ACTIVE PACKACINC 283

Table 9.1 Scl((r(J c\"n,tl(\, r : \ r r \u t r . t J ! r n ! \ \ \ r e r n \

A c t i v e t . c k . r g i n gs y s r c n )

I Active packaging uxygcn scr!cnicrs l-,r.rd. crk.\.

biseuil\. pi/a.
cookcd dce.
prsl!. chcese.
Brian P.F. Day n r c l a l( e . B p l r t i n u r ) . r t r l l s l cur.d nrcrl\ rnd lish. collic.
r s . ( r b ! l c / r r e t x l lr . \ ! ' l l s \nlrek Ii!{l!. dricJ li!d\ rnd

i r o nr x i d r / . r l r [ r n rh \ d r o \ i d c .oll,:r- ii.sh rIrt' rnJ li\h.

s c i r \! ' n g c \r/ e r I l l . r \ l e ( i u sc t | lb t , r i r l c / ' r . l t | lh r l i , l r nul \ rn,llnher \r rl li!i(l
).1 Introduction c ! l e i u r r o \ r c l e / r rl r \ r l f d ( h ! r . o a l f r ( ) d L ' (r \ r n d \ p , n ! . erkc\
! s c o rb r t r / t o d i u n rh r ! r r b { ) n t l l r

Active packagingrefersto thc incolpolation oi ccftain additivesinto packaging E r h y | l r n .s r r \ c n g e N l ( ) h s s i u r r )f c rn r : L l | \ r ( l r L ri l . r , r S c r i r b l . \ l n t l ( n h c l

h ( i r t i ! u l t u r i rpl r o d u e r .
f i l m o r w i t h i n p a c k a g i n gc o n t a i n e l sw i t h t h c a i m o l n a i n l a i n i n ga n c e l xtending
r ! r i \ u r c ( l. l | \ s / / c ( ) l r l . r
:roduct shclf lite (Day. 1989). Packaging nay be ternred active u,hen it
P r c s c\ rr l i \ . r . l & r s c r . (.fcLrls. lrrcrts. lrsh- brcrd.
rerfbrnrs some desired role in fixrd preservationother than providing un inelr
ehrcsc. snn.k llr)d\.llufi rnd
r a r r i e rt o e x t e r n a lc o n d i t i o n s( R n o n e y .1 9 9 5 tH o t c h k i s s .1 9 9 , 1 )A. c t i v e p a c k , sti!c rnd hcrb.rur.r\
.rgingincludesadditivesor.ficslrrrt'.ss cnltrutcrs that are cilpableof scavenging U l l A / B lI I r n l i o \ i d r n r \
rxygen; adsorbing carbon dioxide, rrroisture. cthylcnc and/or fl!r\,our/odorrr \ i r i r ni n
r I: rnrr()\i,hnl
.aints:rcleasingethanol. s(nbatcs. antioxidantsand/Or'othcr presen'atires:and/or \ o h r r l . r l r l ( !i n . d i ( ) \ r , l c /
sulplr r di('\rdc
rnaintainingterrperature control. Table 9.1 lists exanrples ol active packaging
,ystems. somc of which nray ofter extencletl shelf lile opponunilics lirr ncu' Elhrnol.nrirr.r\ L r l e o h ,!)pl r l \ f i / / n . r u \ t \ . e x k c \ .h r r r { 1 .
encrt\uhlL(l rllrrrr)l h i s e u i r sl.i \ h r n d h n l r r )
:ategoriesof fbod producls(Day. I9tt9. 200 | : Rooncv. 199-5).
Active packaging has been used $,ith nlany fixrd prodLrctsuntl is beinq
N l o i s l L r cn b \ ( nh c r \ l r s h .r r r r l s .l n r l t r \ . \ r r x ( l
testedwith nunrerollsothers.Table 9.1 lists some of the lilrd applicationsth;it r r r r \l l c d ! l ! \ s r n i l n r r . r a l s roods. cr.als.dricd iir)d\.
have benefltedll-orn active packaging tcchnology. lt shoLrldbe noted that rll s l n d * i c h c s .l n t i t r n d
fbod prodttctshavc l r.rnirlue dcteriorationrneclranisrnthlrt rlust be rrnclerstooii
belbreapplying this techndogy. (Chapter2 discussesbiodcterioratil)nol li)ods I : h \ o u r / ( r l 0 L rrrd \ ( i r h u s .rlluk)\c I rilc.tilrc l r ui r t u i . c \ .l r i c d \ n r e k
r n d C h a p t e rJ d i s c u s s e fsi r o t lq u r l i t v i s s u c s .T ) h e s h e l f l i f e o f p a c k a g c dl i x ) d r i r x l ' . l i \ h . . . r e r l s .I l ) l | l r ' i .
is dependenton numcroLrsfictors sLrchas the intrinsic natLrrcot the lixrd. { h i r! p ' ( ! l u . l s! r J l r u rl
l e r( ) L r ss r l l h \ c ( f h r l c
:.g. acidity (pH), water activity (.r,.). nutrientcontent.occurrenceof antlnlrcro
! ( r l \ N . d . i [ b o n / fL r \ \ / , , . o l i r r \
bial compounds,redox potential.respirationrate and biological strLtcture.aod
T r r r p u r n l u r c. o r l r o l n(n $()\cn llnslre\ r . ! d ) n r e x l s r. r Q t s . l i s h .
: x t r i n s i ct a c t o r s e . l a t i v eh L r n i d i t y( R H ) a n d t h e s u r r o u t r d i n g
, . g .t c n l p e r a t u r er e
c n ) u b l cw u l l c d c r ) n t l i n . r s t o L r l t r yr n c l b c \ r f t l ! c s
EaseousconrpositiOn.These lactors u,ill directly influence the chcrnicll. h)'d()lluir(Jerrhon Sr\
b i o c h e m i c a lp, h y s i c a la n d r r i c r o b i o l o g i c asl p o i l a g er r e c h a n i s m so l i o d i v i d u l Linr!/$ irlcl
l o o d p r o d u c t sa n d t h e i r a c h i e v a b l es h c i l l i v e s . B y c a r e l u l ) yc o n s i t l e r i n gall oi' i r n l r r r r u f i l | ] 1 l l c / \ \r l c r
t h e s ef a c t o r si,t i s p o s s i b l et o e ! a l u a t ee x i s t i n ga n d d e v c l o p i n ga c t i v ep a c k a g i n g
t e c h n o l o g i eas n d a p p l y t h e m l i r l n r a i n t a i n i n -rrh e q u a l i t y a n d e x r e n d i n gt h c
rhelf Iil'eofdifferenr fbod prodLrcts{Day, l9U9).
A c t t v e p a c k a g i n gi s r r o t s v n o n y m o L rws i t h i n t c l l i g e n to r s r n a n p a c k a g i n g . producttr-aceability (Sunrners. lc)92:Day. 2(X)l). Intelligentpackagingdevices
which refers to packaging that sensesand intbrrns (SLlntntcrs.1992: Day. inclLrde time-1e rrlpcrature ildicilt(ns. uas scnsing dyes. Inicrobial growth
2 0 0 1 ) . I n t e l l i g e n tp a c k a g i n gd e v i c e sa r c c a p a b l eo l s c n s i n ga n d p r o v i d i n g indicators.physicalshock indicators.and nuneroLrsexamplcsof tanrperproof.
Intormationaboutthe tlnction and plopertiesol packagedfixrd and cau provicie a n t i - c o U o t e r l e i t i nagn d a n t i t h e f i t e c h n o l o g i e s I. n f b r n r a t i o no n i n t e J l i g e n t
l s s u r a n c eosf p a c k i n t e g r i t y .t a n r p e re v i d e n c ep. r o d u c ts a l e t vl n d q u a l i t ) . l t l r d packagingtechnologvcan be obtainetllrcrn olhcr reterencesourccs(Sumnrers.
l r e b e i n g u t i l i s e di n a p p l i c a t i o n s u c h l s p r o d u c ta l t t h e n t i c i t ya. n t i t h c l t l n c l J 9 9 2 :D a y . 1 9 9 . 12. 0 0 I ) .
284 FOOD PACKACING TECHNOLOCY AC NVE PACKACINC t85

