6.

COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

Review of thermodynamics
Equation of state pv = RT
Where R is constant for each gas
R
R= u
Mm
Ru is universal gas constant, Ru = 8314 N .m / kgmole
(1544 ft.lbf / lbmole.R) and M m is molecular mass of the gas.
The ideal gas, the internal energy of a substance may expressed
as u = u (v, T ) then
 ∂u   ∂u 
du =   dT +   dv
 ∂T v  ∂v T
 ∂u 
The specific heat at constant volume is defined as cv ≡   so that
 ∂T v
 ∂u 
du = cv dT +   dv
 ∂v T
for the ideal gas u = u (T ) consequently
du = cv dT

1
 The enthalpy of a substance is defined as h = u + pv
for an ideal gas p = ρ RT and hence h = u + RT
We express h in its most general form as
h = h ( p, T )
 ∂h   ∂h 
then dh =   dT +   dp
 ∂T v  ∂p T
 ∂h 
dh = cP dT +   dp
 ∂p T
for an ideal gas
dh = cP dT
The specific heats for an ideal gas have been shown to be function
of T only.
h = u + RT
dh = du + RdT
cP dT = cv dT + R.dT
then cP = cv + R
The ratio of specific heat is defined as
cP
k=
cv

For an ideal gas, the specific heats are functions of temperature.

u2 T2

u2 − u1 = ∫ du = ∫ cv dT = cv (T2 − T1 )
u1 T1
h2 T2

h2 − h1 = ∫ dh = ∫ cP dT = cP (T2 − T1 )
h1 T1

2
 The first law thermodynamics
p2 p1 v22 v12
q − ws = u2 − u1 + − + − + gz2 − gz1
ρ2 ρ1 2 2

T qin 3
2

1 4

qout

2 dq
s 2 − s1 = ∫ rev
proses reversibel
1T
2 dq
s 2 − s1 > ∫ rev proses irreversibel
1 T

T2 p
s 2 − s1 = c p ln − R ln 2
T1 p1
T2 ρ
s 2 − s1 = c v ln − R ln 2
T1 ρ1

3
 cp k
p 2  T2  R T  k −1
=  = 2
p1  T1   T1 
1
ρ 2  T2  k −1
= 
ρ 1  T1 
k
p2  ρ 2 
= 
p1  ρ 1 
Equation isentropic prosess
pv k = constant

T1 = 440 oK = 0,15 kg/s

p1 = 188 kPa
v1 = 210 m/s

 <0
Q
∂ G K
∫
∂t VA
ρdV + ∫ ρV.dA = 0

− ρ1V1A1 + ρ 2 V2 A 2 = 0
 = ρ1V1A1 = ρ 2 V2 A 2
m ; A1 = A 2 = A

p1 1,88x10 N 5

ρ1 = = m 2 = 1,49 kg
RT1 287 Nm .440K m3
kgK

m 0,15 kg
A1 = = s = 4,79.10 −4 m 2
ρ1V1 1,49 kg .210 m
m3 s
T2 p kJ 351 kJ 2,13.105 kJ
s 2 − s1 = c p ln − R ln 2 = 1 ln − 0,287 ln = −0,282
T1 p1 kgK 440 kgK 1,88.105 kgK

4
=

3
5
1
o

K
T2
p kJ kJ
2 ∆h = h 2 − h1 = ∫ c p dT = c p (T2 − T1 ) = 1 (351 − 440)K = −89
= T1 kgK kg
2
1
3
T2
k kJ kJ
P
a
∆u = u 2 − u1 = ∫ c v dT = c v (T2 − T1 ) = 0,717 kg (351 − 440) = −63,8 kg
T1

T2 p kJ 351 kJ 2,13.105 kJ
s 2 − s1 = c p ln − R ln 2 = 1 ln − 0,287 ln 5
= −0,282
T1 p1 kgK 440 kgK 1,88.10 kgK

Propagation of sound
waves
ρ
ρ+dρ
p
p+dp
Vx=0
dVx
c

ρ ρ+dρ
c c-dVx
p p+dp

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a. Continuity Equation
∂ G K
∫
∂t CV
ρ dV + vCS∫ .dA = 0
ρ v

