MODULE 7

RATE OF
REACTIONS

Average rate of reaction Rate of reaction at a given

time

Observable changes in chemical reaction

Rate of reaction

Collision Theory to
CHAPTER : RATE OF REACTIONS explain factors
Factors affecting rate of reaction affecting rate of
1. Concept Map
reaction
2. Rate of reaction
(a) Rate of reaction is the s………………at which reactants react to form products in a
chemical reaction.
(b) Classify the following reaction as fast or slow reaction

No. Example Fast or Slow Reaction

1 Corrosion of iron nail slow
2 Striking a match
3 Photosynthesis
4 Neutralization
5 Acid with reactive metal
6 Ripening of manggo

(c) For a fast chemical reaction

• Time taken for the reaction to complete is s………………..
• The reactants are q……………… converted to the products
• The rate of reaction is h…………………
(d) For a slow chemical reaction
• Time taken for the reaction to complete is l………………..

• The reactants are s……………… converted to the products

• The rate of reaction is l…………………

Rate of reaction α
………………..
(e) The rate of reaction can be determined by measuring the time taken for an
observable chemical change to occur.

Rate of reaction = Observable chemical change

Time taken

(f) The observable chemical changes in a chemical reaction are

(i) …………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………

(iii) ………………………………………………………………………….

(iv) …………………………………………………………………………

(v) …………………………………………………………………………..

(g) Definition:
Rate of reaction is the change of amount of reactant / product per unit time.

change in selected quantity

Rate of reaction =
time taken

Example:
(i) If 50.0 cm3 of hydrogen gas is collected in 20 seconds during a chemical
reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid . What is the rate of
reaction?

increase in volume of hydrogen gas

Rate of reaction =
time taken

Rate of reaction = = cm3 s-1

(ii) If time taken for 5.0 gram of magnesium ribbon reacts completely with dilute
hydrochloric acid is 25s, what is the rate of reaction?

decrease in mass of magnesium

Rate of reaction =
time taken

Rate of reaction = = g s-1.

3. Suitable observable changes to determine the rate of reaction from graph.

 For the reaction bellow
ZnCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Sketch the graph for:

Concentration of Mass of
HCl / moldm-3 ZnCO3 / g

Time/s Time/s

Concentration of Volume of CO2

ZnCl2 / mol dm-3 gas / cm3

Time/s Time/s

Concentration of
HCl / mol dm-3

1
, s-1
time
(d) In a chemical reaction involving release of a gas, it is easier to determine the rate of
reaction by measuring the v……………………of gas at a certain time interval.

(e) Rate of reaction can be measured as average rate of reaction or the rate of reaction
at a particular given time.

(f) Average rate of reaction is the a………………………value of the rate of reaction

within a specified period of t………………….

(g) Rate of reaction at a given time is the a……………… rate of reaction at that instant
Example: Graph of the total volume of gas liberated against time for a reaction
where gas is given off
 Volume of
gas/cm3 To determine the rate of reaction at a given
time t1 s
D - Draw a tangent (line DE) at the point M on
the graph.
M
- Draw a right-angle triangle DEF
E
- Measure the length of DF and EF.
F
- Calculate the gradient of the tangent DE

Time/s
t1

Gradient of the tangent at change in volume of the gas

any point on the curve = change in time

Rate of reaction at time t1 length of DF

= cm3s-1
length of EF

Activity:
Table bellow shows the burette reading of hydrogen gas collected at different time intervals
when magnesium ribbon react with hydrochloric acid

Time/s 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300

Burette
50.00 36.00 25.00 17.00 11.00 8.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
reading/cm3
Volume of gas
collected/cm3

(a) Calculate the volume of gas collected

(b) Plot a graph of volume of hydrogen gas collected against time.
(c) Based on the graph plotted, determine
(i) the average rate of reaction in the first 2 minutes

(ii) the average rate of reaction in the second minute

 (iii) the overall average rate of reaction

(iv) the rate of reaction at 1 minute

(v) the rate of reaction at 3 minutes

(d) Compare the rate of reaction obtained in (iv) and (v). Explain your answer.

(e) Write a balance chemical equation of the reaction between magnesium and
hydrochloric acid.

4. Factors affecting rate of reaction

I. Effect of total surface area of reactant on the rate of reaction.

(a) For a fixed mass of solid reactant, the smaller the size of the reactant the
higher the rate of reaction

Smaller size of a solid reactant

• Larger t…………………… exposed surface area
• Rate of reaction is h………………………….

Examples
(i) Cube sugar dissolves slower than that of fine sugar of the same mass in
same amount of water and temperature
(ii) Meat cut into small pieces cook faster than meat cut into big lump of the same
mass.
(iii) Powdered zinc reacts faster than granulated zinc of the same mass with
hydrochloric acid of the same volume and concentration.

(b) Experiment to investigate the effect of total surface area of calcium carbonate
on the rate of reaction

Problem statement:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Hypothesis:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Variables:

(i) manipulated variable: ………………………………………………….

(ii) responding variable:…………………………………………………….

(iii) fixed variable: ……………………………………………………………

Materials:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Apparatus:
 …………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Procedure:
(Diagram)

Results:

(i) Experiment I using large marble chips:

Time/ minute 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
Burette
49.50 45.20 42.0 39.00 36.50 34.00 31.80 29.50 27.80 26.20 24.50 23.50
reading/cm3
Volume of
gas
collected/cm3

(ii) Experiment II using crushed marble chips:

Time/ minute 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
Burette
49.00 39.00 33.00 28.50 25.00 21.50 19.00 16.70 14.70 13.00 11.50 10.00
reading/cm3
Volume of
gas
collected/cm3

1. Plot the graph of total volume of gas collected against time taken for the reaction for
experiment I and II on the same axes.

2. Based on the graph, calculate

(a) the overall rate of rate of reaction for the first 5 minutes of the reaction
between hydrochloric acid and

(i) large marble chips:

 (ii) crushed marble chips

(b) The rate of reaction at 2.5 minute for

(i) large marble chips:

(ii) crushed marble chips:

3. Based on your answers in 2(a) and 2(b), how does the rate of reaction differ?

2. What is the factor that causes the difference in rate of reaction?

5. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between calcium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid.

6. Explain why does the rate of reaction decreases with increase of time.
7. If both reactions are allowed to react until completion, is the total volume of gas
collected the same? Explain your answer.

8. If the marble chips used in the experiment is in excess, what is the maximum total
volume of gas collected?
[ 1 mole of gas at room temperature occupies a volume of 24dm3]

Conclusion:

II. The effect of concentration of reactant on the rate of reaction.

(a) When concentration of reactant increases, the rate of reaction increases.

Give one example for the above statement.

(b) Experiment to investigate the effect of concentration of sodium thiosulphate with

hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction

Problem statement:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Hypothesis:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Variables:

(i) manipulated variable: ………………………………………………….

(ii) responding variable:…………………………………………………….

(iii) fixed variable: ……………………………………………………………

Materials:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Apparatus:
 …………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Procedure:
(Diagram)

Results:

Experiment 1 2 3 4 5
Volume of 0.2moldm-3 sodium
45 40 35 30 25
thiosulphate solution, V1 cm3
Volume of distilled water added/cm3 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Volume of 1.0mol hydrochloric acid
5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
added/cm3
Total volume of reactant /cm3 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0
Concentration of sodium
thiosulphate solution used/moldm-3
Time taken/s 16 20 27 41 83

1/time , s-1

1. Plot the graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution used against time
taken for the reaction.

2. Plot the graph of concentration of thiosuphate solution used against 1/time.

3. What does the value of 1/time represents?

4. Based on your graph, state the relationship between

(i) the concentration of sodium thiosulphate and the time taken for the reaction.

(ii) the rate of reaction and the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution.
5. What is colour of the precipitate formed and name the precipitate.

6. What is the time taken for the mark ‘X” to disappear if the concentration of sodium
thiosulphate solution used is 0.10 mol dm-3?

7. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in this experiment.

8. Write an ionic equation for the reaction in this experiment.

9. If dilute sulphuric acid of the same concentration is used to replace hydrochloric acid
in this experiment, predict the rate of reaction and explain your answer.

Conclusion:

III. The effect of temperature on rate of reaction.

(a) Increase in temperature of reaction, increases the rate of reaction.

Give two examples for the above statement.

(i)

(ii)

(b) Experiment to investigate the effect of temperate on the rate of reaction

between thiosulphate solution and dilute hydrochloric acid.

