Ðóçáåõàíè À., Âíóê Ì.Ï.

/ Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ ìåçîìåõàíèêà 8 5 (2005) 91–102 91

Íåóñòîé÷èâîñòü íà ðàííèõ ñòàäèÿõ âÿçêîãî ðàçðóøåíèÿ

À. Ðóçáåõàíè, Ì.Ï. Âíóê
Âèñêîíñèíñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò, Ìèëóîêè, WI 53201, ÑØÀ

 èäåàëüíî-õðóïêèõ òåëàõ ñóùåñòâóþùèå òðåùèíû ëèáî îñòàþòñÿ ñòàöèîíàðíûìè, ëèáî (ïðè íåêîòîðîì êðèòè÷åñêîì óðîâíå
íàãðóçêè) ñòàíîâÿòñÿ íåóñòîé÷èâûìè, ÷òî ïðèâîäèò ê íåîáðàòèìîìó ïðîöåññó êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêîãî ðàçðóøåíèÿ. Îäíàêî äëÿ òåë,
îáëàäàþùèõ îïðåäåëåííûì çàïàñîì ïëàñòè÷íîñòè, õàðàêòåðíà äðóãàÿ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü ñîáûòèé. Ïîëíóþ íåóñòîé÷èâîñòü,
ðàâíîñèëüíóþ ãëîáàëüíîìó ðàçðóøåíèþ, ïðåäâàðÿåò ñèãíàë «ðàííåãî îïîâåùåíèÿ» â âèäå ìåäëåííîãî ðîñòà òðåùèí, íàçûâàåìîãî
«äîêðèòè÷åñêèì» èëè «êâàçèñòàòè÷åñêèì» ðîñòîì. Ýòà ôàçà ìîæåò ðàññìàòðèâàòüñÿ êàê ïðîÿâëåíèå ëîêàëüíîé íåóñòîé÷èâîñòè â
ìàòåðèàëå ïðè äåôîðìàöèè èëè íàðóøåíèè ñâÿçíîñòè. Èòîãîâàÿ âÿçêîñòü ðàçðóøåíèÿ, äîñòèãàåìàÿ â õîäå ýòîãî ïðîöåññà, íå
ÿâëÿåòñÿ áîëåå ñâîéñòâîì ìàòåðèàëà. Îíà îãðàíè÷èâàåòñÿ íèæíèì Kini è âåðõíèì Kss ïðåäåëàìè ïåðåìåííîé âÿçêîñòè KR, îïðåäå-
ëÿåìîé R-êðèâîé ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëà, è åå òî÷íîå çíà÷åíèå íåîáõîäèìî îïðåäåëÿòü ñ ïîìîùüþ àíàëèçà ïåðåõîäà îò óñòîé-
÷èâîãî ê íåóñòîé÷èâîìó ðîñòó òðåùèíû. Èç ýòîãî àíàëèçà, êðîìå òîãî, ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü ñêîðîñòè ïîäâîäà è ïîãëîùåíèÿ ýíåðãèè
è âàðèàöèè âòîðîãî ïîðÿäêà ýòèõ ýíåðãèé.
 äàííîé ðàáîòå ïðåäëîæåí ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèé àïïàðàò, ïîçâîëÿþùèé ïðåäñêàçûâàòü ïîäîáíûå ïåðåõîäû ïðè íåóïðóãîì ðàçðó-
øåíèè îáðàçöîâ ðàçëè÷íîé ãåîìåòðèè äëÿ òèïè÷íûõ êîíôèãóðàöèé òðåùèíû. Ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî íåîáõîäèìû äàëüíåéøèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ,
êîòîðûå öåëåñîîáðàçíî ñôîêóñèðîâàòü íà R-êðèâîé, ó÷èòûâàþùåé ãåîìåòðèþ è ðàçìåðíûå ýôôåêòû, íàáëþäàåìûå ïðè ñðàâíåíèè
äàííûõ îá îñòàòî÷íîé ïðî÷íîñòè áîëüøèõ è ìàëûõ êîíñòðóêöèé ñ òðåùèíàìè.

Instabilities in early stages of ductile fracture

A. Rouzbehani and M.P. Wnuk
Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA

In perfectly brittle solids pre-existing cracks either remain stationary, or — at a certain critical load level — they become unstable
leading to an irreversible process of catastrophic fracture. For solids endowed with a certain amount of ductility, though, a different
sequence of events emerges. The terminal instability, tantamount to global fracture, is now preceded by an “early-warning” signal given off
in the form of slow crack growth referred to as “subcritical” or “quasistatic” crack extension. This phase may be considered as manifesta-
tion of the local instability occurring within material subject to the deformation and decohesion process. The terminal fracture toughness
attained during this process is no longer a material property. It is bracketed by the lower and upper bounds (Kini and Kss, respectively) of the
variable toughness, KR, determined by the material resistance R-curve, and its precise value has to be established by an analysis of the
transition from stable to unstable crack growth. The analysis involves, in addition to the rates of energy demand and supply, the second
order variations of these energies.
In this work a mathematical procedure is proposed in order to predict such transitions occurring in non-elastic fracture for various
specimen geometries and typical crack configurations. It is pointed out that further studies are needed and that they ought to focus on a
geometry dependent R-curve, which would account for the correct trends in the size effects observed when the data concerning the residual
strength of cracked structures are compared for small and large dimensions.

1. Ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå ïîëíîé íåóñòîé÷èâîñòè
ïðè âÿçêîì ðàçðóøåíèè
Íà ðàííèõ ñòàäèÿõ ðàçðóøåíèÿ â íåóïðóãèõ ìàòåðèà-
ëàõ ïðîöåññû äåôîðìàöèè è ðàçðóøåíèÿ ïðîèñõîäÿò
ìåæäó äâóìÿ ÷åòêî ðàçëè÷èìûìè ãðàíèöàìè. Ïåðâàÿ
ãðàíèöà îïðåäåëÿåò ìîìåíò ñòðàãèâàíèÿ òðåùèíû (êðè-
© Ðóçáåõàíè À., Âíóê Ì.Ï., 2005
âàÿ A, ðèñ. 1, à), âòîðàÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íà÷àëó êàòàñòðî-
ôè÷åñêîãî ðîñòà (êðèâàÿ B, ðèñ. 1, à). Âåðõíÿÿ êðèâàÿ
C ïðåäñòàâëÿåò äàííûå äëÿ âåðõíåãî óðîâíÿ âÿçêîñòè
ðàçðóøåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëà, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå óñòàíîâèâøå-
ìóñÿ ïðîöåññó êâàçèñòàòè÷åñêîãî ðîñòà òðåùèíû. Äëÿ
òðàäèöèîííî èñïîëüçóåìûõ îáðàçöîâ òàêîé óðîâåíü äî-
92 Ðóçáåõàíè À., Âíóê Ì.Ï. / Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ ìåçîìåõàíèêà 8 5 (2005) 91–102