inadvertentlysettingoff in-line metal detectorsis also alleviatedeven though

It is not the intentionof this chapterto extensivelyreview all active packaging
somc rrroderndetectorscan now be tunedto phaseout the scavengersignalwhilst
technologiesbut rather to describethe ditlerent types of devices.the scientitlc
retatnlng high sensitivity fbr ferroLrsand non-lenous metallic contrml|lrnl\
principlesbehind them. thc principal tixrd applicationsand the tirod satety and
( A n o n . 1 9 9 5 ) .N o n m e t a l l i cs c a v e n g c risn c l u d et h o s et h a t u s eo r g a n i cr e d u c i n g
regulatery issues that need to be consideredby potential users. The nrajor
ugents sLrchas ascorbic acid. ascorbatesalts or catcchol. They also rncltrclc
fbcusof this chapteris on oxygen scavengcrsbtrt othcr lctit'e packagingtechno-
e n z l n t i c o x y g e n s c i l ! e n g e rs y s t e n t su r i n g e i t h c r e l u c o s eo x i d l s e o r e t h l n o l
lQgies are alstr tliscussedand some recetrtdeveloptrtentshighliilhted. More
oxidaseuhich could be incorporlteclioto srchet\.ldlresivc labelsor iurnrrrbiliseil
{etailed inforrnationon active packagingcan be ob(ainedfrttnr the nttnler<tus
o n t o p a c l a g i n gI i l n r s u r l i r c c '(sH u D r e . l t . ) 9 6 ) .
reterenceslisted.
O x y g e n s c r v e n g e l su e r e l i r s t n r l r l e r e d i n . l a p a ni n 1 9 7 ( r b vt h c ' N l i t s t r b j s l t i
(ias ClhemicalCo. Ltd unde'r'tl'rf tnrde r)an)eAge)essrNr.Since rhen. sert'r'ul
o t h e rJ a p a n e sceo r n p a n i c isn c l u d i n gT o p p a nP l i n t i n g( i r . l . t d a n d ' I ' o y t S r eiLan
9.2 Oxygen scaYengers
K a i s h aL t d h a v ee n t c r e dt h e n l i i r k e lb u t M i t s L t b i s hsi t i l l d o n l i r l r t e st h e o x l s c n
scavcngerbusinessin Japln with a nrlrket sharcof 7-17 (Rooncy. 1995).Ox)gen
Oxygen can have considerablcdetritrtentaleffectsorl lixrds.Oxygen scavengers
scavengertechnology has been srrcccssfirJ in Japan lbr I vlriety ol reasons
can therelbrehelp maintaintbod productquality by decrcasingiot)d Iretabolisnr.
i n c l u c l i n gt h e a c c c p t a n cbey J a p a n c s ce o n s L l t n e rosf i n n o v a t i r ep a c k r g i n ga n c l
reducingoxidative rancidity.inhibiting unclesirable oxidationol labilc pignrents
and inhibiting lhc growlh tr1' t h c h o l a n d h u m i d c l i n r a t ei n J a p a n d u r i n g t h e s u n l r n c rn t o n t h s .t r h i c h i :
and vitanrins,controlJingenzytlricdiscolortriition
( D a y . R o o n c y . 1 9 95) conducive to rnould spoiiage oi li\)d product\. In contrast to thc .lrpiltr{sc
a e r o b i cr t i c r o o r g a n i s n r s 1 9 1 J 92.0 0 1 :
market.the acccptalnceol oxygcn \c!ven{ers in Nonh Antclica lnil Etrrope
Oxygen scavengersare by tar the tnostcotlrntetciallj'importrntstlb cllcgory
h a sb c c n s k r w . a l t h o u g hs e v c r l l n l l n u l u c t u t c f sa n d d i s t r i b L l l o f (\ ) 1 ( ) x l l . t c r l
ol active packaging.The global tnalkct lirt.oxl'gen5c!l\cnlcrs was cstirnatcdto
\ e a v c n l e r sr r r ' n o r v c s t a b l i s h e di n h o t h t h c \ e c o o t i t ' t c n 1asn d s l r l c ' sh a r c b c c r t
e x c e e dl 0 b i l l i o n t r n i t si n J a p a n .s e v e r a hl L r n d l c cnlt i l l i o r ti n t h e L j S A a n d t e n s
e s t i D l x t e1 d 0 b c g r o u i o g r t n r a ( c( r t l 0 ' . i a r r r r u u l l(vR o o n e v .l ( ) ( . ) : ) .I - i r h l c9 . 1
o f n t i l l i o n s i n E u r o p ei n 1 9 9 6( A r t o n . 1 9 9 ( r R : o o n c ) . I t ) 9 8 ) .T h e c l o b a l \ ' a l t r e
l i s t \ \ c l c c t e dn l a u u l l c t L t r c ltsr n <tl l a t l er r a n r c o s l o \ ) ! l t ' D s c r \ c n g c f \ .i r r c l L r c l i r r g
o I t h i s r n : t r k eitn I 9 9 ( rv r a se s ( i l l i i t e d t o e x c e e d$ ] ( X )r r r i l l i o nr t r d i s p t c c l i c t etdo
( o n r n l ! ' r c i r r l i s a l i to)tn o x l g c t r s r r r r c n : : i t l g s o n r cs h i c l r a r c s l i l l u n ( l c rr . l err. ' lrrp r n u t to r h l r r r ' b e e n s u s p e r r r l ehdt ' r ' i r u srcr l
t o p $ l b j l l i o n b y 2 0 0 2 .T h e r e c e n l
r e g l r l i r t ( r ' cy o n t r o l \ { R r ) ( ) r ) e }1. q 9 5 . l 9 t ) l l i C a s t l c . I 9 9 6 : A n o n . l ' ) ' ) 7 . I 9 ( ) S :
polyethyleneterephthalate{PET) bottles.b()llls !it|s antl crowns tirt becrs and
()ther bc!crages has contribLrtcdto this gro$lh t,\notl. I{)9(r: Rooney. 19913: G l a s ki n . 1 9 9 7) .
I t s h o L r l db c n o t s d t h t t d i s c r t ' t co x y g e ns c a v c n g i n gs a c h e l \\ L r l l c rl l ( ) D rt h c
D a y .l 0 0 l ) .
d i s a d v a n t l r co f p o s s i b l ca c c i d c n t uiln g e s t i o no f t h e c o u t c n l sb v t h s c o n \ l l l c l '
The nost rvell known oxy-ucrlscaveltllcr\ lil[s the lilrnr ol stlrlll sachels
a n d t h i \ h l s h a n r p e l c dt h e i rc o n r l r c r c i l i \l u c c e s sp. l r t i c L r l a r l iyn N o r t h A r r r e r i c r r
containing various iron based porvdcls cottrbitretlwith a suilrble catalyst
a n d E t t r o p e .l l o r v e v e r .i n t h c l a s t f e w y e a r s . t h e d e v e l o p r n e not l o r l ' g c n
Thesechcmical systcnrsolien react !vith rvrter suppliedby the firod to produce
s c a \ c n s i n ga d h e s i V el a b c l st h a t c a o b e a p p l i e dt o t h e i n s i d eo 1 p a c k a g e su n c l
a reactive hydrated meta]Jicreducing agent that scovengcsoxygr'lr !\lthitl th!'
the incorporalion of oxygen scavcnring nlaterials into lantiuatcd trrys iind
lbod packageand irreversiblyconvens it 1()a stableoxide. The iron po$'der ls
p l a s t i cl i l m s h a v e e n h a n c c da n d r v i l l e n c o u r a g ct h e c o l n n ' t e r c i aalc c e p t u n crer l
separatedfrom the food by kccping it in a snrall. highly oxygerr permeabJe
thislechnolog)F . o r c x a m p ) eM . u l k s & S p e n c eL r t d w c r et h e f i r s t U K r c t l L i l e r
sachetthlt is labelled Do trut ((1. Thc main ild\ ilntlge of using such ox1'gcn
scavengersis that thcy arc capable ol ledLrcingox)'1]cnlevels to lc\\ lhirn to use oxvgcn scavengingadhcsivc labels lirr a range of sliced cookcd itnd
c o r e dn e a t a n d p o u l t r yp r o ( l u c t sw h i c h a l c p a i c u l a r l ys c l s i t i v et o < l e l e t e l i o u :
0 . 0 1 7 cw h i c h i s r r t u c hl o w e r t h a n t h c t y p i c r l 0 . 1 l . 0 c i r e : i d u n lo x y g e n I e r c l s
l i g h t a n c lo x y c e n - i n d u c e d c o l o u r c h a n r : c s1 D a t . 2 0 0 1 ) . O t h e r U K l c t a i l c l s -
achievablh e v m o d i f i e da t m o s p h e r pe a c k u g i n g( M A I ) ) . O x l g e n s c a v c n g e rcsr l r
distrihulols and cnterersitrc nou,Lrrint theselahe'lstbr the above firnrl prorlucts
b e t t s e da l o n e o l i r r c o r n t r i n a t i o n u ' i t h M A P . T h e i t L r s ca l o n a c l i r l l i r l a l c st h c
n e e df o l M A P r l l c h i n e r y a n d c a n i n c r c a s cp r e k a g i r r gs p e e t l sH. o w c r c t , i t t . . r a s r v e l l a r t o r c ( ) l l c c .p i z z a s .s p e c i i r l i t yb a k c r yg o o d sa n c ld r i e d l r x r t l i n r r e t l i
corrnton comnrcrcia)praeticc to renrove r)ro\t ()l thc altttosphericoxygen b1' e n l \ ( H i r s l . 1 9 9 8 ) .O t h c r c o n t n t o n l i r o d a p p l i c a r i o n sl i r r o x y g c n \ c i r v e n g L ' l
N ' l A Pa n d t h e n u s ea r e l a t i v e l ys n r a l la n d i D c x p e n s ier \ c a v e n B c tro r l l . | t r Pt h c l l r b c l sa n d s a c h e t si n c l u r . j cL : a l e s .b l c a d s , b i s c L r i t sc. r o i s s a n t sf,r e s h p l s l i t s .
r e s i d u aol x y g e nr t n t a i r r i n gw i t h i n t h e f b o i i p l c k i r g el l d o ) . 1 9 9 3 ) . c u r e t l t i s h . t e a . p o w d e l e dr n i l k . d l i e d e g g . s p i c e s .l r c r b s .c o n l e c { i o n c l tl n t l
s n l c k l i x r d ( l ) a y . 2 ( X ) l ) . I n J a p i r l -T o y o S c i k a n K u i s h al - t d h a r e n r a r k c t c rilr
N o n - n e t a l t i co x y g e r ls c a v c n g e r hs a v e r l s u t r c e nd e v e l o p c dt o t l l e \ i l t L -t h L '
p o t e n l i a l b r r r e t a l l i ct a i n t sb e i n g i. r r p a r l c d1 1 tvl r l r qpl r o d u c t s T . he pr,'hlen,rl' l a m i n a ( cc o n t a i n i n ga l e r l o l r so x v ! : e n\ c r v e n g e rr v h i c hc a n b e t h e r r t r o t o l r l c d
286 FOOD PACKACINC TECHNOLOCY
ACTIVE PACKACINC 287

T a b l c 9 . 2 S e l e ! r r dc o n ) n r € ' c i aol r l s r n s r ) ! c n g c r s y \ r c m s
High-barrier
lid

Counrfy T r . r d en l n r c Prckrrinrlorm
L l | l \ u h r s hC
i rs Chenri.rl
Co. Lrd
T o p p i n P r i n t i n !C o L r d Iicshrli/fl
OXYGUARD--tray
] i , a ! o s ! i C J ) , ) Dl)r J L r s r , \
Co Lld
Nitpon S( r Cr) Lrd
Finclc(('o I ld
T o y o S c i l , a nK i u s h r L r d
M u l r i s o r bl . c h n o l o ! r c s US,\ FreshNlr\ l!bcl\
In!.
l-rc\h P.Lfl lrb!ls
Healsea ablelayer
Cibr Spc(irlil) t s,\ Shcll plu. t'ET eofol)rsrcr pl.Niic lrl'll
Chcrric.rls
C h c \ r ( J n( l r r r r l i ! i r l s t r sA I'lrslr(lilI r
Ov/-\ ^--lrll.\
\_,/ ( ) v z---r\_/ Oxygenabsorbtnglayer
W.R crrlc Co. Lrd L S,\ \ ./ \--,/ I l
. \,-/ .
Barrierlayer(EVOH)
F ( x t r lS { r c n c cA u s r r r l r t L / zaR(.rl
Vr\] llilu\trcs

CNIB T,:.lrnoir'!r.s Prolecllayer

S l r n d L lrn d u s l r ( Ar(o
O\).irll
I : - M ( ' { )l ' . r c l n - ! r n ! IrK \f(o l,rh.J' o o- o.
Sl'tcrrrs
J o h n s ( nN l L r t l h cP ) lr lrK N/A

B i r ) l . rL l d 1 . r r r ld. , l;iturc Ll StrL(0|l. (jr (]\\!u.,r(t,.,rr.r\ r!(r Jl!.\ ,,t t(^( j SrrtlI K , L r \ r LI, Lt L t l
{lrokLr
A l c o . rC S I I u n ' l L trK (). Di\tl:r.er

a c t i \ a t e dZ E R O I T \ r o x y g c Ds c a \ r ' r t g err a t e r i a l s( d c r e l L r p ebd; . F o o d S c i c n c e

