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13
Michael Good
Jan 14, 2005
Problem 1.4
Each of three charged spheres of radius a one conducting, one having a uniform
charge density within its volume, and one having a spherically symmetric charge
density that varies radially as rn (n > −3), has a total charge Q. Use Gauss’s
theorem to obtain the elctric fields both inside and outside each sphere. Sketch
the behavior of the fields as a function of radius for the first two spheres, and
for the third with n = −2, +2.
Solution:
because
Z
Q= ρ(r)dV
V
we then have
Q
E · (Area) =
0
~ = Q
E r̂
4π0 r2
1
for outside the conducting sphere, r > a. And actually, this is the case for
outside all three spheres, as outside, the total charge for all three are the same Q.
~ = Qr
r<a E r̂
4π0 a3
for inside a sphere of uniform charge density.
The electric field inside a sphere having spherically symmetric charge density
varying radially as rn (n > −3) is found by
Z
1
r < a E · 4πr2 = krn dV
0
Z
4πk
E · 4πr2 = rn+2 dr
0
krn+1
E= r̂
0 (n + 3)
To find k, we use
Z a
Q= ρ(r)dV
0
Z a
Q = 4πk rn+2 dr
0
Q(n + 3)
k=
4πan+3
Thus
n+1
~ = Q r
r<a E r̂
4π0 an+3
for inside a sphere of spherically symmetric charge density that varies radi-
ally as rn (n > −3).
2
Conducting sphere sketch:
Problem 1.5
q e−αr αr
Φ= (1 + )
4π r 2
where q is the magnitude of the electronic charge, and α−1 = a0 /2, a0 being
the Bohr radius. Find the distribution of charge( both continuous and discrete)
that will give this potential and interpret your result physically.
Solution:
3
q 1 ∂ 2 ∂ e−αr αe−αr
∇2 Φ = 2
(r )[ + ]
4π0 r ∂r ∂r r 2
Using the product rule on the first term, and setting ∇2 Φ = −ρ/0 we
obtain,
q 1 ∂ −αr 2 ∂ 1 1 ∂ 1 ∂ α2 r2 −αr
ρ=− [ 2 (e r ( )) − 2 (αre−αr ) − 2 ( e )]
4π r ∂r ∂r r r ∂r r ∂r 2
The product rule gives us 6 terms from this.
q −αr 1 ∂ 2 ∂ 1 α3 −αr
ρ=− [e (r )( ) + e ]
4π r2 ∂r ∂r r 2
Using our delta function equation for the first term
q α3 −αr
ρ=− [−4πδ(~r) + e ]
4π 2
q 3 −αr
ρ = qδ(~r) − α e
8π
Physically, this is the point charge of the proton nucleus represented by the
delta function at the center of the atom, surrounded by the negative electron
cloud.
4
Problem 1.6
Solution:
For two conducting sheets, Griffiths (pg 105) does a fine job explaining what
happens. Gauss’s law is used to find the electric field.
I
~ · d~a = Qenc
E
0
Z
E~ · d~a = 2A|E|
~
~ = σA
2A|E|
0
~ = σ n̂
E
20
The electric field between the plates is
σ
E=
0
as the fields cancel outside the plates, but contribute inside. We are looking
for capacitance,
Q
C=
V
and the potential difference is
5
Z d
V = ~ · d~l = σd = Qd
E
0 0 0 A
Thus
A0
C=
d
For two conducting spheres, Griffiths ex 2.11 explicitly derives the capaci-
tance. We know from Gauss’s law the electric field between the two shell’s from
the problem I just did, Jackson 1.4.
~ = 1 Q
E r̂
4π0 r2
So we only need the potential, because C = Q/V .
Z a Z a
~ ~ Q 1 Q 1 1
V =− E · dl = − 2
dr = ( − )
b 4π0 b r 4π0 a b
Therefore
Q ab
C= = 4π0
V b−a
For two conducting cylinders, we use Gauss’s law to find the electric field
I
~ · d~a = Q
E
0
~ Q
|E|2πlL =
0
~ = Q
E ŝ
2πlL0
Finding the potential difference as before,
Z a Z a
~ ~ Q 1 Q b
V =− E · dl = − dl = ln
b 2πL 0 b l 2πL 0 a
Therefore,
Q 2πL0
C= =
V ln ab
For part (d) we just use the above formula and plug and chug into a calcu-
lator, making the appropriate unit conversions.
