INDEX
Italics have been used to identify figures and tables.
Affaytadi [Indian diamond company], 43
agents, role of in diamond trade, 70–1, 82,
110
American War of Independence, 160
Amsterdam, diamond trade, 6, 7, 42, 48–9,
61–2
Copyright
Andries Pels & Sons [bankers], 61, 70, 90,
105–6
Antwerp, diamond trade, 6–7, 43, 64, 65,
115
Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 166
Ashkenazim [ Jewish traders], 5, 11–12, 49,
70
class differences, 98–9
connections with James Dormer, 95–6,
104–9
family relationships, 99–104
language, 98
migration, 96–8
trade with India, 113–14
Atlantic history, 35–6, 38, 149
Bailyn, Bernard, 36, 192n101
Bandeira, José Rodrigues [company direc-
tor], 56
Ben-Amos, I., 4, 185n13
Bentley, Jerry, 37, 192n104
Benyon, Richard [English merchant], 156
Berthon, Paul [merchant], 54, 68t3.1, 75,
85, 123, 140, 142, 144, 145
Berthon, Peter, 144
– 263 –
Berthon & Garnault [company], 7, 61, 63,
65, 66, 68t3.1, 70, 74, 75, 82, 84, 89,
90–4, 123, 139, 163
in Lisbon, 142–8, 152–3
Berthon family, 139–40, 220–1n108
bills of exchange, 49, 52, 56–7, 92–5, 106–7,
106t4.1, 177
Blommaert, Samuel, 45
Board of Deputies of British Jews, 130, 217n44
Bonifas, Paul [Huguenot merchant], 148
Bonifas, Philippe [Catholic merchant], 148
Borneo, diamond trade, 11, 45
Braamcamp, Hermann Joseph [merchant],
54, 73, 74
Brame, Jaques [Dutch merchant], 152
Brant, Felisberto Caldeira [merchant], 52
Braudel, Fernand, 25, 36, 189n57, 192n100
Brazil
diamond trade, 5, 11, 41, 49, 50–7, 62,
72–6, 177
textile trade, 153–4
Bristow, John [merchant], 54, 73, 155, 172,
198n112
bullion trade, 107–9
Burke, Edward, 22
business correspondence
see trade correspondence, importance of
caixas [mining company representatives],
52–3, 54, 56, 57
capitalism, 15, 18, 19, 23
Carvalho e Melho, Sebastião José de
see Pombal, Marquis of
264 Global Trade and Commercial Networks

Catholic diaspora, 6 Davenant, Charles [writer], 124, 215n5

Chapman, Stanley, 8 Davis, Natalie Zemon, 96, 208n4
Chardin, Daniel, 156 Defoe, Daniel, 136
Chardin brothers [diamond merchants], denizen status, 136–7
48, 58 diamond cutting, 42–3, 48–9, 58–9, 62,
chartering of ships, 157–8 64, 74
cheating, effect on trade relationships, 2–3, diamond trade
6, 13, 26, 28–9 1753 crisis, 52–3, 73
see also reputations, of merchants; trust, agents, role of, 70–1, 82, 110
in trade relationships Anglo-Indian trading, 45–50
Brazil, 5, 11, 41, 49, 50–7, 62, 72–6
Child, Josiah [English East India Com-
cities, role in, 62
pany], 47
commission sales, 112
Child, Sir Joshua, 136
competition between traders, 119–22
Civilisation matérielle, 25, 189n57
complimentary markets, 61–6
classical economic theory, 14–17, 23, 186n3 confidentiality between traders, 120–2
Clifford, George, 170 contracts, 51, 52, 54–6, 73–4
Clive, Robert, 172–3 cultural value, 58–9
Collier, Margaret, 145–6 demand, 63–4, 66
commission sales, 112 early history, 41–5
Companhia de Pernambuco [diamond trad- exchange sales of polished and rough

