ME 3345 Introduction to Heat Transfer - Pror

Pror.. P. J. Hesketh

Chapter 1
Introduction
Heat Transfer ME 3345

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 T1
Conduction
T2
L
HEAT FLUX q” dT
q = −k
"
x time
dx
Where k is THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (W/mK)
Pror.. P. J. Hesketh

Two cases will be considered:

(1) Transient response, initial temperature T1 > T2, then heat conduction occurs
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to spread the vibration (Thermal Energy) uniformly throughout solid so a new

temperature is reached at some time:
T1 + T2
ME 3345 Introduction to Heat Transfer

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(2) Steady-state where T1 and T2 are a constant in time.
Gradient is therefore: and heat flux is:
dT T2 − T1 T2 − T1
= q "
= − k
dx L x
L
Units of heat flux are W/m2 Units of heat conduction W/mK
For a rod of area A, the heat conducted is q”A, units Watts = Joules/second
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 Convection

Forced Convection – imposed flow of fluid

Natural Convection – due to boyancy forces

Flat Plate:
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ME 3345 Introduction to Heat Transfer

BOUNDARY LAYER – region over which temperature and the velocity change.
Convection Heat Transfer occurs through both random molecular motion & bulk
fluid motion within the boundary layer.
qCONV = hA(TS – Tinfinity)
where h is the HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
NUSSELT # Nu = hL/k a dimensionless parameter
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 Radiation - 1

Radiation is emitted by any material at a finite temperature,T, this includes

solids, liquids, and gases.
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Temperature T is above absolute zero -273oC or 0oKelvin

A ‘Black Body” is a perfect source of radiant emission.

Eb = σT 4
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Emissive Power PLANCK’S LAW

σ is STEFAN-BOLTZMANN CONSTANT = 5.67x10-8 W/m2/K4

ME 3345 Introduction to Heat Transfer

A real surface emits less energy by the amount ε

E = εσT 4
where ε is the EMISSIVITY of the real surface

0 < ε <1
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 Radiation - 2

G IRRADIATION of a surface is sum of radiant energy

arriving at a surface from all sources.
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α ABSORPTIVITY is fraction of irradiation that is adsorbed

GADS = αG and E = εσT4 0 <α <1

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Conservation of energy yields:

ME 3345 Introduction to Heat Transfer

q”nett = GADS – E

A GRAY surface has a emissivity that is independent of

direction and wavelength.

Hence α =ε and GADS = ασT4

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ME 3345 Introduction to Heat Transfer - Pror
Pror.. P. J. Hesketh

Radiation Exchange - 1

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 Radiation Exchange - 2

Nett q”RAD = q/A = heat loss – heat gain

q”RAD = εσT4S – αG and because ε = α
Pror.. P. J. Hesketh

Then: q”RAD = εσ (T4s – T4sur)

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ME 3345 Introduction to Heat Transfer

If we include convection to gas then:

q = qCONV + qRAD
= hA(Ts – Tinfinity) + εAσ(T4s – T4sur)

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ME 3345 Introduction to Heat Transfer - Pror
Pror.. P. J. Hesketh

Modes of Heat Transfer

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ME 3345 Introduction to Heat Transfer - Pror
Pror.. P. J. Hesketh

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 Conservation of Energy – 1st Law

Consider a control volume

δV
Pror.. P. J. Hesketh
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The rate at which thermal and mechanical energy enters a

ME 3345 Introduction to Heat Transfer

control volume, plus the rate at which thermal energy is

generated within the control volume, minus the rate at which
thermal energy and mechanical energy leave the control
volume must equal the rate of increase of energy stored within
the control volume.
i.e. If inflow of energy greater than outflow, difference must be
stored internally.
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 Conservation of Energy over time ∆t

The amount of thermal and mechanical energy that enters a control volume,
plus the amount of thermal energy that is generated within a control volume,
minus the amount of thermal and mechanical energy that leaves the control
Pror.. P. J. Hesketh

volume must equal the increase in the amount of energy stored in the
control volume.

δV
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E& g & & & dEst

E& in E& out Ein + E g − Eout =
ME 3345 Introduction to Heat Transfer

E& st dt

E& g is the volumetric energy generation rate

E& st is the volumetric energy stored
dEst
Conservation of Energy: Ein + E g − Eout = ∆t
dt
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ME 3345 Introduction to Heat Transfer - Pror
Pror.. P. J. Hesketh

Control Volume

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ME 3345 Introduction to Heat Transfer - Pror
Pror.. P. J. Hesketh

Surface Control Volume

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