Situated on the Deccan Plateau, Hyderabad has an average elevation of about 536 metres above sea

level (1,607 ft). Most of the area has a rocky terrain and some areas are hilly. Crops are commonly grown
in the surrounding paddy fields.[20]

The original city of Hyderabad was founded on the banks of river Musi.[21] Now known as the historic Old
City, home to the Charminar andMecca Masjid, it lies on the southern bank of the river. The heart of the
city saw a shift to the north of the river, with the construction of many government buildings and
landmarks there, especially south of the Hussain Sagar lake. The rapid growth of the city, along with the
merging of Hyderabad, 12 municipal circles and the Cantonment has resulted in a large, united and
populous area.

[edit]Climate

Hyderabad has a unique combination of a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) that borders on a
hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh), with hot summers from late February to early June, the monsoon
season from late June to early October and a pleasant winter from late October to early February.
Temperatures in the evenings and mornings are generally sharply cooler because of the city's moderate
elevation. Hyderabad receives around 810 millimetres (32 in) of rain every year, almost all of it
concentrated in the monsoon months. The highest maximum (day) temperature ever recorded was
45.5 °C (114 °F) on 2 June 1966, while the lowest minimum (night) recorded temperature was 6.1 °C
(43 °F) on 8 January 1946.[22]

[hide]Climate data for Hyderabad

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

28.6 31.8 35.2 37.6 38.8 34.4 30.5 29.6 30.1

Average high °C (°F)
(83.5) (89.2) (95.4) (99.7) (101.8) (93.9) (86.9) (85.3) (86.2)

14.7 17.0 20.3 24.1 26.0 23.9 22.5 22.0 21.7

Average low °C (°F)
(58.5) (62.6) (68.5) (75.4) (78.8) (75) (72.5) (71.6) (71.1)

3.2 5.2 12.0 21.0 37.3 96.1 163.9 171.1 181.5

Rainfall mm (inches)
(0.126) (0.205) (0.472) (0.827) (1.469) (3.783) (6.453) (6.736) (7.146)

Avg. rainy days .3 .4 .9 1.8 2.7 7.6 10.6 10.1 8.9

Sunshine hours 279.0 271.2 263.5 273.0 282.1 180.0 142.6 136.4 168.0

Source no. 1: Indian Meteorological Department (1951–1980) [23]

Source no. 2: Hong Kong Observatory (sun only, 1971–1990) [24]

http://www.srikumar.com/engin

eering/civil/house_loans/Floor_Plan.jpg
 rick Wall Foundations
Brick wall foundations are normally made as strip foundations.
These are continuous along the length of wall and hence called as strip foundations. These
form structural components of construction system by which the load of whole building is
transferred to the ground.

Foundations are made in dug out trenches so that a hard stable surface on which the
building is supported can be obtained because the top surface of the ground normally does
not have load bearing capacity to take the load of the building. The other reason is that
foundations can by this method be hidden from view. The architect needs to provide a
foundation plan that indicates exactly where the foundation trenches are to be dug.

The foundation trenches are dug after being marked on center line principle on the site
according to architect’s drawings. The size of trench varies with the thickness of walls and
the load bearing capacity of the soil. The base of dug trench is rammed to solidify the
surface. On rammed surface a layer of cement concrete is laid. This is normally 6 to 8
inches thick. This base concrete layer needs to be cured for it attains its expected strength.
Base concrete layers or courses of bricks are laid to create a stepped base that would help
in distributing the load over a larger surface of the foundation.

Precautions during construction of brick wall foundations

• The marking of foundations must be absolutely accurate as the location of walls

depends on these markings.
• The trenches should not be dug in rainy season. The bricks, mortar mix and cement
concrete mix should be as per specifications.
• The width and depth of the trenches depends on loading and soil conditions. As the
foundation is an expanded base to distribute the load coming on it over a large area
 on ground. The width of the wall foundation depends on whether the wall is a load
bearing wall, a non load bearing wall, a partition wall or a toe wall.

Load Bearing Walls

The walls that support beams and roof slabs.

• These walls take the load of super structure and transmit it to the ground through
foundation.
• These can also serve the purpose of dividing the space into required rooms etc.
• These are also accommodating door and windows where required.
• These are of 9” or more thickness.
• Such walls are made in first class bricks and rich mortar.