ñòèãàåòñÿ ðåäêî, îäíàêî ýòî âîçìîæíî äëÿ ãåîìåòðèè äÿùåé âåëè÷èíû, îïèñûâàþùåé ýòè ñêîðîñòè, ìû âû-
îáðàçöîâ ñ íóëåâûì K-ãðàäèåíòîì. áðàëè äëèíó R êîãåçèîííîé çîíû ïðè âåðøèíå äâèæó-
×åì ïëàñòè÷íåå ìàòåðèàë, òåì áîëüøå ðàññòîÿíèå ùåéñÿ òðåùèíû. Ñîãëàñíî êîãåçèîííîé ìîäåëè êâàçè-
ìåæäó òðåìÿ ëèíèÿìè, ïîêàçàííûìè íà ðèñ. 1, à. Íèæ- ñòàòè÷åñêîé òðåùèíû [2] ýòà âåëè÷èíà ïðÿìî ïðîïîð-
íÿÿ êðèâàÿ ñòðîèòñÿ êàê ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîå ìåñòî òî÷åê ñ öèîíàëüíà òðåùèíîäâèæóùåé ñèëå G èëè J:
ïîñòîÿííîé âåëè÷èíîé âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ â ìîìåíò ∂Π
ñòðàãèâàíèÿ òðåùèíû, K ini = const. Äëÿ ïîñòðîåíèÿ G=− , (1)
∂l
âåðõíåé êðèâîé èñïîëüçóåòñÿ àíàëîãè÷íîå óðàâíåíèå ãäå Π — ïîëíàÿ ïîòåíöèàëüíàÿ ýíåðãèÿ ñèñòåìû, ñî-
K ss = const, ãäå âåëè÷èíû âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ â ìîìåíò ñòîÿùåé èç òåëà ñ òðåùèíîé è ïðèëîæåííîãî íàáîðà
ñòðàãèâàíèÿ òðåùèíû K ini è ïðè óñòàíîâèâøåìñÿ ðîñòå âíåøíèõ ñèë; l — äëèíà òðåùèíû (äëÿ ïëîñêîãî îáðàç-
òðåùèíû K ss ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ êàê ñâîéñòâà ìàòåðèàëà, öà ñ öåíòðàëüíîé òðåùèíîé l = 2a). Â êîãåçèîííîé ìî-
îïðåäåëÿåìûå ñ ïîìîùüþ êðèâîé ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ìàòå- äåëè òðåùèíû ïðèíÿòî ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî
ðèàëà. Ñðåäíþþ êðèâóþ, íàïðîòèâ, íåëüçÿ ðàññìàòðè-
âàòü ïðîñòî êàê ãåîìåòðè÷åñêîå ìåñòî òî÷åê; îíà ó÷èòû- π  GE 
R= . (2)
âàåò ãåîìåòðèþ îáðàçöà ñ òðåùèíîé è âèä âíåøíåãî 8  σ 2Y 
íàãðóæåíèÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, êðèâàÿ B ñèëüíî çàâèñèò
Çäåñü σ Y — ëîêàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå ïðåäåëà òåêó÷åñòè íà
îò ãåîìåòðèè, è êàæäàÿ òî÷êà íà êðèâîé îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ â
ôðîíòå òðåùèíû; E — ìîäóëü Þíãà. Êîýôôèöèåíòû
ðåçóëüòàòå äîâîëüíî òðóäîåìêèõ âû÷èñëåíèé. Âñå ôàçû
ðàííåãî íåóïðóãîãî ðàçðóøåíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíû íà ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíîñòè, îòëè÷íûå îò π 8 , ðàññìîòðåíû
ðèñ. 1, á, ãäå ïîêàçàíà çàâèñèìîñòü âíåøíåé «ðàâíîâåñ- â ðàáîòå [3], ãäå ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî îñîáûé âûáîð ðàñïðåäå-
íîé» íàãðóçêè îò òåêóùåé äëèíû òðåùèíû. ëåíèÿ êîãåçèîííûõ íàïðÿæåíèé îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ âûáîðîì
Îòìåòèì òàêæå, ÷òî â ñëó÷àå èäåàëüíî õðóïêîãî ðàç- ìåçîìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.
ðóøåíèÿ, ïîäîáíîãî ðàññìîòðåííîìó Ãðèôôèòñîì [1], ×òîáû îïðåäåëèòü óñëîâèÿ, êîòîðûå êîíòðîëèðóþò
âñå òðè êðèâûå A, B è C ñëèâàþòñÿ â îäíó êðèâóþ, îïè- óñòîé÷èâûé ðîñò òðåùèíû âïëîòü äî ìîìåíòà ïîëíîé
ñûâàåìóþ õîðîøî èçâåñòíûì óðàâíåíèåì K c = const. íåóñòîé÷èâîñòè, áóäåì èñïîëüçîâàòü ñëåäóþùèå ïðîèç-
âîäíûå:
Ïðè ýòèõ óñëîâèÿõ òðåùèíà ëèáî îñòàåòñÿ ñòàöèîíàð-
íîé, ëèáî ïðîèñõîäèò êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíå-  dR  1  m 
íèå òðåùèíû. Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíàÿ ôàçà óñòîé÷èâîãî ðîñòà   = log  ,
 (3)
 da  mat 2  R Rini 
îòñóòñòâóåò.
appl
Äëÿ ïîñòðîåíèÿ ñðåäíåé êðèâîé íà ðèñ. 1, à íåîáõî-  ∂R   ∂R  ∂  π K I2 
äèìî ó÷èòûâàòü ñîîòíîøåíèå ñêîðîñòåé ïîãëîùåíèÿ è   =  =  2 
. (4)
 ∂a  appl  ∂a Q = const ∂a  8 σ Y  σ = const
ïîäâîäà ýíåðãèè â õîäå óñòîé÷èâîãî ðîñòà òðåùèíû.
Êðîìå òîãî, äëÿ ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîãî îïèñàíèÿ ïåðåõîäà îò Äî òåõ ïîð ïîêà ñêîðîñòü ïîãëîùåíèÿ ýíåðãèè, îïðå-
óñòîé÷èâîãî ê íåóñòîé÷èâîìó ðîñòó òðåùèíû íåîáõî- äåëÿåìàÿ (dR da ) mat , âûøå ñêîðîñòè ïîäâåäåíèÿ, çàäà-
äèìû âòîðûå âàðèàöèè ýòèõ ýíåðãèé.  êà÷åñòâå ïîäõî- âàåìîé óðàâíåíèåì (4), ìû èìååì äåëî ñ óñòîé÷èâûì

Ðèñ. 1. Âåðõíèé ïðåäåë, èòîãîâàÿ íåóñòîé÷èâîñòü è íèæíèé ïðåäåë äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ óñòîé÷èâîãî ðîñòà òðåùèíû (à). Òîíêèå êðèâûå — çàâèñèìîñòü
âíåøíåé íàãðóçêè îò òåêóùåé äëèíû òðåùèíû. Ôàçû íà÷àëüíîé ñòàäèè ïðîöåññà ðàçðóøåíèÿ â íåóïðóãîì òåëå (á). Ïðåäñòàâëåííàÿ êðèâàÿ
ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê Q-êðèâàÿ. Îíà ïîêàçûâàåò âíåøíþþ íàãðóçêó, êîòîðàÿ íàõîäèòñÿ â ðàâíîâåñèè ñ ðàñòóùåé òðåùèíîé äëèíîé a â ôàçå
ðîñòà, ïðè êîòîðîé dQ da ïîëîæèòåëüíî. Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ïàðàìåòðû: m = 3, a0 = 10 Rini , ãåîìåòðèÿ îáðàçöà — áåñêîíå÷íàÿ ïëèòà ñ öåíò-
ðàëüíîé òðåùèíîé
 Ðóçáåõàíè À., Âíóê Ì.Ï. / Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ ìåçîìåõàíèêà 8 5 (2005) 91–102 93

