An Introduction to Engineering

Materials
MAAE 2700

Introduction

Section 1

1
 Outlines
• Course outline (handout)
• WebCT
• PA and
dLLabb schedules
h d l
• Marking schemes

• Objectives
• Material classification and examples
• Evolution of materials
• Inadequate use of materials and processes
• Environmental and resource issues
• Questions

Website and PA
• Slides
– Posted online
– New slides may be added from time to time
• Additional sample questions when needed
• Questions from class
• Groups
– 4 groups
– PA and Lab calendar
• Assignment and PA
– Complete each assignment before PA session
– Attend PA session to discussion questions with TA (TA will provide solutions
to assignment in PA)
– Solutions will not be posted
• Q i
Quiz
– 5 quizzes (questions base on assignment and class discussion)
– At the last hour of each PA
– Solutions to quizzes will be provided at the following PA session and not be
posted
– No deferred quiz
– 0% for missed quiz (except for medical reasons or family emergency)
4

2
 Lab
• Lab manual will be posted on WebCT.
• Study lab manual before each lab.
• Attend lab on time (late arrival beyond 25 min
min. will not be
admitted and will be considered as missed lab).
• Submit lab report on time (reports for labs 1, 2, 3 and 4
are due at the start of the next lab. Report for lab 5 to be
submitted at the end of the lab session).
• 10%/day deduction for late submission.

Instructor and TAs

• For assignment and quiz related questions, always see
your TA first. Discuss with instructor for unresolved
questions
ti or concerns.
• To make appointment, email xhuang@mae.carleton.ca
(allow two or more working days before the scheduled
appointment).
• TA contacts to be posted.

3
 Course Objectives
• Understand the relationship between structures and properties for
common engineering materials
• Learn material’s
material s failure mechanisms and design against premature
failure
• Select materials to make products with least life-cycle cost
• Recognize, new design opportunity, environment concerns and
limited resource Fracture
mechanics Strengthen
Crystal mechanisms
defects

Materials
Crystal Science and Dislocation and
structure Engineering deformation

Failure
mechanisms Phase diagrams
Microstructure 7
(thermodynamics)
and properties

Classifications – Material Group

– Metals
– Ceramics
C i and
d glasses
l
– Polymers
– Composites
– Semiconductor

– Examples

4
 Classifications - Functions

• Functions
– Aerospace
– Automotive
– Structural
– Transportation
– Bio-medical
– Energy
– Sports
– Others

The Evolution of Materials

Materials drive our

society
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age

21th century
Silicon Age?
Polymer Age?

With more choices

at our disposal, the
selection process is
very complex
10
Materials, Michael Ashby, etc.

5
 Material’s Selection
• Properties (do the job)
• Cost
• Manufacturability
• Availability
• Environmental concerns and recyclability

11

Material’s Properties
• Mechanical
• Thermal
• Electrical
• Magnetic
• Optical
• Deteriorative Canyon Bridge, Los Alamos, NM

6
polycrystal: polycrystal:
5 single crystal
low pporosity
y high
g pporosity
y
Resistivity, 
(10-8 Ohm-m)

4
3
2
1
0
-200 -100 0 T (ºC) 12

6
 What would happen with a wrong
choice of material?
Stiff, strong, tough, light

Not stiff enough (need bigger stiffness E)

Not strong enough, plastic deformation

(need bigger y )

Not tough enough,

enough fracture/failure (need
bigger Kic)

Too heavy (need lower )

13

New Materials and Products

Thermal Protection System

Space Shuttle Orbiter Distribution

reinf C-C silica tiles nylon felt, silicon rubber

(1650ºC) (400-1260ºC) coating (400ºC)
• Silica tiles (400-1260ºC):
- large scale application Microstructure:
~90% porosity
Silica fibers
bonded to one
another during
heat treatment.
100 m
14

7
 New Materials and Products
New Airless Tire

15

Examples of Failures
Ski lift in Whistler
–ice jacking

Erosion-corrosion
Fast, brittle fracture

Aloha Airline – riveted 16

Challenger – o-ring failure
joint (video)

8
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle

17