i n t o a n O x y g u a r d r r r t r a )\ \ ' h i c hh a s b c c n u s e de o n t l n e r c i a l l yt i r r c o o k c d l r c e
( s e eF i g .9 . 1 ) .
Thc lrseol oxygen scityengcl\ litr beer'.rvinc iln(l othcr beveritgr'\i\ lutet]
t i a l l y a h u g e n l a r k c tt h u t h a s o n l y r e c c n t l yb e g u n1 0 b e e x p l o i l e d .I r o l b u s e d
label and srchet \ctvetrlers cannot be used ior bevert-oeso[ high ./,, fbod\
b e c a u s e' ',v i r e nw c t . t h e i ro x y g e ns c a v e n s i n g c u p a b i l i t )i s r a p i r i l yl o s t .l n s t e u ( l .
v a r i o u sn o n r n e t a l l i cr e a g e n t sa n d o r g a l rt -r n e t a l l i cc o r n p o u n d su ' h i c h h a ! e l n
affiDity tbr oxy-uenhavc been incorpori:tedintr) bottle cjosure\. cro\\ns ilnd
cap: or blcnded into poll'nrcr materialsso that ox)'gen is sclt!.cngedlr()nt the
b o t t l eh e a d \ p a c e a t ) dt n y i n g l e s s i n so x y n e ni s a l s os c a v e n g e dT.h e P u r e S e l l r r r
ox)'gensctvcoginr bottlecr()wo\ (tnarkctedLryW.R. Ct.accCo. [_tdand Zrput.\
T e c h n o l o g i e sI n c . . U S A t . o x y g e n s c a v e n { i u g p l a s t i c ( P E T ) b e e r b o l e \
( m a n t l i a c l u r c db y C o n l i l L ' n t u lP I I T T e c h n o l o . u r c T s .o l e d o . L t S A ) u r t r tl i g h r
A u s t r i r l i aN. o r t hR y d c ,N S \ \ ' . A r r s r r a l i a ; r rnr o c i l ' p u n l yo w o e db 1 , \ ' i s yl r r d u : ( r . i c s .
M e l b o u r n e .V i c t o r i a . A L r s t r a l i ai)t r e j u s t t h t . e eo f n u l o y , r * y g a , , . . u n . " , , g . .
devL'lopn'renls ainrcrl al tht' bclcr u-lternarket hLl arc llso applicablc,lo other
I o o d a p p l i c a t i o n(sR o o n c _ \1. 9 9 5 .l 9 9 i i . 1 0 0 0 :C u \ t l e , 1 9 9 ( r )I.r s h o u l ctlr c n o r c c l
t h a t t h e s p e c da n d c a p l c i t r ' o t o x ) ' g e l ls c a v e n g i n gp l a s l i cl i l r n s i i n d l a r n i n l t e d
l r a y \ a r s c ( n t \ i ( l e r a b l yi o u c r c o n r P i t r e r*l i l h i r o n b r s e t j r l r \ , . c o \ r i i \ c l l c r
sachet0 s r l a b e l s( H i r s r . l 9 9 u ) .
M o r c d c t a i l c d i n l o r r r l a t j o no r ) t h e t e c h i c r l r e c l u i r . c n t c n(tis. c . l i l r l o r v .
nrcdi\lnl ilnd high o,, iixrtls anci hcreluges; \ltccd oi t.exctiolt:\torage retn_
p e r a t u r eo: x y g e n\ c a \ e n ! i r ) ! c l p a c i t vl t r t l n c c c s \ a r yp a c k a g i n gc r i t e r r l r,)r l t h e
d i l t i ' r c n tl y p c s o l o \ \ ' 1 t c l \) c i l \ c l t r c l \ c i l t l b e o b l i l i n e dl r o r n L l r b u z aa n d B r c e D e
( l t ) l i 9 ) . I d o l ( 1 9 9 - l t -R o o n c r ( l q ( 1 5 . 1 9 9 a . 2 0 ( X )ar n d H u r n r ea l d
r\hvcnarncn
( 1996).
 FOOD PACKACINC TECHNOLOCY
288
9.2.1 ZERO2ttrl()xvg?trs(tvettgirtgnutet iols
A s a c a s es t u d y .b r i e f d e t a i l so f t h e Z E R O 2 l n ! o x y g e ns c a v e n g i n dg e v e l o p n l e n t
are describedhere (Rooney. 2000) ZERO2rlr is the trade narre tor it rangeof
oxygen scavengingplastic packaging materialsundcr devclopmcnt in u'hich
the reactive conrponentsare activatcd by tlleansol ultraviolet light or rclated
h i g h - e n e l p yp r o ( \ ' \ \ c \ . T h c p t a . t i i s " \ ) F e n \ L r \ c r r F i r l f t r r o P c r l i c \f c r r l ' r i r r
inictive urrtil activatedby an apPfopriatcstilnultls ltnd thus can be sLtbjected
to conventional cxtr.usiollbased corl\'crling processcsin tlle Inilnutacttlrcol'
packaging such as film. shcet. coittil)gs'adhesires.llcqucrs' bottles' closttre
iinersincl can coatilrgs.This patcntedtcchndogy is blsed on researchundcr
taken at Food Science Australia (North Rydc. NSW. Au\trrliil) and is now
( M c l b o L r r n eV' i c t t l ri a ' . A t r s t f a l i a ) '
b e i n gd e v e l o p e dp a r t l yw i t h V i s y I n t i t t s t r i c s
Pickaging problenls involving the need ti)r oxySen scavengtngtnay be
necds to be
divided into two classesb sed or1the oriSil of the oxygcn thrt
closing
removed.The headspaccand dissolvedoxlgen is prcscrltat lllc tinlc ol
all of this oxlgcn
most packagesof tbods and bcveragcs Rctttovalof sotre or
is requiredat a rate greatcrthan that of the vlriotts ltltxl clegtadittitltrProes\sus
that occLrrin the lboil. In rhis casc.a headspacescavcngclpitckltgeis required'
T h e o x y g e n t h a t c n t e r st h e p a c k a g eb y p e t t n c a t i o no r . l e a l a g e . a l i c rc l o s i n g
needs t; be rcmovctl. preterably lreli)rc contilclitlll the li)oi] The scavc'trger'
r e q u i r e di s a c h e m i c a l l ye n h a n c e db a r t i c r ' P r o t o t y p eZ E R O 2 T NhTc a d s p a c e
scavengingpolyrrrel ctlnrpositiotlslo lrcet thcse 1\\o rc(lllllelnenl\ nll\e occl
synthesisedlion tixrtl-gradccotrlnrcrcilllpolytnerslitrclcxttttdcd int() lilll oll
a p i l o t s c a ) e .O x y g e n s c a v e n g i n gf r o n t t h c g a s p h a s cc a n b c m a ( l et o o c c l r r
r
within mirutcs at reton tenpcraturcslttld $ ithin scvefalhour\ t()onc lrt tlr o dltl
at room tetnpcrilttll-e. Oxygen scarcngittgt() rerl llru lcrcls ttnclcr tclr-igcriitrotl
temperatureican recluitc lwo or lllorc da)s. its cxPccled ullett gas tliliirsion
i n t o t h e p u l l n t c r i \ . l L \ \ \e J
()xldallon
Beveragesare patticrrlarlysusceptibleto cltralitydcgradiltiondLrcto
o r . i n s o m i c a s e sd. t t et o n i c r o b i a l g r o w t h D i s l r i b t l t i o tcl l n r e q u i r c h e l fl i v e s
s s e a l e di n p a c k sd i r e c t l ya l i e r r o a s t i n g t. h e c a r b o nd i o x i d e r e l e a s e du i l l b u i l c l
o f u p t o a y e a ru n d c ra m b i e n tc o l l d i t i o n si n s o t t t ec a s e sr. c s L t l t i n ign a n e c dl o r
on barrier fbI plastics.The conclitiot'tslouncl in licluid litFtth'rrttr'l
"nhance.l
cartons. lanlinatc pouchesor nrultilayeI bartier botiles \\'ele reccllll) \ttldied
(Rooney.2000) in collabor.ationwith TNO Ftxrd Scicnceand NLrtrition(Zeisl'
The Netherlands).ExperiItrcntuleonditions \r'cre cho\cn usitrg silchetsot a
l a m i n a t ei n c J u d i n ga l r y c r o f c t h y l e n cv i n y l a l c o h o l( E V O H ) w i t h : r t rc r ' 1 t ci t
mental ZERO2rr\tlayer on rhc inside(uith an FiVOtl/polyethylcDel lrrrnat.irs
control). The test beverage was orangejr.riceand. in the cotltlol prcks' (he
tlissolved oxygen concentrttiotrclecrelscdlrotu 8 ttl 0 ppnr. tltle k) rcr(ti('n
with the ascorbicacid (vitanrin C). r.lrel onc nl(n'llhat 25"C rnd 75 tlrrrr lt J'C
At both tenrperatLrres. the ZF-RO2r\t latuinlte retrlrtvcdthe ox1-rcn in lcss
t h a nt h r e ed a y s a n c lh a l r e d t h e l o s \ o f t h c l i t a n l i n C o ! c f t h c \ t ( n - r g ' l ) c l r i ' ( tl r {
ACTIVE PACXACINC 289
one year. Browning was reducedby one third after one year at 25'C. Use of
lower surtace-tovolume ratios found in commercial packs wou)d be expected
to result in more protectionagainstoxidativedeterioration.
Alcoholic beverages,such as beer and white wine. are also susceptiblcto
rapid oxidative degradation.Using ZERO2T'NImaterials.shelf lite e,rtensions
et at least 33% have been dernonstratedlirr bag in box rvine rnd ruulrilayer
PET beer bottles. Cheese and processedIneats rre exantplesol rclrigerated
fbods that are norrnally packagedLrnderntodified atrnosphcres. It is the hcad
space oxygen lhat severely Iintits thc storage lill of thcsc proclucrs.Checse
normally requiresthe presenceol carbon dioxiclc as well as an oxvgcn lcvel
b e l o w l % . R e s u l t so f p a c k a g i n gi n l a n r i n a t e sw i t h a n d w i t h o L t tt T F R O I I N T
laycr suggestthat the comntorr spoilage nroulds cun bc inhibited conrpletely
w i t h l i t t l e o r n o c a r b o nd i o x i d e . S l i c e d s m o k e d h a m c a n b c i n h i b i t e dl r o r n
d i s c o l o u r i n gu n d c r r e f r i g e r l t e dc a b i n e t l i g h t i n g c o n d i t i o n sr v h e n t h e p a c k -
a g i n g l a r r i n a t es c a v e o g e tsh e i n i t i u l o x y g c n c o n c e n t l a t i o n o l . : l ? t o V e r yl o \ \
l e v e J s .D e v e l o p m e n to f Z E R O I r \ r a n d c o n t p e t i u gp r o c c \ s e su r e a i t r e d a t
inhibiting the widest range of oxygcl,rlediated lixtd dcgladation plocesses.
E x a n r p l c ss t u d i e csl o l a r i n d i c a t et h a t s ( ) t D et l s t d c g r r d u t i o rr e a c t i o n sc a n b e
a d d t c s s e da l t h o u g ht h e r c a r e n t o r e c h l l l c n g i n g c u s e s\ c t t o b e i n r c s t i i : a t e d
(Rooney.2(X)0).
9.3 Carbon dioxide scavengers/emitters
T h c r c a r e r n a n vc o m m c r c i a ls a c h e lt n d l t h e l d c r i c e st h t t c a n b e u s e c1l oe i t h e r
s c a v e n g eo r c m i t c n l b o n c l i o x i d c . - [ ' h er r s eo f c l r b o n d i o x i c l es c u r c r r ; c . r i' rs
p a r t i c u l a r l ya p p l i c a b l el i r l l l c s h r o a s t e do r g r o u n dc o i f e e st h l t p r o d L r csci g n i
ticant volurnes ol carbon dioxicle. Flcsh loasteclor ground colli'cs clnnol
be leti unplckaged since thcv rvill absor.bnloistLrreand uxygen lld lose
d e s i r a b l ev o l a t i l e a r o n i l s a n d f l a v o u r s .H o w e r . e r .i f c o l l c c i s h e r r n c t i c a l J l
u p w i t h i n t h e p a c k sa n d e v c n t r . r a l cl ya u s et h e n t1 ob l r l s t( S u b r a n n r r i a n tl 9 . 9ti).
T o c i r c u r n v e nt h i s p r o b l e n t .t w o s o l u t i o n sa r e c u r t e n l l y u s c d .T h e l i r s l i s t o
u s e p a c k a g i n gw i t h p a t e n t e do n e - w a y v a l v e s 1 h a lw i l l a l l o w e x c e s sc a f b o n
d i o x i d et o e s c a p eT. h c s c c o n ds o l u t i o ni s t o u s c a c a r b o nd i o x i d cs c a v e n g eor r
a duai action oxygen and carbon dioxidc scavengersystenl. A nrixture ol'
calciurl oxide and activrted charcoal has been used in polycthylcnc cofli'c
p o u c h e st o s c a v e n g ec a r b o n d i o x i d e b u t d u a l , a c t i o no x y g e n a n d c a r b o n
d i o x i d e s c a v c n g esr a c h e t sa n d l a b e l sa r e I n o r cc o l u m o na n d a r c c o r r r r t r e r c i a l l l
u s e d1 ( ) rc a n n e da n d l b i l p o u c h e dc o t l e e si n J a p a na n c lr h e U S A ( D a v . l 9 t l 9 :
-lhcse
A n o n . 1 9 9 5 :R o o n e y . 1 9 9 5 ) . d u a l - a c t i o ns a c h e l sa n d l a b e l sr l p i c a l l l '
c o n l n i n i r o n p o w d e r f i r r s c r v e n g i n go x y g e n .a n d c a l c i r r r nh v d l o x i c l cu h i c h
s c a v c n g c sc a l b o n d i o x i c l er v h e n i t i s c o n v e n c dt o c a l c i u l l c a l b o n l r t cu l d c r
 291
290 FOOD PACKACINC TECHNOLOGY ACTIVIJPACKACINC

T b l e 9 . f , S e l e c t e dc o m m e r c i a l e l h y l e n\ec r \ . r ' ! e r s v s t c r s
suffi.ientlyhigh hurridity conditions (Rooney, 1995). Commercially avail-
Sc!!cnlic' nrcenrnrsnr Packrging fotrn
able dull-action oxygen and carbon dioxide scavengersare available trom
Japanese manufacturers.e.g. Mitsubishi Cas Chemical Co- Ltd (AgelersIM A i r R c t r i f P r o d u c t sI n c . frSA N/.\ K N In O ,
KM n{l I
rype E and Fresh LockrN{) and Toppan Printing Co. Ltd (FreshiliTerrNr I : l h ) l c n r C o n r r o lt n c . IJSA
Lxlcndr Lile S!\tcrns LISA KMnO,
type C\').
KesIriSlrx)ns S'-st.nr\ LlS,\ B i ( , l ' .r . c r r
Crrbondioxide emitting sachetand label dcvices can either be trsedalone
or ccmbined with an oxygen scavenger.An exampleof the tbrrner is the Veri- S c k i s u i. l u \ h i l - r ( l JatJrn
lraislrpackagethat has been manutactrtredby SARL Codimcr (Paris.France) tlon\h Pntct l-rd Jut)rn ttlt, lrc\l)
and rsrdfor extendingthe shelf life ol-liesh nleats and fish. This itrnorattve M r s u b i s h ia j r s .futrn
C h c n r i ! . r (l i ) I r ( l
paclrgeconsistsof a standardMAP tray btlt has a perfblated frlse bottorll t[srie lilnr
Cho Yrnr llcuns Sirn Korcr
under*hich a porous sachctcotltaining sodiurn bicarbonate/ascorbale is pos- (i). Lld
itionld.When exudatelrom Ilodified atnlosphcrepackednreator llsh ctttttucts flr\ti. lilflr
L!cn tirsh ( (rtxrrli(rr trSA L i \ . r Lr r ( \ n
th\trr lilnr
the \,rchet's contents,carbon dioxide is entitted and this antinicrobial gas can Odir ShoiiCo. Lr(l jxtrn B O I r l '! l
I l t l s r i .I i l n r
repllcethe carbon dioxide already absolbed by the lresh fbod. so avoiding PI.lAKli.shP'(!iurrsLl(l Au\lfllia PIii Nrc\rl

pact collapse(Rooney. I995 ).

PicLcollapseor the developmcntof a paltial vacuutncan also be a prol.tlcttr
Itrr t,rods packed with an oxygen scavcngel.To overcotttcthis problcrll. dual
actifnoxygensciivenger'/carbon dioxide cnlitter sachetsrnd labels have been
t ' t ' i d i . c s , e t h y l e nteo
devtloped,which absorb oxygen and generatc arl cqual vtlltttne of carbon n r i n e r a ls u b s t r a t es u c h a s a l u n r i n a , , rs i l i c r g r ' l ; 4 M n o ,
c ' r l ( ' t r r fo hro$n
diorrde. Thesesachctsand labelsusually contain terrouscarbonatcand a nlctiLl i i c e r a r ea n c le r h r n o l r n d i n r h e p r o e . ' \ c h J n ! c \ l1l ln' 1el r,t rlp" '' fr.tfi lttv K M n O '
r e t t ) - !
haliJccatalystaJthoughnon lerlous variantsar.cavailable.C-'otrttucrcial tnanu r n d h c n c c i n c l i c a t e si t s r e n r l t i , r i n ut ' t h 1l c n c ' r '
( A g c l e s s r N l t y p e
C i ) .i t n d b a s e de t h y l e n es c a v e n ! : e r, sr " i t l s ' r c h e t 't o , h ep l l r ' ' c di n \ i d c p I 1 ) d t l c e
f a c t L r e irnsc l u d eM i t s u b i s h iG a s C h e m i c a lC i o .l - t d stofagc
I Nr " u , r , j , , h l t
p a c k a g e so. r i n s i c l cb l a n k e t so I t U t ' c \ t h J t e ' r n h ( l r l i t L r L, ll l l l l l r d t l c c
Mul:rsorb (
TechnologiesInc. Freshpax type NI).The main lbod applicatiorts for
l q t ) l : R " r r r t c r 1
' 9 9-5)'
thes duulaction oxygcn scavenger/calbonclioxidecmitter sachctsand lal.rels $ ' a f c h o u s e( Ls a b u z a& g r . " n " . t 9 8 ' ) ' A b e l e r' l r r l
t " t , i . " ' ' lllctrl cillrl\\l\ ciln !1ls{)
havebeen with snack lind prodLrcts.e.g. truts and spongc cake's(Nitito ctrrl.. A c t i v a t e dc l r b o n b u s c ds c a v e n l c r \ , , i t l l
t"'n'
l 9 9 l : R o o n e y1. 9 9 5 ) , e l l e c r i v e l yr c m o v ec l h y l e n c .T h c l ' ] , 4 " e b e c n u s c t l : t ) S : : ' u , " l t q : , t l l l y l t n "
s : r c h e t s i r r t o p r o dttce'
p [ o d u c ew a r e h o u s . .u , i , r . , u p , ' . " t . . l i t r t r r i ' l l ] . : l th:'\:.:.ll'r
i::ll
(rr cr)rrLrlrirtsd produce
packs or embeiJdcdinto papcr ba!\ P'-'1lt|
9.4 Ethylenescavengers s l o r g c . A d u a l a c t r o ne t h y l e n es i . , t t ' r r - T ei rr n d r r r 0 i \ l t r r c , ' l : - ' l t l , t i - n " t . 0 . : : l l
contaln
r n a r k e t e di n J a p a n b y S c k i s u i J u : h i l - i n l i t ! ' L l N c t r P i r l t ' n ' ' " \ ' r c n e t s
rtlterr l',""n'lnlt * scl!engrng
E t h r l e n(eC . H . , )i s a p l a n t g r o w t h r e g u l a t o rw h i c h a c c e l e r a t etsh e r e s p i r a l i o n luctivtitcdcarbon.a rrstal cataly-st !cl Jrrd ,rre
"1,.1 {Abclc\ ttul ' 1992'
raterndsubsequcntsenescence ol honiculturalproductssuch as fruit. vegetablcs e t h y f c n ea s t v e l l a s a c t i n g u * , ' t " ' i ' t u t ' i r h \ . ' l h ( r
and orvers.Many of the eltects o1-ethylcneale necessary,e.g. inductioo ol R o o n e y .1 9 9 5 ) .
floueringin pineapples.colour developnrcnt ir'r citrLls iruits. bananas and In recert ycafs. nLrnlerous predur r pirckJsrn! fi
l"tl l.:"h.l.le appelrcd
"il,:l
L ' ! i l i t l ':)l ec ain linely
tomrtoes, stimulation of root production in baby carrots and developnrent()t I n t h e r n a r k e tp l a c ew h i c h , r . r ] r r . . l " n t h " l u r " l i t e
bittif tlavourin bLrlkdeliveredcucumbers.but in most horticultural situations groLltd n]inerals to adsorb ethylcirc rrnLlt'r cIntt ,irntllniet!'hial-faFintiared
eftcitr hrtvehcr'npLrblished
it i: ilesirableto removc ethylcne or to sLrppressits negative cllects. Con- radiation.Ho*,ever. little dir.cctevlJ.'r)cetirr the\c
the:: aclllated- earth typc
seqtenlly,nruch research has bccn undertaken to incorporate ethylene in peer reviewed scicntific journlls Typically.
''ltl,tl.:' Japarresc
sca\.ngers into ticsh producc packagingand storagcareas.Some of this eflort n r i n e r r l si n c l L r d ec l a y s .p u n r i c e .r . ' ' l r t c ' . e o t r l . ' " l t ' l t l t )
i t l t . ' P t ) l - \ e t h y l e ol -ei l l l l
h a s m e t w i t hc o n r m e r c i asl u c c e s sb. u t m u c h o l i t h a s n o t ( A b c l e st t u l . - 1 9 9 2 o y a s r o n c . I h c s e n r i n c l a l sr r " . n l l r e t l d e t l u r b l e r t t l e t l
o| sucn
R o r n e r1. 9 9 5) . bags whrch are then Lrsedto prckir!( irc\h lt(\LlLr,.'e!r1ut-1c]1r;rs
t o . t h ! ' r L j s o r p t l oon'
T i b l e9 . 3 l i s t s s c l e c l c dc o m l r e r c i a le t h ) , l c n cs c a \ e n g c l s y s t e m sE. l l e c t i v c b a g \ c l a i l n e x t e n d e ds h e l l l i l e 1 , , ,1, f , : s hp n ' d L r e pc r r r l l l r l r t e
l 1 l ' T h c L ' \ ' t L I e r )oc l
e l e red ln
s y s l r mur t i ) i s ep o t u s s i u n p r e r t n a n g a n a t(eK N ' l n o r ) i m t n o b i l i s e do n . r r i r ) c r t e t h y l c n cb y t h c t n i n e r a l sd i . p c r . J " r i t h i t t t h e
292 FOOD PACKACINC TECHNOLOCY
ACTIVE PACKACINC 293

lbod. and erhanolvapour is releasediind r-lilfirsesinto the pcckageheadspace.