ðîñòîì òðåùèíû, êàê ýòî âèäíî íà òàê íàçûâàåìîé Q- è íåìíîãî ïîçäíåå Ðàéñîì è äð. [6]. Òðè êðèâûå, ïîëó-
êðèâîé, ñîåäèíÿþùåé êðèâûå A è B (ðèñ. 1, à). Ñèìâîë ÷àåìûå â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷èñëåííîãî èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ óðàâ-
Q ïðåäñòàâëÿåò áåçðàçìåðíûé ïàðàìåòð íàãðóæåíèÿ: íåíèÿ (10), ïîêàçàíû íà ðèñ. 2. Âèäíî, ÷òî ôîðìà ýòèõ
πσ êðèâûõ çàâèñèò îò ñâîéñòâ ìàòåðèàëà, îñîáåííî îò Rini
Q= , (5) è ïàðàìåòðà óâåëè÷åíèÿ âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ m =
2σ Y
= Rss Rini . Âñå êðèâûå, ïîêàçàííûå íà ðèñ. 2, ÿâëÿþòñÿ
ãäå σ — âíåøíåå ïðèëîæåííîå íàïðÿæåíèå. Çäåñü Q — «óíèâåðñàëüíûìè» è ïðåäñòàâëÿþò òàêóþ õàðàêòåðíóþ
íåêîòîðàÿ, ïîêà íåèçâåñòíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ òåêóùåé äëèíû ÷åðòó ìàòåðèàëà, êîòîðàÿ â óñëîâèÿõ ìàëîìàñøòàáíîé
òðåùèíû a, êîòîðàÿ ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê «ðàâíîâåñíàÿ òåêó÷åñòè íå çàâèñèò îò ãåîìåòðèè. Ìû íàìåðåíû ïîêà-
íàãðóçêà» â çàäà÷å î êâàçèñòàòè÷åñêîé òðåùèíå. Êîìáè- çàòü, ÷òî òàêîé ðåçóëüòàò ìîæåò îêàçàòüñÿ íå âñåãäà êîð-
íèðóÿ îïðåäåëåíèå (5) ñî ñòàíäàðòíîé ôîðìóëîé äëÿ ðåêòíûì è ïîýòîìó åãî ñëåäóåò ðàññìàòðèâàòü êàê ãðó-
êîýôôèöèåíòà èíòåíñèâíîñòè íàïðÿæåíèé áîå ïðèáëèæåíèå ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé çàäà÷è.
a Óñëîâèå ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ óñòîé÷èâîãî ðîñòà òðåùèíû
K I = σ πa Φ   (6)
b ìîæíî òåïåðü âûðàçèòü â ôîðìå íåðàâåíñòâà
è èñïîëüçóÿ áåçðàçìåðíûå ïåðåìåííûå  dY   ∂Y 
R a   >  (12)
= Y, = X,  dX  mat  ∂X  appl
Rini Rini èëè
b 1 m Y Φ′
= ω (îòíîñèòåëüíîå óäëèíåíèå), log   > + 2Y . (13)
Rini 2 Y  X Φ
a X  êà÷åñòâå àëüòåðíàòèâû ìû ìîæåì îïðåäåëèòü áåç-
= , (7)
b ω ðàçìåðíóþ ôóíêöèþ
çàïèøåì óðàâíåíèå (4) â âèäå: 1 m Y Φ′
λ(Y , m, X 0 , ω) = log   − − 2Y . (14)
 ∂Y  ∂ 2 Y  X Φ
  = [Y ]Q = const =
 ∂X Q = const ∂X Îòìåòèì, ÷òî ïðè ïîëîæèòåëüíîì λ òðåùèíà ðàñ-
ïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ â óñòîé÷èâîì ðåæèìå â óñëîâèÿõ êîíòðî-
∂ X 2 2  X  ëèðóåìîé íàãðóçêè. Äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè, ïîëîæèòåëüíîå
=  Q ( X )Φ    =
∂X  2  ω  çíà÷åíèå λ ãàðàíòèðóåò ïîëîæèòåëüíûé íàêëîí
Q 2Φ 2 X 2 dQ dX , è ìû èìååì äåëî ñ âîñõîäÿùåé âåòâüþ Q-êðè-
= + Q (2ΦΦ′). (8) âîé, ïîêàçàííîé íà ðèñ. 1, á.  òî÷êå ìàêñèìóìà òàêîé
2 2
Q-êðèâîé, êîãäà dQ dX ðàâíî íóëþ, òðåùèíà ñòàíî-
Ïîñêîëüêó âûøå âûðàæåíèå â êâàäðàòíûõ ñêîáêàõ
âèòñÿ íåóñòîé÷èâîé è åå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå íåâîçìîæíî
ðàâíî Y (áåçðàçìåðíàÿ ïåðåìåííàÿ âÿçêîñòü ðàçðóøåíèÿ
áîëåå êîíòðîëèðîâàòü èçìåíåíèÿìè âíåøíåé íàãðóçêè.
ìàòåðèàëà), ìû ìîæåì çàïèñàòü (8) â ñëåäóþùåì âèäå:
Áóäåì ðàññìàòðèâàòü ôóíêöèþ λ â êà÷åñòâå «ïîêàçà-
 ∂Y  Y Φ′ òåëÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòè». Îíà çàâèñèò îò íàáîðà ïåðåìåííûõ,
Tappl =   = + 2Y . (9)
 ∂X appl X Φ
Çäåñü ñèìâîë Φ′ îçíà÷àåò ïðîèçâîäíóþ dΦ dX êîýôôè-
öèåíòà ôîðìû Φ ïî áåçðàçìåðíîé äëèíå òðåùèíû X.
Âûðàæåíèå (9) ìîæíî íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ñðàâíèòü ñ
óðàâíåíèåì (3), çàïèñàííûì â áåçðàçìåðíîé ôîðìå:
 dY  1 m
Tmat =   = log   . (10)
 dX  mat 2 Y 
Ïàðàìåòð «óâåëè÷åíèÿ» âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ m îï-
ðåäåëÿåòñÿ êàê îòíîøåíèå âåðõíåãî è íèæíåãî ïðåäåëîâ
ïåðåìåííîé âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ
2
R K 
m = ss =  ss  . (11)
Rini  K ini 
Äèôôåðåíöèàëüíîå óðàâíåíèå (10) îïðåäåëÿåò òàê
Ðèñ. 2. R-êðèâûå ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëà ñîãëàñíî óðàâíåíèþ (10).
íàçûâàåìóþ «óíèâåðñàëüíóþ» R-êðèâóþ ñîïðîòèâëå- Êðèâûå ãåîìåòðè÷åñêè íåçàâèñèìû è èõ ôîðìà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî
íèÿ ìàòåðèàëà, íå çàâèñÿùóþ îò ãåîìåòðèè, ïðåäëîæåí- ñâîéñòâîì ìàòåðèàëà — ïàðàìåòðîì óâåëè÷åíèÿ âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøå-
íóþ Âíóêîì [4] è íåçàâèñèìî Ðàéñîì è Ñîðåíñåíîì [5] íèÿ m
94 Ðóçáåõàíè À., Âíóê Ì.Ï. / Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ ìåçîìåõàíèêà 8 5 (2005) 91–102
Ðèñ. 3. Q-êðèâûå ñîãëàñíî óðàâíåíèþ (15). Âåðõíÿÿ êðèâàÿ ñîîòâåòñò-
âóåò îáðàçöó áåñêîíå÷íîé øèðèíû, ñðåäíÿÿ êðèâàÿ — ïëîñêîìó îá-
ðàçöó ñ öåíòðàëüíîé òðåùèíîé, íèæíÿÿ êðèâàÿ — îáðàçöó ñ îäíèì
áîêîâûì íàäðåçîì. Òîëùèíà îáðàçöîâ — 100 Rini , íà÷àëüíàÿ äëèíà
òðåùèíû äëÿ âñåõ îáðàçöîâ — 10 Rini , ïàðàìåòð óâåëè÷åíèÿ âÿçêîñòè
ðàçðóøåíèÿ m = 1.6 äëÿ âñåõ êðèâûõ
òàêèõ êàê òåêóùàÿ âÿçêîñòü ðàçðóøåíèÿ Y = R Rini , íà-
÷àëüíàÿ äëèíà òðåùèíû X 0 = a0 Rini , ïàðàìåòð óâåëè-
÷åíèÿ âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ m = Rss Rini è áåçðàçìåð-
íàÿ òîëùèíà îáðàçöà ω = b Rini . Ïîñêîëüêó Y ÿâëÿåòñÿ
ôóíêöèåé òåêóùåé äëèíû òðåùèíû X, ïîêàçàòåëü
óñòîé÷èâîñòè λ òàêæå çàâèñèò îò äëèíû òðåùèíû. Åñòåñò-
âåííî, íàëè÷èå ÷ëåíà Φ′ Φ â óðàâíåíèè (14) îáóñëîâëè-
âàåò íåçàâèñèìîñòü ïîêàçàòåëÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòè îò âûáîðà
ãåîìåòðèè. Ïðèìåíåíèå ôóíêöèè λ äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ
íåóñòîé÷èâîñòåé, âîçíèêàþùèõ ïðè âÿçêîì ðàçðóøå-
íèè, áóäåò ïîêàçàíî íèæå ïîñëå îáñóæäåíèÿ Q-êðèâûõ.
×òîáû ïîñòðîèòü Q-êðèâóþ, âîñïîëüçóåìñÿ äèôôå-
ðåíöèàëüíûì óðàâíåíèåì (ïîäðîáíîñòè èçëîæåíû â
Ïðèëîæåíèè À)
(15)
Ïðèìåðû èíòåãðàëüíûõ êðèâûõ óðàâíåíèÿ (15) ïðè-
âåäåíû íà ðèñ. 3 äëÿ ïëîñêîãî îáðàçöà ñ öåíòðàëüíîé
òðåùèíîé è îáðàçöà ñ îäíèì áîêîâûì íàäðåçîì. Ëåãêî
çàìåòèòü, ÷òî äëÿ îáðàçöà áåñêîíå÷íîé øèðèíû, êîãäà
êîýôôèöèåíò ôîðìû ðàâåí åäèíèöå è ïðîèçâîäíàÿ Φ′ =
= 0, ïðèõîäèì ê èçâåñòíîìó óðàâíåíèþ:
 2m 
log  − Q∞2
2 
dQ∞  XQ∞ 
= . (16)
dX 2Q∞ X
Ýòî óðàâíåíèå èñïîëüçîâàëîñü â ðàáîòå Îìèäâàðà
è Âíóêà [7]. Ïðèìåð ðåøåíèÿ äàííîãî óðàâíåíèÿ ïðèâå-
äåí íà ðèñ. 3.
Äëÿ ãðàôè÷åñêîãî ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ ãëîáàëüíîé íåóñ-
òîé÷èâîñòè, ðàâíîñèëüíîé êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêîìó ðàçðó-
Ðèñ. 4. Âîçðàñòàþùèå êðèâûå — ãðàôèêè ïîäâîäà ýíåðãèè äëÿ îáðàç-
öîâ ñ îäíèì áîêîâûì ðàçðåçîì, èìåþùèõ ðàçëè÷íóþ òîëùèíó. Â
òî÷êàõ ïåðåñå÷åíèÿ ýòèõ êðèâûõ è ãðàôèêà ïîãëîùåíèÿ ýíåðãèè (óáû-
âàþùàÿ êðèâàÿ) ïðîèñõîäèò ïåðåõîä îò óñòîé÷èâîãî ê íåóñòîé÷èâîìó
ðàçðóøåíèþ. Ñàìàÿ íèæíÿÿ êðèâàÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò îáðàçöó áåñêîíå÷-
íîé òîëùèíû. Êðóæêàìè îòìå÷åíû êðèòè÷åñêèå òî÷êè
øåíèþ, ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü äâà ìàòåìàòè÷åñêè ýêâèâà-
ëåíòíûõ ñïîñîáà.
Ïåðâûé ñïîñîá çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ïîñòðîåíèè çàâèñè-
ìîñòåé Tmat (Y ) è Tappl (Y ) (ñð. óðàâíåíèÿ (9) è (10)).
Ýòà ïðîöåäóðà ïðîèëëþñòðèðîâàíà íà ðèñ. 4 äëÿ îáðàç-
öîâ ñ áîêîâûì íàäðåçîì. Òîëùèíà îáðàçöîâ ω âàðüèðî-
âàëàñü. Âèäíî, ÷òî äëÿ îáðàçöîâ ñ ìåíüøåé òîëùèíîé
êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêîå ðàçðóøåíèå íà÷èíàåòñÿ ðàíüøå (ïðî-
ÿâëåíèå ìåíüøåãî X f ) è ïðè ìåíüøèõ âåëè÷èíàõ âÿç-
êîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ Yf . Ïî-âèäèìîìó, ýòî âûâîä ïðîòèâî-
ðå÷èò ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿì, îñíîâàííûì íà «ðàçìåðíîì ýô-
ôåêòå», íàáëþäàåìîì ïðè èññëåäîâàíèÿõ ðàçðóøåíèÿ
êîíñòðóêöèé áîëüøîãî è ìàëåíüêîãî ðàçìåðà. Ñîãëàñíî
ðåçóëüòàòàì ýòèõ èññëåäîâàíèé, ìîæíî áûëî áû îæè-
äàòü, ÷òî êîíñòðóêöèè áîëüøåãî ðàçìåðà áóäóò ìåíåå
ïðî÷íûìè, ÷åì ìàëåíüêèå. Ìû ïîëàãàåì, ÷òî ýòî ðàñ-
õîæäåíèå â ðåçóëüòàòàõ, ñêîðåå âñåãî, âûçâàíî èçëèøíå
óïðîùåííûì ïðåäñòàâëåíèåì íå çàâèñÿùåé îò ãåîìåò-
ðèè R-êðèâîé, òàêèì êàê â óðàâíåíèè Âíóêà–Ðàéñà–Ñî-
ðåíñåíà (ñì. óðàâíåíèå (10)). Áóäÿíñêèé [8] ñäåëàë ïî-
ïûòêó ââåñòè ïîïðàâêó íà çàâèñèìîñòü îò ãåîìåòðèè â
ñóùåñòâóþùåå è ïîíûíå îïðåäåëÿþùåå óðàâíåíèå
R-êðèâûõ. Àíàëîãè÷íûé ïîäõîä áûë ïðåäëîæåí Áðîáåð-
ãîì [9]. Ýòà ïðîáëåìà òðåáóåò äàëüíåéøåãî ðàññìîò-
ðåíèÿ.
Âòîðóþ àëüòåðíàòèâó èëëþñòðèðóåò ðèñ. 5. Çäåñü
âìåñòî ïîñòðîåíèÿ äâóõ ôóíêöèé, îïèñûâàþùèõ ïî-
ãëîùàåìóþ Tmat (Y ) è ïîäâîäèìóþ Tappl (Y ) ýíåðãèþ,
ñòðîèòñÿ òîëüêî îäíà ôóíêöèÿ.  êà÷åñòâå ýòîé ôóíê-
öèè èñïîëüçóåòñÿ êîýôôèöèåíò óñòîé÷èâîñòè λ, îïðåäå-
ëÿåìûé óðàâíåíèåì (14), êîòîðûé çàäàåòñÿ êàê ôóíêöèÿ
òåêóùåé äëèíû òðåùèíû X. ×òîáû ïåðåéòè îò Y ê X,
ïðîèíòåãðèðóåì óðàâíåíèå (10):
 Ðóçáåõàíè À., Âíóê Ì.Ï. / Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ ìåçîìåõàíèêà 8 5 (2005) 91–102 95