Problem statement:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Hypothesis:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Variables:
 (i) manipulated variable: ………………………………………………….

(ii) responding variable:…………………………………………………….

(iii) fixed variable: ……………………………………………………………

Materials:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Apparatus:

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Procedure:
(Diagram)

Results:

Experiment 1 2 3 4 5
Temperature/oC 30 35 40 45 50

Time taken/s 55 48 42 37 33

1/time, s-1

1. Plot the graph of

(i) temperature against time and
(ii) temperature against 1/time.

2. Based on your graph, what is the relationship between rate of reaction with
temperature.
 3. Write a balance chemical equation for the reaction of this experiment.

4. Why is the volume of sodium thiosulphate solution and hydrochloric acid fixed for
each experiment?

5. What is the time taken for the mark ‘X’ to disappear when the temperature is 60oC?

Conclusion:

IV Effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction.

(a) Catalyst is a substance which a…… ……….. the rate of a chemical reaction
while it remains c……………………. unchanged at the end of the reaction
(b) Special characteristic of catalyst
• Catalyst alters the r………………… of a chemical reaction

• The a………………… of products formed remain unchanged

with or without the catalyst

Volume of
hydrogen
released/cm3
Without catalyst

With catalyst

Time/s
 • Only a small amount of catalyst is needed to achieve
a b…………change in the rate of reaction
• Increasing the amount of catalyst used generally will
i………………….the rate of reaction
• Catalyst may undergo p…………………….. changes

• Catalyst remains c……………………… unchanged during the reaction

• The m……………..and chemical composition of the catalyst

remain the same before and after the reaction
• Most catalyst are t……………………… elements or compounds of
transition elements such as iron, nickel and copper(II) sulphate,
CuSO4
• Catalyst is s………………………….. in its actio

Example:

When copper(II) sulphate solution is added into a reaction between zinc and
sulphuric acid, the rate of reaction increases but the final quantity of hydrogen
produced is the same the reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid without copper(II)
sulphate solution.

(c) Experiment to investigate the effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction for
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.

Problem statement:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

Hypothesis:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

Variables:

(i) manipulated variable: …………………………………………………………..

(ii) responding variable:………………………………………………………………

(iii) fixed variable: ……………………………………………………………………

 Apparatus:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

Materials:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

Procedure:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………

Observation:
 Test tube Observation
A

Discussion:

1. What is the effect of manganese(IV) oxide on the decomposition of hydrogen

peroxide solution?

2. What is the function of manganese(IV) oxide in this experiment?

3. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction in this experiment.

4. Will the mass of manganese(IV) oxide change at the end of the reaction in test tube
B?

Conclusion:

(d) Experiment to investigate the effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of reaction
for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.

Problem statement:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

Hypothesis:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

Variables:

(i) manipulated variable: …………………………………………………………..

(ii) responding variable:………………………………………………………………

(iii) fixed variable: ……………………………………………………………………

Apparatus:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

Materials:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

Procedure:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
 Results:

(i) Experiment 1, using 0.2g of manganese(IV) oxide

Time/s
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Burette
49.70 48.70 47.10 45.70 44.20 43.20 42.00 41.10 40.20 39.50 39.00 38.40 38.00
reading/cm3
Volume of
gas cm3

(ii) Experiment II, using 0.6g of manganese(IV) oxide

Time/s
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Burette
49.00 43.60 40.50 38.00 36.00 34.50 33.00 31.70 30.50 29.70 29.00 28.20 28.00
reading/cm3
Volume of
gas cm3

1. Plot the graph of total volume of gas against time for experiment I and experiment II
on the same axes.

2. Based on your graph, calculate the rate of reaction at 120 seconds for each of the
reaction .

(i) Experiment I:

(ii) Experiment II:

3. How did the rates of reaction in experiment I and II differ?

4. Which experiment shows the higher rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide?

 5. If both experiments are allowed to proceed until completion, is the total volume of
gas
collected in both experiments the same? Explain your answer.

Conclusion:

(e) Application of catalyst in industry.

Most catalysts are transition elements or compounds of transition elements. Catalyst

is specific in its action and only a small amount is required in a chemical reaction.

