Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
(M1G406242)
(Session)
2010-11
MODULE HANDBOOK
(Semester A)
Module Leader
(Geetha Achuthan)
PREFACE
This module hand out is intended to provide you with a concise guide in respect of
M1G406242 Computer Architecture .This is intended to present the basics involved in this
module and it remains as a course guide to achieve the module objective. It is
recommended that the student to go through the text books and reference books that
referred under each chapter in order to have full understanding of the module. In this
handout, you will find information and advice that should prove helpful as you progress
through the module.
Grateful acknowledgement is made to all the authors whose works has been cited as
examples from their books, journals and projects.
Geetha Achuthan
Module Leader
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART A
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART B- MODULE NOTES
CHAPTER NOCHAPTER TITLEPAGE NO
1
Computer Systems111.1Introduction 111.2Computer Systems111.3Exercises
121.4Indicative Reading and References 122Data
Representation132.1Introduction 142.2Data Representation142.3Exercises
152.4Indicative Reading and References 153Computer
Operation163.1Introduction 163.2Computer operation163.3Exercises
173.4Indicative Reading and References 174Methods of executable
programs184.1Introduction 184.2Methods of executable programs184.3Exercises
194.4Indicative Reading and References 195Fundamentals of Computer
Architecture205.1Introduction 20
5.2
Methods of Network architecture205.3
Exercises
215.4Indicative Reading and References 21 6 Assignment
22
1. Module Details
2. Introduction
Chapter1 provides an idea about computer organization and architecture and also provides
a brief history of the development of computers from early systems to present-day systems.
The binary number system and digital codes are fundamental to digital electronics. Chapter2
shows how the different data types found in digital computers are represented in binary form
in computer registers, and on the binary coding of symbols used in data processing.
Chapter3 describes the organization and architecture CPU, a part of a computer that
performs the bulk of data processing operations from the user’s view.
Chapter4 explains about the major techniques such as pipelining, parallel processing that
are used to increase the computational speed of a computer system and thus its
performance.
The main aim of this module is to introduce the concepts underlying computer systems
(hardware) and to provide a foundation for succeeding computer technology studies.
• Understand the different Digital codes used in digital computers and their
relationship.
• Explain the various binary codes and Error detection codes used in data processing.
• Describe the basic structure of computer hardware and the functional operation of
each unit of a computer.
• Understand the concept of pipelining and the way how it speeds-up processing.
• Understand the basic hardware and software involved in making a network and
layered models used in computer network.
4. Syllabus
Computer Systems:
Difference between Organization and Architecture, A brief history of Computers.
Data representation
Data Types, Complements, Fixed point representation, Floating point representation,
Other binary codes and Error detection codes.
Computer Operation:
General register organization, Stack Organization, Instruction formats, Addressing
modes, Program Control, RISC and CISC.
5. Learning Outcomes
Lectures will be used to introduce the theoretical concepts and introduce the key features of
the applications. A portion of laboratory time will be used to provide a forum for discussing
any problems with the theoretical material. Laboratory time will be used to provide
supervised practical exercises based on real examples from engineering applications to
reinforce the mechanisms described in theory, and, where possible, will be self-paced and
student centered. Directed learning will be used to prepare for and to consolidate lectures.
Week Date
commencing
from Lecture Programme
14 01 Dec 10 Revision
Assessment Strategy
Assessment Procedures
Written Test
1 Mid–term Test 20%
Total 100%
CHAPTER 1
Computer Systems
1.1 Introduction
This chapter provides an idea about computer organization and architecture and also
provides a brief history of the development of computers from early systems to present-day
systems.
1.3 Exercises
1. Distinguish the terms Computer Architecture and Computer Organization.
4. List out the various generations of computers along with their basic characteristics.
CHAPTER 2
Data Representation
2.1 Introduction
The binary number system and digital codes are fundamental to digital electronics. This
chapter shows how the different data types found in digital computers are represented in
binary form in computer registers. Majorly deals about how representation of numbers
employed in arithmetic operations, and on the binary coding of symbols used in data
processing.
Represent and solve problems based on 1’s, 2’s, 9’s, 10’s complements.
Explain the various binary codes and Error detection codes used in data processing.
1. Numbers
2. Alphabets
3. Discrete symbols
Number systems:
A number system of base, r (for example 10) is one that uses distinct symbols for r digits (0
to 9).The four main number systems that are commonly used in programming are:
2.2 .2 Complements
• Complements are used in computers for representing and manipulating negative
numbers.