Y
2dz
X (Y , m, X 0 ) = X 0 + ∫ . (17)
1 m
log  
z
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îñíîâíûå ðåçóëüòàòû ýòèõ èññëå-
äîâàíèé ìîãóò áûòü ïðåäñòàâëåíû êàê ôóíêöèÿ Y èëè
X. Îòìåòèì, ÷òî êàæäûé ðàç, êîãäà êðèâàÿ λ(X) ïåðåñå-
êàåò íîëü, ìû ìîæåì òî÷íî óêàçàòü ïîëîæåíèå ïîëíîé
íåóñòîé÷èâîñòè, îïðåäåëÿåìîé ñëåäóþùèì íàáîðîì ïå-
ðåìåííûõ
Y = Yf , X = X f , Q = Qf . (18)
Ðåçóëüòàòû ýòèõ ÷èñëåííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé îáîáùåíû
Ðèñ. 5. Ãðàôè÷åñêîå îïðåäåëåíèå ãëîáàëüíîé íåóñòîé÷èâîñòè ñ ïî-
ìîùüþ çàâèñèìîñòè ïîêàçàòåëÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòè λ îò áåçðàçìåðíîé äëè- â òàáë. 1–3 è íà ðèñ. 6–11. Äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ êðèòè÷åñêèõ
íû òðåùèíû. Òî÷êè ïåðåñå÷åíèÿ êðèâûõ ñ íóëåì îïðåäåëÿþò ïåðå- çíà÷åíèé Y, X è Q áûëî èñïîëüçîâàíî óðàâíåíèå, â êîòî-
õîä îò óñòîé÷èâîãî ê íåóñòîé÷èâîìó ðîñòó òðåùèíû äëÿ îáðàçöîâ ðîì â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè ó÷èòûâàåòñÿ ðàññìàòðèâàå-
ðàçëè÷íîé òîëùèíû ñ îäíèì áîêîâûì ðàçðåçîì (âåðõíÿÿ êðèâàÿ ñî-
ìàÿ ãåîìåòðèÿ:
îòâåòñòâóåò îáðàçöó áåñêîíå÷íîé òîëùèíû). Ñðàâíèòå ýòè ãðàôèêè
ñ çàâèñèìîñòÿìè, ïðåäñòàâëåííûìè íà ðèñ. 4. Êðóæêè ñîîòâåòñòâóþò λ (Y , m, X 0 , ω) = 0. (19)
êðèòè÷åñêèì ñîñòîÿíèÿì. Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà íèæíþþ ñïëîøíóþ
ëèíèþ äëÿ ìàëîãî îáðàçöà (ω = 20), ãäå òðåùèíà ðàñòåò íåóñòîé÷èâî, Åñëè âñå ïàðàìåòðû, êðîìå Y, îñòàþòñÿ íåèçìåííû-
âñå âåëè÷èíû λ îòðèöàòåëüíû ìè, ýòî óðàâíåíèå ïîçâîëÿåò îïðåäåëèòü êðèòè÷åñêóþ

Òàáëèöà 1
×èñëåííûå çíà÷åíèÿ X f è èõ ïðèðàùåíèå ∆X f äëÿ îáðàçöîâ ñ ðàçëè÷íîé ãåîìåòðèåé
Ãåîìåòðèÿ ω = 40 ω = 80 ω = 120 ω = 160 ω = 200
m Xf ∆X f , % Xf ∆X f , % Xf ∆X f , % Xf ∆X f , % Xf ∆X f , %
1.4 9.911 –0.889 10.688 6.882 10.882 8.819 10.955 9.552 10.990 9.903
1.6 10.387 3.869 11.304 13.036 11.531 15.309 11.641 16.409 11.685 16.852
CCP 1.8 10.693 6.932 11.737 17.372 12.013 20.132 12.119 21.187 12.192 21.921
2.0 10.916 9.161 12.079 20.791 12.404 24.043 12.532 25.321 12.594 25.942
2.2 11.092 10.919 12.355 23.547 12.717 27.173 12.861 28.610 12.931 29.310
ω = 20 ω = 60 ω = 100 ω = 140 ω = 180
m Xf ∆X f , % Xf ∆X f , % Xf ∆X f , % Xf ∆X f , % Xf ∆X f , %
1.4 8.947 –10.53 10.229 2.292 10.610 6.098 10.768 7.679 10.849 8.490
1.6 9.358 –6.423 10.766 7.661 11.222 12.218 11.407 14.065 11.499 14.994
SEN 1.8 9.616 –3.841 11.139 11.387 11.652 16.520 11.868 18.685 11.980 19.805
2.0 9.799 –2.011 11.426 14.263 11.992 19.916 12.241 22.407 12.372 23.720
2.2 9.934 –0.658 11.646 16.455 12.266 22.662 12.540 25.405 12.686 26.860
1.4 10.104 1.039 10.931 9.310 11.009 10.094 11.031 10.313 11.040 10.404
1.6 10.600 6.000 11.610 16.101 11.709 17.094 11.737 17.374 11.749 17.489
DEN 1.8 10.927 9.268 12.083 20.834 12.221 22.214 12.255 22.554 12.270 22.695
2.0 11.166 11.658 12.489 24.888 12.628 26.281 12.668 26.677 12.684 26.841
2.2 11.352 13.517 12.812 28.121 12.969 29.693 13.014 30.140 13.033 30.326
1.4 9.322 –6.777 10.997 9.970 11.285 12.852 11.320 13.200 11.301 13.011
1.6 9.739 –2.607 11.616 16.156 12.022 20.218 12.079 20.793 12.067 20.671
3PB 1.8 10.001 0.009 12.075 20.748 12.558 25.575 12.641 26.412 12.635 26.346
2.0 10.191 1.907 12.435 24.348 12.982 29.822 13.089 30.889 13.088 30.876
2.2 10.330 3.298 12.723 27.229 13.339 33.390 13.467 34.674 13.471 34.714

Ïðèìå÷àíèå: Çäåñü è â òàáë. 2, 3 CCP — ïëîñêèé îáðàçåö ñ öåíòðàëüíîé òðåùèíîé; SEN — îáðàçåö ñ îäíèì áîêîâûì íàäðåçîì; DEN —
îáðàçåö ñ äâóìÿ áîêîâûìè íàäðåçàìè; 3PB — îáðàçåö äëÿ èñïûòàíèé íà òðåõòî÷å÷íûé èçãèá; îòðèöàòåëüíûå âåëè÷èíû ñîîòâåòñòâóþò
íåóñòîé÷èâîìó ðîñòó òðåùèíû
96 Ðóçáåõàíè À., Âíóê Ì.Ï. / Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ ìåçîìåõàíèêà 8 5 (2005) 91–102