sr,rpponoi this claim is generally basedon the extendedshelf life of produce
E(hanoiemittersrre usedexlensivelyin Japant(rcxterld(he moLrl,J-llee shell lifc
and reductionof headspaceethylenein mineral-fillcd bags in compansonwith
ol high rario cakes and other high rnoisturebakery prodLrctsby up to 20007r
common polyethylenebags. However. independentresearchhas shown that
lRooncy. 1995; Hebedl & Zobcl. 1996). Researchhas arlsoshorvn that such
the gas pernreabilityof mineral filled polyethylenebags is much Breatcrand
b kerv productspacked!vith ethan{)lenrittinesuchctsdid not lct a\ hlrrd as the
consequentlyethylene$ ill dillirsc orn oflhcsc hags much laster.as is also the
conlrol\ rnd resuliswerc hclt!'r lhr)r)lhose ttsirt,gill] ()x_V!cn scitveD!cri)l()ltL'to
casefor commercially avai)ablcnricroperlorirte(lfilnr bags.In addition.a more
inhibit nroLrldgro$,th.Hence.ethitnttlr'1p1ll1;11,,q) nppear\to c\en an ilt(i-\taling
thvourableequilibrium moditieclatmosphereis Jikely to devekrp u ithin these
e f t e c t i n a d d i t i o r r1 o i r \ l L n t in r o u l t l p r o p e l t i c s .F - t h a l t oel I t i t t i n g \ a c h e t \ a r e
bags compared with comrnon polyethylcnebags.cspecially if the producehas
I r l s ou ' i d e l y u s c d i n J u l . r l nt o r e x t e l i l i n g t h e s h c l i I i t e o f s c r n i n r o i s ta n d d r ' ) '
a high respirationrate. Therclirre.thescelfects carr improre prr)duct:shelf lite
t i s h p l o dL t c t s( R o o r ) c ) .l ( ) 9 5 ) .
und recluccheadspaccethylcnc independetltly()t iut) ethvlenc rd\or1tion. In
fact. almost any porvderedminctal ciur collter such ettects $'ithout relying
on expensive Oya stone or ()1herspeciality rllinerals (Abeles (/a/.. 1992;
9.6 PreserYatiyereleasers
R o o n e y ,I 9 9 5 ) .
R c c c n t l ) .t h c r ch l s [ - r c e!n: r e a li I t c f c \ t i n l h c p o ( e n t r l lL r s co l u n t i n ] i ! l ( ] b i ulll t d
l n t i o x i d n t p a c k r - r i n gl i l n r s u h i c h h r r c p r c s e r r a t i r ep r o y r c r r i cl si r r c r i t c n i l i n g
9.5 Ethanol emitters
t h e s h e l tl i l e o l a u ' i d e f i l n g co l f ( x ) r lp l o d i r c t sA . s \ \ i t h o t h r r c a t e g o r i eo\ l l c t
i r t ' p a c k r g i n l . l l l r n y p l l l e n t sc r i s t u D d s 0 n t c ; r n l i r r i c r i t h i l rl n l d lrntir'.ridant
T h e r r s eo i e l h a n o la s r n l n t j r n i c r r r b t ral - ! : c ri)\ l \ \ c l l d o c t t l t e r t c d I. t i s p l i r t i c r r l a r l y
t i l t t t sh l r r ' l t e t t n t l r k c t c db L t t l t en r r r j r r r i h t yl r c r o l i r r ' l a j i c ct rlrl t c o t r r r r r c r c i a l i r c c l
etlective argainstrroLrldbLrtc n llso inhibit the Srowth ()f yeasts.Lndbacteri .
because o l d r r u b t sl b o t r t t h c i r c l l c c t i r c n c s sc. c r r r r o n t il cl c t o r s a n d / o rr c l . t u l l l o f ) ,
Ethanol can be sprayed directly ento tirod products-iust prior to packaging.
c o n s t r a i u t(sR o o n e l . 1 9 9 5) .
Several reports have dernonslfirledthal the rrould lree shcll life of bakelv
S o D t cc o r D r l r e r c i a i rln l j D l i c r o b i lliill r n s a D t lr ) l i l t c l i r l \h i r \ ( ]b c c n i n t t r ) r l u c e d .
p r o d u c l sc a n b e s i g n i [ i c a n t l yc x t c r ) ( l e ad l i c r s p f i r y ' i n wg i t h 9 - 5 %c l h l D o l t o g i | e
p r i n t a t i l t i n . l i t p a n -F o t c r a n t p l c .o r r e r v i t l c l t l c P o l t c c ll ) r ( ) ( l u cits i r \ _ \ n t h c t i c
concentrationso1 0.5-1.-5%1r,r'lrv I in the prodLrcts.Ho$cvcr. a rnorc [)r'acticll
r i l v c r z e o l i t ew h i c h h a sb c e nd i l c e t l yi n c o r p o l u { e idn k ) l i ) ( r ! cl o n l i l c tp l c k i r r : i n g
and salbl method ot generatingethanol is th|ough lhe use of clharol cnrittinlr
f i l n r . ' l h c p u r p o s eo 1 t h e , / e o l i t ei s . u p p a r c n t l l 't.o u l l o u ' s l o w r e l c i l \ co l i i n l i
f i l m s a n d s a c h e t s( R o o n e y .I 9 9 5 ) .
r n i c l o b i l ls i l r c r i o n si n t o l h c s u r l r c cL r lf i r o r lp r o d L r c t N s .I l t n l o t h e rs l n t h e l i ca n d
M a n y u p p l i c a t i o u so f e t h a l o l c n r i t t i n g l i l n r s l i n r l s a c h e l sh a r c b e s n
n ; t ! u r l l l - rr r c c t u l i u gl ) r e \ ! ' r \ i r l i \ e \h u \ c h r ' r r I t r r P o s e dr r l r l / o l t e s t c dl i r l i r n l i -
paterltedp . r i m a r i l y b y J a p n n e \ cn r a n u l ' u c l u r e r T s .h t ' s c i n c l r . r d cE t h i c a p r N ' .
t t t i c r o b i ral e r t i r i t fi n p l a s t i ca n d c d i l t l el i l r l s ( , \ r t o u .1 9 9 - 1l {: i x r l c } ' . l 9 ( ) 5 :W c n i l
A n t i m o l dI 0 2 r N r a n d N e g a n r c l dNr ( F r e u u dI n d u s t r i aCl l o .l . t d ) .O i t e c h r r (r N i p p o r l
t t t l . . l r ) 9 1 C r a y . ] ( X X ) 1T. h c s ei n c l L r t locl g a n i ca c i c l sc. . - r .p r o p i o n r t cb. c n , / ( ) u t e
K a y a k uC o . L t d ) , E T P a c k t N r ( U e n S o c i y a k LCr l o .I - t d ) r n d A g c l c s s r N ' t 1 , pSel -
( M i t s u b i s h iG a s C h e n r i c u lC o . I - t ( l ) . A l l o l t h e s e l i l n r s l n t l s a c h c r sc o n r r r l i r n ds o r b l l e .h a c t e r i o c i n cs . g .n i s i n .s p i c ca r d h d r bc x t n l c 1 \r.' . g .l t o n r r o r e n t a r r ' -
c l r r r e s .h o r s c l i r r l i s hr u. r r s l a r dc.i r r n a r n o lnr n d t h l n t c ' .c D Z \ l t c \ . c ! . D c r r l r i d t r s c .
a b s o r b e tol r e n c a p s L r l a t ecd t h a n o li n a c a f r i e rr n a t e r i r lw h i c h a l l o r r s t h e c o n
l y s o z y r r r iet n d g l u c o s . ' o x i d a s ec.t r c l n t i ! r u s l t c n t \ .c . g . E D T i \ . i n o l g a n i ca e i i l s .
trolled releaseof etltanol vapour. Fol exanrple.EthicaprNrwhich is the nrost
e . g . s u l p h r l c l i o x i d ea n d c h l o r i r r et l i o x i d cr r ) d r n t i l u n g r l a g c n t s e . . g .i r r u t z u l i l
comrrercially popullr ethanol entittcr in Jrpan. consistsof lbod-gradealcohol
(55elr)and water'( I09i-)adsorbcdonto silicr.lndioxide pou,der(35%) and con- r u n db e n o m y l .T h e n r t j o r p ( J t c r l t i ul il x ) d a p p l i e i r l i o n lsi r r . r n t i n t i c r o b i l fl i l n r s
t a i n e di n a s a c h e tn r a d eo f a p r p c r i i | d e t h \ l V i n l l a c c t a t c{ E V A ) c e p o l y n r e | i D c l L l d cD r r ' i r t sf .i s h . b r e i r t l c. h e e s e l.l r r i t a r r r lr e l c t ; r t r l c sF i l u r c 9 . 1 i l l U \ t r i l l c s
laminate.To mask the odour ot ulcohol. sorrresachetscontain trlces of vanilia t l t ec o n t t o l l c df e l e a s co f \ ( ) l r t i l ! ' c l t l i r I i 0cel i t r r i c ltch l t h l s r e ! c t \ ' e dC R r \ S \ t i i l u \
or other flavours. The sachetsarc labelled l)o ttot cqt (?rrlc,rll an(l includc u lbr lixrd usr'in the US.\ (Gray. 10(10t.
diagram illustratingtltis warning. Othcr ethlnol enritters such as Neglntouldr Nr ? \ r )i n t e [ ! ' s t i n gc o r n n r c r c i adl e \ e ] o p n r c nitn l h e U K i s l h c r c c c n tc r c l u : i r c
a n d A - e e l e s s r N r t y p e .asrEe d u i l l - i l c t i o ns r a h c l su h j c h s c a r e n s eo x y g L . r 'st l v e l l r n a r k e t i n go f t i r o d c o n l l r c t l p p r o r u r l N ' l i c r o b i r n i \(rN I i c r o l . l r rIrn l c l l ) i l t i o n i l l .
a s e m i t e t h a n o lv a p o L r(rR o o n e r . 1 9 9 5 ) . H u n l c r s \i l l c . U S A ) k i t c h e np h ) ( l u e t \ r r c hl r e l r r r p p i n iL. r: o u r ( l cs i.i s hc l o t h \ ; r n ( l
The size and capacitv ol the ethanol-enlittingslchet used dcpends on the h i n b u g sb y J . S r i n s b u r ' ;P l c .T h e s cN l i c r o b u n r N p r ( x l u c t \e o n t i l i rllr i c l o \ a n .u 1 1
weight ol'fboci. the o,, ol the lirod and rhc rlesiredshelf lite requirccl.When i t n t i h i l c t c f i rlll r o r l r i l l i c h l o r o o r g l D i c c o D l p o L | l ] (r |v.l r i c hi s a l s o r r s c di s o u p s .
s h l m p o o s .l ( ) t i o n st.o o t h p l r s l ae n d r D o u t hu u s h c s( ( i o d t l l r r r ll.9 ( l 5 a :J l r r r i r ' s o D -
f o o d i s p l c k e d w i t h a n c t h a r r o el r l l i i n g s r r c h r - nt .r o i \ l L r r e
i s a b s o r b e tbl y t h e
294 FOOD PACKACINC TE(:HNOLOCY
Microalrnosphirre"
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ehasT
\bonded
\,_-.,
Hydrophobicphase
F i g u r e 9 . 2 N l i ! r o r r n r o \ p h i ' t ccr h\ l , , r r ndc L , , \ i d cr c l l : u r i n ! r r ( | n l . r j l r j . lh h r l s l f o r r \ \ 1 i
T c c h n { ) l { ) S i cI n
s e . .L S A ) .
1 9 9 7 :R u b i n s t e i r r . 2 ( X ) 0 t . , ' \ r t o tihnct er l e s t i n gd c \ e l o l ) r ) t e l its 1 h ci n c , , r p 1 1 1 ; 1 1 i q 1 n
o l m e l h _ \ l s l l i c y l r t e{ a \ \ n l h ( ' t i c r c r s j o n o l w i n r c r g r e c no i l ) i n l o R e p c l K o l ! ' r r l
p a p e r b or c lb o x e sb y T e r r n c c oP l c k a g i n g( [ - a L t 'F o [ c s t .l l l i n o i s .L r S\ ) . N l c t h ) . 1
s a l i c y l l t e h a s a n t i r r i c l o b i u lI ) f o p c r t i c \ .b u t R c p c l K ( J treN r i s p l i n r r r r i l l .b c i n r :
nrarketedts iln insect repcllctlt alld its lltairr lirotl upplicitlioDsarc clricd lixrtls
w h i c h a r c v e r y s u s c e p t i b lleo i r l s c c li r l l c s r a l i o n(sB a r l a s .I 9 9 8 ) .
T w o i n f ' l L r e n ch eas v c s l i t u L r l a t ei nd t e r c s ti n ( h c r r s eo l a n t i o x i t l a l tp i r c k l r i . : i n g
l i l n r s .T h e f i r s t o f t h e s ei \ l h e c o o s u n t e dr c n l i r ) ( ll i ) r r c c l u c e da n t i o r i d a l l sl n r l
o t h e rl r d d i l i \ e si n f i r o t l s T . h c s c c e n di s l h c i n l c r c \ t r r l p l i t s t i cn l i r n u l . r e l (! r \ i n
u s i n gn l ( u r i l l p p r ' o r c cl ilr o r la r r t i 0 x r d l r nct s' .,{ .\ ' i t l i t i n E l ( ) r ' 1 t onl rt c r\ t x l ) i l i \ i l ( i o t l
i n s t c a to l f s y n t h e t i ci t t l r i o \ i d l n ( sd e ' v c l o p e sd p c c i l i c a l l yl o r p l a s r r c si l i ( x ) n e \ ' .
1 9 9 - 5T ) .h e p o t e n t i a l i ) f c v r p ( ) r i l t i v en l i ! l i t t i o no f a n t i o x i t l l r n lisn l o t i r r d r I n r r t r
p a c k a - { i n fgi l m s h a sb e e ne r t e n s i v e l yr c s c a r c h c d l n d c o r r r n c r c i a l i s c icnl ! o n t c
i n s t a n c e sF.o r e x a n t p l c t. h c c c r c a li n d u s t l yi n t h c U S A h a s u s e dt h i s u p p r o i r c h
