CVOICE Cisco Voice over IP Version 4.1 Student Guide ‘Test Pant NumberCopyright*@2003, Cisco Systems, Inc llrightsreserved. Cisco Systems has more thn 200 offices in the following countries and regions. Addresses, phone numbers, and fax numbers are listed on the Cisco Web site at wv cis, com go ofies Arpemna » Ausra «Aus» Belgiun + Brail» Bulgari» Canada» Chile» Chita PRC» Colombia» Costa Rea» Croatia + ‘Cech Republic» Denmark» Dua, UAE = Finland France» Germany» Greece» Hong Kong SAR = Hungary Indi Indonesia» land» rel aly» pan = Keren» Lanemboug» Maly = Mexico» The Netherands = Singapore = Shovaka» Slovenia South Aca Spain = Sweden -Swizeland Taian» Thailand» Turkey Ukitine United King + United Sas» Veneruelas Vim + Zentabwe Copyright © 2003, Cisco Systems, In. All righs reserved. 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(203k)COURSE INTRODUCTION ‘Overview Course Objectives Cisco Certification Track Leamer Skills and Knowledge Leamer Responsibilities General Administration Course Flow Diagram Icons and Symbols Leamer Introductions Course Evaluations MODULE 1 - INTRODUCTION TO PACKET VOICE TECHNOLOGIES LESSON ONE: LESSON Two: ‘Overview Outline TRADITIONAL TELEPHONY, ‘Overview Importance Objectives Learner Skills and Knowledge Outline Basic Components of a Telephony Network Central Office Switches Private Switching Systems Call Signaling Multiplexing Techniques Summary Next Steps Lesson Review PACKETIZED TELEPHONY NETWORKS, ‘Overview Importance Objectives Learner Skills and Knowledge Outline Benefits of Packet Telephony Networks Call Control Distributed vs. Centralized Call Control Packet Telephony Components Best-Effort Delivery of Real-Time Tratfic Summary Next Steps References Lesson Review LESSON THREE: IP TELEPHONY APPLICATIONS ‘Overview Importance Objectives Learner Skills and Knowledge es ae ga ‘Copyright @ 2008, Cisco Systems, ne (Cleco Voie over IP (VOICE) vitOutline 1-42 ‘Analog Interfaces 1.43 Digital Interfaces 146 IP Phones, 1-49 ‘Campus LAN Environment 4-53 Enterprise Environment 1.55 Service Provider Environment 1.59 Summary 1-60 Next Steps 1-61 References 1-61 Lesson Review 1-62 MODULE 2 - ANALOG AND DIGITAL VOICE CONNECTIONS x ‘Overview 2 Outline 22 LESSON ONE: ANALOG VOICE BASICS 23 ‘Overview 23 Importance 23 Objectives 23 Learner Skills and Knowledge 24 Outline 24 Loop to Loop Connections 25 ‘Types of Local-Loop Signaling 26 Supervisory Signaling 27 ‘Address Signaling ant Informational Signaling 243 ‘Trunk Connections 245 ‘Types of Trunk Signaling 218 Ear and Mouth Signaling Types 2.22 ‘Trunk Signaling Types Used by Ear and Mouth 227 Line Quality 2-30 Management of Echo 232 ‘Summary 2:34 Next Steps 2:35 References 2:35 Lesson Review 2:38 LESSON TWO: ANALOG TO DIGITAL VOICE ENCODING 2-43 ‘Overview 2a3 Importance 2.43 Objectives 2.43 Learner Skills 248 Outline 244 Basic Voice Encoding: Converting Analog to Digital 2.45 Basic Voice Encoding: Converting Digital to Analog 287 ‘The Nyquist Theorem 2-48 ‘Quantization 2-49 