Òàáëèöà 2
×èñëåííûå çíà÷åíèÿ Yf è èõ ïðèðàùåíèå ∆Yf äëÿ îáðàçöîâ ñ ðàçëè÷íîé ãåîìåòðèåé
Ãåîìåòðèÿ ω = 40 ω = 80 ω = 120 ω = 160 ω = 200
m Yf ∆Yf , % Yf ∆Yf , % Yf ∆Yf , % Yf ∆Yf , % Yf ∆Yf , %
1.4 0.985 –1.529 1.098 6.882 1.121 12.097 1.129 12.899 1.133 13.273
1.6 1.083 8.289 1.230 13.036 1.259 25.862 1.272 27.153 1.277 27.659
CCP 1.8 1.174 17.376 1.356 17.372 1.393 39.304 1.406 40.631 1.415 41.524
2.0 1.259 25.917 1.477 20.791 1.524 52.395 1.541 54.097 1.549 54.897
2.2 1.340 34.045 1.593 23.547 1.649 64.861 1.669 66.890 1.678 67.846
ω = 20 ω = 60 ω = 100 ω = 140 ω = 180
m Yf ∆Yf , % Yf ∆Yf , % Yf ∆Yf , % Yf ∆Yf , % Yf ∆Yf , %
1.4 0.761 –23.86 1.036 3.645 1.089 8.88 1.108 10.798 1.117 11.730
1.6 0.820 –17.98 1.151 15.090 1.219 21.914 1.243 24.332 1.255 25.482
SEN 1.8 0.875 –12.49 1.261 26.071 1.344 34.357 1.374 37.400 1.389 38.882
2.0 0.927 –7.340 1.366 36.631 1.464 46.383 1.501 50.110 1.520 51.954
2.2 0.974 –2.638 1.465 46.473 1.579 57.880 1.622 62.240 1.644 64.407
1.4 1.017 1.703 1.126 12.638 1.135 13.475 1.137 13.705 1.138 13.799
1.6 1.123 12.251 1.268 26.797 1.279 27.93 1.282 28.241 1.284 28.369
DEN 1.8 1.221 22.132 1.402 40.193 1.419 41.875 1.423 42.277 1.424 42.443
2.0 1.314 31.420 1.535 53.528 1.553 55.329 1.558 55.825 1.560 56.030
2.2 1.402 40.183 1.662 66.209 1.684 68.361 1.690 68.955 1.692 69.200
1.4 0.863 –13.68 1.133 13.345 1.162 16.204 1.165 16.526 1.164 16.352
1.6 0.934 –6.553 1.269 26.861 1.312 31.221 1.318 31.785 1.317 31.666
3PB 1.8 1.000 0.028 1.401 40.084 1.456 45.649 1.465 46.523 1.465 46.454
2.0 1.063 6.310 1.528 52.807 1.596 59.561 1.607 60.746 1.607 60.731
2.2 1.120 12.025 1.649 64.941 1.730 73.048 1.746 74.560 1.746 74.606

âåëè÷èíó ïåðåìåííîé âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ Yf = Yf ( m , X 0 , ω )

2dz
= Yf (m, X 0 , ω). Ïîñêîëüêó ýòî çíà÷åíèå ñîîòâåòñò- X f (m, X 0 , ω) = X 0 + ∫ . (20)
âóåò òî÷êå íà R-êðèâîé, ýòîò ðåçóëüòàò ýêâèâàëåíòåí îï- 1
log(m z )
ðåäåëåíèþ êðèòè÷åñêîé äëèíû òðåùèíû X f . Äëÿ ýòîãî Çíàÿ îáå ïåðåìåííûå Yf è X f , ìîæíî îöåíèòü êðèòè-
èñïîëüçóåòñÿ óðàâíåíèå (17): ÷åñêóþ íàãðóçêó, èñïîëüçóÿ âûðàæåíèÿ èç óðàâíåíèÿ (8):

Ðèñ. 6. Ïëîñêèé îáðàçåö ñ öåíòðàëüíîé òðåùèíîé. Âëèÿíèå îòíîñè- Ðèñ. 7. Îáðàçåö ñ îäíèì áîêîâûì íàäðåçîì. Âëèÿíèå îòíîñèòåëüíîãî
òåëüíîãî óäëèíåíèÿ ω è ïàðàìåòðà óâåëè÷åíèÿ âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ óäëèíåíèÿ ω è ïàðàìåòðà óâåëè÷åíèÿ âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ m íà èç-
m íà ïðèðàùåíèå äëèíû óñòîé÷èâîé òðåùèíû ∆X ìåíåíèå âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ ∆Y
 Ðóçáåõàíè À., Âíóê Ì.Ï. / Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ ìåçîìåõàíèêà 8 5 (2005) 91–102 97

Òàáëèöà 3
×èñëåííûå çíà÷åíèÿ Qf è èõ ïðèðàùåíèå ∆Qf äëÿ îáðàçöîâ ñ ðàçëè÷íîé ãåîìåòðèåé
Ãåîìåòðèÿ ω = 40 ω = 80 ω = 120 ω = 160 ω = 200
m Qf ∆Qf , % Qf ∆Qf , % Qf ∆Qf , % Qf ∆Qf , % Qf ∆Qf , %
1.4 0.377 0.025 0.434 0.806 0.445 1.178 0.449 1.325 0.451 1.396
1.6 0.379 0.506 0.444 3.166 0.457 3.891 0.462 4.164 0.464 4.293
CCP 1.8 0.384 1.773 0.456 5.864 0.470 6.874 0.475 7.248 0.478 7.426
2.0 0.389 3.285 0.467 8.567 0.483 9.826 0.489 10.292 0.491 10.512
2.2 0.395 4.855 0.479 11.177 0.496 12.662 0.502 13.212 0.504 13.472
ω = 20 ω = 60 ω = 100 ω = 140 ω = 180
m Qf ∆Qf , % Qf ∆Qf , % Qf ∆Qf , % Qf ∆Qf , % Qf ∆Qf , %
1.4 0.193 8.244 0.383 0.110 0.418 0.649 0.431 0.943 0.437 1.103
1.6 0.184 3.416 0.388 1.486 0.427 2.864 0.441 3.459 0.449 3.763
SEN 1.8 0.181 1.322 0.396 3.451 0.438 5.461 0.454 6.290 0.461 6.710
2.0 0.179 0.390 0.404 5.551 0.449 8.086 0.466 9.116 0.474 9.635
2.2 0.178 0.043 0.412 7.638 0.459 10.632 0.477 11.841 0.486 12.449
1.4 0.396 0.029 0.448 1.277 0.452 1.434 0.453 1.479 0.453 1.497
1.6 0.401 1.065 0.460 4.075 0.465 4.363 0.466 4.444 0.467 4.477
DEN 1.8 0.407 2.728 0.474 7.125 0.479 7.522 0.480 7.632 0.481 7.678
2 0.414 4.554 0.487 10.138 0.493 10.631 0.494 10.768 0.495 10.825
2.2 0.422 6.388 0.500 13.030 0.506 13.613 0.508 13.774 0.508 13.841
1.4 0.326 3.163 0.461 1.503 0.454 2.203 0.444 2.256 0.438 2.196
1.6 0.318 0.707 0.474 4.361 0.469 5.590 0.459 5.707 0.452 5.626
3PB 1.8 0.316 –0.001 0.487 7.409 0.484 9.086 0.475 9.271 0.467 9.179
2.0 0.316 0.009 0.501 10.389 0.499 12.471 0.490 12.724 0.482 12.627
2.2 0.317 0.373 0.514 13.233 0.514 15.691 0.504 16.012 0.496 15.914

X 2 X
Y= Q ( X )Φ 2   . (21) Ñðàâíèâàÿ êðèòè÷åñêèå çíà÷åíèÿ Y, X è Q ñî çíà÷å-
2 ω íèÿìè, èçìåðåííûìè â íà÷àëå óñòîé÷èâîãî ðîñòà òðå-
 êðèòè÷åñêîé òî÷êå ýòî ïðèâîäèò ê
ùèíû, ìîæíî îöåíèòü â ïðîöåíòàõ óâåëè÷åíèå âÿçêîñòè
1 2Yf ðàçðóøåíèÿ, äëèíû òðåùèíû è ïðèëîæåííîé íàãðóçêè:
Qf (m, X 0 , ω) = . (22)
Φ ( X f ω) X f