Industrial Product Equation Catalyst

process produced
Haber Process

Contact Process

Ostwald Process
Hydrogenation of
vegetable oil
Cracking of
petroleum
Activity:
1. Equation below shows the decomposition of sodium chlorate solution using
manganese(IV) oxide as a catalyst
2NaOCl(aq) → 2NaCl + O2(g)
For the following experiments, sketch graph
(i) volume of gas against time

Experiment 1 100 cm3 of 0.5 moldm-3 NaOCl + MnO2

Experiment 2 50 cm3 of 1.0 moldm-3 NaOCl + MnO2

Volume of
oxygen/cm3

Time/s

Explain your answer

(ii) volume of gas against time

Experiment 1 5 g Magnesium + 50 cm3 of 0.5 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid at room temperature

Experiment 2 5 g Magnesium + 50 cm3 of 0.5 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid at 50OC
Volume of
oxygen/cm3

Time/s
Explain your answer

2. For the following experiment, sketch the graph volume of hydrogen against time

4 g of excess zinc powder + 100 cm3 of sulphuric acid 0.5 mol dm-3 +
Experiment 1
5cm3 copper(II) sulphate solution at room temperature
4 g of excess zinc powder + 100 cm3 of sulphuric acid 0.5 mol dm-3
Experiment 2
room temperature
4 g of excess zinc powder + 50 cm3 of sulphuric acid 0.5 mol dm-3 at
Experiment 3
room temperature

Volume of
hydrogen/cm3

Time/s

Explain your answer

8. Collision Theory

(a) For a chemical reaction to occur, the particles of the reactants must collide with each
other. However, not all collisions result in a chemical reaction to form products.

(b) According to collision theory, only those collisions which

• with the c…………………… orientation and .

• achieved a m…………………. amount of energy called activation energy ,

Ea will result in chemical reaction

(c) Collisions of particles of reactants that result in chemical reaction is known as

……………………… collision
(d) Activation energy , Ea, is defined as the minimum amount of energy of collision that
is required for particles of reactant to react or to produce e…………………. collision.

(i) Exothermic reaction (ii) Endothermic reaction

Energy Energy

Ea
Reactant
Ea Product

Reactant
Product

(e) Using Collision Theory to explain the factors affecting the rate of reaction.

1. The effect of increase in total surface area of reactant.

 Using solid reactant that is smaller in size.

 When size of solid reactant is smaller, the total surface area increases
 The frequency of collision of particles of reactant increases
 The frequency of effective collision increases
 The rate of reaction increases.

2. The effect of increase in concentration of reactant.

 Increasing the concentration of reactant will increase the number of particles of

reactant per unit volume.
 The frequency of collision of particles of reactant increases.
 The frequency of effective collision increases.
 The rate of reaction increases.

3. The effect of increase in temperature of reaction

o By increasing the temperature of the reactant

o Increased in temperature, increases the kinetic energy of the reactant particles.
o The frequency of colliding particles possesses energy higher than the activation
energy increases.
o The frequency of effective collision increases
o The rate of reaction increases.

4. The effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction.

  Addition of a positive catalyst to a chemical reaction provides an alternative path
of reaction that requires a lower activation energy.
 The frequency of effective collision increases
 The rate of reaction increases.
 Energy profile diagrams to show the effect of catalyst on rate of reaction.

Exothermic Reaction Endothermic Reaction

Energy Energy

Ea
Reactant
Ea’ Product
’
Ea
Ea
Reactant
Product

Ea – Activation energy without energy

Ea’ – Activation energy with energy

V. The effect of pressure on rate of reaction.

(i) The effect of pressure only affects the rate of chemical reaction when the reactants
Are in the gaseous state.

Eg: N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

(ii) Increased in pressure by increasing the concentration of gas or by reducing the

volume of the vessel,

o the number of particles per unit volume increases.

o The frequency of collision among the reactant particles increases
o The frequency of effective collision increases
o Hence the rate of reaction increases.

