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We have seen that associated with any particle is a matter wave called the
wave-function. How this wave-function affects our description of a particle and its
behavior is the subject of quantum mechanics, or wave mechanics. This scheme,
developed from 1925 to 1926 by Schrödinger, Heisenberg, and others, makes it
possible to understand a host of phenomena involving elementary particles, atoms,
molecules, and solids. In this and subsequent chapters, we shall describe the basic
features of wave mechanics and its application to simple systems. The relevant
concepts for particles confined to motion along a straight line (the x-axis) are
developed in the present chapter.

The wave-function ij contains within it all the information that can be

known about the particle. That basic premise forms the cornerstone of our
investigation: One of our objectives will be to discover how information may be
extracted from the wave-function; the other, to learn how to obtain this wave-
function for a given system. The currently held view connects the wave-function
ij with probabilities in the manner first proposed by Max Born in 1925.

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Wave equation must satisfy the requirements; the wave equation has many
solutions. Necessary quantity in quantum mechanics is the wave function å of it.
Although å itself does not have the interpretation of fission, the square of the
absolute magnitude | å | 2 (or equal to å å * If å complex) are looking at a certain
place at a time directly proportional to the chance to get it on the ground at the
time. Momentum, angular momentum, and energy of the object can be obtained
from å to object when freedom of movement is restricted by the action of external
forces.

In that incident, å wave function is complex, with real and imaginary parts,
the density of Probability | å | 2 is given by the product of å * å of å and complex

conjugate å *. Conjugate any complex function is obtained by replacing i (= X1

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with -1 everywhere conjugate complex was performed in the function. Every å
complex functions can be written in the form

Wave function å = A + B. With A and B are real functions. Conjugate å *

from å complex is:

Complex Conjugate å * = A-ib

Thus å * å = A2 -i2B2 = A2 + B2

Since i2 = -1. So å * å will always be a positive real quantity.

Even before we reviewed the initial calculations å, we can establish the

requirements that must be fulfilled. Because is proportional to the density P
Probability to get objects described by å, integral to the entire space should be
finite objects must be obtained in one place. If

 2


a 0

Particles do not exist, and its integral clearly can not be ’ and still means
2
something; * not be negative or complex because of the way undefined, so the

only possibility left is a finite quantity that å indeed describe real objects.

2
Usually easier for us to take * the same density (density) P Probability

to obtain particles described by å, rather than simply proportional to P. If equal to

P, it is true that:

 2

Normalization



a 1

(1)

Because

a
X
1

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 Is a mathematical statement that the particle exists somewhere for every
moment. The number of all the Probability that might be specific.

Wave function which satisfies the equation (1) we say normalized. Any
wave function that can be used to divert it with constant normalized with the
appropriate; we will see immediately how this is done.

Besides can be normalized, single-å be valuable, since P is only a single

value at a certain place and time, and continuous. Review momentum give
è* è* è*
provided that the partial derivatives , , must be finite, continuous and
è
è èù
single valuable. Only wave functions with these properties can yield meaningful
results if used physics data calculations, so only the wave functions are well
behaved are allowed as a mathematical representation of real objects.

If we already have a wave function Ȍ is normalized and accepted, the

chance (probability) of particles obtained in a particular area is the integral density
of Probability | Ȍ | 2 in that area to volume. For the particle motion is confined to
the x-direction, the opportunity to obtain particles between x1 and x2 are:



Probability  Ȍ
 (2)

Schrodinger equation which is the basic equation of quantum mechanics is

similar to the laws of motion as a fundamental equation in Newton¶s mechanics, is
the wave equation in the variable Ȍ. Wave equation:





 




which specifies the wave with quantity variable y which propagates in x

direction with speed v. In the case of waves on a rope that damped, y states of the
x-axis shift rope; in the case of sound waves, y express the pressure difference, in
the case of light waves, y can express the amount of electric or magnetic field.

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Wave equation as above was revealed in a book and mechanical wave mechanics
to electricity and magnetism in the book of electromagnetic waves.

Solving the equation can vary, stating the various waves that can happen -
a pulse (pulse) that run, a line that has the superposition wave amplitude and the
same wavelength, a series of wave superposition with amplitude and a different
wavelength, a standing wave in rope both ends tied, and so forth. All solutions
should be shaped:

  ( › )
J

With the F is a function that can be differentiation. Solving F (tx / v) states

the wave that runs in the direction + x, and solving (t + x / v) state traveling wave
in the direction-x.

Our interest in the wave equivalent of a free particle is a particle that does
not have style, so take a straight path with constant speed. These constants
correspond to solving equation (3) for harmonic monochromatic waves
(monochromatic with constant angular frequency) is not damped in the direction +
x,


àš

In this formula y is a complex quantity that has a real part (real) and
imaginary parts (imaginary). Because

 cos × X  sin × (5)

The equation above can be written in the form



  cos ( X ) X à sin ( X ) (6)
J J

Only the real part of equation 6 (the same as equation 5) has important
significance for the case of waves on a damped rope, with y states shift rope from
the normal position, in this case the imaginary part discarded.

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(x,y,z,t): Contains all of information about particles obeyed the

uncertainty principle. The information is expressed in a probability and not as the
certain quantity.

For example, the average position
of some identical particles are

distributed so that will be particle  at
 and so on. For make the clearly
procedure, we must first ask however the average position  of the identical
particles that distributed along the
-axis so that will be particle  at
 and so on.

X  1
 2  2
..... ; àà

 
 1
 2
..... ; à

Substitute the value Ni from particle Xi with probability Pi that can be

catch on the unit of time of dx at Xi.

à  ¦*¦ 2 a

So

(
)a
 ¦ (
) ¦ 2 a

By 1 as the function of particle wave at
=
1. By substituting it and

change the amount with integral, we see the single particle position will be:

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i  
 


If * is the normalized wave function, the denominator in the previous

equation will be equal with the probability about the particle exist somewhere
between
= - to
= , so the value will be 1.

The probability to find the particle between
 and
 will be:

2
2

(
)a

¦* (
)¦ a
1

2

1
1

If the existance of particle is 100%, so:

2

¦* (
)¦
2
a
 1

1

Then, the expectation value of the single particle will be:


¦
!
¦ 2 a

<x>= !

 ¦
!
¦ 2 a

!

!
From the equation of
¦*¦ 2 a
, the particle will be found between x=-!
X!

and x=! so:

¦*¦
2
a
=1, then
X!

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 ! !

¦*¦ a

¦*¦
a
,

2 2


J 
X! X!

For the function of some quantity G(x), the expectation value will be:

!
<G(x)>=
 (
)¦ ¦ 2 a

!

 ‘ ‰‰ 

Beisser, A. 1995. f

 àà a

. Erlangga: Jakarta

Serway, R. 2005.  a

 ààaaàà
Thomson Learning, Inc: United
States

Sutopo. 2003. 


 ààf
 Jurusan Fisika FMIPA UM: Malang

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