Ðèñ. 8. Îáðàçåö ñ äâóìÿ áîêîâûìè íàäðåçàìè. Âëèÿíèå îòíîñèòåëü- Ðèñ. 9. Îáðàçåö äëÿ èñïûòàíèé íà òðåõòî÷å÷íûé èçãèá. Âëèÿíèå ïà-
íîãî óäëèíåíèÿ ω è ïàðàìåòðà óâåëè÷åíèÿ âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ m ðàìåòðà óâåëè÷åíèÿ âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ m è îòíîñèòåëüíîãî óäëè-
íà ïðèðàùåíèå íàãðóçêè ∆Q íåíèÿ ω íà ïðèðàùåíèå äëèíû óñòîé÷èâîé òðåùèíû ∆X
98 Ðóçáåõàíè À., Âíóê Ì.Ï. / Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ ìåçîìåõàíèêà 8 5 (2005) 91–102
Ðèñ. 10. Îáðàçåö ñ äâóìÿ áîêîâûìè íàäðåçàìè. Âëèÿíèå ïàðàìåòðà
óâåëè÷åíèÿ âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ m è îòíîñèòåëüíîãî óäëèíåíèÿ ω
íà èçìåíåíèå âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ ∆Y
∆Yf = (Yf − 1) ⋅ 100 %,
Xf − X0
∆X f = ⋅ 100 %, (23)
X0
Qf − Qini
∆Qf = ⋅ 100 %.
Qini
Äåòàëè ðàñ÷åòîâ, èñïîëüçóåìûõ çäåñü, îñîáåííî êà-
ñàþùèõñÿ êîýôôèöèåíòà ôîðìû äëÿ âûáðàííîé ãåîìåò-
ðèè îáðàçöà ñ òðåùèíîé, èçëîæåíû â Ïðèëîæåíèè Á.
Åñëè ëþáîå èç ïðèðàùåíèé X f , Qf èëè Yf èìååò îòðè-
öàòåëüíóþ âåëè÷èíó, ýòî îçíà÷àåò îòñóòñòâèå óñòîé÷è-
âîãî ðîñòà òðåùèíû ïåðåä äîñòèæåíèåì ñîñòîÿíèÿ êà-
òàñòðîôè÷åñêîé (ïîëíîé) íåóñòîé÷èâîñòè. Ýòî ÿâëåíèå
ïîíèìàåòñÿ êàê êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå òðå-
ùèíû, êîòîðîå íå ïðåäâàðÿåòñÿ íèêàêèì ìåäëåííûì óñ-
òîé÷èâûì ðàñòðåñêèâàíèåì. Äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè, äëÿ ýòèõ
äèàïàçîíîâ çíà÷åíèé ðàññìàòðèâàåìûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ìà-
òåðèàë íå ïîäàåò íèêàêîãî «ñèãíàëà ðàííåãî îïîâå-
ùåíèÿ», ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî ãëîáàëüíîìó ðàçðóøåíèþ.
2. Çàêëþ÷åíèå
 ðàáîòå äëÿ êâàçèõðóïêèõ è ïëàñòè÷íûõ òåë ïðîäå-
ìîíñòðèðîâàíî, ÷òî äîêðèòè÷åñêèé ðîñò òðåùèíû çà-
ìåäëÿåò âîçíèêíîâåíèå ãëîáàëüíîãî ðàçðóøåíèÿ, îïðå-
äåëÿåìîãî êàê «ïîëíàÿ íåóñòîé÷èâîñòü». Ýòî ïîçâîëÿåò
îòëè÷àòü ýòî ÿâëåíèå îò óñòîé÷èâîãî ðîñòà òðåùèíû.
Ïîñëåäíåå ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü ñî-
ñòîÿíèé ëîêàëüíîé íåóñòîé÷èâîñòè. Ýòî îòëè÷èå â ÷åì-
òî àíàëîãè÷íî «ëîêàëüíîìó êîðîáëåíèþ» îáîëî÷å÷íîé
êîíñòðóêöèè â ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîñòü ãëîáàëüíîìó âûïó-
÷èâàíèþ. Ïîíèìàíèå òàêèõ ïåðåõîäíûõ ÿâëåíèé òðå-
áóåò ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîé òðàêòîâêè.
Ðàííèå ñòàäèè âÿçêîãî ðàçðóøåíèÿ ïîäâåðãíóòû
òùàòåëüíîìó ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîìó àíàëèçó. Çíà÷èìûå ðå-
çóëüòàòû ïðåäñòàâëåíû â âèäå â âèäå òàáëèö è ãðàôèêîâ
è ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé îöåíêó äîêðèòè÷åñêèõ ïðèðàùå-
íèé âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ, äëèíû òðåùèíû è ïðèëîæåí-
íîé íàãðóçêè.
Ðèñ. 11. Ïëîñêèé îáðàçåö ñ öåíòðàëüíîé òðåùèíîé. Âëèÿíèå ïàðà-
ìåòðà óâåëè÷åíèÿ âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ m è îòíîñèòåëüíîãî óäëèíå-
íèÿ ω íà ïðèðàùåíèå íàãðóçêè ∆Q
Íàáîð ýòèõ ïàðàìåòðîâ íåîáõîäèì äëÿ ïðàâèëüíîãî
ïîíèìàíèÿ ìåäëåííîãî óñòîé÷èâîãî ðàñòðåñêèâàíèÿ.
Íàéäåíû îïðåäåëåííûå èíòåðâàëû ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèõ ïà-
ðàìåòðîâ è õàðàêòåðèñòèê ìàòåðèàëà, äëÿ êîòîðûõ ïðî-
öåññ ìåäëåííîãî ðàñòðåñêèâàíèÿ íå ñóùåñòâóåò è íà÷à-
ëî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ òðåùèíû ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ íåìåä-
ëåííûì ïåðåõîäîì ê íåîáðàòèìîìó íåóñòîé÷èâîìó ðîñ-
òó òðåùèíû. Ýòè äàííûå ìîãóò èìåòü áîëüøîå çíà÷åíèå
äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ ðàçðóøåíèÿ è ïîâûøåíèÿ áåçîïàñ-
íîñòè ñâàðíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé, ãäå èñïîëüçóåìûå ìàòåðèà-
ëû ÷àñòî ïðîÿâëÿþò îãðàíè÷åííóþ ïëàñòè÷íîñòü.
Áëàãîäàðíîñòè
Àâòîðû âûðàæàþò ïðèçíàòåëüíîñòü äîêòîðó
Á. Îìèäâàðó çà åãî êîíñóëüòàöèè, à òàêæå Ô. Ðóçáåõàíè
çà åãî âêëàä â ðàñ÷åò òî÷íûõ ïðîèçâîäíûõ è Ê. Ðóçáå-
õàíè çà ïîìîùü â ïîäãîòîâêå èëëþñòðàöèé.
Ïðèëîæåíèå À
Åñëè çàïèñàòü îñíîâíîå óðàâíåíèå (2) â áåçðàçìåð-
íîé ôîðìå, ìû ïîëó÷èì
1
Y = XQ 2 Φ 2 . (A1)
2
 ýòîì óðàâíåíèè ïàðàìåòðû Y, Q è Φ ÿâëÿþòñÿ íå-
êîòîðûìè ôóíêöèÿìè òåêóùåé äëèíû òðåùèíû X.
Ïðåæäå âñåãî, ðàññìîòðèì ñëó÷àé áåñêîíå÷íîãî îáðàç-
öà, äëÿ êîòîðîãî Φ = 1. Òîãäà, èñïîëüçóÿ (A1), äëÿ Q∞
áóäåì èìåòü
2Y
Q∞2 = . (A2)
X
Âîçüìåì ïðîèçâîäíóþ d dX îò îáåèõ ÷àñòåé ýòîãî
óðàâíåíèÿ:
dQ∞2 dY dX − Y X
= . (A3)
dX Q∞ X
Åñëè dY dX çàìåíèòü Tmat = (1 2) log( m Y ), óðàâ-
íåíèå (A3) ñâîäèòñÿ ê âèäó
 Ðóçáåõàíè À., Âíóê Ì.Ï. / Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ ìåçîìåõàíèêà 8 5 (2005) 91–102 99

 2m  a
log   − Q∞2 K I = σ πa Φ   . (Á1)
2  b
dQ∞
=  XQ∞  . (A4) Äëÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ðàñ÷åòàõ ýòè ôóíêöèè íîðìè-
dX 2Q∞ X
ðóþòñÿ òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû âñåãäà âûïîëíÿëîñü óñëî-
Ýòî èäåíòè÷íî óðàâíåíèþ (16), ñïðàâåäëèâîìó äëÿ âèå Φ (0) = 1.
îáðàçöà áåñêîíå÷íîé øèðèíû. Òåïåðü ìû ìîæåì âûâåñ- Á1. Ïëîñêèé îáðàçåö ñ öåíòðàëüíîé òðåùèíîé (cen-
òè óðàâíåíèå (15), êîòîðîå îïðåäåëÿåò ôóíêöèþ Q = ter crack panel (CCP)). Ýòî âûðàæåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìîäèôè-
= Q(X), ïðèìåíèìóþ äëÿ ïðîèçâîëüíîé ãåîìåòðèè îá- êàöèåé ôîðìóëû ñåêóùåé Ôåääåðñîíà, âûïîëíåííîé
ðàçöà. Íàïîìíèì, ÷òî âëèÿíèå ãåîìåòðèè ó÷èòûâàåòñÿ Taäa â 1973 ãîäó [10] (ðèñ. 12):
ïîñðåäñòâîì êîýôôèöèåíòà ôîðìû Φ ( X ω). Èç óðàâíå-
íèÿ (A1) âèäíî, ÷òî Q∞ è Q ñâÿçàíû êàê a
Φ1   =
b
Q∞ ( X )
Q( X ) = . (A5)   2a  
2 4
Φ( X )  2a  1
= 1 − 0.025   + 0.06    ,
Âîçüìåì ïðîèçâîäíóþ d dX îò îáåèõ ÷àñòåé ýòîãî

b
     cos π a 
b 
 
óðàâíåíèÿ:  b
dQ
Φ ∞ −Q
dΦ Φ1( X , ω) =
dQ dX dX .
= (A6)   2X 
2
 2X  
4
1
dX Φ2 = 1 − 0.025   + 0.06    , (Á2)
  ω   ω   cos  π X 
Åñëè âûðàæåíèå (A3) çàìåíèòü íà dQ∞ dX , òîãäà  
(A6) ïðèíèìàåò âèä:  ω
 2m  d
Φ′ G1( X , ω) = Φ1( X , ω) =
log   − Q 2 − 2   QX dX
2
dQ  XQ  Φ
= . (A7) 1
dX 2QXΦ  2
 3 
X X 1
Ýòî äèôôåðåíöèàëüíîå óðàâíåíèå (15), êîòîðîå îï- =  − 0.2 2 + 3.84 4    +
ðåäåëÿåò ôóíêöèþ Q = Q(X) äëÿ ïðîèçâîëüíîé ãåîìåò-  ω ω   X 
 cos  π  
ðèè. Ñèìâîë Φ′ îáîçíà÷àåò dΦ dX .   ω 
Äëÿ ðàñ÷åòà Q(X) ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü äðóãîé ñïî- X2 X4
ñîá: âçÿòü èíòåãðàë (17) è çàòåì ïîäñòàâèòü ðåçóëüòàòû 1 − 0.1 + 0.96 4
1 ω 2
ω  Xπ
â âûðàæåíèå (A1). + 1
sin  π  .
2  ωω
 2
Ïðèëîæåíèå Á   2
 cos  π 
1 X

Êîýôôèöèåíò ôîðìû   X   ω
Äëÿ ÷åòûðåõ ðàçëè÷íûõ ãåîìåòðèé ôóíêöèÿ Φ (a b),  cos  π ω  
  
