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Physics - Definitions

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Dynamics Diffraction

Newton’s Second Law 1. Waves bending round an obstacle or through an aperture


2. spreading into the region.
1. Rate of change of momentum of a body is
2. directly proportional to the resultant force acting on it Principle of Superposition
3. and changes in the direction of the resultant force.
1. When two waves of the same kind are superimposed in space
Newton’s Third Law
2. the net displacements at any point of space and time
1. If body A exerts a force on body B 3. is the vector sum of all individual waves at that point.
2. body B will exert an equal and opposite force on body A
Interference
Circular Motion
1. The result of superposing two or more coherent waves.
Centripetal Force
Current of Electricity
1. The force providing the centripetal acceleration
2. to enable a body to go round in a circle Electromotive Force

Gravitational Field & Electric Field


1. The amount of energy converted from other forms of energy to
Gravitational Field Strength electrical energy
2. per unit charge delivered around a complete circuit.
1. Gravitational force per unit mass placed at that point.
Potential Difference
Electric Field Strength
1. The amount of energy converted from electrical energy to other forms
1. Electric force per unit positive charge placed at that point of energy
2. per unit charge delivered between two points.
Gravitational Potential
Volt
1. Work done in bringing unit mass from infinity to the point.

Electric Potential 1. The potential difference between two points


2. if one joule of energy is converted
1. Work done in bringing unit positive charge from infinity to the point. 3. per coulomb of charge moved across the points.

Newton’s Law of Gravitation Coulomb

1. Any two bodies attract each other with a force 1. The quantity of electricity passing a given point
2. that is directly proportional to the product of their masses 2. when a current of one ampere is maintained for one second.
3. and inversely proportional to the square of their separation.
Magnetic Field
Coulomb’s Law
Magnetic Flux Density
1. Any two charged particles exert a force on each other
2. that is directly proportional to the product of their charges 1. Force per unit length of conductor
3. and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between 2. per unit current carried
them. 3. placed at right-angles to the magnetic field

Simple Harmonic Motion Magnetic Flux

Simple Harmonic Motion 1. Product of the magnetic flux density


2. and the area perpendicular to the field
1. Oscillatory motion in which
2. the acceleration is proportional to its displacement Tesla
3. and directed towards its equilibrium position.
1. The flux density of a field
Damping 2. in which a conductor of length 1m
3. carrying a current of 1A at right-angles to the field
1. Loss of energy caused by dissipative forces 4. experiences a magnetic force of 1N
2. such that the amplitude of the system decreases.
Electromagnetic Induction
Thermal Physics
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
First Law of Thermodynamics
1. The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is proportional
1. The increase in the internal energy of a system 2. to the rate of change of the magnetic flux linkage.
2. is equal to the sum of the heat supplied to the system
3. and the work done on the system. Lenz’s Law

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics


1. An induced current will flow in a direction that produces a magnetic
field
1. If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third,
2. they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. 2. which opposes the change in magnetic flux that induced it.

Weber

1. The magnetic flux passing through a plane surface of 1m2


2. placed normal to a uniform magnetic field of flux density 1T
Superposition
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Alternating Current

Root-Mean-Square Current

1. Equivalent value of a direct current


2. which dissipates heat at the same average rate as the alternating
current.

Quantum Physics

Work Function Energy

1. Energy required to release an electron from the surface.

Threshold Frequency

1. Minimum frequency a photon must have to cause photoelectric


emission.

Photoelectric Effect

1. The phenomenon when electromagnetic radiation of frequency above


a certain minimum value
2. falls on the surface of a metal
3. and electrons are emitted.

Lasers and Semiconductors

Spontaneous Emission

1. An atom in an excited state transits to a lower energy state


2. with the result that a photon is emitted.

Stimulated emission

1. An incoming photon of correct energy could stimulate


2. the transition of the electron from the excited state to the ground
state,
3. resulting in the emission of two photons of the same frequency, phase
and direction.

Population inversion

1. Where there are more atoms in the excited state than a lower energy
state.

Nuclear Physics

Binding Energy

1. Energy required to split a nucleus apart into its constituent nucleons.

Decay Constant

1. Fraction of the total number of active nuclei that decay per unit time.

Spontaneous

1. Occurs without the presence of any external influence

Random

1. Impossible to predict which particular nucleus will decay at a given


time

Activity

1. Number of decays per unit time.

Half-life

1. Average time taken for half the number of active nuclei present to
decay.

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