Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Magnus Wahlberg
Summary 7
Introduction 8
Hearing in fish 9
The lateral line 12
Acoustics in fishing technique 13
Acoustic herding 15
Passive steering by acoustical cues 18
Considerations on the generation of Aeolian tones 20
Acoustic attraction 22
General problems on acoustic herding and attraction 23
Considerations on efficient sound production 23
Acknowledgements 25
References 26
Appendix A 32
Appendix B 36
Appendix C 38
Appendix D 42
5
Magnus Wahlberg
maj 1999
ISSN 1104–5906
6
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
Summary
A literature study of fishing methods Aeolean tones generated by the water flo-
using acoustic herding, passive acoustic wing through the net can probably be
steering and acoustic attraction is pre- discounted, but measurements of the
sented. All three techniques are used acoustic field around the fishing gear have
world-wide in traditional fishing, but their to be made to finally confirm this. Howe-
applications to modern fisheries are very ver, it has been shown that the fishing
few. Optimization in terms of selectivity gear leading structures currently used
and increase in catches seems promising are far from optimal. Studies of the sen-
for acoustic attraction, and many success- sory basis of gear detection by fish are
ful trials have been carried out on vari- needed to improve such structures. Psy-
ous fish species of different hearing abili- choacoustic studies have shown that fish
ties. The results from acoustic herding are essentially sensitive to very low fre-
are more negative and a more thorough quency sounds. Therefore, improving
knowledge of fish behaviour is needed acoustic fishing techniques demands an
before such techniques can be improved. efficient, low-frequency sound source. It
When examining passive acoustic stee- is shown that the fishing boat itself can
ring, little evidence has been found that be modified to become a relatively effi-
fish actually use acoustic cues to detect cient transducer at the desired frequen-
fishing gear. Theoretical calculations cies.
show that claims that fish can detect the
7
Magnus Wahlberg
Introduction
An important consideration for success- Scientifically, the function of fish
ful fishing is knowledge of how fish behave hearing has only come to be thoroughly
in relation to sensory inputs, such as che- understood during the last decade, and
mical, visual and acoustic cues. Fishermen this new knowledge has not yet been im-
have gathered a considerable amount of plemented in fishing. Some acoustic con-
experience in this field. Intensive scienti- siderations are nowadays made in pela-
fic investigations have added to this gic trawling operations, although very few
knowledge, so that today we have a good coastal fishing techniques rely on acous-
understanding of fish sensory biology. tic cues.
Fishermen all over the world use The aim of this literature review has
their experience of fish behaviour in the been to gather together both the research
development of new fishing methods. Tra- done on traditional fishing techniques
ditional fishing gear often shows signs of making use of acoustic cues and experi-
such considerations in its construction. ments carried out on modern fishing gear
Visual (e.g. colour of net) and chemical design to develop these techniques.
(e.g. bait) cues are often the highest pri- We begin by looking at the physiolo-
ority. Most fishermen are well aware of gical basis of fish hearing. Fish have two
the importance of acoustic and hydro- organs used for detection of hydrodyna-
mechanical cues, but the function of these mic and acoustic fields: the inner ear and
cues is less well-understood, and there- the lateral line system. Both systems rely
fore they are seldom considered in fish- on hair cells as the primary sensory unit.
ing gear design.
8
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
Hearing in fish
In the inner ear of teleost fish, the hair The matter is further complicated
cells are located on a sensory maculae when we consider swimbladdered fish.
facing one of the three otholiths, calcare- The varying pressure field of an acoustic
ous structures of much higher density wave causes the swimbladder to oscillate.
than the fish tissue. As the fish is rocked The displacement field created by the
by a passing sound wave, the otholiths motion of the swimbladder wall is propa-
are rocked momentarily later and a shea- gated through the fish and is detected by
ring force is detected by the hair cells the otholith organ. At practical sound in-
(Popper, 1983). This system detects sound tensities, frequencies well above 10 Hz
waves from below 0.1 Hz up to the reso- (probably around 50 Hz) are needed in
nance frequency of the system, around order to create swimbladder wall displa-
200 Hz (Enger et al., 1993). The system cements large enough to be detected by
works as an accelerometer at low frequen- the otolithic organ (Sand and Hawkins,
cies, a velocimeter at higher frequencies, 1973). Depending on how closely connec-
and a displacement detector at even hig- ted the swimbladder and the inner ear
her frequencies (Lewis, 1984). It is not are physically, the sensitivity and fre-
clear at what frequencies the accelero- quency range for sound pressure detec-
meter-velocimeter and the velocimeter- tion varies between different classes of
displacement detector transitions occur, fish (Sand and Enger, 1973a; Sand and
but some studies hint at around 20 Hz Enger, 1973b).
and 120 Hz, respectively (Kalmijn, 1988). Some investigators have reported the
Thus, depending on the frequency in ques- ability of fish to detect intense ultrasound.
tion, different modes of the acoustic field The mechanism behind such an ability
will cause a stimuli. At infrasound fre- remains unclear (Astrup and Møhl, 1993;
quencies (below 20 Hz) sensitivity is very Mann et al., 1997).
similar in all fish species measured so Elasmobranch fish (including rays
far, about 10 -4 m/s2 (Figure 1). and sharks) show wide anatomical diffe-
rences in their inner ears. A single oto-
lith-hair cell system and a hair-cell cove-
m/s2
red non-olithic channel serve as primary
0.01 receptors of acoustic stimuli (Corwin,
1989). Few audiograms of sharks and rays
have been made, but the ones available
0.001
suggest a pattern similar to the one des-
cribed for teleost fish without swimblad-
0.0001 ders (e.g. Corwin, 1981).
Based on this knowledge of acoustic
perception, fishes in this report have been
0.00001 classified according to the following follo-
wing categories (Figure 2):
10-1 100 101 10 2 Non-specialists with no swimbladder.
Hz
Maximum sensitivity in terms of sound
Perch
pressure level (SPL) at around 100 Hz is
Cod
about 80–100 dB re 1 µPa. Above 100 Hz
Plaice
sensitivity falls off very rapidly, and non-
Salmon
specialists are essentially deaf above 200
Hz. This group includes the order Pleuro-
Figure 1. Acceleration audiograms for vari- nectiformes, and some families of Perci-
ous fish species. Compilation from Wester- formes (such as Scombridae). In this study,
berg, 1993; including references to original
results).
