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Bruce Carsten
Bruce Carsten Associates, Inc. USA
-Vi/2
B
B pk
Fig. 1
B pk(max)
Half Bridge dc-ac Inverter
O.5
D 1-D
L L D D
Vo1 Vo2
Vi
C C
1-D D
O
-O.5 O +O.5
Vo/Vi
Fig. 2 Fig. 3
Variation of Duty Cycle "D" and
A Full Bridge dc-ac Inverter
Relative Core Flux with Vo/Vi
The ripple current in inductor L, and switching
Generation of a low frequency (such as 50 or 60
frequency flux “B” in the core, is a maximum
Hz) output voltage causes the peak flux to
when D=0.5 and Vo=0. For a constant switching
sweep across the Fig. 3 parabola sinusoidally,
frequency “f”, the maximum peak-peak ripple
reducing the average hysteressis loss in the
current “Ipp” in L (as well as filter capacitor C) is
core due to the lower flux swing at the output
given by:
voltage peaks. This effect is quantified in Fig. 4,
which shows the ratio of average power loss in
Ipp = Vi / (4fL) (1)
O.9
O.8
PAVE n=2
PMAX n = 2.5
O.7
n=3
O.6
O.5
O.4
O.3
O.2
O O.1 O.2 O.3 O.4 O.5 O.6 O.7 O.8 O.9 1.O
Vo(pp)/Vi
Fig. 4
Ratio of Average to Maximum Core Loss vs. Vo(pp)/Vi
and Steinmetz Loss Exponent "n"
the core (Pave) to the maximum loss (Pmax) for n = log(P1/P2) / log(B1/B2) (4)
various Steinmetz core loss exponents “n” and
ratio of peak-peak (low frequency) output The effective loss exponent for Micrometals
voltage “Vo(pp)” to dc input voltage (Vi). materials at 100 KHz and 100 to 200 mW/cc are
given in Table 1 below.
The maximum core loss occurs when Vo=0 as
noted, and can be determined from the peak flux
calculated by equation (2) or (3) and the loss Effective Core Flux Loss Exponents
curves or equations provided in the Micrometals "n" for Micrometals Materials at
catalog. Average core loss is then determined 1OO KHz and 1OO to 2OO mW/cc:
from the curves of Fig. 4.
Mat’l: u n Mat’l: u n
Note that Pave decreases significantly as the
peak output voltage approaches the supply rails, -2 1O 2.27 -34 33 2.O8
and the effect is greater as the loss exponent -8 35 2.29 -35 33 2.OO
increases
-14 14 2.2O -38 85 2.13
The effective loss exponent of Micrometals -18 55 2.26 -4O 6O 2.12
materials changes with flux density and -26 75 2.14 -45 1OO 2.11
frequency, but can be readily determined from -3O 22 2.O5 -52 75 2.13
the slope of the loss curves provided. If the loss
is noted at two flux densities B1 and B2 (with
losses P1 and P2 respectively), the loss Table 1
exponent between those points is calculates as: