INNOVATIVE ENGINEERING SYSTEMS LIMITED

Geo -COMPLETION™

Well Engineering
Technical Brochure

IESL

MAY 2005

INNOVATIVE ENGINEERING SYSTEMS LIMITED

14 RUBISLAW TERRACE LANE ABERDEEN AB10 1XF UK
TEL: +44 (0)1224 658695 FAX:+44 (0)1224 658696
E-MAIL INFO@IESL-GLOBAL.COM
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................... 5

2. TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND ................................................................ 9

2.1 Impact of geomechanical properties on reservoir performance ........... 9
2.2 Field conditions and reservoir properties............................................ 10
2.3 Relationship of stress & permeability................................................. 11

3. GEO-COMPLETION™ FUNDAMANTALS ............................................. 15

3.1 Computational models ........................................................................ 15
3.2 Features & characteristics of the models ............................................ 16

4. SYSTEM STRUCTURE............................................................................... 17
4.1 Reservoir module ................................................................................ 17
4.2 Interface module ................................................................................. 18
4.3 Wellbore module................................................................................. 18

5. CONTACT INFORMATION....................................................................... 21

APPENDIX A – OUTPUT GRAPHICS................................................................. 23

This document contains CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY INFORMATION of Innovative Engineering Systems Limited (IESL). This document and the information disclosed herein shall
not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL. IESL 2005

REV A Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure MAY 2005 3

 Table of Content

This document contains CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY INFORMATION of Innovative Engineering Systems Limited (IESL). This document and the information disclosed herein shall
not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL IESL 2005

4 MAY 2005 Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure REV A

 1
Section 1

INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION

P R O B L E M S
Well and reservoir deliverability impairment is commonly attributed to “skin”
development
Well integrity deteriorates with depletion and changes in the fluid and
production conditions resulting in poor productivity
Solid’s production and loss of well integrity is commonly identified late
resulting in loss of production and poor hydrocarbons recovery
In field re-development projects the assumption that rock and reservoir
properties have not changed significantly normally leads to costly

B E N E F I T S
Coupled flow and geomechanics improves the understanding of well and
reservoir performance resulting in better completions and higher production
Changes in reservoir mechanical properties can be beneficial to improve
production and extend life of the field
Field re-development projects can be enhanced from timely identification of the
rock mechanical affecting productivity therefore, allowing to improve well
design reduce risk

Geo-COMPLETION is a system that integrates Reservoir and Completion Engineering

principles with Geomechanics in order to enhance productivity and reservoir deliverability
through an improved well design and evaluation process. The system is structured so it
addresses the main issues of the completion design process for initial reservoir conditions as
well as accounting for the changes that take place through the life of the field. The system is
composed of three main modules as depicted below

Reservoir module

Interface (Reservoir/Wellbore) module

Wellbore module

This document contains CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY INFORMATION of Innovative Engineering Systems Limited (IESL). This document and the information disclosed herein shall
not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL. IESL 2005

REV A Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure MAY 2005 5

1
Introduction

Figure 1.1 – Geo-COMPLETION™ - Areas of Expertise

The Reservoir module addresses productivity issues previously ignored by current

approaches. These include inflow, skin, invasion and mechanical integrity of the rock. The
integration of Geomechanics contributes to a better understanding of these issues enhancing
the well design process and long-term productivity. For instance, with Geo-COMPLETION,
formation permeability changes as a function of depletion are determined on a foot-by-foot basis
by taking into consideration how the rock integrity evolves during the life of the field. Also the
rock’s fabric is determined and changes in grain arrangement are predicted in order to quantify
its impact on productivity. The well design process is enhanced by:

Determining rock’s permeability changes as a function of pressure depletion therefore,

contributing to MAXIMIZING long-term productivity

This document contains CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY INFORMATION of Innovative Engineering Systems Limited (IESL). This document and the information disclosed herein shall
not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL IESL 2005

6 MAY 2005 Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure REV A

 1
Introduction

Determination of solids invasion and formation damage on a foot-by-foot basis

resulting in more accurate inflow contribution, which ENHANCES well completion
design and REDUCES risk and cost

Determination of the critical BHFPs for wellbore or perforation tunnel’s stability,

MINIMIZING the risk of solids production and Enhancing long term production

Identification of the impact on productivity of the different parameters such as BHFPs,

GOR, WOR and depletion for both Sandstones and Carbonates which AIDS in the
completion design and equipment selection processes

The Interface module covers all the aspects that link the reservoir with the Wellbore such as
casing design, cementation, perforation and stimulation programs. Integrated with the results of
the Reservoir module, the Interface module allows detailed evaluation of the interface and how
the interaction between the reservoir and the wellbore can be maximized for improved well
productivity. This permits

IMPROVED hole size selection and casing design to minimise operational risk and
cost.

ENHANCED stimulation treatment design and implementation by allowing a more

accurate diagnosis of invasion and formation damage.

ENHANCED well perforating design and interval selection by taking into account the
stress conditions and rock’s integrity through the entire life of the reservoir.
OPTIMIZED cementing through the reservoir section by using reservoir’s rock integrity
and strength to avoid slurry losses and enhance placement and zonal isolation.

The Wellbore module covers all the aspects of selecting the optimum equipment and
completion options. Geo-COMPLETION™ allows optimum design for reservoirs prone to
solids production for both sandstones and carbonates. Conditions to optimize completion
selection permits:

OPTIMUM equipment selection for wells requiring solids management or their control
can be implemented based on a better understanding of the reservoir and the
expected operating conditions.

This document contains CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY INFORMATION of Innovative engineering Systems Limited (IESL). This document and the information disclosed herein shall
not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL. IESL 2005

REV A Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure MAY 2005 7

1
Introduction

In the cases where a solid’s production strategy is selected, Geo-COMPLETION™ allows the
identification and minimisation of equipment damage ENHANCING productivity and long-term
performance.

This document contains CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY INFORMATION of Innovative Engineering Systems Limited (IESL). This document and the information disclosed herein shall
not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL IESL 2005

8 MAY 2005 Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure REV A

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Section 2

TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND
2. TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND
Current well completion design has traditionally taken very little notice of the Geomechanical
issues that affect reservoir performance over the life of the field. Geomechanical issues are
most commonly considered only in order to determine the likelihood of solid’s production. At
this point a decision is made as to whether to implement a completion that will include a solids
control method or not.

A similar situation exists in terms of reservoir engineering and analysis where the overhead of
Geomechanics is just an extra hassle in addition to the existing obstacles encountered in
defining and analysing reservoir’s performance.

The fact is that the prevalent geomechanical conditions in a particular field such as in-
situ stresses and rock mechanical properties have a significant impact on productivity at
all stages of the field life. Even worst, these parameters change in time and are not
adequately accounted while designing new completions or evaluating future reservoir
performance.

The lack of understanding and utilisation of geomechanical principles in current well design and
reservoir evaluation results in leaving unexploited the real well and reservoir production
potential at all stages of the field’s life.

2.1 IMPACT OF GEOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES ON

RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE
Geomechanical conditions in a field have a significant effect on the reservoir properties and
rock’s fibre through the life of the field. Changes in properties such as permeability, porosity and
pressures are the most common ones encountered. It is accepted in engineering terms that
permeability changes that commonly are not accounted for in conventional well completion
design are the results in local or field wide changes of the earth stresses. In most cases we
attribute this changes to the appearance of a “skin” that we are unable to neither define nor
quantify properly.

This is illustrated in the following graph, which illustrates a reservoir sequence in South East
Asia and how rock’s integrity varies for different stages of depletion during the life of the field.

This document contains CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY INFORMATION of Innovative Engineering Systems Limited (IESL). This document and the information disclosed herein shall
not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL. IESL 2005

REV A Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure MAY 2005 9

2
Technology Background

Figure 2.2 - Geomechanical Efficiency

The strength of the various layers (both sandstones and shales) that compose the reservoir
responds differently as a result of changes in reservoir pressures. These changes are
presented in this figure as when the individual layers start to deform plastically as the depletion
takes place.

It can be seen that this changes occur within the first 100 psi drop in reservoir pressure. As the
layers go from elastic to plastic state then all their original properties such as porosity and
permeability will change resulting in a new set of properties mainly in the near Wellbore area.
This are not accounted for in conventional completion design or reservoir’s productivity
evaluation. In other words, the permeability of the reservoir is assumed constant and any
changes on its IPR are the result of the other parameters and properties such as viscosity, skin
and fluid saturations instead of the actual fabric of the rock matrix.

2.2 FIELD CONDITIONS AND RESERVOIR PROPERTIES

The following graph illustrates the relationship that exists between the Geomechanical
properties and the rock properties and how the latter are affected by changes in the conditions.

This document contains CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY INFORMATION of Innovative Engineering Systems Limited (IESL). This document and the information disclosed herein shall
not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL IESL 2005

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Technology Background

Figure 2.2 – Impact of Geomechanics on Reservoir Properties & Long-Term Performance

As can be seen the effects in terms of productivity and reservoir performance are significant and
eventually will lead to

Higher cost for new wells to be drilled in the field

Production rates that are below the capability of the reservoir

Higher workover frequency

Higher uncertainty hence risk

More expensive and complex surface facilities

Overall project cost will increase and field life might be limited

2.3 RELATIONSHIP OF STRESS & PERMEABILITY

The relationship between Geomechanical conditions such as stress and rock properties such as
permeability has long been established (Rhett and Teufel, 1992). The strain caused by changes
in the reservoir conditions such as those created by depletion will result in changes in
permeability. It must be noted that these changes might be an increase or a decrease in
permeability depending on the original rock properties and the magnitude of the change in the
Geomechanical conditions.

This document contains CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY INFORMATION of Innovative engineering Systems Limited (IESL). This document and the information disclosed herein shall
not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL. IESL 2005

REV A Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure MAY 2005 11

2
Technology Background

The following figure present a conceptual view (After Wong et al 1997) of the various stages of
changes in the rock properties and fabric as a result of stress changes.

Figure 2.3 - Conceptual View of Main Events During Rock Deformation

In essence, changes in reservoir properties are the result of a need for the grains and fabric of
the rock to re-organise itself in order to accommodate the stresses and deformation of its
various mineral components. These re-organization and development of a “new” rock matrix
particularly in the near Wellbore area will go from displacements of the grain in the elastic
region up to hydrostatic compactation and pore collapse as a result of yielding and rock failure.

As a result, then we have a continuously changing permeability and porosity of a particular rock
as the reservoir is produced through the life of the field. Current methods of reservoir evaluation
only attempt to determine the magnitude and impact of these changes in cases where abnormal
events or conditions have been identified such as subsidence, Wellbore and casing collapse
and other mechanical problems associated with changes in Geomechanical conditions.

The following figure illustrates a re-organisation of quartz’s grains in a sandstone matrix as a

result of stress and its impact on permeability

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not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL IESL 2005

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Technology Background

Figure 2.4 - Effect of Stress on Permeability in a High Porosity Sandstone

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not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL. IESL 2005

REV A Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure MAY 2005 13

2
Technology Background

This document contains CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY INFORMATION of Innovative Engineering Systems Limited (IESL). This document and the information disclosed herein shall
not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL IESL 2005

14 MAY 2005 Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure REV A

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Section 3

GEO-COMPLETION™ FUNDAMENTALS
3. GEO-COMPLETION™ FUNDAMANTALS
Geo-COMPLETION is a new and advanced system that integrates Geomechanical physics
and reservoir engineering principles. The system is to be used for the timely prediction and
quantification of reservoir properties and well performance changes through the life of the field.
Geo-COMPLETION is composed of three modules as described in previous sections and
has been developed for used with:

Both sandstone & carbonate reservoirs producing oil, gas or heavy crudes (< 12 ° API)

Accurate Inflow prediction through the life of the field

Enhanced formation damage identification/prediction

Determination of the risk of solids production and Wellbore collapse

Design and evaluation of completion options and their performance

Design and evaluation of perforating performance

3.1 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS

Geo-COMPLETION is based on a number of established disciplines and principles; five of
them form the main computational engine of the system. These are:

A pseudo 3D poro-elastoplastic geomechanical model

A formation impairment model based on flow of solids through porous media

Conventional reservoir engineering principles

IPR model for reservoirs producing heavy crudes (i.e. < 12° API)

All of them have been validated extensively and independently have formed the core of IESL
well engineering capability for many years. New components such as the perforating design and
formation damage system have been developed and integrated in order to create this advanced
system.