Activity:

1. Complete the following table:

Experiment Factor affect the Sketch of graph Explain using collision theory
 rate of reaction
Two set of experiment Volume of gas /  The rate of reaction in exp I
is carry out between cm3 is ……………… than exp II
marble chip and  The gradient of the curve for
hydrochloric acid: exp I is ……………. than
Exp I: Excess of zinc exp II
powder and 50 cm3 of  Zinc powder has ………….
0.5 moldm-3 total surface area
hydrochloric acid  Frequency of collision of
Exp II: Excess of zinc zinc and ………………….
granule and 50 cm3 of increases
0.5 moldm-3 Time, s
 Frequency of ………………
hydrochloric acid collision increases

Reinforce exercise;

1. Which of the following can be used to determine the rate of the reaction?

I Release of gas per unit time.

II Change of colour intensity per unit time.
III Formation of precipitate per unit time.
IV Increase in the mass of reactant per unit time.
 A. I and II
B. III and IV
C. I, II and III
D. II, III and IV

2. An equation of a reaction is as follows

2Fe2+ + Cl2 2Fe3+ + 2Cl

Green Brown
In the reaction represented by the equation above, it was found that the change of
colour from green to brown was faster when the reactant mixture was heated.
This was due to the…

I. decrease in the activation energy.

II. increase in the frequency of effective collision .
III. increase in the kinetic energy of ferrum(II) ions and chlorine molecules.
IV. increase in the frequency of collision between ferrum(II) ions and chlorine
molecules.

A. I and II only
B. II and III only
C. I, III and IV only
D. II, III and IV only

3. Table 4 shows the total volume of gas collected at regular intervals in a reaction.

Time / s 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

Volume of gas/ cm3 0 2.0 3.7 5.2 6.4 7.3 8.6 8.6

What is the average rate of reaction in the second minute ?

A. 0.040 cm3s-1
B. 0.045 cm3s-1
C. 0.053 cm3s-1
D. 0.062 cm3s-1

4. The equation below represents the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.

2H2O2(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

Which of the following are produced when 1 mole of hydrogen peroxide is
decomposed completely ?
[1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room condition;
Avogadro’s constant : 6 X 1023 mol-1]

I 2 moles of water
II 12 dm3 of oxygen gas
III 3 X 1023 of oxygen molecules
 IV 1.2 X 1024 of water molecules

A I and III only

B I and IV only
C II and III only
D II and IV only

5 An experiment is carried out to study the rate of reaction between marble and
hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas.
Experiment Substances
I Excess marble and 50.0 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
II Excess marble and 100.0cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid

A C
Volume of I
Volume of
CO2/cm3 CO2/cm3 I
II
II

Time/s Time/s

B D
Volume of
Volume of II CO2/cm3 I
CO2/cm3

I II

Time/s Time/s

6 The reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc produces hydrogen gas. The
reaction is complete in 50 seconds and the maximum volume of gas produced is
25 cm3.
What is the average rate of the reaction?

A. 0.5 cm3 s-1 C. 2.0 cm3 s-1

B. 1.0 cm3 s-1 D. 4.0 cm3 s-1

7 The diagram shows the energy profile of a reaction.

Ea is the activation energy for this reaction.
Energy
 Ea
Reactant Ea’
Products
Reaction path

What will change the activation

energy from Ea to Ea’?
A. Temperature C. Concentration
B. Catalyst D. Total surface area

8 Which of the following explains the meaning of effective collision?

A. The collision where its energy is less than the activation energy.
B. The collision that has a low energy
C. The collision which takes place before a reaction
D. The collision that causes a reaction

9 The diagram shows the set up of the apparatus for an experiment to determine the
rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and sulphuric acid.

Which of the following combination of conditions take the shortest time for the
mark ‘X’ to diappear from sight?

Sulphuric acid Sodium thiosulphate Temperature

Volume/cm Concentration/ Volume/cm Concentration/ /oC
3 3

mol dm-3 mol dm-3

A 10 1.0 50 0.5 30
B 10 1.0 50 0.5 40
C 10 0.5 50 0.5 30
D 20 0.5 40 0.5 40
10 In an experiment, the decomposition of 25cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrogen peroxide
solution produces oxygen gas.
Volume of
oxygen
gas/cm3 P

Time/s

If the experiment is repeated using another solution, which solution will produce
curve Q?

A. 25 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 hydrogen peroxide

B. 20 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 hydrogen peroxide
C. 15 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 hydrogen peroxide
D. 10 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm-3 hydrogen peroxide

11 The following statements are related to the collision theory of a reaction.

I. The total surface area of the reactant particles increases.

II. The kinetic energy of the reactant particles increases.
III. The frequency of the collision between the reactant particles increases.
IV. The number of the reactant particles per unit volume increases.

