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Dr. K. K. RAY
Senior Professor, Power Electronics and Drives Division, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University
Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India – 632 014
Abstract:
This paper describes the simulation based performance study of a 3-Ø self-excited asynchronous generator
(SEASG) in constant power operation. A feed back voltage based controller by using a load control technique to
control and retain the generator terminal voltage constant. This technique mostly used in uncontrolled hydro
turbine driven induction generators in a stand-alone power generator. The results has been validate by the steady
state equivalent circuit analysis of a 2.2kW, 415Volts, 4.7A, Star connected, 1440-rpm induction generator. The
proposed study system has been simulated using Mat lab/Simulink version-7.0.The simulated results are
presented.
Keywords: Asynchronous generator; simulation; load control technique.
1. INTRODUCTION
The usage of self-excited cage induction generator (SECIG) has been increasing due to fast depletion of non-
conventional energy sources in particular Mini/Micro/Pico hydropower generation. Squirrel cage induction
generator (SCIG) has emerged as a possible alternative to conventional generator in an isolated power
generation because of its low cost, less maintenance and rugged construction [1]-[8]. The literature review
concludes that the load characteristic of SEASG is drooping with increasing in load [9]-[18]. Therefore, it needs
a suitable voltage regulator to maintain the terminal voltage constant. Prospective of different voltage control
schemes involves in an induction generator described in details [19]. A summary of different type of electronic
controller configuration used in hydropower generators presented in details [20].
Professor S.S. Murthy et al. [21]-[22] suggested a practical electronic load controller used in hydropower
generators. The design and transient analysis of the self-excited induction generator with electronic load
controller has been explained Bhim Singh et al. [23]–[26].
In constant power operation of a 3-Ø self-excited asynchronous generator [SEASG], d.c chopper fed resistive
load controller is more suitable among others. Therefore, the authors chosen a d.c chopper circuit based load
controller for this simulation study. Because the harmonic effects caused by the three-phase rectifier chopper
circuit over the generator, not yet discussed so far. The aim of this work is to study the harmonic generation of
the load controller over the induction generator in a stand-alone operation.
This paper organized in six sub-headings; Asynchronous generator operation of a 3-Ø cage induction
machine has been reviewed, principle operation, load controller, basics of the load controller, control circuit
have been includes in descriptions of the system in section - 2. Equivalent circuit analysis of the study system
has been presented in section - 3. Simulation of the system explained in four. Discussion over the simulation
results in subheading -5. Conclusion of this work described in section -6.
Fig.1 Proposed study system of 3-Ø self-excited asynchronous generator with load controller
Fig.3(a) A basic circuit of a d.c chopper circuit (b) its voltage and current waveform
The average output voltage and the average load currents given by
t
1 1
Va
T 0V0 dt
(1)
t1
Va V s f t1V s V s
T (2)
Va V
Ia s
R R (3)
Where Va is the average output voltage; Ia is the average output current; T is the chopping period; is the duty
cycle of the chopper and f is the chopping frequency. Thereupon the rms value of output voltage has been
found from the average value
1
1 T 2
i.e, Vo (v ) dt V s
2
T 0 o (4)
If the losses in the switch is neglected (ideal switch), the input power to the chopper circuit is the same as the
output power and written as
2 V s2
1 T 1 T ( v 0 )
Pi P0 v i dt dt
T 0 0 T 0 R R (5)
Fig.4 illustration of power and effective resistance variations with duty cycle
For a given capacitance, speed and load impedance, once the process of transient voltage builds up under self-
excitation is over; a steady state voltage reached. The magnetising X m value has been determined from the
synchronous impedance test. The steady state saturated value of X m and F can be determined for a given
capacitance, speed and load from the following analysis.
Is Zs 0 (7)
( R / F jX ) [ j ( X / F 2 )]
L L C
Zc (10)
2
(R / F ) j X j ( X / F )
L L C
In steady state, condition the self-excitation I a 0 . Therefore, Zs must independently zero. This leads to the
following non-linear simultaneous equations with Xm and F as the unknown variables:
P( X m , F ) ( A1 X m A2 ) F 3 ( A3 X m A4 ) F 2 ( A5 X m A6 ) F A7 X m A8 (11)
Q( X m , F ) ( B1 X m B 2 ) F 4 ( B3 X m B 4 ) F 3 ( B5 X m B6 ) F 2 ( B7 X m B8 ) F B9 (12)
The solution of equations (11) and (12) yield the value of V, X m , X c . Along with these values, the machine
parameters are known, calculation of the terminal voltage and load current is straightforward from the steady
state equivalent circuit shown in Fig.6.The rotor current ( i r ), stator current ( i as ), input torque ( Ti ), generator
efficiency ( g ) can calculated using the following equations.
