Foreign Direct Investment

Foreign Direct Investment or FDI is the process whereby residents of one country (the source
country) acquire ownership of assets for the purpose of controlling the production, distribution,
and other activities of a firm in another country (the host country). The international monetary
fund’s balance of payment manual defines FDI as an investment that is made to acquire a lasting
interest in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. The investors’
purpose being to have an effective voice in the management of the enterprise’. The united
nations 1999 world investment report defines FDI as ‘an investment involving a long term
relationship and reflecting a lasting interest and control of a resident entity in one economy
(foreign direct investor or parent enterprise) in an enterprise resident in an economy other than
that of the foreign direct investor ( FDI enterprise, affiliate enterprise or foreign affiliate).

Foreign direct investment: Indian scenario

FDI is permitted as under the following forms of investments:

• Through financial collaborations.

• Through joint ventures and technical collaborations.
• Through capital markets via Euro issues.
• Through private placements or preferential allotments.

Forbidden Territories:

• Arms and ammunition

• Atomic Energy
• Coal and lignite
• Rail Transport
• Mining of metals like iron, manganese, chrome, gypsum, sulfur, gold, diamonds, copper,
zinc.

Foreign Investment through GDRs (Euro Issues):

Indian companies are allowed to raise equity capital in the international market through the issue
of Global Depository Receipt (GDRs). GDR investments are treated as FDI and are designated in
dollars and are not subject to any ceilings on investment. An applicant company seeking
Government’s approval in this regard should have consistent track record for good performance
(financial or otherwise) for a minimum period of 3 years. This condition would be relaxed for
infrastructure projects such as power generation, telecommunication, petroleum exploration and
refining, ports, airports and roads.

Clearance from FIPB:

There is no restriction on the number of Euro-issue to be floated by a company or a group of

companies in the financial year. A company engaged in the manufacture of items covered under
Annex-III of the New Industrial Policy whose direct foreign investment after a proposed Euro
issue is likely to exceed 51% or which is implementing a project not contained in Annex-III,
would need to obtain prior FIPB clearance before seeking final approval from Ministry of
Finance.

Use of GDRs:

The proceeds of the GDRs can be used for financing capital goods imports, capital expenditure
including domestic purchase/installation of plant, equipment and building and investment in
software development, prepayment or scheduled repayment of earlier external borrowings, and
equity investment in JV/WOSs in India.

Foreign direct investments in India are approved through two routes:

Automatic approval by RBI:

The Reserve Bank of India accords automatic approval within a period of two weeks (subject to
compliance of norms) to all proposals and permits foreign equity up to 24%; 50%; 51%; 74%
and 100% is allowed depending on the category of industries and the sectoral caps applicable.
The lists are comprehensive and cover most industries of interest to foreign companies.
Investments in high priority industries or for trading companies primarily engaged in exporting
are given almost automatic approval by the RBI.

The FIPB Route – Processing of non-automatic approval cases:

FIPB stands for Foreign Investment Promotion Board which approves all other cases where the
parameters of automatic approval are not met. Normal processing time is 4 to 6 weeks. Its
approach is liberal for all sectors and all types of proposals, and rejections are few. It is not
necessary for foreign investors to have a local partner, even when the foreign investor wishes to
hold less than the entire equity of the company. The portion of the equity not proposed to be held
by the foreign investor can be offered to the public.
Foreign Direct Investment In Indian Banking Sector

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as “investment made to acquire lasting interest in
enterprises operating outside of the economy of the investor.” The FDI relationship consists of a
parent enterprise and a foreign affiliate which together form a Multinational corporation (MNC).
In order to qualify as FDI the investment must afford the parent enterprise control over its
foreign affiliate. The UN defines control in this case as owning 10% or more of the ordinary
shares or voting power of an incorporated firm or its equivalent for an unincorporated firm;
lower ownership shares are known as portfolio investment.

Indian federal government has opened up the banking sector for foreign investors raising the
ceiling of foreign direct investment in the Indian private sector banks to 49 percent. However,
the ceiling of FDI in the country’s public sector banks remains unchanged at 20 percent. Foreign
banks having branches in India are also entitled to acquire stakes up to 49% through “automatic
routes”. It is to be noted that under “automatic route” fresh shares would not be issued to
foreign investors who already have financial or technical collaboration in banking or allied
sector. They would require FIPB approval. However, some statutory approvals of the Reserve
Bank of India (RBI), country’s central banking authority, would be required.