This document contains CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY INFORMATION of Innovative Engineering Systems Limited (IESL). This document and the information disclosed herein shall
not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL. IESL 2005

REV A Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure MAY 2005 15

3
Geo-COMPLETION™ Fundamentals

3.2 FEATURES & CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODELS

IESL has successfully used for many years a Pseudo 3D geomechanical model to identify and
resolve geomechanical issues affecting well and reservoir performance. This model has formed
the basis of IESL’s SPMS® and GeoDRILL® systems for the identification of sand production
and Wellbore stability problems. This model is continuously upgraded in order to introduce
advanced science concepts to allow accurate representation of field problems. Recent
developments include SynCAL™, which is used in the prediction of hole sizes in order to
minimise the risk in wells using expandable tubulars and screens. Addition of a plasticity
element allows quantification of problems associated with the post yield state of reservoir rock
such as compactation and shale deformation and the resulting impact on well productivity. On
this basis IESL introduces Geo-COMPLETION, an advance system for the solution of well
completion and production problems at the wellbore.

Figure 3.2 – Geo-COMPLETION™ Structure

This document contains CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY INFORMATION of Innovative Engineering Systems Limited (IESL). This document and the information disclosed herein shall
not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL IESL 2005

16 MAY 2005 Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure REV A

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Section 4

SYSTEM STRUCTURE
4. SYSTEM STRUCTURE
Geo-COMPLETION™ structure allows delivery of key well design and evaluation as well as
reservoir performance based on its three modules. A description of the output for each module
the system is described below

4.1 RESERVOIR MODULE

The reservoir module has been designed to deliver parameters and diagnosis on a foot-by-foot
basis. These parameters such as Inflow predictions, formation damage profiles, BHFP and
solids production prediction are oriented to maximise productivity and long term reservoir
performance. Detailed outputs are described below:

Permeability profile through the reservoir (on a foot by foot) for initial conditions and
through the life of the field. An Inflow Profile Log or IPL is generated highlighting the
main contributing layers and the evolution of their permeability as a function of time
and depletion.
Formation damage profile through the reservoir section (on a foot by foot) is presented
on a log format. The profile integrates identification of the main damaging mechanisms
as well as the most appropriate stimulation treatment for remedial. OPstim™ Log
A prediction of the likelihood of solids production is also produced for both sandstone
and carbonate reservoirs using the SPP log. Critical operating conditions such as
BHFP, WOR and their response to depletion are represented in the SPP.
An inflow profile and BHFP prediction is produced for reservoirs producing heavy
crudes. Using IESL’s RhEPS™ technology a more accurate and realistic
representation of the ability of the reservoir to deliver fluids is produced and can be
presented as an IPL for heavy crudes. IPL- HC

All the above outputs and deliverables are produced for a number of variables and as
sensitivity analysis. The impact of GOR, WOR, depletion and rates can be simulated
for a variety of operating conditions allowing evaluation of a number of possible
scenarios for well completion design and reservoir performance.

Graphical outputs as previously described above are included in the appendices.

This document contains CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY INFORMATION of Innovative Engineering Systems Limited (IESL). This document and the information disclosed herein shall
not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL. IESL 2005

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System Structure

4.2 INTERFACE MODULE

The Interface module addresses the issues between the reservoir and the casing/Wellbore.
Issues such as stimulation, casing and perforation design are addressed in this module.
Detailed output of this module is described below:

Determination of critical loads affecting casing design and performance during the life
of the well. A critical identification of potential causes and factors affecting casing
collapse are presented based on the geomechanical conditions in the field.