Voice Compression and Coder-Decoder Standards 2.52 G.729 and G.729A Compared 257 ‘Compression Bandwidth Requirements 2:58 Voice Quality Measurement 261 Summary 2-63 Next Steps 2-64 References 2-64 ii Cisco1P Telephony (C1PT) v3.3 Copyright© 2002, Cisco System, ne.Lesson Review 2.65 LESSON THREE: SIGNALING SYSTEMS 274 ‘Overview Zt Importance am Objectives an Learner Skills and Knowledge 272 Outline 272 Channel Associated Signaling Systems: T1 273 Channel Associated Signaling Systems: E1 277 Common Channel Signaling Systems 279 ISDN 2:80 {Q Signaling 2:83 Signaling System 7 2-85 Signaling Systems Interworking 2.87 Summary 2:88 Next Steps 2-88 Lesson Review 2-89 LESSON FOUR: FAX AND MODEM OVER VOICE OVER IP 2.93 ‘Overview 2S Importance 2.93 Objectives 2.93 Leamer Skills and Knowledge 2.04 Outine 2.94 Cisco Fax Relay 2.95 1.38 Fax Relay 297 1.37 Fax Store and Forward 2.98 Fax Passthrough 2-100 Modem Passthrough 2-101 Modem Relay 2402 Summary 2-103 Next Steps 2403 References 2-403 Lesson Review 2104 MODULE 3 - CONFIGURING VOICE INTERFACES 34 ‘Overview ot Outiine a4 LESSON ONE: VOICE PORT CONFIGURATION 33 ‘Overview 33 Importance 33 Objectives 33 Leamer Skills and Knowledge 34 Outine a4 Voice Port Applications 35 Foreign Exchange Station Ports 313 Foreign Exchange Office Ports, 3416 Ear and Mouth Ports 348 Timers and Timing 321 Digital Voice Ports 324 ISON 3.28 ‘Copyright @ 2008, Cisco Systems, ne (Cleco Voice ever IP (CVOICE) vitCommon Channel Signaling Options 3-30 Monitoring and Troubleshooting 3:32 Summary 337 Next Steps 3-38 Lesson Review 3:39 LESSON TWO: ADJUSTING VOICE QUALITY 3-45 ‘Overview 35 Importance 345 Objectives 3.45 Learner Skills and Knowledge 3-46 ‘Outline 3-46 Electrical Characteristics 347 Voice Quality Tuning 3-50 Echo Cancellation Commands 3-53 Summary 355 Next Steps 3-55 References 355 Lesson Review 3-58 MODULE 4 - VOICE DIAL PEERS 44 ‘Overview 1 Outline at LESSON ONE: CALL ESTABLISHMENT PRINCIPLES 43 ‘Overview a3 Importance 43 Objectives 43 Learner Skills and Knowledge 48 Outline 44 What Are Call Legs? 45 End-to-End Calls 46 ‘Summary 48 Next Steps 48 References 48 Lesson Review 49 LESSON TWO: DIAL PEERS 4-14 ‘Overview TT Importance att Objectives 412 Learner Skills and Knowledge 412 Outline 412 What Is a Dial Peer? 414 Configuring Plain Old Telephone Service Dial Peers 417 What Is the Default Dial Peer? 424 Configuring VolP Dial Peers 419 Destination-Pattern Options 421 What Is the Default Dial Peer? 424 Matching Inbound Dial Peers 426 Matching Outbound Dial Peers 4.29 Hunt Group Commands 431 Configuring Hunt Groups 4-32 iv Cisco Telephony (CIPT) v3.3 Copyright © 2003, Cisco System neDigit Collection and Consumption 4-35 What Is Digit Manipulation? 