9
Magnus Wahlberg
all fish of the class Chondrichtyes (inclu- inner ear, the sensitivity and maximum
ding sharks and rays) are considered as audible frequency may vary considera-
non-specialists. Crabs (Decapoda)and bly. This group includes the vast major-
squid (Mollusca) also fall into this group, ity of teleost fishes, such as the orders
as the few studies performed on these Anguilliformes, Salmoniformes, Gadifor-
animals indicate their hearing ability mes, Scorpaeniformes, and most families
most resembles non-specialist fish (see of the order Perciformes (excluding among
Offutt, 1970 for decapods and Packard et others the family Scombridae).
al., 1990 for squid). Specialists have special connections
Generalists include fishes with swim- between their swimbladder and the in-
bladders (but no special connection bet- ner ear, extending upper hearing limit by
ween the swimbladder and the inner ear; several kilohertz. In some groups (all fish
see the specialists category below). The of the series Otophysi) increased hearing
sensitivity is increased some 20 dB (down sensitivity is reached at a threshold be-
to less than 80 dB re 1 µPa in cod), and low 60 dB re 1 µPa, which is close to what
the maximum audible frequency to about is considered to be the theoretical maxi-
500 Hz. Depending on the amount of gas mum sensitivity for any vertebrate acous-
contained in the swimbladder and the tic detection system (Fay, 1992). This
distance between the swimbladder and acoustic intensity corresponds to about 0
dB re 20 µPa in air, which is the hearing
threshold of humans at 1 kHz. The speci-
alists include the orders Clupeiformes,
Cypriniformes, and Siluriformes.
100 The directional hearing abilities of
fish have only been consistently studied
Sound pressure, dB rel µPa
10
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
1981)). Such a mechanism would also ex- Other important aspects of fish hea-
plain the fact that cod are able to discern ring, such as pitch and level discrimina-
the distance to a close sound source, wit- tion, have only been studied in a few spe-
hout making use of intensity cues (Schuijf cies. It seems that the hearing genera-
and Hawkins, 1983). In this case, cod may lists and specialists perform as well as
exploit the fact that the phase difference land vertebrates, with a pitch discrimi-
between the pressure and displacement nation of pure tones of about 3–5% and
field varies rapidly within the acoustic sound level discrimination of the order of
near field. In this way, swimbladdered 1.5 dB (see review in Popper and Fay,
fish may have complete three-dimensio- 1993). There is evidence of some pitch
nal sound localization in the area around discrimination peripherally in the otolith
them. It should be remembered, howe- organ, as the otolith has been shown to
ver, that experimental evidence for these change its pattern of vibration depending
theories is small (however, see Popper et on frequency (Sand and Michelsen, 1978).
al. (1973), and the presumed capacity of This shows that the crude model of oto-
non-swimbladdered fish for unambigu- lithic function outlined above is probably
ous directional hearing remains to be ex- over-simplified, and more peripheral au-
plained. ditory processing may be involved in fish
hearing than has been previously assu-
med.
11
Magnus Wahlberg
12
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
13
Magnus Wahlberg
Acoustic herding (Appendix A) the successful trials (Table 1). The degree
A total of 60 attempts to steer fish away of habituation both depended on the fre-
from a sound source were reported in the quency content of the stimuli used (Knud-
literature, of which 40 were successful sen et al., 1992; Knudsen et al., 1994) and
(Appendix A). Only 15 of these attempts on how often the fish were exposed to the
involved active acoustic steering of fish sound (Dunning et al., 1992).
into the fishing gear and none of these Possibly, the avoidance reaction ob-
investigations gave an satisfactory ass- served in response to low frequency sound
essment of any increased catches in the serves an antipredatory function. A swim-
fishery. ming predator will generate low frequen-
All successful stimulations involved cy sound that may be detectable by the
frequencies below 100 Hz. Sound pressure fish (Bleckmann et al., 1991; Kalmijn,
levels used in successful trials ranged 1988; Moulton, 1960). In a few cases, fish
from 140 to 167 dB re 1 µPa. Few investi- have also been stressed by very intense
gators reported the sound pressure level ultrasounds (Table 2), indicating that they
used, and there is no relationship bet- may detect echolocation signals from
ween source level and hearing ability dolphins (Astrup and Møhl, 1993; Nest-
(Table 1). ler et al., 1992). Natural predatory sounds,
Fish became habituated to the acous- such as the sounds of dolphins, have also
tic stimuli after some time in several of been used successfully to drive fish into a
net (Hashimoto and Maniwa, 1971).
Table 1. Reported trials on scaring fish with sound. Values in parenthesis indicate
number of trials included in estimates. Explanation of frequency range: see text.
Responses to ultrasound are not included, but reported separately in Table 2.
14
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
Table 3. Reports of acoustic herding methods used in coastal fisheries in different parts
of the world.
The fact that acoustic herding has the trackline. It seems that these fish
been implemented independently in many used their directional hearing capability
parts of the world (Table 3) might sug- to sense the ‘wings’ of the typical butter-
gest that such techniques can substanti- fly pattern noise field around the vessel
ally increase catches. However, most of (Figure 4).
the techniques are traditional, and very Optimising acoustic herding would
little use of acoustic herding has been require a directional sound source and a
made in modern fishing operations. predictable escape response in the target
An interesting observation of unin- species. We, therefore, face two major
tentional acoustic herding was made by problems: first, fish are usually scared by
Engås et al., 1991. The movements of low frequency sounds, it being difficult to
acoustically tagged cod were observed as produce such sounds with high efficiency
a fishing vessel approached. Two of the and directionality. Secondly, it is diffi-
cod maintained an almost constant dis- cult to direct the fish towards the fishing
tance of 60–70 m directly ahead of the gear. The most common avoidance reac-
approaching vessel. The fish zig-zagged tion is a change in swimming direction
on their course in front of the vessel, tur- away from the source and down to grea-
ning suddenly at about 50 m to the side of ter depths. Additionally, schooling fish
Figure 4. The noise pattern generated by a typical fishing boat, measured in terms of
dB relative to the source level of the engine. From: Ona and Godö, 1990.