t o r l h e r e l e a s eo f b L r t y l t r t eht lyd r o x yt 0 l u c ' r r e( B H T ) a 0 c l l . r L r t y l a t chdr d r o x l
a n r s o l e( B H A ) l l n t i o x i d i ) r ) tl\l o n t r v a r c d p l 1 . ) c rl i n c r s i n t o b f c i l k l i r \ t ( ( ' r c l l
It'td snack food pl0drrcrs(L_lrtrrrzir & Brcer)e-l9i'i()).Recetrtl-vrhl]rc l]ll\ bccn
l l l t l c hl n l c r e s ti n t h e u r e o l ( l l o c o l l h c r o (l r i t i t l D i nE ) i r sI I i a b l c i t l t c f n . l t i \ c( U
B H T / [ }H A - i n r p r c g n a r epda c l , r g i n gl i l n s ( N e u e r r r r l1. 9 9 7 )T. h c ' L r srer t p i r c k a g i l g
lillts incorporating n a t u l t l l i t l r n i l E c l o c o n l i ' f b e n e f i t st o b o t h l i l n r n n n u
l a c t L r r e rlsn d t h e f t t o d i 0 d u s l r y . f h c r c h l v c b c e n c l u e s t i O nl |si s e d r e g n r d i n g
B H T a n d B H A s s a l c t l . .l n d h c n c e u s i l t g \ i l r r ) t i n E i s u s u l c r a l r c r n n r i r , - ' .
R c s c a r c hh l s s h o t ! n v i l i r D t i rE r t o b e l s e l f e c r i \ c i t si i n a D t i o x i c l a D c ol t l t j ) a r e d
ACT]VE PACKACINC 29-s
with BHT. BHA or other synthericpolymerantioxidantstbr inhibitingpackaging
filrr dearadationduring filnr extrusionor blow moulding. Vitamin E is also a
sale and ef}'ectiveantioxidant tbr low to medium 4q cereal and snack ti)od
products where developrnenlol rancid odours and flavouls is Otien the shelf
l i l e l i m i t e d s p o i l a g en l c c h a r ) i \ n (r L a b u z a& B r e e n c . l 9 l l 9 : R o o n e y . l t ) 9 5 ;
N e w c o r r ) .1 9 9 7 ) .
l\loistureabsorbers
cro, Excess nloistLrfcis l nritjor ctLrscol li)od spoilagc. Soaking up ntoistureby
u s i n g v u l i o u s a b s u b e r so r d e \ i c c a n t \i \ v e r y e f t c e t i \ c i n m a i n t a i u i n gt i r r d
q u a l i t y u n d c x t c n d i l l gs h e l l l r l c b y i n h i b i t i n gn r i c r r r b i agl r o w t h a n d r n { r i \ l u r e
r c l l l e d d c g r i l d l t i o no l t e x l l r r ci i n J t l a v o u r . S c r c r ; r l e o r l p a n i c sl , I 1 i t n ! t l i l c l U r e
ln()istuleab\()lt)er\in rhc lorrrr r)l sitchets.patls.sheelsrlt blttnl.et\ Fol plrck-
a S e dd l i c d t i x r d a p p l i c u t i o n sd.c s i c c r n t ss u c ha r s i l i c u! : e l .c r l c i u t n r r r i t l cl n d
a c t i ! a t e dc l r y s n d n r i o e r a l \l l r e t l p i c a l l ! c o n t i L i n c rdv i t h i nT y v e k r \ r { [ ) u p o n t
C h e n t i c r l s .W i l n i n g t o n . [ ) c l u w a r e .L J S A ) t e a r r e s i s t i t n tp e r r ] r e i ! b l cp l l s t i c
sachcls.For dLrallrcti()npllrposcs.tlresc siiclretsr)ray als0 contitin ilctlvlted
c a r b o n f r ) r o d o L l rr d s o r p l i o n( ) r i l o n p o u d c r l i r r o x l g e n \ c i l v e n g i l l g( R i c c .
I t ) 9 . 1 :R o o n e v . 1 9 9 - 5 )T. h c u \ r ' o l ! n o i s t u r cl r b r o l b e rs c h c t s i s c o r r r n t L ,inn
J a p l t t rr.v h t ' r eP r r p u l alri r o t l st e l t L r r ca n u r r b c ' r( ) l d r i e d P r o ( l u c t w s h r c h n c c dt o
b e p r ( ) t e e t et(rl r r n rh u r r i t l i t l ' c l i r n t r g c1.h c u \ c ( ) l n r o i \ ( u r cl b s o r h e l s a e h c l si s
a l s o c l u i t ec o n r r l o n i n t h c L T S Au ' h e r et h e n r r j o r \ u p p l i c r si n c l L r d (N' l t r l t i r o r b
T e c h n i r l o ! i c s I n c . ( B L r f l u l o .N c w Y o r k ) . [ J n i t c d D e s i c c a n t \ ( l - o u i r v i l l e .
K e n t u c k v )a n d B a l t i n r ( n eC ' h c 0 r i c r l(sB a l t i n o r c .l V l u r ' 1 l a n dT)l.r e s es a c h . : tas r e
n o t o n l ) u t i l i s e df O I d l i e d s n a c kl i x r d sl n d c c r c r l \ b u t a l s o l i r r a $ i d c a r [ t v o l '
p h r l r r l c u u l i c a l .c l c c l r i c a lu n d c l c c t r o n i cg o o d s .l n l h e U K . M r r k s & S p e n c e r
P l c h l r . e r r s c t ls i l i c ag c l - h a s c tIl n L ) j s t u raeb s o r b c r\ i t c h u l s1 i ) rm l i n t l r i n r r gl h e
c r i s p n c s r t l l i l l e d c i r i b a l l ub r c i r ( ri { ) l l \ .
I n a d d i t i o nt o m o i s t u r e - a b s o r b e r ' \ i l c hlei lt s h u n r i d i t yc o n t r o l i n p u c k l g c d
dried tirods, several conpanics lnaoulacirrrenloiiture drip absorbent pads.
sheetsand blankets tirr liquid u'ater conlrol in hi:lh rr,, litods sLlchas ntelts.
t i s h . p o u l t r y . t i u i t a n c l\ c g c t l b l e s . B a s i c a l l y .t h e v c o n s i s to l l w o l a y c r \ o 1 '
a microporoun s o n w o v e n p l r \ l i c l i l n r . s u c ha s p o l y ' e t h y l e noeI p o l y p r o p ) ' l e n e .
b e t r v e e nu l t i c h i s p l a c e ' dr t s r r p c r a b s o r b c npto l y n c r r v h i c h i s c a p a h l eo l '
l b s o r b i n r u p t o - 5 ( Xt)i r n e si t s o u r r s e i g h t w i t h w u t e r T l p i c l J s u p e r r b r o r b e n l
p o l v n r c I s i n c l u d e p o l ! i r c r t ' l u ( es n l l s . c a r b o \ \ n r e r h y Ic c l l L r l o s e( C N l C t a n d
s t a r c hc r ) p o l } m c r sr v h i c hh a v c i l \ ( : r \ ' \ t r o n g r l l i n i ( y f i ) t w l l t c r . M o i \ t u f c d r i p
absorber pads are cornrnonl\, l)laced Lrnclcrpackagedfresh rnents. lirh lrrcl
p o u l t r ) 'k ) a b s o r bu n s i g h t l yt i s s u t ' d r i pe x u d a t eL. a | s c r - s h c c tasn d h l a n k c t \u f e
usecltirl absoryrtionol melted icc lirnr chilled scaliroddLring air lrcight trans-
p o r t r l i ( ' n .r ) r 'l i ) r c o n t r o l l i n ! t r i l n s p i r a t i o o l h o r l i c l r l t u f i lpl f o d u c e{ R ( x r n e y .
 296 FooD pACKAcrNcrEcHNoLocy
ACTTVEPACKACING
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199-5).Comrnercial moisture absorber
sheets. blankets nnd trlys rnclucte
Toppan Sheerrf'r(Toppan prinring co. and subscquentpasteurisiltion.prmesses
I_to,Japani.itr;r;i;;.r", (.fhehrarire have been.deyelop€dfbr debittering
andFresh-R_pax," suchjuices by passingthenr rhrough
(M,,*;;il'i.;;,; r,,r:..DoLrglasvrile. columns of celluloseiriucerateo. nylc,n
l,i.ti3li,,,.""") I 995). A possibteactive packagingsoturion
u,ouiJ be to irrctude
3:19:.,*,,:".{.
l r m o n r na d s o r b e r s( e . g . c e l l u ) o trracetate
Another approachlbr the control ef exce\s. or acet)'latcdpitper) into orange
r.noisturein high rr., loocls
rhe moisture in rhe vapoLrrphase.This is to juice packa!iDg nr"i.ri l.-'"'"tt"
Ir:rc€fr: approachall,i*. r rlor.lpac\err
or even houscholdersto decrersethe water Two ty,pesOf lajnt\ anrenablek) rent()\.al
activiili on ,f,.-r,,rt .'-"of loods [ry.lrctire plck|ging .ire aflltoc;,
reducing in-pack RFI This can be rjone by which are lirrmed fion thc b.e:rkdown.ri r;st
by pracing ,r,,. - ,l,;r;; hurnecran( nr,,,,clcpic,;;;::';,a atiiehltlrs
betweeniwo layersol !\,atcrpclmeableplastic whtch are fornred fnrnr lhe iluro exidiirion ,,t.t"1.
fitnt.-no, .^ the Jirparlese au,t,,rli.,lU.1,i.urunr ,,,t.li
company Shewa Denko Co. l_rrlhas.developeiJ pi.trir ,i, "nrfi.. r I g v d a t i l c a r n i n e s .s u c h a s t r i n r c r h y l a m i n e .
iii,ir' ,"f,ich consisrs u . r , , r i a t . d . . - r , i , ' f , ' f , .pnr . . , , . i n
of a Jayer of huflectant crrhohydrate " brerktlo*,n ar.ealkrlinc arrd crn lre ncirrru]isc<J
by ,,;r;,;;, ,oi.ii. .,,urpuu,,,t,
hycrsof pr,l;'v111y 1,1,1 U^rAff.n. gi)",,i' r,rnur,.,.t .A (Frirfrzerri(t,ul...2O0ll.In Jupan.
1.lY::",':t (pVOFI)jr,,rri. r,i,,i.ni.r,trrNr
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r\nico Ci,. f.rU f*,r..' ,l,,u]f.i.J riu,.,,,.,
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rish
and
pourr,y ';ill;i in a roJl , thrt are tnadc liorn lni contairiing a ferrorrs
salt ,,,,,i,r,r,rrgru,la.lct0 sLtch \
^r";;;il,s"jf lil,ilJ,lJ);,.,,11,:i
i;.:iiff;*1; citrate or.ascorbate. .fhe\c
bats trc claiutcd to oxiclirc lirines
a d s o r b e db 1 t h c p o l l . n r e rl i l r n l R t x r r r e y t. 9 9 5 ) . as rnel are
d e h y d r a t ebdy o s r u o t i p
c r c s s u r er ,e s u l t i n Li n m i c K r l r i ai n
l h i b i t i o rat o d s h e l f
lif'eextcnsionol J-,1 rJaysunderchilled sror,,g.(t_,,tr,,r., R e l r o v a l o 1 a l i i e h y r j e s u c ha s h c x a n r l . u n c l
&"Bltenc. t.JX9; h c p r l i n r l t r o r n p a c k r g eh e a d
sprces is clainred hy I)Lrponr.sOdour
;i;,,tli:it"ll;:n,j::fn.tll,
[i::iin1li]!#::fi1, ::l::,,:l.i::
oeslccant rn()rganicsalts strch as sodiunt
chlo[icic hal.c b.,cn Lrsctltitr.thc
(1\non. i996).,Thisrechnologv
and t^," b,.,,r,ruiiClfl.) ,..t,,,ut,,gu
i s b a s e t lu p o n u n r u t " a , , t u , l r i J r l \"\ . r r n
s r z e so l a r o u n ctli ! e n a n o r n e t f e \a-n c lI ) u p o r r i
c l u i r l t h a t , f t " i , l< l i C r e m o l c \ o r
porc
d i s t r i b u r i o no f r o m a r o e si n r h c ( J s A ,ll" hlde s althou-chevidcncc li)r rhis is
1 R o o u e 1 .l g t i ) i . ; , n , i , r , " , : l]:: l:11i::: llckinr:. Thti ctairncit ioott
an rnnovativelitlcbotrd box rvhich l.unclions ;. appttcilttoos tor this tccl.tnolocYlre snlrck lixttjs.
its a hurniditv tr,,tf-.,"u,r ^.n,pt" ccreuls.
w t t h o u tr e l y i o g o n a d c s i c t c a ni nt s e r l . it. urvn p o u l t r f a n d l i s h ( A n o n . 1 9 9 6 ) . - As i m i l l r c f " i n r , r t : " i , 1 " i , 1 . i . cl it.), prorltrctr.
I t c o n s i s t s0 l a n i n t c i l r a l! \ a l c r \ a p o L l l r " , r , , , r " ,f ' r r ,t,. " n
barrier on the inner surficc ot- thc fibrebolrd. r e p o r t e d{ G o d r l a r d .1 9 9 5 b ) .S r v e d i s l r
,, p,,;.; i,k;';;,;., i"r b,rn,lle,t c o n r p a n l ,E K A ( o b l c i , , . , r , , p " r u t i u n
rhebarrierwhich ro w r t h D L r t c hc o r l r p i l n yA k z o . h r v e c l e v e l o p e r l
ucrsasa u.ick.,,n,t,n unrr",,,lni".
t ,,i frigf,ir'i"_]..frf , i.""u. lrtunrrnosili,
w_arervap'!rf. Iaycr ncxt to the fruit c a t e z e o l i t e sr v h i c h .t h e y c r a i n r .a d s o r b
or rcgclatrlcs.This nrrllti_luYercir " ",
nox o , r , r r , , u s- , "r li s. u" ,r ,-i*firi.r,liic, , i r , . i r ' r , ; " r l r "
u b l et o t u l e u p u a t c r r r rl l r r . r i r r r r srate is p o r o u ss t r u c t u r el.' h c i r B M H f U p o r v d e r
u,hel' rhe renrper tLrfcdroPs uDd rhc c a n b c i n J r r r ; t o r a t eit,J, , , ;
RH ,ir... i;;;;;.,;;"; m a t e r i a l s .e s p e c i l r l l l t, h o \ c t h i t t i L r e p i l p e r - b i t \ c d . ;:"i;!;;!
l;:r,,,
,"r.o."
*0,..
u,,f,,,;i;;;i,,,',i:,;:j]]i.'ll:;:,jl.:".;l
rn:,,l,lill,,liii;:1,:ll,:.I alilehyrtcs are adsurheti in the porc
int!,r\ticL,:,,,f ,n"
i l D d i t p p i r r c u l j _o, u
lrirr,,.f,-r.((;{xliJrrd.
, or()us