438 ‘Summary 4-42 Next Steps 443 References 444 Lesson Review 445 LESSON THREE: SPECIAL-PURPOSE CONNECTIONS 4-53 ‘Overview 453 Importance 4-53 Objectives 453 Learner Skills and Knowledge 4.54 ‘Outline 454 Connection Types 455 PLAR and PLAR OPX 457 Configuring Trunk Connections 4-59 Tie-Line Connections 461 Summary 4-63 Next Steps 4-64 References 464 Lesson Review 4-65 MODULE 5 — INTRODUCTION TO VOICE OVER IP 5-4 ‘Overview eH Outline 52 LESSON ONE: REQUIREMENTS OF VOICE IN AN IP INTERNETWORK 53 ‘Overview a3 Importance 53 Objectives 53 Learner Skills and Knowledge 5h Outline Ba Real-Time Voice in a Best-Effort IP Internetwork 55 Packet Loss, Delay, and Jitter 57 Consistent Throughput 59 Reordering of Voice Packets 511 Reliability and Availabilty 5:13 ‘Summary 5-15 Next Steps 515 Lesson Review 516 LESSON TWO: VOICE OVER IP VS. VOICE OVER FRAME RELAY OR VOICE OVER ATM S24 ‘Overview 5a Importance 521 Objectives B21 Leamer Skils and Knowledge 522 Outine 5-22 Single vs. Multiple Data Links inthe Cal Path 323 Recognizing Voice Packets in a Steam of Voice and Data 524 Voice over Frame Relay Encapsulation 526 Calculating Voice over Frame Relay Bandwidth 3.28 Voloe over ATM Encapsulation 3.30 Calculating Voice over ATM Bandwidth B31 ‘Copyright @ 2008, Cisco Systems, ne (Cleco Voie over IP (VOICE) vit‘Summary 5-33 Next Steps 5.33 References 5:33 Lesson Review 5.34 LESSON THREE: GATEWAYS AND THEIR ROLES 5:39 ‘Overview 539 Importance 5.39 Objectives 5.39 Learner Skills and Knowledge 5-40 Outline 5-40 What Are Gateways? Bat Guidelines for Selecting the Correct Gateway 542 Datemining Gateway terconnecion Requements nan Enterprise 544 Deternining Gstoway Interconnection Requirements a8 Seren Provider sar ‘Summary 549 Next Steps 5.49 References 5-49 Lesson Review 5-50 LESSON FOUR: ENCAPSULATING VOICE IN IP PACKETS 553 ‘Overview 553 Importance 5.53 Objectives 553 Learner Skills and Knowledge 5.54 Outline 5.54 Major VolP Protocols 5.55, RTP and RTCP 5.58 Reducing Header Overhead with CRTP. 5.60 When to Use RTP Header Compression 5.63 Summary 5-65 Next Steps 5-66 References 5-66 Lesson Review 5.67 SANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS ‘Overview Importance Objectives Learner Skills and Knowledge Outline ‘Codec Bandwiaths Impact of Voice Samples and Packet Size on Bandwidth Data Link Overhead Calculating the Total Bandwidth for a VolP Call Effects of Voice Activity Detection on Bandwidth ‘Summary Next Steps References Lesson Review LESSON SIX: SECURITY IMPLICATIONS 5.87 vi Cisco P Telephony (CIPT) v3.3 Copyright © 2003, Cisco System ne‘Overview 587 Importance 5.87 Objectives 5.87 Learner Skills and Knowledge 5.88 Outline 5-88 Security Policies for Voice over IP Networks ‘Communicating Through a Firewall Delivery of Voice over IP Through a VPN. Bandwidth Overhead Associated with VPN Summary 5.82 Next Steps 5-82 References 582 Lesson Review 5-83 MODULE 6 - VOIP SIGNALING AND CALL CONTROL 6-4 ‘Overview et Outine 62 LESSON ONE: NEED FOR SIGNALING AND CALL CONTROL 6:3 ‘Overview o3 Importance 63 Objectives 63 Leamer Skills and Knowledge es Outine 4 VoIP Signaling 66 Call Control Models 68 Translation Between Signaling and Call Control Models 6-10 Call Setup 6-12 Call Administration and Accounting 6-14 Call Status and Call Detail Records 615 ‘Address Management 616 ‘Admission Control 618 Centralized Call Control 6-19 Distributed Call Control 6-20 Centralized Call Control vs. Distributed Call Control 621 Summary 6-23 Next Steps 6-24 References 6-24 Lesson Review 625 LESSON TWO: H.323 6-33, ‘Overview 633 Importance 6-33 Objectives 634 Leamer Skills and Knowledge 6-35 Outine 635 H.323 and Associated Recommendations 6-36 Functional Components of H.323 639 H.323 Call Establishment and Maintenance 6-44 Call Flows Without a Gatekeeper 6-47 Call Flows with a Gatekeeper 6-50 Multipoint Conferences 652 Call Flows with Multiple Gatekeepers 654 Survivability Strategies 656 ‘Copyright @ 2008, Cisco Systems, ne (Cleco Voie ever IP (CVOICE) vit vilH.323 Proxy Server 6-58 Cisco Implementation of H.323, 6-60 Configuring H.323 Gateways 6-62 Configuring H.323 Gatekeepers 6-65 Monitoring and Troubleshooting 6-67 Summary 6-69 Next Steps 6-70 References 6-70 Lesson Review ert 679 S79 Importance 6-79 Objectives 679 Learner Skills and Knowledge 6-80 Outline 6-80 SIP and lts Associated Standards 681 ‘Components of SIP 6-83 SIP Messages 6-85 SIP Addressing 6-88 Call Setup Models, 691 Survivability Strategies 6-95 Cisco Implementation of SIP 6-96 Configuring SIP on a Cisco Router 697 Monitoring and Troubleshooting 6-99 Summary 6-101 Next Steps 6-102 References 6-102 Lesson Review 6-103 LESSON FOUR: MGCP 6-109 ‘Overview 6-105 Importance 6-109 Objectives 6-110 Leamer Skills and Knowledge 6-110 Outline 6-110 MGCP and its Associated Standards 6-112 Basic MGCP Components 6-113, MGCP Endpoints e114 MGCP Gateways e117 MGCP Call Agents 6-119 Basic MGCP Concepts 6-120 MGCP Calis and Connections 6-121 MGCP Events and Signals 6-123, MGCP Packages 6-125, MGCP Digit Maps 6-128 MGCP Control Commands 6-129 Call Flows 6-131 Survivability Strategies 6-133, Cisco Implementation of MGCP 6-134 Configuring MGCP 6-137 Monitoring and Troubleshooting MGCP. 6-140 Summary 6-142 Next Steps 6-143, References 6-143, vii Cisco P Telephony (CIPT) v3.3 Copyright © 2003, Cisco Systeme, ne.Lesson Review 6144 COMPARING CALL CONTROL MODELS 6-155 ‘Overview e155 Importance 6-155, Objectives 6-155 Leamer Skills and Knowledge 6-156 ‘Outline 6-156 Feature Comparison Charts 6-157 Strengths of H.323, SIP, and MGCP 6-160 Summary 6-162 Next Steps 6-162 References 6-162 Lesson Review 6-163, MODULE 7 — IMPROVING AND MAINTAINING VOICE QUALITY 7A ‘Overview TH Outline 72 LESSON ONE: VOICE QUALITY MEASUREMENT 73 ‘Overview 73 Importance 73 Objectives 73 Learner Skills and Knowledge T4 Outline 74 Audio Clarity 75 Comfort Factors, 7 Mos. 78 PsaM 79 Comparison of Codec Quality Scores 7-10 Summary 712 Next Steps TA2 Lesson Review 713 : VOIP CHALLENGES. TAT ‘Overview TAT Importance 77 Objectives 77 Learner Skills and Knowledge 7-18 Outline 7-18 IP Networking Overview 7-19 Jitter 7.20 Delay 724 Effect of Packet Loss on Quality 7-23 Competition Between Voice and Data for Bandwidth 7-28 Packet Sequencing 7-26 Reliability and Availability 7-29 Summary 7-30 Next Steps 