15
Magnus Wahlberg
usually disperse when scared by sound. There have been very few systematic
In coastal zones however geographical fea- investigations on acoustic herding and
tures (bottom topography, inlets etc.) may further studies are needed to understand
help to steer the fish in the desired direc- its full potential. With a more thorough
tion to help solve this problem. knowledge of fish behaviour in relation to
The fact that high frequency sounds sound the catches of existing fisheries
may elicit avoidance responses in some using acoustic herding may be optimized
species of fish (Table 2) should not be which might reduce some of the present
forgotten, as ultrasounds are much ea- conflicts of interest that occur with, for
sier to generate in an efficient and direc- example, tourism. Today, high speed bo-
tionally-controlled manner. ats are often used as sound generators,
wasting energy at suboptimal high fre-
quencies and causing public irritation.
16
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
Passive steering by acoustical cues gaps in their structures large enough for
(Appendix B) fish to pass straight through (Bourdon,
In the literature there are some sugges- 1954; Inoue and Arimoto, 1988; Westen-
tions of fish being steered towards the berg, 1953), and behavioural studies in-
gear apparently by hydromechanical or dicate that the majority of fish are guided
acoustical cues (Appendix B; Table 4). towards the trap instead of swimming
Usually the researchers hypothesize that through the leader (Inoue and Arimoto,
fish may detect acoustic signals genera- 1988), suggesting that cues other than
ted when water passes through the fish- visual may be involved in guiding the
ing gear’s guiding structure (Figure 5), fish.
but I know of no studies which have in- Additionally, Westerberg (1982a &
vestigated these types of sounds. 1992b) reported awareness reactions to
The sensory basis of net leader de- the leader amongst migrating salmons
tection is not well-understood. Both visual and eels at a distance that was probably
(Leggett and Jones, 1971), tactile (Inoue and outside visual range (Figure 6). The fish
Arimoto, 1988) and acoustic (Table 4) cues never entered the trap, but rounded it
have been suggested. Some leaders contain suggesting that the efficiency of such le-
ader designs may be far from optimal.
17
Magnus Wahlberg
Figure 5a.
Figure 5b.
Figure 5c.
18
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
19
Magnus Wahlberg
20
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
higher than can be predicted from Figure It is unclear what effect acoustics
8. Measurements of the acceleration field may have on gear detection by fish. I have
around the fishing gear in flowing water not found any explicit test to confirm sug-
are needed before the hypothesis of fish gestions made in the literature of fish
detecting the gear with acoustic cues can using acoustic cues, and observations as
be fully evaluated. presented in Figure 6 have yet to be ex-
Additionally, the net will work as a plained.
turbulence grid in the water current, and
turbulence generation is associated with Acoustic attraction (Appendix C)
sound production. At such low water velo- A total of 41 trials for attracting fish by
cities as 0.1 m/s, it is regarded as impos- sound were compiled (Appendix C; Table
sible for these sounds to be audible by 5). Only 8 of these were unsuccessful.
fish. Of course, the turbulence itself may (This high success rate is probably due to
be detected at very short range by the a reluctance to publish those studies
lateral line system, but this would not which did not produce positive results.)
explain the symmetry of reaction to the There is no correlation between the sound
fishing gear both upstream and down- intensities used and the hearing abilities
stream as shown in Figure 6. of the fish concerned in successful trials.
Other sounds are created by floats Several studies showed that sharks were
moving up and down in the waves. Air- attracted by low frequency sounds, pre-
borne sounds from floats are very charac- sumably due to the similarity of sounds
teristic in the vicinity of fish traps, but to produced by struggling fish.
my knowledge their intensity under water
has not yet been measured.
SPL at fish
Hearing No of reported (dB re 1 µPa
Attracting ability trials +/- s.d. of dB) Frequency range
Failure nonspecialist 3 – 50 Hz – 70 kHz (2)
generalist 3 – 25 Hz – 200 Hz(1)
specialialist – – –
unspecified 2 – 100 Hz– 7 kHz (1)
Success nonspecialist 16 120+/-3(3) <100 Hz(6);2 kHz(1)
generalist 12 124(1) <100 Hz(5);2–5 kHz(2)
specialist 4 – –
unspecified 1 – –
21
Magnus Wahlberg
Amplitude, dB
40
30
20
10
Figure 9a.
0
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5
Frequency, kHz
Figure 9b.
22
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
23
Magnus Wahlberg
24
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
25
Magnus Wahlberg
References
Abbott, R. 1972. Induced aggregation of Bleckmann, H., Breithaupt, T., Blickhan,
pondreared rainbow trout (Salmo gaird- R. and Tautz, J. 1991. The time course
neri) through acoustic conditioning. Trans and frequency content of hydrodynamic
Amer Fish Soc 1, 35–43. events caused by moving fish, frogs, and
crustaceans. J. Comp. Physiol. A 168,
Alverson, D. 1963. Prospective develop- 749–757.
ments in the harvesting of marine fishes.
In Modern fishing gear of the world, vol. Blevins, R. 1990. Flow-induced vibration,
II, pp. 583–590. London: Fishing News pp. 451. New York: Van Nostrand Rein-
Ltd. hold.
Anonymous. 1948. Aquatic resources of Bourdon, T. 1954. Fishing methods of
the Ryukyu area. Natural Resources Sec- Singapore. Journal of the Malayan Branch
tion, General headquarters, Supreme com- of the Royal Asiatic Society 27(2), 5–76.
mander for the Allied Powers, Tokyo 117.
Anonymous. 1963. Modern fishing gear Buerkle, U. 1974. Gill-net catches of cod
of the world, vol. II. London: Fishing News (Gadus morhua) in relation to trawling
Ltd. noise. Mar. Behav. Physiol. 2, 277–281.
Astrup, J. and Møhl, B. 1993. Detection Burner, C. and Moore, H. 1953. Attempts
of intense ultrasound by the cod Gadus to guide small fish with underwater
morhua. J. Exp. Biol. 182, 71–80. sound. USFW Serv. Special Scientific
Report: Fisheries 111.
Atema, J., Fay, R. and Popper, A. 1988.