• The two different types of Complements for a base r are
• Overflow: Overflow occurs when 2 numbers of n digits are added and the sum is n+ 1
digit. Overflow can be detected by observing the carry.
• If the most significant digit of the mantissa is nonzero, then a floating –point number
is said to be normalized.
• A set of subroutines will be in computers that are not having hardware for floating
point computations.
• Gray Code: Is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only
one bit.
• BCD (Binary- Coded Decimal): is an encoding for decimal numbers in which each
digit is represented by its own binary sequence. In BCD, four bits are generally used
to represent a digits 0 through 9.
• Excess-3 code: used on some older computers. In XS-3, numbers are represented
as decimal digits, and each digit is represented by four bits as the BCD value plus 3
(the "excess" amount).
• Weighted code: 2421 code is an example.
• ASCII Code: American Standard Code for Information Interchange is commonly used
for the binary information transmission.
• EBCDIC: Extended BCD Interchange uses 8 bits for each character.
• Parity bit is the most common error detection code which is generated at the sending
end by the parity generator. At the receiving end Parity checker will detects the error.
2.3 Exercises
1. Problems 1 to 5 in chapter 3 of Morris Mano, S., Computer System Architecture, 3rd
Edition ISBN 0-13-175563-3
3. Problem 22 in chapter 3 of Morris Mano, S., Computer System Architecture, 3rd Edition
ISBN 0-13-175563-3
CHAPTER 3
COMPUTER OPERATION
3.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the organization and architecture CPU, a part of a computer that
performs the bulk of data processing operations from the user’s view.
Understand the different types of instruction formats and the addressing modes used
to retrieve data from memory.
• For direct data transfers as well as for performing various micro operations
register organization is used.
• It comprises bus system, ALU, control unit, multiplexers, and decoder for its
operation
• Push (insertion of item) and pop (deletion of an item) are the two operations of a
stack.
• A set of rules defining the way the operands, data and addresses are arranged in
an instruction is known as instruction format.
Module Handbook (Computer Architecture) 2010-11 Rev: P16 | P a g e
00 Semester A age 1
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering
3.3 Exercises
Problems 3, 13, 14, 16 in Chapter 8 of Morris Mano, S., Computer System
Architecture, 3rd Edition ISBN 0-13-175563-3.
CHAPTER 4
4.1 Introduction
This chapter explains about the major techniques such as pipelining, parallel processing
that are used to increase the computational speed of a computer system and thus its
performance.
Understand the concept of pipelining and the way how it speeds-up processing.
4.2.2 Pipelining
• Pipeline processor can be used to implement any operation that can be decomposed
into a sequence of sub operations of the same complexity.
• By using instruction pipelining consecutive instructions can be read from the memory
while the previous instructions are being executed in some other segment.
• Three major conflicts of instruction pipelining are (i) Resource conflicts (ii) Data
dependency and (iii) Branch difficulties.
• It refers to two types of processors (i) Attached array processor (ii) SIMD Processor.
4.3 Exercises
1. Explain the terms (i) Parallel processing and (ii) Pipelining.
4. Explain the main features of (i) Vector Processing and (ii) Array Processing.
CHAPTER 5
5.1 Introduction
In the design of a computer network which is a backbone in today’s communication, different
systems comprising of hardware, software, protocol and devices are used to communicate
with one another. This chapter gives a brief about the fundamentals of network architecture.
Explain the seven layered and four layered models used in computer network.
• Control will be passed from one layer to the next starting at the application layer (top
layer) in one station, and proceeding to the (bottom layer) physical layer over the
channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy.
5.3 Exercises
1. Define computer network.
4. Explain the different layers of ISO OSI reference model used for computer
network with a diagram.
5. Explain the different layers of TCP/IP reference model used for computer network
with a diagram.
(i)Internet
(ii)Firewall
(iii)Intranet
Assignment
Aim of the assignment: To enable the student to study the different generation of
computers, computer operation.
Objective:
The Computer Architecture Assignment has been developed to allow the student to:
Task expected:
3. Briefly explain the characteristics of the following computer systems. Give two
examples for each category.
(i) Microcomputers
(iii) Supercomputers
(ii) TCP/IP
5. With the help of a flow chart explain the process of program execution.