7-30 References 7-30 Lesson Review 731 LESSON THREE: QUALITY OF SERVICE AND GOOD DESIGN 7-35 ‘Copyright @ 2008, Cisco Systems, ne (Cleco Voie over IP (VOICE) vit‘Overview 75 Importance 7-35 Objectives 7-35 Learner Skills and Knowledge 7-36 Outline 7.36 Need for QoS Mechanisms 7-37 Objectives of QoS 7-38 Applying QoS for End-to-End Improvement of Voice Quality, 7-39 Cisco Certified Training Courses 7-42 Cisco.com 7-43 Cisco Press Publications 7-45 Characteristics of Bad Design 7-48 Resources for Design Practices 7-49 ‘Summary 7.50 Next Steps 751 References 751 Lesson Review 752 LESSON FOUR: UNDERSTANDING JITTER 7-57 ‘Overview 87 Importance 787 Objectives 787 Learner Skills and Knowledge 7.58 Outline 7.58 Understanding Jitter 7-59 ‘Overcoming Jitter 7-62 Adjusting Playout Delay Parameters 7-64 Symptoms of Jitter on a Network 7-65 Dynamic Jitter Buffer 7-68 ‘Summary 7-69 Next Steps 7-70 References 7-70 Lesson Review mn LESSON FIVE: UNDERSTANDING DELAY ‘Overview Importance Objectives Learner Skills and Knowledge Outiine Need for a Delay Budget Guidelines for Acceptable Delay Sources of Delay Effects of Coders and Voice Sampling on Delay Managing Serialization Delay Managing Queuing Delay Verifying End-to-End Delay Summary Next Steps References Lesson Review LESSON SIX: APPLYING QUALITY OF SERVICE IN THE CAMPUS ‘Overview X Cisco IP Telephony (CIPT) v3.3 Copyright © 2003, Cisco System, ne.Importance 791 Objectives 791 Learner Skills and Knowledge 7-92 Outine 7-92 Need for Qos in the Campus 7.93 Separation of Queues: 7-94 ‘Queue Scheduling 7-95 Marking Control and Management Traffic 7-98 Configuring QoS in the Campus 737 Separation and Scheduling of Queues 7-99 Marking Control and Management Traffic 7-101 Configuration Examples 7-102 Summary 7-107 Next Steps 7-107 References 7-107 Lesson Review 7-108 LESSON SEVEN: APPLYING QUALITY OF SERVICE IN THE WAN 7-113 Overview TTS Importance 7-113, Objectives 7113 Leamer Skills and Knowledge 7114 Outine 7114 Need for QoS on WAN Links 7116 Recommendations for Generic QoS in the WAN 7-118 Bandwidth Provisioning 7-119 Optimized Queueing 7-120 Link Efficiency 7-122, Link Fragmentation and Interleaving 7-126 ‘Traffic Shaping 7127 Call Admission Control 7-128 ‘QoS Recommendations for VoIP over Frame Relay 7-129 ‘QoS Recommendations for VoIP over PPP. 7-133, \VolP over PPP Configuration 7-135, CiscoWorks QPM for QoS 7-144 Summary 7-148 Next Steps 7-149 References 7-149) Lesson Review 7-180 LESSON SEVEN: CALL ADMISSION CONTROL 7-157 ‘Overview TSE Importance: 7188 Objectives: TASS Leamer Skils and Knowledge 7158 Outine 7159) ‘Need for Call Admission Control 7160, Effects of Oversubscribing Bandwidth on Overall Voice Quali TA6t ‘CAC as Part of Call Control Services, TA6Z Example 7162 Resource Reservation Protooal 7165 Configuration Examples: RSVP with Frame Relay F165 Configuration Examples: RSVP with PPP 7166 Configuration Examples: Call Control CAC TABT ‘Copyright @ 2008, Cisco Systems, ne (Cleco Voie everIP(CVOICE) v4.1 xi