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Abstract— Glaucoma arises due to the inadequate fluid group of diseases of the optic nerve involving loss of retinal
flow from the drainage canals of the eye, leading to the ganglion cells in a characteristic pattern of optic neuropathy.
crystallization of the fluid in the cornea and iris regions. Eye has pressure just like blood, and when this intraocular
Especially in closed angled Glaucoma, fluid pressure in the eye pressure (IOP) increases to dangerous levels, it damages the
increases because of inadequate fluid flow between the iris and optic nerve. This can result in decreased peripheral vision and,
the cornea. One important technique to assess patients at risk of eventually, blindness. Glaucoma is similar to ocular
Glaucoma is to analyze ultrasound images of the eye to detect the hypertension but with accompanying optic nerve damage and
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structural changes. Currently, these images are analyzed vision loss. Although raised intraocular pressure is a
manually. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to significant risk factor for developing Glaucoma, there is no set
automatically compute this accretion from the ultrasound images threshold for intraocular pressure that causes Glaucoma. One
of the eye. Apart from improving the contrast of the low person may develop nerve damage at a relatively low pressure,
resolution ultrasound image, the algorithm aims to determine the
while another person may have high eye pressures for years
exact location of the apex point of the anterior chamber region
for efficient angle calculation. It is highly imperative to detect
and yet never develop damage. Untreated Glaucoma leads to
permanent damage of the optic nerve and resultant visual field
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Glaucoma in its early stages for diagnosis and hence the
algorithm also addresses the importance of precise results with
effective immunity towards speckle noise. This work shows a
technique to improve the efficiency of clinical interpretation of
loss, which can progress to blindness. In this paper, the Closed
Angle Glaucoma is addressed, in which the fluid at the front
of the eye cannot reach the angle and leave the eye. The angle
gets blocked by part of the iris. People with this type of
Glaucoma in ultrasound images of the eye.
Glaucoma have a sudden increase in eye pressure. Symptoms
include severe pain and nausea, as well as redness of the eye
Keywords- Glaucoma, drainage canals, cornea, and iris region, and blurred vision. This status requires immediate medical
ultrasound images. attention.
the eye. Usually drops are used to numb the eye. Then the
affects 66 million persons worldwide. It is the second leading doctor or technician will use a special device, called
cause of blindness worldwide. The disease is characterized by Tonometer, which measures the eye’s pressure. The normal
typical changes in the optic nerve (the nerve that connects the range of this pressure is in between 10mmHg and 22mmHG.
eye to the brain) with associated visual field defects (the area
seen by the eye). Since the outer portion of the visual field is 2.2 Ophthalmoscopy
the first to be affected and most types of Glaucoma are Ophthalmoscopy is used to examine the inside of the
asymptomatic the disease is often diagnosed once significant eye, especially the optic nerve. In a darkened room, the doctor
vision/field has been lost. Therefore, early diagnosis is will magnify the eye by using an ophthalmoscope (an
essential so that treatment to halt/slow progression can be instrument with a small light on the end). This helps the doctor
instituted. Glaucoma study from Chennai city and rural look at the shape and color of the optic nerve.If the pressure in
Tamilnadu reveals that every 1 on 3 patients above 40 years the eye is not in the normal range (10mmHg to 22mmHg), or
having vision related problems were diagnosed with if the optic nerve looks unusual, then one or two special
Glaucoma. When the Glaucoma is understood and managed, Glaucoma tests will be done. These two tests are called
humans can continue to live their life fully. Glaucoma is a Perimetry and Gonioscopy.
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Figure 2.1 Clinical parameters in Gonioscopic images
2.3 Manual Calculation of AOD from Ultrasound Images of
the Eye
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TABLE :1 Comparison of Results with Current Techniques for Image 1 4.3 Results for Ultrasound Image 3
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Figure 4.3: Input Ultrasound Image 3
TABLE :4 Comparison of Results with Current Techniques for Image 4 patient’s ultrasound image, leading hopefully to an increase in
efficiency and a reduction of cost.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Authors wish to thank Guru Kamesh Reddy,
JTO,AP,India. For his sugessions which have the improved
the presentation of the material in this paper.
REFERENCES
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using a multi-scale algorithm. It is worthwhile to investigate a [4] Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, Steven L. Eddins, ― Digital
different speckle reduction technique that do not depend on Image Processing using MATLAB®‖, Pearson Education Asia
the selection of the window size and that can be used on the Publications.
ultrasound images of the eye before edge enhancement. One [5] Glaucoma Research Foundation - funding innovative research to
find a cure for Glaucoma.251 Post Street, Suite 600, San
easy way to reduce speckle is to average multiple uncorrelated Francisco, CA.
images of the same object obtained from different spatial
positions. However, this procedure is computationally costly
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and will increase the processing time of the algorithm. It
seems to design an algorithm for fine enhancement, which
does not require the selection of a fixed window size and to
reduce speckle noise based on each pixel surrounding area.
K.Chiranjeevi received B.E Electronics and
Communication Engineering from
algorithm predictions are very advantageous compared to the Department. Of Electronics and Communication Engineering at GMR
technologist’s observation. In the processed images, features Institute of Technology. Having Total experience is 12 years out of which 10
years in Teaching (GMRIT) and 2 Years in Industry. His research interests are
were correctly identified in 97% of the cases. 3% of images Communication, Signal Processing and Image Processing. He has published
presented inaccurate approximation of the clinical parameters. 10 Technical papers in various International journals and conferences. He is a
The difficulties encountered in measuring clinical parameters, life member of ISTE Since 2002.
which are associated with the speckle noise, poor contrast,
poor resolution, and weak edge delineation present in the
processed ultrasound images, are accurately eliminated.
However, the designed algorithm failed for a few of images,
where more noise is present. The algorithm was designed with
a goal of robustness through the use of enhancement process
on the original image, and by validation of the proper
segmentation of the anterior chamber at each step. Overall, the
benefit of this work is the ability of algorithm to reduce the
processing time and improve processing consistency for each