Sensory biology of aquatic animals. New Busnel, R. 1959. Étude d’un appeau
York: Springer-Verlag. acoustique pour la pêche, utilisé au Séné-
gal et au Niger. Bulletin de l’I.F.A.N. 21
Banner, A. 1972. The use of sound in ser. AC, 346–360.
predation by yound lemon sharks, Nega-
prion brevirostris (Poey). Bull. Mar. Sci. Chapman, C. 1963. Importance of mecha-
22, 251–283. nical stimuli in fish behaviour, especial-
ly to trawls. In Modern fishing gear of the
Beranek, L. 1996. Acoustics, pp. 491. New world, vol. III, pp. 537–540. London: Fish-
York: Acoustic Society of America. ing News Ltd.
26
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
Corwin, J. 1981. Audition in elasmo- Fay, R. 1981. Coding of the acoustic infor-
branchs. In Hearing and sound commu- mation in the eight nerve. In Hearing
nication in fishes (ed. W. Tavolga, A. Pop- and sound communication in fishes (ed.
per and R. Fay), pp. 81–105. New York: W. Tavolga, A. Popper and R. Fay), pp.
Springer-Verlag. 189–219. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Corwin, J. 1989. Functional anatomy of Fay, R. 1992. Structure and function in
the auditory system in sharks and rays. J sound discrimination among vertebrates.
Exp. Zool. Suppl. 2, 62–74. In The evolutionary biology of hearing
(ed. D. Webster, R. Fay and A. Popper),
Denton, E. and Gray, J. 1982. The rigidity pp. 163–184. New York: Springer-Verlag.
of fish and patterns of lateral line stimu-
lation. Nature 297, 677–681. Griffin, D. 1950. Underwater sounds and
the orientation of marine animals, a
Denton, E. and Gray, J. 1989. Some preliminary survey: ONR and Cornell
observations on the forces acting on neu- University.
romasts in fish lateral line canals. In The
mechanosensory lateral line (ed. S. Hashimoto, T. and Maniwa, Y. 1966. Rese-
Coombs, P. Görner and H. Münz), pp. arch on the luring of fish shoals by utilis-
229–246. New York: Springer-Verlag. ing underwater acoustical equipment. In
Marine bio-acoustics, vol. 2 (ed. W. Tavol-
Derwalker, v. 1966. Response of salmonids ga), pp. 93–104. New York: Pergamon
to low frequency sound. In Marine Bio- Press.
acoustics, vol. 1 (ed. W. Tavolga), pp. 45–
58. New York: Pergamon Press. Hashimoto, T. and Maniwa, Y. 1971. Rese-
arch on the luring of fish schools by under-
Dunning, D., Ross, Q., Geoghegan, P., water sound. In Modern fishing gear of
Riechle, J., Menezes, J. and Watson, J. the world, vol. III (ed. H. Kristjonsson),
1992. Alewives avoid high-frequency pp. 501–503. London: Fishing News Ltd.
sound. N. Am. J. Fish. Man. 12, 407–416.
Hawkins, A. 1981. The hearing abilities
Enger, P., Kalmijn, A. and Sand, O. 1989. of fish. In Hearing and sound communi-
Behavioural investigations on the func- cation in fish (ed. W. Tavolga, A. Popper
tions of the lateral line and inner ear in and R. Fay). New York: Springer Verlag.
predation. In The mechanosensory late-
ral line (ed. S. Coombs, P. Görner and H. Hawkins, A. and Horner, K. 1981. Directio-
Münz), pp. 375–387. New York: Spring- nal characteristics of primary auditory
er-Verlag. neurons from the cod ear. In Hearing and
sound communication in fishes (ed. W.
Enger, P., Karlsen, H., Knudsen, F. and Tavolga, A. Popper and R. Fay), pp. 311–
Sand, O. 1993. Detection and reaction of 321. New York: Springer-Verlag.
fish to infrasound. ICES mar. Sci. Symp.
196, 108–112. Hawkins, A. and Johnstone, A. 1978. The
hearing of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo sa-
Engås, A., Soldal, A. and Övredal, J. 1991. lar. J. Fish. Biol. 13, 655–673.
Avoidance reactions of ultrasonic tagged
cod during bottom trawling in shallow Hawkins, A. and Sand, O. 1977. Directio-
water. ICES Fish Capture Comm CM nal hearing in the median vertical plane by
1991 / B:41, 9 pp. the cod. J comp. Physiol. 122, 1–8.
27
Magnus Wahlberg
Haymes, G. and Patrick, P. 1986. Exclu- Knudsen, F., Enger, P. and Sand, O. 1992.
sion of adult alewife, Alosa pseudoharen- Awareness reactions and avoidance re-
gus, using low-frequency sound for appli- sponses to sound in juvenile Atlantic sal-
cation at water intakes. Can. J. Fish. mon, Salmo salar L. J. Fish. Biol. 40,
Aquat. Sci. 43, 855–862. 523–534.
Hering, G. 1968. Avoidance of acoustic Knudsen, F., Enger, P. and Sand, O. 1994.
stimuli by the herring. ICES C.M. 1968/ Avoidance responses to low frequency
H:18. sound in downstream migrating Atlantic
salmon smolt, Salmo salar. J. Fish. Biol.
Hubbs, C. and Rechnutzer, A. 1952. Rep- 45, 227–233.
ort on experiments designed to deter mine
effects of underwater explosions on fish Kristjonsson, H. 1959. Modern fishing
life. Calif. Fish and Game 8, 333–366. gear of the world, vol. I. London: Fishing
News Ltd.
Inoue, Y. and Arimoto, T. 1988. Scanning
sonar survey on the capturing process of Kristjonsson, H. 1971. Modern fishing
trapnet. In World symposium on fishing gear of the world, vol. III. London: Fish-
gear and fishing vessel design, vol. 1, pp. ing News Ltd.
417–421. Marine Institute, St Johns,
Newfoundland, Canada: Marine Institu- Leggett, W. and Jones, R. 1971. Net avoi-
te, St Johns, Newfoundland, Canada. dance behaviour in American shad (Alosa
sapidissima) as observed by ultrasonic
Jansson, H. 1995. Alla tiders fiskar: LT tracking techniques. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can.
förlag. 28, 1167–1171.
