Академический Документы
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Resources
• Blackboard Handout: Polar Coordinates (BAILEY NOTES) – for this topic, this handout will be
the main source of information, examples and exercises.
Introduction
Definitions; Ordered Pairs;
Ordered pairs for points are not unique in polar coordinates (unlike in Cartesian/rectangular/x − y
coordinates), because: 1) (r, θ) can also be (r, θ + 2nπ), and 2) (r, θ) can also be (−r, θ + π), hence
(−r, θ + (2n + 1)π), where n is an integer.
Examples:
1. Convert (−2, 7π
4
) to rectangular coordinates.
√ √
2. Represent the point with Cartesian coordinates ( 6, − 2) in terms of polar coordinates.
Equation Representations
x y
polar to rectangular: use r2 = x2 + y 2 , cos θ = p , sin θ = p .
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
y
rectangular to polar: use x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, r2 = x2 + y 2 , and tan θ = .
x
Examples:
1
Graphs of Polar Equations
A. Line through the pole: θ = C
Examples:
Example 11, p. 683 Investigate the family of polar curves given by r = 1 + c sin θ. How does the
shape change as c changes?
2
Points of intersections of polar equations
To draw two polar graphs in the same plane, you need to figure out where they intersect. Set them equal
and solve the equations, also look at the pole, which might be where they intersect.
NOTE: For the reason that solving equation alone is not enough to find the intersections, see Text-
book, p. 687, “CAUTION.”
Examples:
1. Find the area inside the rose: r = 2 cos 3θ.
2. Find the area inside r = 2 + 2 sin θ.
3. Find the area of the region inside both r = sin θ and r = cos θ.
4. Find the area of the region inside both r = 3 and r = 2 + 2 sin θ.
Variations:
• Area of the region inside r = 3 and outside r = 2 + 2 sin θ.
• Area of the region outside r = 3 and inside r = 2 + 2 sin θ.
5. Find the area of the region inside the loop of r = 1 + 2 sin θ.
6. Find the area of the region inside both r = sin 2θ and r = sin θ.
Homework
There are some problems in the handout “Polar Coordinates.” Practice on your own.
You should take a look at all the exercises in the related sections. Complete the following problems
to be collected.
p. 683 (section 11.3): 5, 6, 9, 12, 17, 32, 37, 39, 41, 42
p. 689 (section 11.4): 12, 13, 19, 21, 24, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35, 44.
3
r = cos 2θ (Example 8, p. 679 Textbook)