Complete perforation design and performance analysis can be carried out taking into
account all the stresses and other factors affecting flow through the perforations.
Stability of the tunnels as well as their long-term performance can be simulated and
the output is presented in a numerical and log format. It permits selection of the
optimum perforating method and equipment as well as evaluation of perforation’s
performance.

This module includes the capability of designing the stimulation requirements for the
reservoir. In conjunction with the reservoir module this part of the system allows
proper identification of the stimulation requirements (i.e. damage removal or
permeability enhancement) and accurate location of the interval to be stimulated. As a
result, reservoir potential and fluids deliverability can be maximised.

4.3 WELLBORE MODULE

The Wellbore module of Geo-COMPLETION™ focuses on the completion design and
equipment requirements across the reservoir. To this effect, the module integrates output from
the previous modules in order to help with all the aspects of the reservoir face completion as
follows:

Completion option’s selection, recommendations for OH or cased/perforated well

completions are produced based on bore and perforation stability, solids production
potential, zonal isolation and reservoir deliverability / performance.

Once the fundamental completion alternative has been selected the system identifies
the long-term performance of a number of options using reservoir’s mechanical
integrity and inflow performance principles. Completion options with and without solids
control methods are identified and every aspect reviewed to assess how suitable the
option and equipment will be to the long-term performance of the well and reservoir.

This document contains CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY INFORMATION of Innovative Engineering Systems Limited (IESL). This document and the information disclosed herein shall
not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL IESL 2005

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 4
System Structure

This capability is also implemented for fields with water injectors where issues such as
thermal effects on injectivity are evaluated in order to define the potential performance
of the injection wells over the life of the field.

The Wellbore module allows evaluation and review of completion performance at any
time in the life of the field. Potential mechanical problems such as flow impairment;
fracture performance and screens/gravel pack efficiency in delivering maximum
amount of fluids can be identified.

Detail equipment specifications can be generated for each of the completion

components. Parameters such as dimensions, metallurgy, filter media sizing, pressure
drops and maximum mechanical and thermal loading can be specified for the option
selected.

Wellbore intervention and remedial options at any point in the life of the reservoir can
be identified from this module along with its operational characteristics for effective
deployment.

This document contains CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY INFORMATION of Innovative engineering Systems Limited (IESL). This document and the information disclosed herein shall
not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL. IESL 2005

REV A Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure MAY 2005 19

4
System Structure

This document contains CONFIDENTIAL and PROPRIETARY INFORMATION of Innovative Engineering Systems Limited (IESL). This document and the information disclosed herein shall
not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL IESL 2005

20 MAY 2005 Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure REV A

 5
Section 5

CONTACT INFORMATION
5. CONTACT INFORMATION

U N I T E D K I N G D O M
14 Rubislaw Terrace Lane,
Aberdeen AB10 1XF
Scotland
Telephone 01224 658695
Facsimile 01224 658696
Email info@iesl-global.com

U N I T E D S T A T E S
10375 Richmond Avenue
Suite 1300
Houston
TX 77042
USA
Telephone 713 974 0634
Facsimile 832 251 6691
Email info@iesl-global.com

L A T I N A M E R I C A
c/o Ingenieria y Technologica C.A.
PN-1068-0207, Av. Victoria
Edif. Meridional, P.B. entre calle Cuba y Centro America
Urb. Las Acacias Postnet
Caracas, Venezuela
Cellular 0414 1420045
Fax 0212 6932291
e-mail info@iesl-global.com

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not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL. IESL 2005

REV A Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure MAY 2005 21

4
System Structure

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not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL IESL 2005

22 MAY 2005 Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure REV A

 A
Appendix A

OUTPUT GRAPHICS
Appendix A – Output Graphics

IPL™ - Inflow Profile Log

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not be reproduced in whole or in part to others for any purpose including conceptual design, engineering, manufacturing or construction without the written permission of IESL. IESL 2005

REV A Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure MAY 2005 23

A
Output Graphics

OPStim™ - Operational Stimulation Log

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24 MAY 2005 Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure REV A

 A
Output Graphics

SPP™ - Sand Production Prediction

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REV A Geo-COMPLETION™ - Technical Brochure MAY 2005 25