Which of the following combinations is true about the effect of the rise in
temperature on the reactant particles?

A I and II only C III and IV only

B II and III only D I and IV only

12 If you want to cook 100 potatoes within a short time, which is the most suitable
method?

A Boil the potatoes in a pan

B Boil the potatoes in a pressure cooker
C Steam the potatoes in a steamer
D Fry the potatoes in a wok

13 Which of the following reactants produces the highest rate of reaction with zinc
powder?

A 25 cm3 of sulphuric acid 0.1 mol dm-3.

B 25 cm3 of ethanoic acid 0.1 mol dm-3.
C 25 cm3 of nitric acid 0.1 mol dm-3.
D 25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid 0.1 mol dm-3.
14 Which of the following mixture of limestone and 50 cm3 hydrochloric acid will give
the highest initial rate of gas produced ?
A 5 g limestone powder with 0.2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
B 5 g limestone granules with 0.2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
C 10 g limestone powder with 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
D 10 g limestone granules with 0.2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid

15 5C2O42- (aq) + 16 H+ (aq) + 2 MnO4- (aq) → 10 CO2(g) + 8H2O (l) + 2Mn2+ (aq)
Ethanadioic ion manganate (VII) ion

The above equation represents the reaction between ethanadioic acid with acidic
potassium manganate (VII) . If excess of acidic potassium manganate (VII) was
used, the rate of reaction can be determined by the
A time manganese ion produced
B time to decolourised the potassium manganate (VII) solution
C mass of manganese salt produced at a given time
D time taken to collect a certain volume of carbon dioxide

16 In a catalytic reaction, a catalyst will increase the rate of reaction because a catalyst
will

A decrease the activation energy of the reaction

B increase the particle energy
C decrease the effective collision frequency
D increase the rate of collision between particles

17
Experiment Mass of copper (II) Volume of hydrogen Concentration of
oxide/g peroxide /cm3 hydrogen peroxide /mol
dm-3
I 1 50 1.0
II 1 100 0.5
Table 2
Two experiments were carried out to measure the rate of decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide with copper(II) oxide as the catalyst , with conditions shown
in the Table 2. Which of the following graphs shows volume of oxygen releases
against time for Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 ?

A C experiment II
Gas experiment II Gas
volume volume
experiment I experiment I

time time
B D experiment I
Gas experiment I Gas
volume volume
experiment II experiment II
 time time

Total gas
volume /cm3 v

v/2-

time/s
0 10 20 30 40
Diagram 4

18 Diagram 4 shows the graph of total volume of gas against time for the reaction
between marble and dilute hydrochloric acid. From the graph, it can be
deduced that

A the rate of reaction at 10th second is lower than the rate at the 20th
B second
C total volume of gas collected for the first 20 second is v/2 cm3
D total volume of the gas collected in this experiment is v cm3
the maximum rate of gas released is at the 40th second

19 Among the acids below, which will give the highest initial rate of reaction when 1 g
of calcium carbonate powder was added to it ?
A 50.0 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 nitric acid
B 50.0 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
C 50.0 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid
D 100.0 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid

20 The reactions between hydrochloric acid and zinc produces hydrogen gas. The
reaction is completed in 50 seconds and the maximum volume of gas produced is
25 cm3 .
What is the average rate of the reaction?

A 0.5 cm3 s-1

B 1.0 cm3 s-1
C 2.0 cm3 s-1
D 4.0 cm3 s-1

REINFORCE EXERCISE FOR STRUCTURAL QUESTIONS AND ESSAY QUESTIONS.