Kalmijn, A. 1988. Hydrodynamic and Lewis, E. 1984. Inertial motion sensors.
acoustic field detection. In Sensory biology In Comparative physiology of sensory sys-
of aquatic animals (ed. J. Atema, R. Fay, tems (ed. L. Bolis, R. Keyes and S.
A. Popper and W. Tavolga), pp. 83–131. Maddrell), pp. 587–610. Cambridge: Cam-
New York: Springer-Verlag. bridge University Press.
Kalmijn, A. 1989. Functional evolution of Maniwa, Y. 1971. Effect of vessel noise in
lateral line and inner ear sensory sys- purse seining. In Modern fishing gear of
tems. In The mechanosensory lateral line the world, vol. III (ed. H. Kristjonsson),
(ed. S. Coombs, P. Görner and H. Münz), pp. 294–296. London: Fishing News Ltd.
pp. 187–215. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Maniwa, Y. 1976. Attraction of bony fish,
Kerr, J. 1953. Studies of fish preserva- squid and crab by sound. In Sound recep-
tion at the Contra Costa steam plant of tion in fish (ed. A. Schuijf and A. Haw-
the Pacific Gas and Electric Company. kins), pp. 271–283. New York: Elsevier.
Fish. Bull., State of Calif Dept of Fish
and Game 92, 1–66. Mann, D., Lu, Z. and Popper, A. 1997.
Ultrasound detection by a teleost fish.
Kleerekoper, H. and Chagnon, E. 1953. Nature 389, 341.
Hearing in fish, with special reference to
Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill). J. Michelsen, A. 1983. Biophysical basis of
Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 11, 130–152. sound communication. In Bio-acoustics.
A comparative approach (ed. B. Lewis),
Klust, G. 1959. Wurfnetze in der Elb- pp. 3–38: Academic Press.
fischerei. Fischwirt. 9, 176–177.
28
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
29
Magnus Wahlberg
30
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
31
Magnus Wahlberg
Source Level
Obs S/F Fish species Order Hearing Type of gear Sound-producing Sound character [dB re 1 µPa SPL at fish
No * ability mechanism @ 1 m] [dB re 1 µPa]
* (s=successful, f= failure)
32
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
Daytime/
Signs of nigthime Geographical area Source Comments
habituation? fishing
fish culturing net in Chiba, Maniwa 1971 Vessel noise created an obvious
Japan fright reaction
fish culturing net in Chiba, Maniwa 1971 Fish dispersed by
Japan vessel noise
Hashimoto & Fish driven into stationary net
Maniwa 1966
Netherlands Weijs 1993 Stated to herd flounder into the
center of the seine
y tank Knudsen et al. 1992 ”Fish reaction; wild fish dove, hatched
fish turned away from sound source”
tank Knudsen et al. 1992 No reaction
n river Knudsen et al. 1994 ”Fish swam away from sound source;
no habituation observed”
river Knudsen et al. 1994 No reaction observed
Mill Creek, Tahama Radovich 1955 Fish disregarded sound device, both
County, US alone and together with an electric screen
y Columbia River, Burner & Moore 1953 No indications of fish reacting to sound
Oregon, US
San Joaquin River, Kerr 1953 No effective results
California
33
Magnus Wahlberg
Source Level
Obs S/F Hearing Type of Sound-producing [dB re 1 µPa
No * Fish species Order ability gear mechanism Sound character @ 1 m]
Daytime/
SPL at fish Signs of nigthime
[dB re 1 µPa] habituation? fishing Geographical area Source Comments
Ofotfjord, Norway Ona & Toresen 1988 ”Boat influenced movement; sugg. pair
trawling more efficient because of
herding effect”
150 Denmark Westerberg 1996 Fish dove in response to passing train,
but continued on original course
Norway Olsen et al. 1982 Fish dove and swam away from vessel
and dispersed in response to
passing boat
Bermuda Moulton 1960 School showed tendency to divide
and clear the area beneath the
transducer
151 n confined area and Nestler et al. 1992 School gathered and swam
open water away from sound source
y confined area and Nestler et al. 1992 Only short-term startle responses
open water
net, Lake Ontario Haymes & Repelling fish
Patrick 1986
163 y rock quarry, NY Dunning et al. 1992 Broad-banded sounds repelled
more easily
110/Hz Chiba, Japan Maniwa 1971 Fish descended when vessel
noise was applied
Malaysia Parry 1954 Fish is meant to be scared into
purse seine pocket
Proposed
Obs Hearing Type of soundproducing
No Fish specie Order ability gear mechanism
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4 American shad Clupeiformes spec drift gill net gill net
(Alosa sapidissima )
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5 offshore poles in
palisade trap tidal stream
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6 trap net poles or
fence
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7 trap net leader
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
36
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
Daytime/night- Geographical
time fishing area Source Comments
Sumatra, Westenberg 1953 Spaces between poles wide enough for fish to
Indonesia pass if they wished;proposes Aeolian tones
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Baltic Sea Westerberg 1982b Fish turns away from leader before being able to
visually observe it; proposes acoustical cues
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lake Hjälmaren, Westerberg 1982a Fish turns away from leader before being able to
Sweden visually observe it.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
North America Leggett & Avoide net during night; proposes
Jones 1971 hydromechanical cues (during light visual cues)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Singapore Burdon 1954 Fish is turning away from pole barrier, even though
it is physically possible to go between poles
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
best at Indonesia Westenberg 1953 For daytime fishery, the water should not be
night-time too clear. Proposes aeolian tones.
