in the order shown:
CREATE TABLE orders (order_num INTEGER NOT NULL,
Buyer_name VARCHAR(35), Amount NUMERIC(5,2));
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_orderno ON orders(order_num);
Which of the following describes the resulting behavior?

A. Every ORDER_NUM value entered must be unique; whenever the
ORDERS table is queried rows should be displayed in order of
increasing ORDER_NUM values

B. Every ORDER_NUM value entered must be unique; whenever the
ORDERS table is queried rows will be displayed in no particular order

C. Duplicate ORDER_NUM values are allowed; no other index can be
created for the ORDERS table that reference the ORDER_NUM column

D. Every ORDER_NUM value entered must be unique; no other index
can be created for the ORDERS table that reference the ORDER_NUM
column
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5) An alias can be an alternate name for which 6) Which of the following DB2 objects can be
two of the following DB2 objects? referenced by an INSERT statement to
generate values for a column?
- A. Sequence
- B. Trigger
A. Sequence
- C. View
B. Identity column
- D. Schema
C. Trigger
- E. Table
D. Table function

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7) Which of the following is NOT an attribute of
Declared Global Temporary Tables (DGTTs)?

A. Each application that defines a DGTT has its own
instance of the DGTT

B. Two different applications cannot create DGTTs
that have the same name

C. DGTTs can only be used by the application that
creates them, and only for the life of the application

D. Data stored in a DGTT can exist across transaction
boundaries
8) Which of the following is an accurate statement
about packages?

A. Packages provide a logical grouping of database
objects.

B. Packages contain control structures that are
considered the bound form for SQL statements

C. Packages describe the objects in a DB2 database
and their relationship to each other

D. Packages may be used during query optimization
to improve the performance for a subset of SELECT
queries

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9) Which of the following events will NOT cause 10) Which of the following DB2 objects is NOT
a trigger to be activated? considered executable using SQL?

A. A select operation
A. Routine

B. An insert operation
B. Function

C. An update operation
C. Procedure

D. A delete operation
D. Trigger

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11) Which of the following is NOT an accurate
statement about views?

A. Views are publicly referenced names and no
special authority or privilege is needed to use them.

B. Views can be used to restrict access to columns in
a base table that contain sensitive data

C. Views can be used to store queries that multiple
applications execute on a regular basis in a database

D. Views support INSTEAD OF triggers
12) Which of the following SQL statements can be
used to create a DB2 object to store numerical data
as EURO data?

A. CREATE NICKNAME euro FOR DECIMAL (9,3)

B. CREATE ALIAS euro FOR DECIMAL (9,3)

C. CREATE DISTINCT TYPE euro AS DECIMAL
(9,3)

D. CREATE DATA TYPE euro AS DECIMAL (9,3)

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