1. The rate of reaction is affected by several factors. One of the factors is the size of
particles.

One kilogramme of meat, cut into big pieces, takes a longer time to
cook compared to one kilogram of meat cut into smaller pieces.
 (a) Explain the above statement based on the size of the particles.
[2 marks]

(b) A student carried out three experiments to investigate the effects of the
factors influencing the rate of reaction. Table 1 shows the results of the

experiments.
(i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and
hydrochloric acid. Calculate the maximum volume of hydrogen gas produced.
[ Relative atomic mass: Mg,24; molar mass volume: 24 dm3 mol-1 at room
condition]
[4 marks]

(ii) Sketch the graphs for the volume of hydrogen gas against time for
Experiment I, II and III on the same axes.
[3 marks]

(iii) Calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I, II and III in cm3 s-1.
[3 marks]

(iv) Compare the rates of reaction between Experiment I and Experiment II, and
between Experiment II and Experiment III.
With reference to collision theory, explain why there are differences in the
rates of reaction in the experiments.
[8 marks]

2. An experiment was conducted to find out the effects of temperature on the rate of
reaction. 50cm3 of sodium thiosulphate solution 0.05 mol dm-3 at 30oC was put into a
250cm3 conical flask. Then the conical flask was placed on an ‘X’ sign on a piece of
white paper.
10cm3 of hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm-3 was added to the sodium thiosulphate
solution and shaken. At the same time, the stop watch was started. The stop watch
was stopped as soon as the ‘X’ sign was no longer visible.
 The same steps of the experiment were repeated for sodium thiosulphate solution
which was heated to 35oC, 40oC, 45oC and 50oC.

Figure 1 shows the readings of the stop watch for each of the reaction at different
temperatures.

(a) Record the time for each reaction in the spaces provided in Figure 1.

(b) Construct a table and record temperature, time and 1/time for this experiment.

(c) (i) Draw a graph of temperature against 1/time on the graph paper.

(ii) Based on the graph in c(i) , state the relationship between the rate of
reaction and temperature.

(d) Predict the time taken as soon as the sign ‘X’ to be not longer visible if this
experiment is repeated at 55oC.

(e) (i) State the variables involved in this experiment.

1. Manipulated variable
2. Responding variable
3. Constant variable
4.
 (ii) State how you would manipulate one variable while keeping the other
v variables constant

(f) State the hypothesis for this experiment.

(g) From the above experiment, the student found a relationship between
temperature and rate of reaction. The same situation can be applied in our
daily lives, for example, keeping food that is easily spoiled in the refrigerator.
Using your knowledge of chemistry, state the relationship between
temperature and the rate at which food turns bad.

3 (a) Food stored in a refrigerator last longer than food stored in a kitchen cabinet.
Explain why.
[4 marks]

(b) A group of pupils carried out three experiments to investigate the factors
affecting the rate of a reaction.
Table 7 shows information about the reactants and the temperature used in
each experiment.

Experiment Reactants Temperature /oC

I Excess calcium carbonate chips and 30 cm3 of 0.5 30
mod dm-3 hydrochloric acid
II Excess calcium carbonate chips and 30 cm3 of 0.5 40
mod dm-3 hydrochloric acid
III Excess calcium carbonate powder and 30 cm3 of 40
0.5 mod dm-3 hydrochloric acid

Table 7.

Graph 7 shows the results of these experiments.

(i) Calculate the average rate of reaction for experiment I.

[2 marks]
 (ii) Based on Table 7 and graph 7, compare the rate of reaction between:

• Experiment I and Experiment II

• Experiment II and Experiment III

In each case explain the difference in rate of reaction with reference to

the collision theory.
[ 10 marks]

(iii) The chemical equation below shows the reaction between calcium
carbonate and hydrochloric acid.

CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Given that the relative atomic mass of C=12, O=16, Ca=40 and the
molar volume of any gas is 24 cm3 mol-1 at room temperature and
pressure.

Calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas produced in

Experiment II.
[4 marks]

4. Diagram 6 shows two experiments to investigate one factor that influences the rate of
a reaction.

(a) What is the factor that influences the rate of reaction in both experiments?
[1 mark]

(b) The reaction in the experiment is represented by the following equation:

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(i) Among the products stated in the equation, which is the most
suitable to be chosen to determine the rate of reaction?
[1 mark]
(ii) State one reason for choosing the product in 6(b)(i)
[1 mark]

(c) State two controlled variables in both experiments.

1.
 2.
[2 marks]

(d) The results for both experiments are represented by graph 6.

Quantity
Key:
of product
Experiment I

Experiment II

Time
x

Based on Graph 6:

(i) Experiment II has a higher rate of reaction.

How does the graph show this?
[1 mark]

(ii) What has happened to the reactants at time x?

[1 mark]