with no moon
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Japan, Alaska, v. Brandt 1964 Leader increase catches significantly
Baltic Sea,
Mediterranean
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
37
Magnus Wahlberg
38
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Indonesia Westenberg 1953 Attracts fish before netting;
proposes Aeolian tones
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Kleerekoper & Fish conditioned; moved toward
Chagnon 1953 strongest sound source
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
123 nightime fishing grounds Maniwa 1976 600 Hz clearest response; squid swam
with lamps upward; more squid caught, also light attraction
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
118 tank Maniwa 1976 Induced food-seeking behaviour;
tests with other species failed
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Scotland Chapman 1976 Fish attracted by especially 40 Hz tone;
response increased if tone was pulsed;
fish attracted to divers
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Canada Buerkle 1974 Increased catches of cod in presence of noise;
attraction or stimulated locomotor activity
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bahamas Moulton 1960 Came abruptly to a spot about 8 feet from
transducer and lay quietly facing it
for about 3 minutes
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Indonesia Westenberg 1953 Attracts fish before netting; proposes fish
attracted by produced Aeolian tones
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Senegal, Niger Busnel 1959 Suggested acoustical attracting,
complemented by other stimuli
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bahamas Richard 1968 Different species attracted to
different sounds
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
39
Magnus Wahlberg
40
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
concrete tank Miyake 1952 Some possibility of orientation toward
and pool the sound of exhaust from a
motor boat and a 200 Hz signal.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
aquaria and pens Moorhouse 1933 No consistent reaction
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
y tank Moulton 1963 Moved to area of highest intensity,
frenzied swimming; response
decreased above 15 kHz
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Indonesia Westenberg 1953 Attracts fish before netting; proposes fish
attracted by produced Aeolianan tones
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
before sunrise, Serbia Busnel 1959 Sounds attract fish
during summertime
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
pond, Japan Hashimoto & Fish gathered around projector;
Maniwa 1966 higher intensities frightened the fish
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
41
Magnus Wahlberg
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
tuna (yellowfin and others) Salmoniformes gen observing
behaviour
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Jewfish Perciformes gen
(Epinephelus itajara)
and Scabbardfish
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
fry Perciformes gen
Caranx latus, C. ruber
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
tuna Perciformes gen engine noise
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
fry Atheriniformes gen?
Atherina harringtonensis
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
silversides(atherinids) Atheriniformes gen?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
herring Clupeiformes spec observing
(Clupea harengus) behaviour
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
hog-mouth fry Clupeiformes spec
(Anchoviella choerostoma)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
fry Clupeiformes spec
Anchoviella choerostoma
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Sardinella aurita, Clupeiformes? spec?
S. cameroonensis,
Ethmalosa dorsalis,
Ilisha melanota,
Cynoscion senegalla
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
hairtail trawler engine noise
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
listening
for fish
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
gill- and lift nets, mainly daytime
seines
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
42
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Catches less by diesel engine trawler Maniwa 1971
than by steam engine
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Classification of fishing gear Brandt 1971
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Discussing herding and attracting fish; Alverson &
many unrealistic suggestions Wilimovsky 1963
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
suggests the use of sounds to steer fish Maniwa 1971
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
several Passive listening for fish, with Westenberg 1953
locations blade or head dipped in water
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Discussing herding in trawling Chapman 1963
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Review of acoustic attracting Blaxter 1988
and repulsing
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Discussing difference in response to Enger et al. 1993
infrasound between sharks and teleosts
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Discussing effects on fish migration due Westerberg 1993
to infrasound generation in bridges
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Kelantan and Fish attracted to shade under coconut fronds Parry 1954
Tenganu, Malaysia
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Kelantan and Finding fish through listening for Parry 1954
Tenganu, Malaysia ’croaks and chuckles’
_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 43
152-1999-2 Magnus
32 33
Magnus Wahlberg A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
1 f mackerel Perciformes nonsp observing sounds of motor boat Parker 1911 Sounds failed to alter behaviour
(Scomber sp ) behaviour
2 s mackerel Perciformes nonsp observing vessel noise playback ”broad-banded; 126 fish culturing net in Chiba, Maniwa 1971 Vessel noise created an obvious
behaviour peak at 300 Hz” Japan fright reaction
3 s yellowtail, Perciformes nonsp observing vessel noise playback ”broad-banded; 136 142 fish culturing net in Chiba, Maniwa 1971 Fish dispersed by
young behaviour peak at 300 Hz” Japan vessel noise
4 s Perciformes nonsp observing playback of Risso’s dolphin Hashimoto & Fish driven into stationary net
behaviour Maniwa 1966
5 s flounder Pleuronecti- nonsp seine hitting the water Netherlands Weijs 1993 Stated to herd flounder into the
formes surface with a rod center of the seine
6 s juvenile salmon Salmoniformes gen observing acoustic tube and tone, 10 Hz 170 167 y tank Knudsen et al . 1992 ”Fish reaction; wild fish dove, hatched
(Salmo sp) behaviour loudspeaker fish turned away from sound source”
7 f juvenile salmon Salmoniformes gen observing acoustic tube and tone, 150 Hz 204 204 tank Knudsen et al . 1992 No reaction
(Salmo sp) behaviour loudspeaker
8 s salmon smolt Salmoniformes gen observing acoustic tube and tone, 10 Hz 177 167 n river Knudsen et al . 1994 ”Fish swam away from sound source;
(Salmo sp) behaviour loudspeaker no habituation observed”
9 f salmon smolt Salmoniformes gen observing acoustic tube and tone, 150 Hz 176 196 river Knudsen et al. 1994 No reaction observed
(Salmo sp) behaviour loudspeaker
10f small salmon Salmoniformes gen irrigation noise-making device Mill Creek, Tahama Radovich 1955 Fish disregarded sound device, both
canal County, US alone and together with an electric screen
11f trout Salmoniformes gen hydropower 60 Hz–70 kHz y Columbia River, Burner & Moore 1953 No indications of fish reacting to sound
(Salmo sp) plant Oregon, US
12f king salmon Salmoniformes gen steam plant hammer hitting metal San Joaquin River, Kerr 1953 No effective results
(Oncorhyncus sp ) California
13s trout,whitefish Salmoniformes gen nets engine Höga Kusten, Sweden H. Frimansson Disturbing for the general public.
(pers.comm.)