J o y c e1
, 99.j). 1995h).

9.8 Flavour/odorrradsorbers 9.9 Temperal ure cot)tro, packlrgirrg

ol packagin-urvith firrd llrrrours.ntl rr.rrrashi]s li)ru rcri\.'cplckaginS incluclesrhe usc ot.inrroYarirc

i,lsLrlaring
llt^.]ll::ltt'""especirlly bccD ml::lf
a t c l aTu",.,:.i",rol
l s . s c l l - h e a t i n ga n d s e l l _ c r r o i i n g
rhrorr-eh
rbe,unclcsirable f.lr"ur,r',.,,)1rinl",,tticsirlbte c a n s .F o r . ^ r u t p i " . t , r ' r u , , r . i
::::Sil*U.
rood components. und.e. tetnperaturcabuse dLrring s(()r..gc
For erxp,r.,1..
the scalping,i *,,r.i.r..,,iri..pr,4r,,.,,,,n .rld distributio' .i .f-,iff*f " i,,,..i.. r"inrt
desirableljmonc-nc: u, .spccial insulating r.rterials hiwe
has beeridernon\tllited altcr" only two !\!_cksstomgcitl beeir devci'ped. ii"" ...,.fr"',"",.nr,, ,"
of orangejuicc (Roone),.I99-5).c-u,,,,,,1..i,,ii,,. T h i n s u l : r t ! ' r (r 3, M C o n r p a n y U. S A ) . w h i c h i s r s p e c i a ;l " l - r r , ; r ; ;
:::9,]:,pr.kt ,.r'u iervacrirc rnan)'llr pore,spaces.Another approach.iirr D l r \ r r c! v r r t l
rechn;que\hure lreerr!rscd &) \ctccrrvcly nraintainingchillecl tt:rnpelarLrr.es
li:,:l.t-:"9.
, ' q v ! , u \r i l l r ( J rcnro!e undesirablc r s t o I n c r e i t steh c t h e r r n a rl n a s so f r h e l i r 0 dp a c k a g e
t J | l l \ . t ] U Ir r r . t n lp o t e r r t i aol p p o r t u I l i t i c s s o t h a ti t i s c l p n t ) l co t * r r l -
a n o p p o r l u B i t yi s t h c d e t ) i t ( e r i n g e x i s t .r \ l l c x a r u p l eo l s r . r c h strnding
o t p i l s t c u r r s eodr u g e . 1 u i c e sS. 0 n r cr a r r c r r e s rcrrpcrar!u.c riscs.The ,+dent<o ci,mpaiy ,ri lri"" rrrr,i-lr",.p"u ,,"u
sLrchrs Navel. rre plrricilally p,,,n.,,, n l r r k c t e dI C ( x ) lB o w l r Nw
r h i c hc o n s i s ro\ t a d o u b l c* i i f . i j p g i . u n , , , , " " l '
:t_::-S.
rrmonrn. iu*,l,iri,;,.,;r'.",,."u nu wlrichan insulatirg is dcpo\it(.din bclwccn in
a tctrarcrpcnoidir.hichis liberareciin,u i:el ,rr" *riir'ri,,tr,rr' n o...n..
ti," .;ui..:"ti", ;;;;;,;:';;;.,,:,;,i
| 9 8 9) .
298 FOOD PACKACINC TECHNOLOCY
Self-heating cans and containers hlve been cornnrercially available tbr
d e c a d e sa n d a r e p a n i f u l a r l y p o p u l a r i n J a p a n .S e l f h e o t i n ga l u m i n i L r ml r d
steelcans and containerslirr sake.coflee. tea and ready nteulsare healedby uD
exothernlicreaction which occurr rvhen linre and rvaterpositionedin thc base
are mixed. In the UK. Nestld has recently introduced a range of Nescate
coffees in sell-heatilg insulatedcans rhat use the lime and wllter exothe|]nic
reaction.Self-coolingcrns have also been nrarketedin Japanfor raw sake.The
endothermicdissolLrtionol ammoniunr nitrate and chloritlc'in watcr is userlrU
cool the product.Anothcl sclt-cooling ciln that has rccentl; becn introdUccdis
r h c C h i l l C a n r N r ( T h eJ o s e p hC o n r p a n 5 U . . S A ) u ' h i c h r c l i c so n a h y d r o t l L r o r o -
carbon ( HFC) grs refrigerant.The releuseof HRC gls is tliggercd by a bLrttqn
se{ into the can's base and can cool a tlrink by l0'C in trvo minutes.Howevcr.
concerns about the environmental irnpact oI HFC's are likely to cunail the
s i t h c C h i l l C a n r r \(' A n o n . 1 9 9 7 ) .
c o r n r n e r c i aslu c c e s o
9.10 Food safetl'. consumer acceptnbility and regul:ttor,yissues
At leastfour types of fi)od salet)' al)d legulalory issuesrelateclto active pilck-
aginu of fbods nccd lo be addlcssccl.First. any need tirr lix contact approval
Inu\l lre establishedhc'firreanv fblrll ol uctive packagin.ris r.rscd.Seconcl.it is
i r ) r p o r t a ntto c o n s i d e rr ' n r i r o n m e n t i t rl e g u l u l i o n sc o v e l i n g a c t i v ep u c k a r : i n g
malerials.Third. therernuybe a needlirl lubellingin caruswhcrc activepackating
t n a y g i v e r i s c t o c o n s u r n e cr o n f l s i o n . F o u r l h . i t i s p c r ( t n e n 1 t 0 c o n s i t l e r('h e
etlccts of active packaging on the rnicrobial ccologf lnd srfet1' ol lixrds
( R o o n e y .1 9 9 5 ) .A l l o f t h e s e i s s l r c sa r e a d d r e s s e d i n a n E C h r n t l e dA t t i T r r r r ' f r
p r o j e c tw h i c h a i r n s1 ( )r - v a l u a t e t h e \ r l c l \ ' . c l l e c t i v e n e s sc.c o n o l n i ci t n d e r r ri r -
( n t D ] L - r ' ti tmi rpl a c ta n d c o r ) s u m eiIl c c L ' p l i l n coef a c t i v ea n t l i n t r ' l l i g e npt a c l l g i n g
( D c K r u i j f .2 0 0 0 ) .
Food contact applrrral will olten be leqr.riredbccause ilctive packlging
mry affect tirods in two rvays..,\ctivc packagingsubst{nccsntay rnigratc inlo
the lbod or rray be rerroved lnrrn it. Misrants mly be intencledor Lrnintendcd.
I n l c u d e dm i g r a n t si n c l u d c a n t i o x i d a n t se. t h a n o la n d a n l i n t i c r o b i apl r e s e r r ' a
t i v e s w h i c h w o L r l dr e q r r i r er e g r r l a t o t vr p p r o v a ) i n l e r n t s o l t h c i r i ( l e l l i l \ ' .
c o n c e r ( r a t i o na n t l p 0 s s i b l ct o x i c o l r ) g )e f f e c t s .L l n i n t c n d e dr l l i g r a n r si n c l t r d e
vari<tusmetal conlpoutrdsrvhich achicrc their activc putposeinsidc packlrting
lllaterials but do not need to. or should not. enter firocls. Food adclitive
r e g u l a t i o n sr e q u i r ei d e n t i f i c a t i o na n d c l u a n t i f i c u t i i tO nl any suchr.rnintended
migration.
E n v i r o n n e n t a rl c g u l l l i o t l sc o v e 'irl ! r e r r s er.' c c y c l i n gi .d e n t i f i c a t i o tno l r s . r s t
in recycJingor the recorer)' of encr'-gt' lr-onrltctir t' packagint nlrlcrilrJslcetl to
be addresseilon lr cltse h1 clse basis-Er.rlopciinUnion corrrpaniesu\lns a!u\e
packaging as rvell rr orhcr packagir)t neecltit rncct rhc rcquircntetrtsof lhe
ACTIVE PACKACINC 299
Packlging Waste Directive ( 1994) and consider the environltental impact of
their packagingoperations.
Food latlelling is currcntly rcquired to reducc the risk of sonsumersingesl
Ing thc contcntsof oxlgen \cavcnger\achet\ 0r other in pilck ilctive packaging
devices.Some acli!c packugesrnay lotrk dillerent frorn their passivecounter
p a r t \ T h e r e l o r ei t m a 1 ' b ea d v i s a b l et o u s ea p p r o p r i a t Iea b e l l i n gt o e x p l a i nt h i s
ditterenceto the consumerevcn in thc lhsence of regLrlations_
Finally. it is vcly ir'tlortanr lirr lirocl manufacturerstrsing certain type ()f
a c t i v cp' u c k a g i n g1 oc o n s i d c rt h c e l l i ' c t st h i s w i l l h a ! e o n r h e r r i c r o b i a le c o l o c r
and satetl of loods. Fol cxitrnplc. r'entoring irlJ the trrygen lr.om within rhr-,
p r c k s o f h i g h r r , ,c h i l l e dp e l i s h a b l el o o d p r o d u c t sn r a ys r i r n u l l L t ch c g r o $ r h o t
anuelubic pathogenichactcria such as (lostriliun futttrlirnnt. Specific guid-
ance is availableto rrr|lintise thc nricrobialsalcty risks ol foods packeclLrnder
reduccdoxygerratrno\pheres( Betts. 1996).Regardingthe trseof antinicr.obial
filDl\. it is irnp{)r1aDl tt) cotlsider \!htrl spectnlltl Ot nticrLxtrganisnts will hc
i n h i b i t e t lr.\ n t i r r i c r o b i alli l n r su , h i c ho n l r i n h i h i ts p o i l a g cn t i c r r x r r g a n i s rwt rist l . r -
out rflcctin-uthe gro\\th ot pathogcnicbitctcriil\\'ill uise fixrd rlfet), corrccrns.
l n t h c U S A . J i q r l n i t n d A u s t r a l i a .l c t i \ e p a c k a g i n gc o n c e p t sa r e a l l c u d y
b e i u gs L r c c e s s l u lal yp p l r e dI.n E u r o p c .t h c d c r . e l o p m c nat n d a p p l i c a t i o no f l r e t
i v e p i r c k a g i n gi s l i r r i t e t l b e c a u s eo l J e g i s l a t i r cr c s t r i c l i o n sl.c a l o f c o n s u r l e r .
r e s i s l a n c el a . c k o l k n r r u l t ' d i : ca b r t r ret l l e c l i v e n e s as n d e c o n o n r i ca n d e n l i r o n
r D e D l aifl D p a c to l c o n c e p l s( V c r r n e i r c Dt t o l . . l ( ) 9 9 J .N 0 s p e c i f i cf e g r r l l r i o n s
t \ i \ t ( , n t h e u s er r l i r c t r v cp a c k a g r r r ign [ - . u r r r p cA.e t i v c p a c k l g i n gi s s u h j c c t c d
t o t r ! d i t i o n a l p a c k a g i n gl c g i s l l t i o n . \ v h i c h r c q u i r e \ r h u t c o n p o L r n d \ i r r c
r e g i \ t e r e do n p o s i t i v el i \ t s u n d t h x t t h e r r rc r r l l a n d s p c c i t i cr n i g r l r t i o n l i r n i t sa r e
rcspcctcd-This is ruore or less cuntrlclictory lo the conccpt ol solllc lcttve
p a c k a g i n gs y s t e n r si r r u h i c h p a c k a g i n gl e l e a s e s u b s t a n c eks) e x t c n ds h c l l l i l e
'l
o r i r l p r o r e q u a l i t yl D e K r r r i . l f2. ( X X ) t . h c l i x r d i n d u s l r y ' \ n ' t i i nc o n c e r nu b o u t
i n t l r t d u c i n ga c t i \ c c ( r n r p o n c n ttso p l r c k l r g i n \ge c n r st o b e t h ! t c ( i o s u n l . ' t n\ r i r )
c t t n s i d e rt h e c o n l p o n e n t \h a r n r l u l l n d u l i l y n o t t c c c p t t h e r r r .I n F i n l r L n t lu.
con\umcr survey co cluctedin order to detcnltine consutllerattitLldesto!\,,lLrds
oxySen scavcngersrevcalcd that the new conceptswould be acceptedif con-
s u m e r sa r e w e l l i n f o r r t e db y u s i n gl e l i r b l c i n l o r r n a t i o nc h a n n c l s( A h v e n a i n e n
& H u r m c . 1 9 9 7 ) .M o r c i n l i r r m a t i o ni s n c e d e do n t h e c h e n t i c l l ,n t i c l o b i o l o g j
cal anLlphy'sioJogicul cffects rrl vlriorrs itctive conctjpt\ olt llte pitckl-pedti)oci.
i . c . i n r e g a r dt o i t s q u i r l i t yu n t l s a l e t 1 'S. o l { r . r s s e a r c lhr a sn t a i n l yc o n c e r r r r a ( e d
on the developmentot-\'arioLrsrnetho(l\ and their testing in a mode] systern.
but not so rnuch on functioning in fbod preservationwitlt real lirod products.
FurthcrtnorL'. the bcnclitsol active packlging needto be collsideredin a holistic
a p p l o a c ht o c n v i r o n n r c n t ailm p a c t a s s e s s n r e nTt .h e e r ) \ , i r o n n t c n t e a tl l e c t o l '
p l u s t i c sb l s e d a c t i r . ep a c l i r u i n gu i l l v r r r vu , i t ht h e n a t u r co l l h e p l o d L r c l - / p a c k a g e
conrbinllti(nr. antlaclditional ltlcli(ivcsneedk) hc evaluatedtirl theil environrncntll
i t r t p a c (t V c r m c i r c n( ' / a / . . 1 9 9 9 ) .
100 FOOD PACKACINC TECHNOLOCY ACT]VE PACKAClNC 301