0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C 2 /N m2
b
2π0 = 3 × 10−11 ln
.5 × 10−3
6
b = 3.2 × 10−3
The diameter is twice this, so our first answer is
d1 = 6.4 × 10−3 m
Prove the mean value theorem: For charge-free space the value of the electro-
static potential at any point is equal to the average of the potential over the
surface of any sphere centered on that point.
Solution:
7
because ∇2 (1/R) = −4πδ(x − x0 ). Take a look at the second integral
Z Z
1 2 0 3 0 1 ρ 3 0
− ∇ Φ(x )d x = d x =0
V R V R 0
because there is no charge in the volume we are integrating. Charge-free
volume. The third integral:
I I
∂ 1 1
Φ(x0 ) ( )d2 x0 = − Φ(x0 ) 2 d3 x0
S ∂n R S R
This is looking familiar, and we should feel on the right track. But what
about the fourth integral?
1 ∂Φ(x0 ) 2 0
I I I
1 1 ~ 0 2 0
− d x = − (∇Φ(x0 ) · n̂0 )d2 x0 = (E · n̂ )d x
S R ∂n S R S R
8
Solution:
ψ → Φ0 φ→Φ
and not forgetting equation (1.28)
ρ ρ0
∇2 Φ = − ∇ 2 Φ0 = −
0 0
and remembering the interpretation of the normal derivative of the potential
derived from boundary conditions to yeild a surface-charge density, as explained
most elegantly in section 2.3.5 in Griffiths
∂Φ ∂Φ0
σ = 0 σ 0 = 0
∂n ∂n
we have Z I
2 2 3 ∂ψ ∂φ
(φ∇ ψ − ψ∇ φ)d x = [φ − ψ ]da
V S ∂n ∂n
go ahead and replace ψ and φ and rearrange terms:
∂Φ0
Z I Z I
∂Φ
− Φ0 ∇2 Φd3 x + Φ0 da = − Φ∇2 Φ0 d3 x + Φ da
V S ∂n V S ∂n
plugging in, we get
ρ0 3 σ0
Z I Z I
0 ρ 3 0 σ
Φ d x+ Φ da = Φ d x+ Φ da
V 0 S 0 V 0 S 0
Cancel out the 0 ’s and voila, Green’s reciprocation theorem:
Z Z Z Z
ρΦ0 d3 x + σΦ0 da = ρ0 Φd3 x + σ 0 Φda
V S V S
Problem 1.13
Solution:
9
Z Z Z Z
0 3 0 0
ρΦ d x + σΦ da = 3
ρ Φd x + σ 0 Φda
V S V S
to prove the top plate has a charge
l
Qtop = −q
d
where l is the distance from the bottom plate, in the z direction. The hint is
trying to get us to use the electrostatic potential for a parallel plate capacitor.
That is
z
Φ0 = V
d
Where V is the potential of the top plate, and z is the distance from the
bottom plate. As we may plug in, we can see this works for
z = 0 → Φ0bot = 0
z = d → Φ0top = V
For the unprimed case with the charge in the middle, Jackson equation (1.6)
gives us the charge density by means of a delta function. Also, the potentials
vanish because the plates are grounded.
X
ρ(~x) = qi δ(~x − x~i ) = qδxδyδz − l
i=1
Φtop = Φbot = 0
So for the primed case with no charge in the middle we have together:
ρ0 = 0
z
Φ0 = V
d
Plugging the Φ = 0 into Green’s reciprocation theorem for the surface inte-
gral and ρ0 = 0 we get:
Z I
ρΦ0 d3 x + σΦ0 d2 x = 0
V S
Plugging ρ and separating the surface integral for the two plates yields
Z I I
qδ(x)δ(y)δ(z − l)Φ0 d3 x + σbot Φ0bot d2 x + σtop Φ0top d2 x = 0
V Sbot Stop
10
Z I I
z
qδ(x)δ(y)δ(z − l)V d3 x + σbot [0]d2 x + σtop [V ]d2 x = 0
V d Sbot Stop
This is
I
l
Vq +0+V σtop d2 x = 0
d Stop
l
Vq + V Qtop = 0
d
So we have
l
Qtop = −q
d
11