14s trout,whitefish Salmoniformes gen observing playback, vibrating door 5–500 Hz 128 n Vanderwalker 1966 Response only for frequencies
behaviour below 280 Hz
15s silverside Atheriniformes gen observing vessel noise playback broad-banded, 110/Hz Chiba, Japan Maniwa 1971 Fish descended when vessel noise
(Athernia sp ) behaviour peak <100Hz was applied
16f killifish Cyprinodonti - gen observing sounds of motor boat, cage Parker 1911 ”Boat noise failed to alter behaviour;
(Fundulus sp ) formes behaviour shotgun shotgun caused momentarily startle”
17s cod (Gadus sp ), Gadiformes gen observing boat Norway Olsen et al . 1982 Fish dove and swam away dispersed in
capelin behaviour response to passing boat
(Mallotus sp ) etc
18s cod (Gadus sp ), Gadiformes gen observing loudspeaker noise frequency 130 y lake, Scotland Chapman 1976 ”Avoidance response; next year tests
saithe behaviour peak=10–380 Hz, showed an attraction at lower BWs! ”
(Pollachius sp ), etc BW=10–300 Hz
19f cod (Gadus sp ) Gadiformes gen observing ”playback of tones, ”100 Hz–15 kHz; tank Chapman 1963 ”Occasionally turned away at the
behaviour noises; vibrating trawl” 1 Hz” onset of lf sounds; tendency to avoid
vibrating structures"
20f saithe Gadiformes gen observing airgun y Norway Olsen 1976 Fish habituated almost immediately
(Pollachius sp ) behaviour
21f scup Perciformes gen observing sounds of motor boat and gun Parker 1911 Sounds failed to alter behaviour
(Stenotomus sp ) behaviour
22f kingfish Perciformes gen observing sounds of motor boat and gun Parker 1911 Sounds failed to alter behaviour
(Menticirrhus sp ) behaviour
23f cunners Perciformes gen baited lines sounds of motor boat and gun Parker 1911 Fish ceased feeding while running boat
(Tautogolabrus sp ) stood six feet away
24f bar jack Perciformes gen observing playback of feeding sounds stridulatory y net pen, Bermuda Moulton 1960 Initially movement away from sound
(Caranx sp) behaviour from C. latus source, but failed to respond after
some minutes
25s grey mullet Perciformes gen raft fishery noise Russia, Mediterranean, v. Brandt 1964 Fish scared to jump into rafts
Madagascar
26s jewfish Perciformes gen Purse seine? striking pole with a ring Malaysia Parry 1954 Fish is meant to be scared into
(Sciaenidae ) of shells and tin purse seine pocket
27f bluefish Perciformes gen observing sounds of motor boat low Parker 1911 Fish ceased feeding on close
(Pomatomous sp ) behaviour intensity passage of the boat
28s delah Perciformes gen Japanese rattle of rings Singapore Burdon 1954 Rings and white cloth carried by
(Caesio ssp .) drive-in net divers herd fish into trap
29f killifish Perciformes etc gen observing iron ball striking end of tank tank Parker 1910 Fish sank to bottom in random
(Fundulus ssp ) etc. behaviour distribution or swam away from source
30s herring Clupeiformes spec gill net engine Gothenburg archipielago, Anon. pers. Fisherman stated a significant
(Clupea sp ) Sweden comm. 1995 increase in catches
* (s=successful, f= failure)
32 33
34 35
Magnus Wahlberg A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
31 s herring Clupeiformes spec purse engine daytime Tysfjord, Norway F. Ugarte Fisherman states a significant
(Clupea sp ) seiner pers.comm. increase in catches
32 s herring Clupeiformes spec observing playback various pure 25 dB ab net-aquarium in Olsen 1971, ”LF interrupted or pulsed signals
(Clupea sp ) behaviour tone and amb noise the sea Hering 1968 scaredmost efficiently; brake up
noise signals school, swim away from source”
33 s herring Clupeiformes spec observing loudspeaker pure tones and 94/Hz y closed net Olsen 1976 ”Distinct avoid resp; LF gave stronger
(Clupea sp ) behaviour noise signals, resp. rapid discont incr in stim level
3–5000 Hz incr reaction”
34 s herring Clupeiformes spec observing airgun y Olsen 1976 Increased swimming speed and
(Clupea sp ) behaviour turn away from source
35 s herring Clupeiformes spec observing vessel noise Atlantic Mohr 1971 ”Flighted and dove at a distance of
(Clupea sp ) behaviour up to150 m from ship; in Skagerrak
flight upwards from trawl”
36 f herring Clupeiformes spec observing playback of pure 100 Hz–15 kHz tank Chapman 1963 No consistent reaction
(Clupea sp ) behaviour tones, noises
37 s herring Clupeiformes spec observing vibrating trawl warp 1 Hz tank Chapman 1963 Tendency to avoid vibrating structures
(Clupea sp ) behaviour
38 s herring Clupeiformes spec observing playback of vessels 0–3 kHz 112 y tanks, pens, Schwarz & Avoidance response increased with
(Clupea sp ) behaviour and synthesized open water Greer 1984 lower frequencies
sounds
39 f herring Clupeiformes spec observing playback of natural <100 Hz–20000 kHz pen Schwarz & No reaction
(Clupea sp ) behaviour sounds Greer 1984
(eg killer whales)
40 s herring Clupeiformes spec observing vibrating obstacles 5–15 Hz 140 n aquarium Blaxter & Batty 1985 Strong avoidance
(Clupea sp ) behaviour
41 s herring Clupeiformes spec trawling boat engine Ofotfjord, Norway Ona & Toresen 1988 ”Boat influenced movement; sugg. pair
(Clupea sp ) trawling more efficient because of
herding effect”
42 s herring Clupeiformes spec observing train passing peak at 64 Hz 150 Denmark Westerberg 1996 Fish dove in response to passing train,
(Clupea sp ) behaviour bridge but continued on original course
43 s herring Clupeiformes spec observing boat Norway Olsen et al. 1982 Fish dove and swam away from vessel
(Clupea sp ) behaviour and dispersed in response to
passing boat
44 s hog-mouth fry Clupeiformes spec observing playback of stridulatory Bermuda Moulton 1960 School showed tendency to divide
(Anchoviella sp ) behaviour predatory feeding and clear the area beneath the
sounds transducer
45 s blueback herring Clupeiformes spec observing playback 110–140 kHz 180 151 n confined area and Nestler et al. 1992 School gathered and swam
(Alosa sp) behaviour open water away from sound source
46 f blueback herring Clupeiformes spec observing playback 0.1–1 kHz 175 y confined area and Nestler et al. 1992 Only short-term startle responses
(Alosa sp) behaviour open water
47 s alewife, Clupeiformes spec power plant playback pulse: 180 net, Lake Ontario Haymes & Repelling fish
(Alosa sp) peak at 60 Hz Patrick 1986
48 s alewife, Clupeiformes spec power plant playback 110–150 kHz 163 y rock quarry, NY Dunning et al. 1992 Broad-banded sounds repelled
(Alosa sp) more easily
49 s Spratelloides sp Clupeiformes spec observing vessel noise broad-banded, 110/Hz Chiba, Japan Maniwa 1971 Fish descended when vessel
behaviour playback peak <100Hz noise was applied
50 s scabbardfish purse seine striking pole with Malaysia Parry 1954 Fish is meant to be scared into
a ring with shells purse seine pocket
and tin
51 f striped bass steam plant steel barge with air California Kerr 1953 No effective results obtained
(Roccus sp) hammer
52 s drive-in ”””frightening line””” Phillipines v. Brandt 1964 Fish scared by (proposedly) the
fishery sound from rattling line
53 s drive-in noise, beating the Russia v. Brandt 1964 Fish scared by sound
fishery water
54 s raft fishery noise Malta v. Brandt 1964 Fish scared to jump into rafts
55 s seine splashing the water Lake of Constance, v. Brandt 1964 Fish scared toward the bag
African lakes
56 s seine noise, hitting the Mediterranean, Sahrhage & Fish scared towards gear
water 200 A.D Lundbeck 1992
57 s nets noise China Sahrhage & Fish scared towards gear
Lundbeck 1992
58 s gill net percussive devices Ryukyu area, Anonymous 1948 ”Fish are efficiently scared out of
Polynesia hiding places into net; visual and/or
acoustical cues”
59 s unknown pounding on deck Radovich 1955 Fish is proposed to ’light up’
and detonating the bioluminescence.
