Академический Документы
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3 May/June 1980
made available for printing May 1, 1979. All the off-diagonal submatrices of [Zi] are zero.
r,
[Z1j] = Fzccj Zcsl (11)
(pi, 1 1, cl) core LZcsj Zss5J
- F -11sheW4P 2, 2 2) where
sulator 3 (Ej3) armor(p3, V3, C3)
(a) SC cable cross-section Zccj = ZCS + ZS3 - 2Z2m
k-th cable Zssj = Zs3
Zcsj = ZS3- Z2m (12)
and
ZS3= Z20 + Z23
Zaaj = armor self-impedance = za4 (5) Z20 : internal impedance of sheath outer surface
Zcsj = mutual impedance between the core and Z20 = (SioI2/27r) (l/x4D2).(Io(x4)-Kl(x3)
sheath + Ko(x4)-II(x3)}
=Zsa + Za4- Z2m - 2Z3m (6) Z23 : sheath outer insulator impedance
Zcaj = mutual impedance between the core and Z23 = (sipOpii2/2ir)*ln(r5/r4)
armor
= Za4- Z3M (7) Z3i : inteinal impedance of armor inner surface
Zsaj = mutual impedance between the sheath and z3i = (sloUV3/2ir)* (l/xsD3)*{ Io(xs)*Ki(x6 )
armor
+ Ko(xs)*Il(x6)}
= Zcaj (8) Z3m : armor mutual impedance
where Z3m = P3/2irrsr6D3
I
Zcs = Zii + Z12 + Z2j (9) Z30 : internal impedance of armor outer surface
I
When the SC cable consists of a core and sheath, Pcj = (1/27Troc1i)*ln(r3/r2)
the above matrix is reduced to:
Psj = (1/27wco0j2)*ln(r5/r4) (22)
[Zojk] [Zojk Zojk (15) Paj = (1/27rToCj 3)*ln(r7/r6)
Zojk Zojk
When the cable consists of a core and sheath, the
If the SC cable consists only of a core, the above matrix is reduced to:
matrix includes only one element.
[Pij] = [Pcj + Psj Psjl (23)
[Zojk] = Zojk (16) l Psj PsiJ
Zoik in eqs.(14) to (16) is the earth return im- If the cable consists only of a core, then [Pij]
pedance between the j-th and k-th cables. When a cable includes only one element.
system is overhead, the impedance is given by Carson!'
When a cable system is underground,the impedance given [Pii] = Pcj (24)
by Pollaczek"2 is used. If a cable is above a strati-
fied earth, the earth return impedance developed by
Nakagawa, et.al.13 can be used. The submatrices of [Po] are given in the follow-
ing form.
2.1.2 Potential coefficient
The admittance matrix of a cable system is eval-
uated from the potential coefficient matrix as given
[Pojk] = Poik Pojk Pojk
in eq.(4). In the SC cable case, [P ] and [Pc] are Pojk Poik PoJk (25)
zero, and when the cable system is ungerground, [PO]
is also zero. Thus, based on the result of Appendix 2, Poj k Poj k Poj k
(1) Overhead cable where Pojk is the space potential coefficient and is
given for the case of Fig.l (b) by:
[P] = [Pi] + [Po] (17)
Pojj = (1/2TrrO)*ln(2hj/r7j) (26)
(2) Underground cable I
Pojk = (l/2Irco)*ln(D2/Dj)
[P] = [Pi] (18)
2.2 Pipe-Type Cable (PT Cable)
where
2.2.1 Impedance
[Pi] = cable internal potential coefficient The impedance matrix of a PT cable shown in Fig.2,
matrix where an inner conductor is assumed to be an SC cable,
is given in the same manner as the SC cable case.8'9
= [Pil] o
(1) Pipe thickness assumed to be infinite
[Pi2] [ (19)
[Z] = [Zi] + [Zp] (27)
[Pin]i (2) Pipe thickness being finite
905
[Z] = [Zi] + [Zp] + [Zc] + [Zo] (28) In eqs.(29) and(30), the last column and row cor-
respond to the pipe conductor. Thus, these should be
where omitted when the pipe thickness being assumed infinite.
A diagonal submatrix of [Zi], i.e.eq.(29), is given in
[ZiI = SC cable internal impedance matrix eq.(8). A submatrix of [Zp], eq.(30), is given in the
fol 1 owi ng form.
[Zil] [I 0 1] [ 0 ] 0
(29) [Zpjk] r Zpjk Zpjk Zpjk (33)
[ ° ] [ZM2].' [ 0 1 0
Zpjk Zpjk Zpjk
[0] t[] I [Zin] 0 Zpjk Zpjk ZpjkJ
O
0 0.0--e 0 When an inner conductor consists of a core and
sheath, eq.(33) is reduced to 2x2 matrix, and when the
[Zp] = pipe internal impedance matrix inner conductor consists only of a core, eq.(33) is
further reduced to a column matrix in the same manner
[Zp11] [Zpl 2].] [Zpln] 0 as explained in the case of [Zi]. ( See eqs.(8), (11)
and (13). ) This is the same for all other impedance
[Zp12] [Zp22].* [Zp2n] 0 (30) and admittance matrices explained in this section.
Z k in eq.(33) is the impedance between the j-th
and k- inner conductors with respect to the pipe in-
a
[Pill [ 0 I]e [ O ] 0 l (44) A submatrix and the last row and column elements
of the space potential coefficient matrix[PO] is given
[ 0 1 [Pi?2] ' ' ' [ ] 0 in the following form.