Statutory Limits

• Foreign direct investment (FDI) up to 49 percent is permitted in Indian private sector

banks under “automatic route” which includes Initial Public Issue (IPO), Private
Placements, ADR/GDRs; and Acquisition of shares from existing shareholders.
• Automatic route is not applicable to transfer of existing shares in a banking company
from residents to non-residents. This category of investors require approval of FIPB,
followed by “in principle” approval by Exchange Control Department (ECD), Reserve
Bank of India (RBI).
• The “fair price” for transfer of existing shares is determined by RBI, broadly on the basis
of Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) guidelines for listed shares and erstwhile
CCI guidelines for unlisted shares. After receipt of “in principle” approval, the resident
seller can receive funds and apply to ECD, RBI, for obtaining final permission for
transfer of shares.
• Foreign banks having branch-presence in India are eligible for FDI in private sector
banks subject to the overall cap of 49% with RBI approval.
• Issue of fresh shares under automatic route is not available to those foreign investors who
have a financial or technical collaboration in the same or allied field. Those who fall
under this category would require Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) approval
for FDI in the Indian banking sector.
• Under the Insurance Act, the maximum foreign investment in an insurance company has
been fixed at 26 percent. Application for foreign investment in banks which have joint
venture/subsidiary in insurance sector should be made to RBI. Such applications would
be considered by RBI in consultation with Insurance regulatory and Development
Authority (IRDA).
 • FDI and Portfolio Investment in nationalized banks are subject to overall statutory limits
of 20 percent.
• The 20 percent ceiling would apply in respect of such investments in State Bank of India
and its associate banks.

Voting Rights of Foreign Investors

Private Sector Not more then 10 percent of the total voting rights of all the
:
Banks shareholders
Nationalized Not more than 1 percent of the total voting rights of all the
:
Banks shareholders of the nationalized bank.
Not more than 10 percent of the issued capital. This does not apply
State Bank of to Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as a shareholder. However,
:
India government in consultation with RBI, ceiling for foreign investors can
be raised.

Not more than 1 percent. This ceiling will not be applied to State
SBI Associates : Bank of India. If any person holds more than 200 shares, he/she will
not be registered as a shareholder.

RBI Approval

• Transfer of shares of 5 percent and more of the paid-up capital of a private sector bank
requires prior acknowledgement of RBI.
• For FDI of 5 percent and more of the paid-up capital, the private sector bank has to apply
in the prescribed form to RBI.
• Under the provision of Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999, any fresh
issue of shares of a bank, either through the automatic route or with the specific approval
of FIPB, does not require further approval of Exchange Control department (ECD) RBI
from the exchange control angle.
• The Indian banking company is only required to undertake two-stage reporting to the
ECD of RBI as follows: (1) the Indian company has to submit a report within 30 days of
the date of receipt of amount of consideration indicating the name and address of foreign
investors, date of receipt of funds and their rupee equivalent, name of bank through
whom funds were received and details of govt. approval, if any. (2) Indian banking
company is required to file within 30 days from the date of issue of shares, a report in
form FC-GPR (Annexure II) together with a certificate from the company secretary of the
concerned company certifying that various regulations have been complied with.

Divestment by Foreign Investors

Sale of shares by non-residents on a stock exchange and remittance of the proceeds thereof
through an authorized dealer does not require RBI approval.

• Sale of shares by private arrangement requires RBI’s prior approval.

• Sale of shares by non-residents on a stock exchange and remittance of the proceeds
thereof through an authorized dealer does not require RBI approval.

A foreign bank or its wholly owned subsidiary regulated by a financial sector regulator in the
host country can now invest up to 100% in an Indian private sector bank. This option of 100%
FDI will be only available to a regulated wholly owned subsidiary of a foreign bank and not any
investment companies. Other foreign investors can invest up to 74% in an Indian private sector
bank, through direct or portfolio investment.
The Government has also permitted foreign banks to set up wholly owned subsidiaries in India.
The government, however, has not taken any decision on raising voting rights beyond the present
10% cap to the extent of shareholding..
All entities making FDI in private sector banks will be mandatory required to have credit rating.
The increase in foreign investment limit in the banking sector to 74% includes portfolio
investment [i.e., foreign institutional investors (FIIs) and non-resident Indians (NRIs)], IPO’s,
private placement, ADRs or GDRs and acquisition of shares from the existing shareholders. This
will be the cap for any increase through an investment subsidiary route as in the case of HSBC-
UTI deal.

In real terms, the sectoral cap has come down from 98% to 74% as the earlier limit of 49% did
not include the 49% stake that FII investors are allowed to hold. That was allowed through the
portfolio route as the sector cap for FII investment in the banking sector was 49%.The decision
on foreign investment in the banking sector, the most radical since the one in 1991 to allow new
private sector banks, is likely to open the doors to a host of mergers and acquisitions. The move
is expected to also augment the capital needs of the private banks.