explosive
60 f observing 500–3000 kHz reservoir, Smith & No reactions seen
behaviour Pennsylvania Andersen 1984
34 * (s=successful, f= failure) 35
152-1999-2 Magnus
36 37
Magnus Wahlberg A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
Proposed
Obs Hearing Type of soundproducing Daytime/night- Geographical
NoFish specie Order ability gear mechanism time fishing area Source Comments
1 salmon Salmoniformes gen trap net poles driven Sumatra, Westenberg 1953 Spaces between poles wide enough for fish to
Salmo salar into mud Indonesia pass if they wished;proposes Aeolian tones
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2 Salmoniformes gen salmon leader Baltic Sea Westerberg 1982b Fish turns away from leader before being able to
trap net visually observe it; proposes acoustical cues
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3 Anguilliformes gen eel trap net leader Lake Hjälmaren, Westerberg 1982a Fish turns away from leader before being able to
Sweden visually observe it.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4 American shad Clupeiformes spec drift gill net gill net North America Leggett & Avoide net during night; proposes
(Alosa sapidissima ) Jones 1971 hydromechanical cues (during light visual cues)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5 offshore poles in Singapore Burdon 1954 Fish is turning away from pole barrier, even though
palisade trap tidal stream it is physically possible to go between poles
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6 trap net poles or best at Indonesia Westenberg 1953 For daytime fishery, the water should not be
fence night-time too clear. Proposes aeolian tones.
with no moon
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7 trap net leader Japan, Alaska, v. Brandt 1964 Leader increase catches significantly
Baltic Sea,
Mediterranean
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
36 37
38 39
Magnus Wahlberg A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
38 39
152-1999-2 Magnus
40 41
Magnus Wahlberg A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
40 41
42 43
Magnus Wahlberg A review of the literature on acoustic herding and attraction of fish
eel (Anguilla anguilla) Anguilliformes none wind power plant nightime Hanöbukten, Eels tended to swim away from the Westerberg 1994
telemetry study Sweden power plant when it was in function
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
capelin (Malotus villosus) Salmoniformes gen purse seining North of Norway Sensitive to visual and acoustic Olsen 1971
stimulation during feeding periods,
but not during spawning season
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
tuna (yellowfin and others) Salmoniformes gen observing Review of chemical, acoustical, Tester 1959
behaviour visual and electrical attraction
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Jewfish Perciformes gen Evidence of fish orienting to Griffin 1950
(Epinephelus itajara) the echo of its own call
and Scabbardfish
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
fry Perciformes gen Bermuda Description of swimming sounds Moulton 1960
Caranx latus, C. ruber
________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
____________
____
tuna Perciformes gen engine noise Catches less by steel vessels Maniwa 1971
than by wooden vessels
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
fry Atheriniformes gen? Bermuda Description of swimming sounds Moulton 1960
Atherina harringtonensis
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
silversides(atherinids) Atheriniformes gen? Underwater explosions possible Hubbs &
affects fish life Rechnitzer 1952
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
herring Clupeiformes spec observing Herding fish with air-bubble curtains Smith 1963
(Clupea harengus) behaviour
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
hog-mouth fry Clupeiformes spec aquarium Studies of blinded fish school Moulton 1960
(Anchoviella choerostoma)
________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
____________
____
fry Clupeiformes spec Bermuda Description of swimming sounds Moulton 1960
Anchoviella choerostoma
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sardinella aurita, Clupeiformes? spec? Labadi District, Finding fish through listening with paddle Moulton 1960
S. cameroonensis, Gold Coast
Ethmalosa dorsalis,
Ilisha melanota,
Cynoscion senegalla
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
hairtail trawler engine noise Catches less by diesel engine trawler Maniwa 1971
than by steam engine
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Classification of fishing gear Brandt 1971
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Discussing herding and attracting fish; Alverson &
many unrealistic suggestions Wilimovsky 1963
________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
____________
____
suggests the use of sounds to steer fish Maniwa 1971
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
listening several Passive listening for fish, with Westenberg 1953
for fish locations blade or head dipped in water
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Discussing herding in trawling Chapman 1963
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Review of acoustic attracting Blaxter 1988
and repulsing
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Discussing difference in response to Enger et al. 1993
infrasound between sharks and teleosts
________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
____________
____
Discussing effects on fish migration due Westerberg 1993
to infrasound generation in bridges
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
gill- and lift nets, mainly daytime Kelantan and Fish attracted to shade under coconut fronds Parry 1954
seines Tenganu, Malaysia
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Kelantan and Finding fish through listening for Parry 1954
42 Tenganu, Malaysia ’croaks and chuckles’
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 43