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2a lei da Termodinâmica
Processos irreversíveis.
Máquinas térmicas.
Ciclo de Carnot
2a lei da Termodinâmica: enunciado de
Kelvin-Planck.
Refrigeradores.
2a lei da Termodinâmica: enunciado de
Clausius.
Expansão livre
Q =W
W <Q
http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node30.html
Fonte quente
∆U = 0
W = Q2 − Q1
W Q1
Fonte fria η= = 1−
Q2 Q2
http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node30.html
http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node24.html
Gás ideal:
W Q
η= = 1− 1
Q2 Q2
T1
T1 Q1 η = 1−
= T2
T2 Q2
http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node24.html
W < Q2
η <1
http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node30.html
1 2
3 4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine
TC
η = 1−
TH
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine
http://universe-review.ca/R13-09-thermodynamics.htm
http://www.personal.psu.edu/jun3/blogs/pa_center_for_the_book_workshop/steamengine.gif
http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node26.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_engine
T4 − T1 1
η = 1− = 1−
T3 − T2 (V1 / V2 ) γ−1
http://www.myrctoys.com/faqs/engine-diagrams-and-animations
• Rendimento do ciclo Diesel (ideal) :
T1 T4 / T1 − 1
η = 1−
γT2 T3 / T2 − 1
http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node27.html
Fonte quente
∆U = 0
W = Q2 − Q1
Coeficiente de performance
Trabalho externo do refrigerador:
Q1 Q1
Fonte fria ω= =
W Q2 − Q1
http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node25.html
W = Q2 − Q1 ≠ 0
http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node37.html
Refrigeradores reais:
W = Q2 − Q1 ≠ 0
http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node25.html
Gás ideal:
Coeficiente de performance:
Q1 1
ω= =
T1 Q1
=
Q2 − Q1 T2 − 1
T2 Q2 T1
http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node25.html
http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node25.html