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Equipment changes but the basics don't Here's a refresher for the
veterans and new information for the newbies.
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Little or no support is needed inside the tube when its diameter is small
and the wall is relatively thick. Tubes become weaker as diameter
increases or wall thickness decreases. In addition, when bend radius
decreases, forces acting on the tube are effectively increased.
1. A ram die with the desired bend radius is fitted to the press arm.
2. The ram die forces the tubing down against two opposing wing dies.
3. The wing dies, with resisting pressure, pivot up, forcing the tubing to bend around the
ram.
Tooling design is based on the desired production rate and part design. When limited production
is required, a half-round (R-1) ram (Figure 6) with just a case-hardened, tube groove can be
used. For high production rates of parts having bends in a single plane, multiple tube-groove
tooling can be used (R-3). High-carbon, high-chrome tool steel should be used.
Because of its high rate of bending, press bending probably bends more tubing than any other
method. However, considerable distortion can occur since the tubing is not supported internally.
The tube may flatten on the outside of the bend and wrinkle or hump on the inside. A washout-
type ram die (RW-4) helps eliminate humps at tangencies on the inside of the bend. Washout-
type ram dies are designed for a specific bend angle. Split ram and wing dies (R2 and W2) can
also be used to increase tool life and improve bend quality. The split construction varies
“squeeze” pressure and permits adjustments for workpiece OD variations.
Crush Bending: In this method, as the name implies, the ram crushes the inner wall to bend the
tube. Wing dies can also be designed to produce a “double crush” on the outside of the bend.
This can produce tighter bends but with weaker bend sections. Tooling must provide tubing
material flow, minimal tool marks, acceptable bend cosmetics, and easy removal from the tool.
Figure 7. Rotary draw bending tools
Rotary Draw Bending: This is probably the most versatile and precise bending method (Figure
7). It consistently produces high-quality bends, even with tight radii and thin tube walls, as
follows:
Controlling Springback
Springback describes formed metal’s tendency to return to its original shape. There is excessive
springback when a mandrel is not used. This should be a consideration when selecting a bend
die. Springback causes the tube to unbend from 2 to 10%, depending on bend radius, and
increases bend radius after bending. The smaller the bend radius, the less the springback.
Springback can be affected by pressure die location and the pressure it exerts (Figure 8). This
method can allow a range of radii to be formed from one bend die.
Tool design and manufacture is influenced by several factors. Wall factor and “D of bend” (“D of
bend” is the ratio of centerline radius to tube OD) are the two most critical considerations,
followed by desired production rate, tubing shape and material, and required bend quality.
Because of the critical nature of tubing used in aerospace and aircraft applications, a few words
about bending thin-wall tubing are in order. Tubing used in these applications is characterized
by several factors:
1. Tight radius bends, some less than one diameter (1D)
2. Wall factors of 100 or more
3. Too little or no straight tubing between bends
4. Minimal allowable wall thinning (12 to 28%)
5. Tube material with poor elongation characteristics
6. Low production with frequent tool changes
Consider acquiring all thin-wall tubing from one supplier, preferably from the same lot or heat
number. Premium-priced, close-tolerance tubing may save money in the long run. It is often cost
effective to size tubing batches that best fit several mandrels for the same OD and wall
thickness before bending. When inside finish is important, the tube’s ID can be electro-polished
before bending. Care should be taken to protect the finish during bending.
The tubing should have a firm slip fit on the mandrel. Clearance should not exceed 15% of wall
thickness. This clearance also applies to the four pieces of outside tools. Tube material
specifications and characteristics found in tubing catalogs are very helpful. For example, rated
ductility and material elongation may indicate the need for special bending methods such as
heated tools, positive boost bender, or even mandrel oscillation.
Few tube-bending machines are capable of bending thin-wall, 1D tubing. Even machines
designed for this special bending must be in excellent condition and be large enough to assure
tooling rigidity. Sources of appreciable loss of tooling rigidity should be eliminated. The machine
spindle should have less than 0.0005" (0.01 mm) total indicated run-out. The mandrel rod
should be as large as possible to eliminate stretching. Wiper dies and their holders must be
solid. Clamp and pressure die slides and tool holders must be tight.
A full complement of controls is essential for bending thin-wall tubing. The machine must be
capable of retracting and advancing the mandrel with clamp and pressure dies closed. A direct-
acting, hydraulic-actuated pressure die is desirable because it provides consistent pressure on
the tube regardless of wall variation.
A pressure die advance should also be available. It counteracts the drag of the mandrel and
pressure and wiper die. It also pushes the tube into the bending area to prevent excessive wall
thin-out.
Without a pressure die advance, the normally expected thinning is about three-quarters of the
elongation of the outer wall. Therefore, a 2" (51 mm) tube bent to a 3" (76 mm) center line
radius will thin about 25%. Since the comprehensive yield stress is generally greater than
tensile, the neutral axis will be inside the tube’s geometric axis. Since distortion is proportional
to the distance from the neutral axis, thinning at the outside of the bend may be greater than
thickening on the inside.
Moving the neutral axis toward the outside of the bend will reduce thinning. Theoretically, when
the neutral axis coincides with the outer wall, thinning is eliminated but heavy thickening occurs
on the inside.
There are two methods of moving the neutral axis toward the outside of the bend. First, put the
tube in compression before bending. The second method is to reduce the material’s
compressive yield stress by heating the side of the tube that will be the inside of the bend.
Thinning can be substantially reduced when both methods are employed simultaneously. It is
not necessary to reduce wall thinning much more than 10% so the extra advantage can be
gained in terms of closer bend radii or lighter-walled tubing. The pressure-die assist can push
the pressure die and tube separately or simultaneously.
Figure 8. Springback adjustment
Use a clamping plug when the wall is so thin it is distorted by the clamp die or collapses under
clamp-die pressure. It also helps eliminate slippage with very short clamp dies and with less
clamping pressure. The clamping plug should have a press fit. It is placed in the clamping area
prior to closing the clamp die and removed before the pressure die is opened. Expanding
clamping plugs are also available to make insertion and removal easier. They are designed to
accommodate wall variations, as well as different walls for tubing with the same OD.
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