Assumption : 1) Steady Flow

2) Uniform Flow at each section
then
− ρ cA + ( ρ + d ρ )(c − dVx ) A = 0
or
− ρ cA + ρ cA − ρ dVx A + d ρ cA − d ρ dVx A = 0
neglecting the product of differentials
− ρ AdVx + cAd ρ = 0

b. Momentum Equation
∂ G G
FSx + FBx − ∫ arfx ρ dV = ∫ Vx ρ dV + v∫ Vx ρVxyz .dA
cv
∂t
Assumption : 3. FBx = 0
4. arfx = 0
The surface forces acting pn the infinitesimal CV are
FS x = dRx + pA - ( p + dp) A
where dRx represents all forces applied to the horizontal portion of CS,
Consider only a portion of moving sound wave, dRx = 0
FS x = - Adp
substituting into the basic equation gives
- Adp = {c { -ρ cA } + (c − dVx ) { ( ρ + d ρ )(c − dVx ) A } }
using the continuity equation, reduces this to
- Adp = {c { -ρ cA } + (c − dVx ) { ρ cA } }
- Adp = ρ cAdVx
or
1
dVx = dρ
ρc

6
 combining continuity and momentum
c 1
dV x = dp = dρ
ρ ρc
dp
c2 =
dρ
∂p
c=
∂ρ S

For an ideal gas, the pressure and density in isentropic

p
Flow are related by = cons .
ρk
ln p − k ln ρ = ln cons .
dp
−k
dρ
=0
c = kRT
p ρ
∂p p
= k = kRT
∂ρ ρ

c.2∆t

v=0
c.3∆t
c.∆t
c.2∆t
v=0 The cone angle can be related to the Mach number v<c
at which the source moves
c 1
sin α = =
V M
or
 1 
α = sin −1  
M 
1
2

3 α
3 2 1
3 2
1

v=c v>c

7
 a. Continuity equation
∂ G K
∫
∂t VA
ρ dV + vVA∫ .dA = 0
ρ v

Assumptions : 1). Steady Flow

2). Uniform flow at each solution
ρVx A = ( ρ + d ρ )(Vx + dVx )( A + dA)
1 u V=0
Rx p = po
T = Tx
o

Stream line
dx
ρ + dρ
Vx+dVx
A+dA Momentum Equation
p+dp
T+dT
∂ K K
Fs + FBx + ∫ arfx ρ dV =
∂t ∫ v∫ x xyz
Vx ρ dV + V ρV .dA

Assumptions : 3) FBx = 0
4) arf x = 0
5) Frictionless

The average pressure and the area component in direction x

dp
Fsx = ( p + )dA + pA − ( p + dp)( A + dA) = −dpA
2
substituting into the Momentum Equation,
− dpA = Vx ( − ρVx A) + (Vx + dVx )( ρ + d ρ )(Vx + dVx )( A + dA)
obtain
Vx2
dp = − ρVx dVx = − ρ d ( )
2
For an ideal gas became
 v 2  dp −1 1
dp Vx2
−d   = = − p k C k dp + d( )=0
2 ρ ρ 2

p
v2  k −1  o
1/ k k
k −1
=C p k   po  k −1 ρ v2
  = 1+
2 k −1   p k p 2
 p

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 The isentropic stagnation properties of
an ideal gas as follows
k
po  k − 1 2  k −1
= 1+ M 
p  2 
To k −1 2
= 1+ M
T 2
1
ρo  k − 1 2  k −1
= 1+ M 
ρ  2 

p1 = 350 kPa p02 = 385 kPa

T1 = 60oC T02 = 350K
V1 = 183 m/s M2 = 1,3

1 2

Nm m
C1 = kRT1 = 1,4x 287 (273 + 60)K = 366
kgK s

V1 183
M1 = = = 0,5
C1 366
k
p o1  k − 1 2  k −1
= 1+ M1  = 1,186
p1  2 

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 To1 k −1 2
=1+ M1 = 1,05
T1 2
To1 = 1,05T1 = 350K
k
p o 2  k − 1 2  k −1
= 1+ M2  = 2,77
p 2  2 
p 385
p 2 = o2 = kPa = 139kPa
2,77 2,77
To 2 k −1 2
=1+ M 2 = 1,338
T2 2

To 2 350K
T2 = = = 262K
1,338 1,338

T2 p kJ 262 kJ 1,39 kJ
s 2 − s1 = C p ln − R ln 2 = 1 ln − 0,287 ln = 0,0252
T1 p1 kgK 333 kgK 3,50 kgK

po1 po2
T

p1 To1 = To2 =350K

T1

p2

T2

s
∆s

k
p*o  k − 1 k −1
= 1+ = 1,893 ; k = 1,4
p*  2 
To* k −1
*
=1+ = 1,2
T 2
1
ρ*o  k − 1 k −1
= 1+ = 1,577
ρ*  2 

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Critical Condition M=1 or V* = c*
k
po*  k − 1  k −1
= 1+ = 1,893 ; k = 1, 4
p*  2 
To* k −1
*
= 1+ = 1, 2
T 2
1
ρo*  k − 1  k −1
= 1+ = 1,577
ρ *  2 

c* = kRT *
To* 2 *
T* = = T
k −1 k +1 o
1+
2
2k
v* = c * = RTo*
k +1

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