[PO] = Po Po Po
[0 1 1 0 ] [Pin] 0
PO PO PO (51)
0 O 0 0
Po Po PO
[Pp] = pipe internal potential coefficient
matrix PO = (l/27rEo).ln(2h/rp3)
oe 11~~~~~~
[Ppill [Ppl 2] ** *[Ppln] 0 3. DISCUSSION
[PpI2] [Pp22]. .[Pp2n] 0
(45) The formulation of impedances and admittances of
various cables given in the previous section includes
some approximations. It may be important to discuss
[Ppmn] [Pp2n] ... [Ppnn] 0
these approximations so as to make the limit of appli-
0 0' 0 0 cability clear when the formulation is used.
First of all, the major assumptions made for the
[Pc] = potential coefficient matrix between formulation of impedances and admittances (on page 1 of
pipe inner and outer surfaces the paper) should be discussed. The first assumption
is constant permeability. Quite offten, a pipe and
armor are ferromagnetic. It, however, seems to be
[PC] [PC]---[PC] PC rather unusual to have high currents to cause satura-
(46) tion of the pipe or armor. Thus, in most cases, the
[Pc] saturation of the pipe or armor can be neglected. When
one needs to take the saturation into account, methods
proposed in references (3) and (4) can be used. In regard
[PC] [Pc]---[Pc] to the second assumption, displacement currents are
negligible as far as low frequencies (less than about
PC PC.....Pc Pc lMHz) are concerned. In the analysis of transients and
[PO] = potential coefficient matrix of the pipe wave propagation on a cable system, 1the frequency of
interest is, in most cases, less than MHz. The die-
in air
lectric losses are small in comparison with the losses
in conducting media of cables and earth. Thus, the
= [PO] [Po] ..[Po] Po0 assumption is valid. The third assumption will be
discussed later.
[Po] [Po]- -[Po] PO (47)
No approximation is made for the impedances and
admittances of an SC cable as far as Carson's and
[Po] [Po]- -.[Po] PO Pollaczek's earth impedances and Scheikunoff's cylin-
drical conductor impedance are concerned. One should
PO Po0....Po PO pay attention to the fact that Carsont and Pollaczek's
907
formulas of the earth return impedance are not appli- case, accurate formulas of the impedance and potential
cable at frequencies higher than about lMHz because coefficient can be derived based on the work done by
the effect of displacement currents is not included in Tegopoulos and Kriezis.15 Since these formulas are too
the formulas'.3 Thus, the formulation of the impedances complicated for practical usage, the assumption of
of both SC and PT cables is correct only upto about infinite pipe wall thickness may be used, but only to
lMHz. calculate the impedance and potential coefficients of
One can easily find that the formulation of the the pipe. Note that earth return currents are not neg-
impedances and admittances of an SC cable given in this lected and that complete shielding is not assumed.
paper is identical to that given in reference (1) for This assumption introduces negligible error for actual
the case of a coaxial cable consisting of a core and PT cables and for frequencies above 1OHz. Fig.3 shows
sheath. a comparison of the pipe impedances for the cases of
Two assumptoins are included in the PT cable case. the pipe thickness being finite and infinite. It is
The first one is that the eccentric cable positions clear that the impedance for the finite pipe thickness
within the pipe do not affect the internal impedances case approaches that for the infinite thickness case,
and admittances of the inner conductors (SC cable) and at the frequency of lkHz. When the pipe thickness is
the impedances and admittances between the inner and 4mm, which is nearly equivalent to the penetration
outer surfaces of the pipe. Thus, the inner conductor depth at 10 Hz, its impedance is almost identical to
impedance and admittance of a PT cable become the same that for the infinite thickness case in the frequency
as those of an SC cable. The same assumption has been range shown in the figure. The pipe thickness is, in
made in references (3) and (4). If one needs to take most cases, greater than the penetration depth. Thus,
into account the effect of the eccentricity on the in- the assumption is valid.
ner conductor impedance, the formula of the outer sur- Calculated results of admittances of a single-
face impedance of the inner conductor given in refer- phase SC cable are shown in Fig.4. From the results,
ence (5) can be used. it is clear that the admittance ofan underground cable
The second assumption concerns the case of finite are much greater than those of an overhead cable. The
pipe thickness. It is assumed that the pipe thickness impedance shows not a significant difference between
will be greater than the penetration depth in the pipe underground and overhead cables. Thus, it should be
wall. If the pipe thickness is smaller than the pene- expected that the attenuation of the undeground cable
tration depth, the formulas of the pipe internal im- is much higher than that of the overhead cable, and the
pedance given in eqs.(34) and (35) and potential co- propagation velocity is lower in the underground case.
efficient given in eq.(49) can not be used. In that Similar results are obtained for the PT cable case.
The internal impedances of SC cables are shown in
Fig.5. Significant differences are observed for the
cases of SC cables consisting only of a core, of core
and sheath, and of core, sheath and armor.
1 0-3
E
C:
io-2
10-4 E
._
1o-,
r-
- -Fl
a
o-!5 10-4
0.01 0.1 1 10 0)
S-
frequency, kHz
Fig. 3 Effects of pipe thickness 10o
on pipe inner surface impedance 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
frequency, KHz
10-2
1
-2
E 1
1-0
j7j'1 /;
0
C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/-
/
10 6 10-3
/// Em l04
*v 10-;
c
1C5 ;01 i0.1
4
10-4
f0
a,10-4
In