The material of a roof may range from banana leaves, wheaten straw or seagrass to lamininated
glass, aluminium sheeting and precast concrete. In many parts of the world ceramic tiles have been the
predominant roofing material for centuries.

The construction of a roof is determined by its method of support and how the underneath space is
bridged and whether or not the roof ispitched. The pitch is the angle at which the roof rises from its lowest
to highest point. Most domestic architecture, except in very dry regions, has roofs that are sloped,
or pitched. The pitch is partly dependent upon stylistic factors, but has more to do with practicalities.
Some types of roofing, for example thatch, require a steep pitch in order to be waterproof and durable.
[1]
Other types of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable on a steeply pitched roof but provide excellent
weather protection at a relatively low angle. In regions where there is little rain, an almost flat roof with a
slight run-off provides adequate protection against an occasional downpour.

The durability of a roof is a matter of concern because the roof is often the least accessible part of a
building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its damage or destruction can have serious effects.

 Primer is a preparatory coating put on materials before painting.

Priming ensures better adhesion of paint to the surface, increases
paint durability, and provides additional protection for the material
being painted. It can also be used to block and seal stains, or to hide
a color that is to be painted over.
 Emulsion paint is a water-based paint used for painting interior or
exterior surfaces.
 Varnish and shellac provide a protective coating without changing
the color. They are paints without pigment.
 Wood stain is a type of paint that is very "thin," that is, low in
viscosity, and formulated so that the pigment penetrates the surface
rather than remaining in a film on top of the surface. Stain is
predominantly pigment or dye and solvent with little binder, designed
primarily to add color without providing a surface coating.
 Lacquer is usually a fast-drying solvent-based paint or varnish that
produces an especially hard, durable finish.
 An enamel paint is a paint that dries to an especially hard, usually
glossy, finish. Enamel paints sometimes contain glass powder or tiny
metal flake fragments instead of the color pigments found in standard
oil-based paints. Enamel paint is sometimes mixed with varnish or
urethane to increase shine as well as assist its hardening process.
 A glaze is an additive used with paint to slow drying time and
increase translucency, as in faux painting and Art Painting.
 A roof coating is a fluid applied membrane which has elastic
properties that allows it to stretch and return to their original shape
without damage. It provides UV protection to polyurethane foam and
is widely used as part of a roof restoration system.
  Fingerpaint is a kind of paint intended to be applied with the
fingers; it typically comes in pots and is used by small children,
though it has very occasionally been used by adults either to teach art
to children, or for their own independent use.
 Inks are similar to paints, except they are typically made using
finely ground pigments or dyes, and are designed so as not to leave a
thick film of binder.
 Titanium dioxide is extensively used for both house paint and
artist's paint, because it is permanent and has good covering
power. Titanium dioxide pigment accounts for the largest use of the
element. Titanium paint is an excellent reflector of infrared, and is
extensively used in solar observatories where heat causes poor
seeing conditions.
 Anti-graffiti coatings are used to defeat the marking of surfaces
by graffiti vandals. There are two categories, sacrificial and non-
bonding. Sacrificial coatings are clear coatings that allow the removal
of graffiti, usually by pressure washing the surface with high-pressure
water, removing the graffiti, and the coating (hence, sacrificed). They
must be re-applied afterward for continued protection. This is most
commonly used on natural-looking masonry surfaces, such as
statuary and marble walls, and on rougher surfaces that are difficult to
clean. Non-bonding coatings are clear, high-performance coatings,
usually catalyzed polyurethanes, that allow the graffiti very little to
bond to. After the graffiti is discovered, it can be removed with the use
of a solvent wash, without damaging the underlying substrate or
protective coating. These work best when used on smoother surfaces,
and especially over other painted surfaces, including murals.
 Anti-climb paint is a non-drying paint that appears normal while still
being extremely slippery. It is usually used on drainpipes and ledges
to deter burglars and vandals from climbing them, and is found in
many public places. When a person attempts to climb objects coated
with the paint, it rubs off onto the climber, as well as making it hard for
them to climb.
[edit]