Day. U.PF. {199{) IntejliSenr pr.Ias;ng ol li)(,ds. jn N.,x lz1rr,, '/.,.tttu.\ It|ll.t N. ,r1l UrDpde,r &
9.1I Conclusions
C h o r l c y w o o dF o o d R e s e a r c hr \ \ \ o . t { r r o n _C h i p p i n gC a n r p d c nC . l o s . .U K , p p . t - 7 .
D a y , B . P F . ( 2 ( ) 0 0 )C d t s u , ' . . , tA t ( t t ' h t t i i t l \ o f A ( t i t t u t l . l t , t L i \ : . , t h k k a s i n s . p r o ( c e J , n r s o l r h c
Active packagingis an emerging and exciting areaof tbod technologythlt can 'Acrive
& I n r e l l i g e nP t a c k a g i n g. { { r l e r . n c e .T N O . Z c j s r .T h c N c r l r c r t a n d sI .8 A p r i t .
confer many preservationbenefits on a wide range of tbod prodlrcts.Active D x y . U P . f ( : 0 0 1 ) A c t i v c p u c k r - l i n r r r t u s hr j r l ' r o r . h . A r d , , / ' 7h..tourlnt dl Rrd tt Ltrt\otot\,
packagingis a technologydevelopinga ne\4,trustbecauseof recentadvaDces t ( l ) .- ] ] 1 1 .
D e K r u i J L N . l : 0 ( J 0 ) O b i c e r r \ r s .r r r l \ . r n d r . s u t r s l i o r r r h c I t ( F A t R . , \ . r i p L r k f c s e r r r n p r o t e c r .
in packaging. material science.biotechnology and new censunrerderrands.
i n P , r ) L e J i D r ! t ) l 1 1 1 .l n t t n n t , n u l L , \ r l o . n . . o , , \ t t i t I t j , n t t t t t t t t i ! r h t p a . l d ( , r ( . C i r n r p d c n
The objectiver.)f this tcchnolo8y are to maintain sensor,"' quality and extentj &Chrtrlc\s,r,dF(x)dRc\..||LhA\\rfr,rrNi.('hippiniai|r\t)J(n.(;L t (r)K\ . 7 8 S . p r e r r l ) c r .
t h e s h e l f I i t e o f t b o d s w h i l s l a t t h c \ i r n r ct i n r er r : r i n t r i n i n ! n
: t r t l i t i , , n aql u a l i t l F r . r n r e i rLi .. . N l i , r l i n , ) lSi .. h . r : r , \ r n n i i . i n ( C i . 1 l l i .. \ i t l l ) l I l f i l l ( . I r ( ! , t n ! t r \ . t , . , r h . , ! r no! n ( r L
and ensuringmicrobial satet!'. : h c l l l r l c ( , 1r l l ' l l r l l ) p r o . r \ \ f J l r . h t , r , u c t \ i n i r ! r ( ' J r r r . Jr l r ( , \ t h c r . .t ' t l r t t r t r \ t 4 h t k t t . , r , ,
Oxygen scavengersare bl far the most cotnntcrcially important \ub d r . 1 - l r . , r ( . l 4 ( 6 ) .1 6 7 l 7 l .
C l a s k i nM . . ( 1997P ) l l s t i cb r r gk c . t s h r L r dI r . s hl o f r l r r c c\ . r r \ t t , k t t k t t t i t ! . ) 9 J o r c . t j . t .
categoryof active packagingantl the rrarket hasbeen growing steadilytilr the
C o d d . r r dR . . r 1 9 9 5 r )B e l r r n ! b l c t . n r f , , k ( d ! , r 3 l l i , r , t . I t t l o ) . t l
last ten years.lt is predictcdthat lhe rcccnt introductionol oxygen seuven.liog C o d d . r d .R ( 1 9 9 5 b ) D i s p e | s i n r r h e s t n r l , r k t d s n r ( l l . . t . l 0 r l { ) ) t t 1 .
f l l m s a n d b o l l l e c a p sw i l l f u r t h e l h e l p t o s t i r r u l a t el h e m a r k e ti n f u t u r c y e a r s C r a y , P . N l l l ) ( 1 0 )C c n r l a r i ( , n( n r f r r \ r N l i e r { ) l n n r ( ) s p h i r c. rr!\ii! ' r n r c n r s i ( , n r r n o I n
fr!riirr(s
a n d t h e r ) n i t c o s t so f o x y g e n s c a r c ' n g i n g t e c h n o l o ! : yu i l l d r o p . O t h e r r c l i l c i n P t t ) t ( t r l u t r \ t t I h ( | t t I ( , t t | | t t | ,, , | | ( . r t t t . t | , , t . \ t t i \ | d n r ! I r t ( t t t \ ( t ! t I ' t t t A , t t i . \ ' .
( ' . r n r t d c n & ( h , ) c y N , ! , d F , j , { l R c \ ( . l r ! h A s s ( j ! r . , r j , ) n(. h ) t f r l r : C . n r p ( l r r ) .( ; t { , \
packaging tcchnoloeie\ are also ;ucdicted lo bc us+ed nrore in the lirturc-. Li}. r- S
S.ptenrher
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temperatu[econtrol packaging. Foocl salety atrd rclulittory issuesin thc EU i r i r r r , , / l k i r r s . N { ! r e c lD r k k c r l r r r . N c \ \ \ ( ' k . t r s A
are likely to restrictthe use ol c.'rtain prcscrvati!e releascrsand lll!our/oilour H i r s t .J . ( l t ) t l NI P 1 , \ , , r r l l ( d n r u r i t r t t | \ 1 . t N I C O p . L e k l S i n S S ) s r ( n r \ L r d . W o r r h .K c n r . t K .
adsorberactive packagingtechrologies.Nevertheless.the Lrseo1 aclivc pack H o r . h k i s s . Jl l 9 t ) - 1 ) R c c c n r r c s ( r r e h i n N l A Pr d l e r r \ c p r . t r g i n : s \ s t c n r s . i n , t / , r / / ? k r j . , 1 / / lr7, ,r l r
j \ t I n t u l{ t r t r r n t i t r t . A \ t s I r l i n n l n . t r r u l r of (t n S ( ] r n ( r x i l t . e t r n ( ) t ( ) g \ . ( ' l n h f | 1 l . A L r s t f r t j r
a g i n g i s b e c o r n i n gi n c r c a s i n g l y1 r o p u l aar n c lI n a n t r ) e w o p p o t t t r n i t i eisn t h e
H u m r e .L r ' r d A h \ c n l i I r n . R . ( 1 9 9 6 ), \ r r r \ c . r n d\ n r n r f n f k ! ! I r S , , t r c r t t r r r r l e t i r s . i r / , r , r ( r / r r q ,
fbod and non-fixrd industlics will open up ti)r utili\iDg lhis tcch|olo{y in the
o l 1 l , t ( , t t t i t , t d l . \ \ t ) t t ) | , \o I t , t . \ l t t , , t l t ' j t \ ( \ \ i t t ' , t r r l R r r r , t \. V d t u t . t \ , t \ . \ l K . L ; i , r c h u r ! .
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I d o l . R ( i t r 9 . 1 r ( r \ ! ! c n , c r \ e l S I r ! T t ' l r r . k \ / 1 / i . t d ( n r !1 1 { , t . 9 r l ( , r .t 7 t 9 .
J r n r i e s o ' rI.l r 1 9 9 7 )S i n \ b u l \ ' . r , , . e r r . \ \ r i r n d n r d \i 1 1l i x d t r \ ! r ( r ( / , r , ? , . r / ? , / . \ r / , r\ h t \ l L p t t \ \
References R r / . { / \ . . l . l r h N t r } . I - o n d o n .t l K .
l - a b u / r . T . P . . n r dB r c e n c .W . M . ( l ( ) 8 9 ) i \ ) t r . r r i o n \ ( n l l r l i ! e t . r . L l g i n g t i ) r i r r l p r o \ e M n r ( ) t s h r l t t i l c
A b e l e s .F . 8 . . N f r r g . r n .P \ \ ' . x I d S r l r \ t | r . l \ l l : \ l t ) t ) ) t L t l t \ l . t t t I ' t ' t , r l t i t l t ) r \ . - \ e n r l . r r r !l l c ' \ L r L l . r n d n u r l i r i o nl q u r l I l i o l l r c \ h l n ( l r \ r f n r t e ds t r c l t i t ! , t i r r i s J o r n ! t . l L t \ \ t p R \ ^ s i r a
L o n d o n l.l K /1.r.f\r/r,',l. 13. I 6(.1.
A h \ e n j n L ' nR. , L n (Hl u r n r . .[ . ( l ( ) t ) ] )A . r r \ ( . r r ( \l n r ! r l | r e L i r : " r r l: , ! r r r e L t i nr g o r r r r r c r L l e' ) : , r \ l \l , ) t N a i r ( rS. . ( ) l r ( i . r Y a n dY a n r a g L r t lNr r .r l , ) , ) l ) S t u d j e \ ( , r r t j . b r ) ) l \ r , o r onl i e f t r l ! l n r s r r \ I n . l t , l s r
q u a l ' r ! r n ( if . r l c r \ L a \ 1 , \ , h l t r t \ t ,( | \ , r a r r , r , r \ . l J . 7 5 i ? r r j L r L r d D . l l r ! . r D r f i J b i cs t o l r ! c / , , r { , i r , , ( I t l t l t n b t : \ d l t t . \ i t , , t j . { . J l l t - 1 l l . r
A n o n ( l q q l l f r c s h p r ( d u e ci s k c e n . r .! r ! . ( i n l r ( 'l r \ t l o r r ! c rl ) , , ,( , , . t n r (l l , 1 ( . I l ) ( l I r . 0 . N ! $ ( o r n . D . t i 9 ( 1 7N , o l J U r r r i r h r c r k l l 5 ( r n \ 'r i , r r p , r , ( a l r r q l ! i , , 7 ( /J { t ) : i t l
A n o n ( 1 9 9 5 )S . i r \ c n S c rs ( ' l u r i ( r r/.1 r ^ d ( , r ! \ ( , 1 r .I ) c e c r r h e r . 1 ' r .t ) . l ( r P a t r e r s oB n .D n f l d J l D c c , D C ( l t ) t ) l ) t p r ( l , r ( . . r / / , , ' , i u t e t t t t t , . r u u t t ' r L s t t j . t 1 i t , t , , t. t t ! ( r h r k t t
A n o n ( 1 9 9 5 )P u r : u i lo l l r c s h n c scsf c r ( r \ | i L e l i r g i n o P t o l k . \ l l r r t t C o t u l . t L r t t t u ,ul l ) < \ r t d tn ! . t nl c r r u l i r ) n r lp r l ! n l A p p l i c n t i o np ( l / A L l ! l / i x ) . t t ) S
g | t J o n u n i r i t ' . . / , r r i , . r .P , t u t d , r , r q\ . , 1 , l l .
I4 I5 R i c e . J . ( 1 9 9 1 ) F i g h l i n ! n x ) i s r u r e J . s r ! . r n t s i r e h c r sp o i s c d t ( , r . x t i r n ( l r d u s l g c l . r , / t ' , r { 4 \ , r ( .
A n o n ( 1 9 9 6 ) O d o uEr l l c r .P d ( t , r q r r !' \ ! 1 , , A l | S I . r . ( l n .l 6 . 1 ( J ) , 1 61 8 .
A n o n ( 1 9 9 6 ) O \ \ S c nr b s o r h i n f: r c k n s l n sn r r r e r l s n c r r n r i r r l c l d f l ) u r s . P , k l d . ( r / r r l / , d f t ' ( i , ' \ i / / ) / ) 1 , ' R o o n c yN . t L l r d ) ( l t ) 9 5 ) ; 1 . r r r t o o , / / , , r r l a r r r . r . ( h a p n r u&n H r . L o n ( l o nU . K.
, k a r r . J i n u i r r \ l l r d . P i r e k: i n ! S l . r r r g r c \ l ' r . . . \ \ ' c s rC h r \ r . r . P \ . l S A . R o { ' n c } . M . I - . l l 9 9 l i ) O x ! r c n \ c L t \ c n ! ) n ! t h s r i c s l i ) r r c r c n r i { ) ro) l t i ) ( r d q u . r l i l ) , .i t p , , . r d ! , x \ t,
A n o n ( 1 9 9 7 ) L r h r l s h c l p c o o k c d n r . r r \ r , , t . ( r r r h t i r e o I Il r, r, t , , l r r r l 1 . . ( . 1 2 { 1 0 ) . 1 . C r n f u t a , t , u t \ l t a D . ^ i t t P l u \ \ \ t t d t t t k l s d t n tP i \ r \ \ i t t \ ! t t l h n i t o t \ l . t h r L t v , r . p i t . l
A n o n ( l 9 9 7 j T 1 r i n S \ S c ( h o t t i ) r . ( ! r l r l r ((j h( . ) ( , i r / 1 r ( 1 , , ( n r ! . \ , , , ,t i r l i c d r i .l . lnrornrrionirL l . r l r h ! ' r h e . , , lS u r r c ) . t r K : 5 l . c h r u a r ) .
R r r h s . S I l 1 ) ( ) l iP J r ! l i r . r e r st c t t r n s . ( t \ \ t o t , t , r L ! ! i n ! . ' / , , r t , , . 1 / r ( 1 1 , , , / ( 1 . 5 ( 61) .1 . R o , n r . ) N l L ( l ( X r 0 ) A p p l i c r r r o ' r \Z ( 'Lr I < ( J l , \ , 1 , r i S csne t L ! t n ! i o ! r \ t ( i r l i x ) d . r n db . \ e r i L ! L
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B e r r sC . . D . r ! d | \ 1 9 9 6 tC u t ( o l t ' t I , , . t t , " t l r . l t t , u l t u t u t r , ' j \ l r u u n d t k l i \ l t \ t i l t r t l \ r ' i ' , \ , l r t , ucf\. In ffd((rrli/,(j ol tlt. l,t.t"au,atul (t,tlrxnt M /1.!^t rnt ttnrttisLttt /,.({d!r,,q.
P a r k d r d ( h i l l l l l u \ l t \ l t h P r l ^ r l t u t u \ t t l ! t t , t 1 t , , R t \ A \ . 1& n u l i \ , t . C u i d c l i r e\ , , l l C n r t l l ] . ' r & C h ( ) r l c ) \ o o d I i ) o d R e \ c | r ! h A s s o c r r r i o n -C h i p p i r g C a r n p t l c n .C t ( \ trK. T ll
( l . r t t t p d c n& C h o r l c \ $ ( , o ( ll r o o dR c \ ! . r r . h A . s ( , . r u i o n .C h r p t ) i n !Cr r n r p d c n .C l o s . t r K
C l s l l e . D ( 1 9 9 6 )P o l ) n r $ r ( l \ r n e l ] ( l ( r b l . s s h r l l - l i t c . P . r (t d < , , r ' 1 i . , t . | 2 ( l 7 ) . I R u b i n \ t c j n .W S ( 2 { ) 0 0 )i V i c R ) h ! l r \ 1! | ] r i b l l e t c r il p r o r c c r i { ) nt i ) r r h c t i x x l i n d u s r r ) .n t p l \ \ . a t i t t r \ o l
D . r y .B . P . F .( l q l i r ) rl l r r c n t i o no 1 s h c l r l r t ( , , i ! h i l l . d l ( r ) c l sl . r t , , t \ , , r nI u \ ! d n l D t a r l / r , ' r , r ' . J . th. Intrttr i.,ttl (alortk( t\t .\\titr t,l Itlitlliq.,t I'aktsirl .. Crmfilcn & Ch,rtL,]$ood
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