ORACLE

INTRODUCTION
DATABASE DESIGN AND QUERYINGTOOLS
SQL VARIATIONS AND EXTENSIONS
STORAGE AND INDEXING
CONCURRENCY CONTROL AND RECOVERY
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION

ORACLE was founded in 1977 by LARRY

ELLISE ,BOB MINER and ED OATES . it has
held a leading position in the relational
database market . in addition to directly
related to database development and
management ,oracle sells business
intelligence tools including query and
analysis tools, data-mining products ,and
an application server with close
interpretation to the database server.
DATABASE DESIGN TOOLS:

Ø Available in oracle developer suite.

ØInclude tools for form development ,data modeling ,

reporting and querying.

ORACLE DESIGNERS :

ØTranslates business logic and data flows into schema

Definitions Supports e-r diagrams ,information
engineering, and object analysis and design.

ØHas tools for data ware housing, oracle warehouse

builder , java and x-ml-based development,i2ee
applications.
QUERYING TOOLS:

ØIt allows users to drill up and down on

result sets , pivot data and store
collections.

ØReports can be published in a variety of

formats such as SPREADSHEETS (or)
HTML.
SQL VARIATIONS &EXTENSIONS:

Oracle supports a large number of language constructs and also

v

has its specific syntax (or) functionality.

A FEW EXAMPLES OF ORACLE SQL EXTENSIVES ARE ,

Ø CONNECT BY:
Allows transitive closure style calculations in a style SQL
§

structure.
Ø UPSERT :
Upsert operation combines update and insert ,useful for
§

merging new data with old data in data ware housing

applications.
Ø MULTITABLE INSERTS:
Allows multiple tables to be updated based on a single scan of
§

new data.
ØWITH:
ØMODEL:

Allows array alegbra calculations on relational data.

§
OBJECT RELATIONAL FEATURES:
Oracle as extensive support for object-relational constructs
including ,

Ø Object types:A single inheritance model is supported

for type hierarchies.
Ø Collective types:oracle supports variable-length
arrays.
Ø Object tables:provides a relational view of the
attributes of the objects.
ØTable functions:produce sets of rows as output,and

used in from clause of a query.

ØObject views:provide virtual object table view of data.
ØMethods:written in PL/SQL,Java,C.
TRIGGERS:

Oracle provides several type of triggers

ØRow triggers
ØStmt triggers

§Row triggers execute once for every row that is affected

by the DML operations

§Statement trigger is executed just once per statement.

Oracle also triggers on a variety of events,like
database start_up or shutdown,server error messages,user
logon or logoff,and DDLstatements.
STORAGE AND INDEXING:
Ø Table spaces:
v A database consists of one or more logical storage units called
table spaces . each table space , in turn consist of one or more
physical structures called data files . these may be either files
managed by the operating system (or) law devices.
v oracle database has the following tablespaces:

• System tablespace.
• Tablespace to store user data.
• Temporary tablespace.
Ø SEGMENTS:
ØThe space in a table space is divided into units called
segments . each contain data for a specific data structure.

v Data segments:Each table in a tablespace has its own

data segment where the table data are stored unless the table is
partitioned.
vIndex segments:Each index in a tablespace has its own
index segment.
vTemporary segments:segments are used when a

sort operation needs to write data to disk or when data is

inserted into a temporary table.
v Roll back segments:segments contain undo
information so that an uncommited transaction can be rolled
back.
ØTables
A standard table in a oracle is heap organised;that is
storage
location of a row in a table is not based on the values contained in
the row,and is fixed when the row is inserted.

However ,if the table is partitioned,the content of the row

affects the partition in which it is stored.

Oracle supports nested tables;that is,a table can have a

column whose datatype is another table.

In a cluster ,rows from different tables are stored togather

in the same block on the basis of some common columns.
Index-organised tables

In an index organized table,records are stored in an oracle

B-tree index instead of in a heap.here it requires a unique as the
index key.
Ø Indices
Oracle supports several different types of indices.most
commonly used type is what oracle called a B-tree index.

Ø Bitmap Indices
Bitmap indices use a bitmap representation for index
entries,which can lead to substantial space saving where
indexed column has a moderate number of distinct values.
Ø Function-based indices
In addition to creating indices on one or multiple
columns of a table,oracle allows indices to be created on
expressions that involve one or more columns,such as
col1+col2*5.
Ø Partitioning:
Oracle supports various kinds of horizontal partitioning
of tables and indices,and this feature plays a major role in oracle’s
ability to support very large databases.
Advantages:
Bacup and Recovery are easier and fater.

Loading operations in a data warehousing environment

are less intrusive.

Query performance benefits substantially.

Ø Materialized Views:
The materialized view feature allows the result of an sql
Query to be stored in a table and used for later query processing.

Oracle maintains the materialized result,updating it

when the tables that were referenced in the query are updated.
Ø Execution Methods:
Data can be accessed through a variety of
access methods:
§Full table scan:The query processor scans the entire table by
getting information about the blocks that make up the table.
§Index scan:The processor creates a start and or stop key from

conditions and uses it to scan to a relevant part of the index.

§Index fast full scan:fastest way to access the data.

§Index join:The processor can use an index join to generate

the relevant information without accessing the table.

•Cluster and hash cluster access:The processor accesses the

data by using the cluster key.