Vas / F (13)
I as
(Rs / F jXls ) ( jXc R l )
F 2RL jFXc
E1 / F
Ir (14)
( Rr / F v) jx lr
j X c I as (15)
IL
RL F j X c
V t I L ( R L jX L )
(16)
q I r 2 Rr F
Pin (17)
F v
Pout q I r 2 R L (18)
P
g out 100 (19)
Pin
Using the equations (13) – (19) the performance characteristics of the asynchronous generators can be
calculated.
Since the dump load is a d.c load , the resistance offered by this load can be modify, which is applicable to a.c
circuit by
R dc K R ac (20)
Where, k is the constant varies from 1.1 to 1.6, R ac is the resistance offered by the ac circuit equivalent of R dc .
The performance characteristics of SEASG with the load controller could express by the equations [13]-[19]
with modification of the effective resistance offered by the load and dump load. Only the difference is the
magnitude of the load current.
4. SIMULATION
The proposed SEASG (shown in Fig.1) along with a load balancer based voltage regulator has been
configured in the Matlab/Simulink forum is shown in Fig.8. The proposed system simulated by using the power
system toolbox of Mat lab/Simulink in 8 seconds. A resistive load of 98 ohm will be connecting at the terminals
of the generator in 2 seconds and 5 seconds respectively. Therefore the effective load, after 5 seconds is 49
ohms (parallel combination of two 98 ohms). A resistance of 98 ohm considered as dump load. A 3-Ø bridge
rectifier circuit has been constructed by the diodes blocks (D1-D6) in Mat lap/Simulink. A d.c chopper circuit
with resistive load and thyristor switch as a load balancer circuit of the generator.
A control circuit of chopper has been developed diodes (D7 – D10), output of the diode rectifier is feeding to the
summer circuit. Error and ramp signals are comparing, thereon the cross over pint detected by the Hit block in
Mat Lab/Simulink. The output of the hit block is a pulse, which is to turn ON and turn OFF the IGBT switch.
Therefore, power absorbed by the dump load controlled.
Fig.9 simulation results of the generator with out load balancer (a) terminal voltage (b) load current
Fig. 10 simulation results (a) voltage waveform (b) current waveform (c) both voltage and current waveform across the dump load
In Fig10 (a), the magnitude of the generated voltage is almost zero between the time intervals of 0 second and 2
seconds. Thereafter, the resistive load 98 Ω (Load-A) and another load (Load-B) of 98 Ω is adding to the
generator terminals at 2 seconds and 5 seconds respectively. Thereupon the variation in voltage and current is
illustrates in Fig 10(a) and Fig10 (b) respectively. In fig.10(c) illustrates the voltage and current variation across
the dump load. Therefore, the power consumed by the load balancer also changed.
Fig. 11 illustrates the simulation results of the controller circuit. In Fig11 (a) illustrate the voltage reduced
voltage magnitude of the generator, which is used to convert the direct voltage signal by using a bridge rectifier.
Its output illustrates in Fig.11(c). If any ripples are present, by adding the capacitive filter the ripples has been
removed and then a pure d.c voltage can be obtain across the capacitor (shown in Fig.11 (d)). The feed back d.c
voltage signal and reference signals are summing up and the error signal (Fig.11(e)) has to b e applied to the
PWM pulse generator along with a ramp signal (shown in Fig.11(f)). Both signals have bee compared and
identify the pint of intersection of both signals by the hit block (Mat lab/Simulink building block). The output of
the Hit block is a pulse (shown in Fig.11 (g)) waveform, which is feeding to the d.c chopper switch directly.
However, the practical circuit it needs isolation between the power switch and the control signals.
Fig. 11 Simulation results of control circuit (a) sampled voltage waveform (b) rectifier voltage (c) capacitor voltage (d) sampled voltage at
sampling resistance (e) error voltage (f) comparing error and ramp pulse signal (e) triggering pulses
6. CONCLUSION
Simulation based performance study of a 3-Ø SEASG working as a stand-alone generator completed by using
the Mat lab /Simulink software environment, Voltage regulation of the generator also completed by using load-
balancing technique of d.c chopper circuit. The basic of the load balancing technique has reviewed by using the
fundamental concept of d.c chopper circuit. Thereon this study concludes the control technique is a simple, easy
to control and able to store the duped power in an energy storing devices like battery, capacitor etc…, Instead of
wasting the power in the dup load it can recycle for electric utility like a heater.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledge the management of Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, India, 632014 for
their support and keen interest in promoting the research and development in the power electronics division by
providing all the required facilities and resources.
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