òàê íàçûâàåìûé êîýôôèöèåíò ôîðìû, ïðèâåäåíà ñî-
ãëàñíî ðàáîòå [10]. Âñå ýòè ôóíêöèè îñíîâûâàþòñÿ íà Á2. Îáðàçåö ñ îäíèì áîêîâûì íàäðåçîì (single edge
ñëåäóþùåé ôîðìóëå äëÿ êîýôôèöèåíòà èíòåíñèâíîñòè notch (SEN)). Ýòà ôîðìóëà òàêæå âçÿòà èç ðàáîòû Òàäà
íàïðÿæåíèé K I : [10] (ðèñ. 13):

Ðèñ. 12. Ïëîñêèé îáðàçåö ñ öåíòðàëüíîé òðåùèíîé. Çàâèñèìîñòü Ðèñ. 13. Îáðàçåö ñ îäíèì áîêîâûì íàäðåçîì. Çàâèñèìîñòü êîýôôè-
êîýôôèöèåíòà ôîðìû Φ1 îò áåçðàçìåðíîé äëèíû òðåùèíû X äëÿ öèåíòà ôîðìû Φ2 îò áåçðàçìåðíîé äëèíû òðåùèíû X äëÿ òðåõ çíà÷å-
òðåõ çíà÷åíèé îòíîñèòåëüíîãî óäëèíåíèÿ ω íèé îòíîñèòåëüíîãî óäëèíåíèÿ ω
100 Ðóçáåõàíè À., Âíóê Ì.Ï. / Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ ìåçîìåõàíèêà 8 5 (2005) 91–102

Ðèñ. 14. Îáðàçåö ñ äâóìÿ áîêîâûìè íàäðåçàìè. Çàâèñèìîñòü êîýôôè- Ðèñ. 15. Îáðàçåö äëÿ èñïûòàíèé íà òðåõòî÷å÷íûé èçãèá. Çàâèñèìîñòü
öèåíòà ôîðìû Φ3 îò áåçðàçìåðíîé äëèíû òðåùèíû X äëÿ òðåõ çíà÷å- êîýôôèöèåíòà ôîðìû Φ4 îò áåçðàçìåðíîé äëèíû òðåùèíû X äëÿ
íèé îòíîñèòåëüíîãî óäëèíåíèÿ ω òðåõ çíà÷åíèé îòíîñèòåëüíîãî óäëèíåíèÿ ω

a d
Φ2   = G 3( X , ω) = Φ3( X , ω) =
b dX
  1 21 2
  a  = 12
×
0.857 + 0.265    2 1  1 X 
1 
4
=
 a 
0.265 1 −   +  b  ,  πX ωtg  2 π ω 
3   
1.122    b   
   a  2   − 1 1 X  1   1 X   
2
 1 −  b   ×  2 ωtg  π  + 1 + tg  π    .
    
 πX  2 ω  2 X   2 ω   
Φ 2( X , ω) =
 
 X Á4. Îáðàçåö äëÿ èñïûòàíèé íà òðåõòî÷å÷íûé èçãèá
4 0.857 + 0.265 
1   X ω , (three point bend (3PB)). Ôîðìóëû âûâåäåíû Ñðîóëè â
= 0.265 1 −  + (Á3)
1.122   ω 32  1976 ãîäó [10] (ðèñ. 15):
  X

1 −  a
  ω  Φ4   =
d b
G 2( X , ω) = Φ 2( X , ω) =
a a  a 
2
dX a
3 1.99 − 1 −  2.15 − 3.93 + 2.7   
 X 1 b  b   b  b  
1 −  = ,
 ω 0.24 π  a a
32
= −0.94 + +  1 + 2  1 − 
ω  X
32
b
ω 1 −    b
 ω Φ 4( X , ω) =
X X X 
2
0.86 + 0.27 X X
ω . 1.99 − 1 −  2.15 − 3.93 + 2.7   
+ 1.34 1 ω ω ω  ω  
52
=  ,
 X
1 −  ω π  X  X
32
 ω 1 + 2  1 − 
 ω ω
Á3. Îáðàçåö ñ äâóìÿ áîêîâûìè íàäðåçàìè (double (Á5)
edge notch (DEN)). Ýòè ôîðìóëû áûëè ïðåäëîæåíû
d
Èðâèíîì â 1957 ãîäó [10] (ðèñ. 14): G 4( X , ω) = Φ 4( X , ω) =
dX
a 1  a  −1 
Φ3   = tg  π  , X   X X2 
b a  b  1 −   2.15 − 3.93 + 2.7 2 
π  ω ω ω ω 
b = 0. 5  +
32
  X  X 
1  X 1 + 2  1 − 
Φ3( X , ω) = tg  π  , (Á4)   ω ω
X  ω 
π
ω
 Ðóçáåõàíè À., Âíóê Ì.Ï. / Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ ìåçîìåõàíèêà 8 5 (2005) 91–102 101

dR 1 1 1+ λ 
=M− − log  ,
da 1+ λ 2 1− λ 
∆ (Â1)
λ = 1− .
R
Ïîÿâëÿþùàÿñÿ â óðàâíåíèè (Â1) äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ
êîíñòàíòà ìàòåðèàëà, áåçðàçìåðíûé ìîäóëü ðàçðûâà M,
ñâÿçàíà ñ êîíñòàíòîé îêîí÷àòåëüíîãî óäëèíåíèÿ δ. Êðè-
òåðèé ïðåäïîëàãàåò ñóùåñòâîâàíèå ñòðóêòóðèðîâàííîé
çîíû ïðè âåðøèíå òðåùèíû äëèíîé R, êîòîðàÿ ñîäåð-
æèò òàê íàçûâàåìóþ «çîíó ïðîöåññà», èëè ÷àñòèöó Íåé-
áåðà, ∆, ðàñïîëîæåííóþ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íà ôðîíòå ïå-
Ðèñ. 16. Çàâèñèìîñòü êîýôôèöèåíòà ôîðìû Φ îò áåçðàçìåðíîé äëèíû
òðåùèíû X äëÿ ðàçëè÷íîé ãåîìåòðèè îáðàçöîâ, ω = 40. CCP — ïëîñ- ðåäíåé êðîìêè òðåùèíû. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â çîíå ïðè
êèé îáðàçåö ñ öåíòðàëüíîé òðåùèíîé; SEN — îáðàçåö ñ îäíèì áî- âåðøèíå òðåùèíû ìû èìååì äâà ôèçè÷åñêè ðàçëè÷íûõ
êîâûì íàäðåçîì; DEN — îáðàçåö ñ äâóìÿ áîêîâûìè íàäðåçàìè; îáúåêòà: ÷àñòèöó Íåéáåðà, ãäå ïðîèñõîäèò ñèëüíîå
3PB — îáðàçåö äëÿ èñïûòàíèé íà òðåõòî÷å÷íûé èçãèá
óìåíüøåíèå ïëîùàäè ïîïåðå÷íîãî ñå÷åíèÿ, è îñòàòîê
êîíöåâîé çîíû, ãäå ïëàñòè÷åñêàÿ äåôîðìàöèÿ ïðåâû-
øàåò óïðóãóþ. Îêîí÷àòåëüíîå ðàçðóøåíèå ïðîèñõîäèò
X  2 
 2.15 − 3.93 X + 2.7 X  â ýòîé ìåíüøåé ïî ðàçìåðàì çîíå äëèíîé ∆.
ω2  ω ω2  Ìîäóëü ðàçðûâà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ êàê îòíîøåíèå íåêî-
+  −
32 òîðîé êðèòè÷åñêîé äëèíû Rc è ðàçìåðà ÷àñòèöû Íåé-
 X  X
1 + 2  1 −  áåðà ∆:
 ω ω 2
Rc π EG c π Kc
X X   − 3.93 X  M= = = . (Â2)
1 −   + 5.4 2   ∆ 8∆ σ 2Y 8∆ σ 2Y
ω ω  ω ω 
−  −  ñëó÷àå êâàçèõðóïêîãî ðàçðóøåíèÿ äëèíà ÷àñòèöû
32 
 X  X   Íåéáåðà äîñòèãàåò R. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ë äîñòèãàåò íóëÿ,
1 + 2  1 − 
 ω ω  â òî âðåìÿ êàê M ñòàíîâèòñÿ ðàâíûì 1, ïðèâîäÿ ê íóëå-
âîìó íàêëîíó R-êðèâîé, îïðåäåëÿåìîé óðàâíåíèåì (Â1).
X X  X X2 
1.99 − 1 −   2.15 − 3.93 + 2.7 2  Ïîëîæèì Gc ðàâíûì 2γ, êàê â ñëó÷àå òðåùèíû Ãðèô-
ω ω ω ω  ôèòñà, è çàìåíèì R âûðàæåíèåì (π 8) K I2 σ 2Y â óðàâíå-
− 1.005 2 32
+
 X  X íèè R = Rc , òîãäà íàïðÿæåíèå òåêó÷åñòè σ Y èñ÷åçàåò,
1 + 2  1 −  ω ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ, ÷òî òðåùèíà ðàñòåò íåóñòîé÷èâî, è ìû
 ω  ω
ïîëó÷àåì ðåçóëüòàò Ãðèôôèòñà äëÿ íàïðÿæåíèÿ íà÷àëà
X  X   X X2  ðàçðóøåíèÿ, ò.å.
1.99 − 1 −   2.15 − 3.93 + 2.7 2 
ω ω ω ω  2 Eγ
+ 0.75 52
. σ crit = . (Â3)
 X  X  πa
1 + 2  1 −  ω
 ω ω Óðàâíåíèå (Â1) ìîæíî ïðîèíòåãðèðîâàòü ÷èñëåííî,
Çàâèñèìîñòè êîýôôèöèåíòîâ ôîðìû Φ(X, ω) îò áåç- åñëè ïðèíÿòü âî âíèìàíèå íà÷àëüíîå óñëîâèå R = Rini
ðàçìåðíîãî ïàðàìåòðà äëèíû X äëÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ ãåîìåò- ïðè a = a0 è åñëè ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî êîíñòàíòà M ïðå-
ðèé ïðè ω = 40 ïðèâåäåíû íà ðèñ. 16. âûøàåò ïðåäåëüíóþ âåëè÷èíó ìîäóëÿ ðàçðûâà M min
(íèæå êîòîðîé ðîñò òðåùèíû íåóñòîé÷èâ), îïðåäåëÿå-
ìóþ âûðàæåíèåì
Ïðèëîæåíèå Â
1 1  1 + λ ini 
Äëÿ êâàçèõðóïêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ, òàêèõ êàê áîëüøèíñò- M min = + log   , (Â4)
âî ìåòàëëîâ ïðè êîìíàòíîé òåìïåðàòóðå, íà÷àëó êàòàñò- 1 + λ ini 2  1 − λ ini 
ðîôè÷åñêîãî ðàçðóøåíèÿ ïðåäøåñòâóåò îáðàçîâàíèå íå- ∆ R
êîòîðîãî ÷èñëà ìåäëåííûõ ñòàáèëüíûõ òðåùèí. Åñëè λ ini = 1 − , ini = ρ i .
Rini ∆
âåëè÷èíó ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëà ðàçðóøåíèþ îáî-
çíà÷èòü R, à òåêóùóþ äëèíó òðåùèíû a, òîãäà äëÿ êâàçè- Êîíñòàíòà ρ i îïèñûâàåò ïëàñòè÷íîñòü ìàòåðèàëà è
ñòàòè÷åñêîé òðåùèíû âçàèìîñâÿçü ýòèõ âåëè÷èí ìîæíî äîñòèãàåò 1 ïðè õðóïêîì ïîâåäåíèè ìàòåðèàëà. Ýòî
âûðàçèòü ñ ïîìîùüþ íåëèíåéíîãî äèôôåðåíöèàëüíîãî îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî ∆ ïðèáëèæåííî ðàâíî Rini , òîãäà êàê äëÿ
óðàâíåíèÿ, ïîëó÷åííîãî Âíóêîì [2, 4] èç êðèòåðèÿ îêîí- ïðåäåëà âÿçêîãî ðàçðóøåíèÿ ÷àñòèöà ∆ ìàëà ïî ñðàâíå-
÷àòåëüíîãî óäëèíåíèÿ ïðè ðàçðóøåíèè: íèþ ñ äëèíîé R. Èòîãîâàÿ R-êðèâàÿ ïðîñòèðàåòñÿ îò
102 Ðóçáåõàíè À., Âíóê Ì.Ï. / Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ ìåçîìåõàíèêà 8 5 (2005) 91–102

íà÷àëüíîé âåëè÷èíû âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ Rini äî åå Ýòà ôîðìà ýêâèâàëåíòíà èñïîëüçîâàííîé â òåêñòå
âåðõíåãî ïðåäåëà, òàê íàçûâàåìîãî ïðåäåëà óñòàíîâèâ- (ñì. óðàâíåíèå (3)).  çàêëþ÷åíèå îòìåòèì, ÷òî âûðà-
øåãîñÿ ñîñòîÿíèÿ Rss . Îòíîøåíèå ýòèõ äâóõ ïðåäåëü- æåíèå (Â9) ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ïîëåçíîå ñîîòíîøåíèå,
íûõ âåëè÷èí âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ áóäåì îáîçíà÷àòü m, êîòîðîå ñâÿçûâàåò âåðõíèé ïðåäåë âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ
à èìåííî m = Rss Rini , êàê è â óðàâíåíèè (3). Çàìåòèì, Rss ñ ìîäóëåì ðàçðûâà M è ðàçìåðîì ÷àñòèöû Íåéáåðà:
÷òî ïðè õðóïêîì ïîâåäåíèè ìàòåðèàëà êîíñòàíòû Rini , ∆
Rss = exp(2M − 1). (Â11)
Rss è Rc ñîâïàäàþò (îíè ðàâíû äëèíå ÷àñòèöû Íåéáå- 4
ðà ∆). Ýòî ïðèâîäèò ê íóëåâîìó íàêëîíó R-êðèâîé. Ýòîò Ýòî óðàâíåíèå ïðåäïîëàãàåò äîâîëüíî ñèëüíóþ çà-
ðåçóëüòàò ìîæåò áûòü ïîëó÷åí ëèáî èç óðàâíåíèÿ (Â1) âèñèìîñòü âåðõíåãî ïðåäåëà âÿçêîñòè ðàçðóøåíèÿ ìàòå-
ïðè λ → 0 è M → 1, ëèáî èç óðàâíåíèÿ (3) ïðè m → 1. ðèàëà îò ìîäóëÿ ðàçðûâà è, òåì ñàìûì, îò ïëàñòè÷íîñòè
Îñîáûé èíòåðåñ ïðåäñòàâëÿþò äâå ïðåäåëüíûå ôîð- ìàòåðèàëà ρ i (ñì. óðàâíåíèå (Â8)). Îáîçíà÷èì ñîîòíî-
ìû óðàâíåíèÿ (Â1). Ïåðâàÿ ôîðìà ïîëó÷àåòñÿ ðàçëîæå-
øåíèå M M min êàê k, òîãäà, êîìáèíèðóÿ óðàâíåíèÿ
íèåì ôóíêöèè â ëåâîé ÷àñòè â îáîáùåííûé ñòåïåííîé
(Â8) è (Â11), ïîëó÷èì
ðÿä ïî λ ïðè ∆ R → 1 (èëè λ → 0), ïðèâîäÿ ê R-êðèâîé,
Rss
ñïðàâåäëèâîé äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ ïî÷òè õðóïêîãî ðàçðóøåíèÿ: = (4e) k −1 ρ ik , (Â12)
32 ∆
dR  ∆ 2 ∆ ãäå êîýôôèöèåíò k ìîæíî îöåíèòü ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì:
= M − 1 − 1 −  + 1 −  + ... . (Â5)
da  R 3 R 2M
Çäåñü ñëåäóåò ïðèíÿòü, ÷òî ìîäóëü ðàçðûâà íåñêîëüêî k= . (Â13)
log(4eρ i )
áîëüøå ÷åì åãî ìèíèìàëüíàÿ (ïîðîãîâàÿ) âåëè÷èíà
32
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èñïîëüçóÿ êîíñòàíòû ìàòåðèàëà k è
 1  2 1  ρ i , íà÷àëüíûé íàêëîí R-êðèâîé ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü êàê
M min = 1 + 1 −  − 1 −  . (Â6)
 ρi  3  ρi   dR 
  = 2e(k − 1)ρ i . (Â14)
Äðóãîé ïðåäåëüíûé ñëó÷àé ïîëó÷àåòñÿ, åñëè ñ÷è-  da  ini
òàòü, ÷òî âåëè÷èíà R ìíîãî áîëüøå ÷åì ∆, èëè λ → 1.
Ýòî ñëó÷àé âÿçêîãî ðàçðóøåíèÿ â ïðåäåëàõ ìàëîìàñø- Ëèòåðàòóðà
òàáíîé òåêó÷åñòè, è óðàâíåíèå çàïèñûâàåòñÿ êàê 1. Griffith A.A. The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids // Phil.
Trans. Royal Society London. – 1921. – A221. – P. 163–198.
dR 1 1  4R 
= M − − log  . (Â7) 2. Wnuk M.P. Accelerating Crack in a Viscoelastic Solid Subject to Sub-
da 2 2  ∆  critical Stress Intensity // Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Dynamic Crack
Propagation / Ed. by G.C. Sih. – Leiden: Nordhoff, 1972. – P. 273–
Ôàêòè÷åñêè, ýòî óðàâíåíèå Âíóêà–Ðàéñà–Ñîðåíñåíà 280.
[2, 4–6]. Ïîêàæåì, ÷òî îíî èäåíòè÷íî óðàâíåíèþ (3), 3. Wnuk M.P., Legat J. Work of fracture and cohesive stress distributions
ðàññìîòðåííîìó âûøå. Çàìåòèì, ÷òî ìåäëåííûé óñòîé- resulting from triaxiality dependent cohesive zone model // Int. J. Frac-
÷èâûé ðîñò îïèñûâàåòñÿ óðàâíåíèåì (Â7) òîëüêî äëÿ ture. – 2002. – V. 114. – P. 29–46.
4. Wnuk M.P. Quasi-static extension of a tensile crack contained in a
çíà÷åíèé ìîäóëÿ ðàçðûâà M, ïðåâûøàþùèõ ïîðîãîâóþ viscoelastic-plastic solid // J. Appl. Mech. – 1974. – V. 41. – P. 234–
âåëè÷èíó 242.
1 1 5. Rice J.R., Sorensen E.P. Continuing crack-tip deformation and fracture
M min = + log(4ρ i ). (Â8) for plane-strain crack growth in elastic-plastic solids // J. Mech. Phys.
2 2 Solids. – 1978. – V. 26. – P. 263–286.
Ìîäóëü M ìîæíî èñêëþ÷èòü èç óðàâíåíèÿ (Â7), çà- 6. Rice J.R., Drugan W.J., Sham T.L. Elastic-plastic analysis of growing
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2 2  ∆ 
Ïîäñòàíîâêà â óðàâíåíèå (Â7) äàåò
dR 1 R 
= log  ss  . (Â10)
da 2  R 