Copyright
ing company], 56 diamonds, 111–12
competition between traders, 119–22 exports, 45–6
complimentary markets, 61–6 factors affecting supplies, 62–3
confidentiality between traders, 120–2 fairs, 116–17
Coninck, Isabella de, 61, 68t3.1, 69–70, 74, financial transactions, 70–1, 77, 78,
77, 119, 120 92–4, 104–9
Constant, Benjamin, 15 import duties, 46, 47
contracts, 51, 52, 54–6, 73 India, 11, 41, 43–4, 55, 113–14,
Cooper, Frederick, 164 113t4.2
coral trade, 47, 49, 62, 195n44 and jewellery, 58
cosmopolitanism, 164, 165–7, 179 nature of, 4–5, 11
Costa, Anthony da, 159 partnership agreements, 46–7, 48
prices, 111, 112, 119
Costa, Mendes da, family, 127, 129, 136
sales, 63, 110–11
Costa, Emanuel Mendes da, 161–2, 167–8,
sales percentages, 79, 79f3.1
228–9n139
diaspora communities, 3, 9, 25, 26, 96–9,
Costa Quintela, Ignacio da [judge], 144
123–6, 146–7
Coutre, Jaques de [Bruges diamond mer- disputes between merchants, 74–5, 105–6,
chant], 43 108–9
credit, 8, 11, 57, 83, 90–4, 104, 177, Doerflinger, Thomas, 166, 228n127
207n141 Dormer, James [merchant]
Cruz, José Francisco da [company director], and Ashkenazi diamond traders, 11–12,
56 79, 95–6, 109–10, 114–15
culture, definition of, 32 correspondence with other merchants,
Cumberland [ship], 171 5–7, 8, 54, 68–9, 68t3.1, 147–8,
Curado, Patricio dos Santos, 144–5 150–2, 163–4, 176
Curtin, Philip, 25, 27–8, 62, 189n65 death, 75–6
 Index
early life and career, 59–60
insurance company, 80, 150, 154
involvement in diamond trade, 60–1,
62–3, 64–6, 69–71, 72–5
personal characteristics, 60
personal meetings with other merchants,
116
relationship with Ruben Levy &
Company, 104–9, 110–12, 115–16,
118–19, 120–2
reputation, 89–90, 107, 121–2
textile trade, 152–4
see also merchants; trade correspondence,
importance of
Dormer, Joseph Albert, 76
Durkheimian theory of economic analysis,
2, 21
Dutch East India Company, 34, 44–5, 117,
192n103
East India Companies
Copyright
see Dutch East India Company; English
East India Company
economic man, 14–18, 19–20, 22, 24–5
economic sociology, 20–4
economic theory, 10, 13–17, 20–1
Endelman, Todd, 98, 130, 208n15
England, trade with Portugal, 142–3
English East India Company, 41, 45–8, 100,
113, 114, 155, 157, 158, 172–3
English Factory of Lisbon [trade commu-
nity], 142–8, 222n132
entrepreneur, definition, 17
ethics, 16, 20, 87
Eurocentric viewpoints of history, 165,
184n3
fairs, 116–17
Fenwicke, Edward [English merchant], 156
Fielding, Henry [English writer], 145–6
Fischel, Walter, 155–6
Fisher, Kitty [courtesan], 134, 219n72
Flynn, Dennis, 35, 191n93
Francis & Joseph Salvador [company], 9, 63
chartering of ships, 157–8
links with James Dormer, 6, 7, 61, 68t3.1,
69–75, 83–8, 150–2
trade with India, 154–8, 157t6.1
265
trade with North America, 158
see also Salvador family; Salvador, Fran-
cis; Salvador, Joseph
Francisco José & Manoel Lopes [company],
153
Franco family, 127
Franks, Naphtali, 168
free trade, 10, 14–15
see also trade
friendship
see merchants, commercial friendships
Fukuyama, Francis, End of History, 10
game theory, 2, 13, 29
Garnault, John, 144
Garnault, Peter [merchant], 61, 123, 140,
142, 144, 148
Garnault family, 140–1, 220–1n108
George Clifford & Sons [bankers], 61, 65,
68t3.1, 70–1, 73, 77, 82–3, 90, 105, 123
George III [King of England], 130
Gideon, Samson [18th-century financier],
126, 129, 130, 155
Gildemeester, Daniël [merchant], 55–7
Giraldez, Arturo, 35, 191n93
globalization
definition of, 3, 13, 33–5
history, 36
interconnectedness, 149–50, 166
merchants role in, 162–7, 178–9
and scientific networks, 170
theory of, 1–2, 9, 12
Goody, Jack, 18, 32, 38
Gore, John [English merchant], 55
Granovetter, Mark, 2, 20, 22, 23, 37–8
Grão Pará e Maranhão Companhia [dia-
mond trading company], 56
Greif, Avner, 21, 25, 29, 82, 188n38
Hancock, David, 9, 149–50, 162, 164
Hanway, John [English merchant], 138–9,
220n103
Hindu merchants, 43
Hirschman, Albert O., 4, 15
História Chronológica, 52
homo economicus
see economic man
266 Global Trade and Commercial Networks
Hope & Company [bankers], 57, 61, 65, 66,
70, 89, 119–20
Huguenots, 12, 123–4, 139–42, 221n121,
221n122
see also Berthon & Garnault [company]
human behaviour
and economic theory, 22
effect on trade, 2–3, 15, 16–17, 17–20, 39
Hume, Alexander [colonial official], 59, 60
import duties, 46, 47
India
diamond trade, 11, 41, 43–4, 55,
113–14, 113t4.2
trade with England, 45–50
individualism, 14–15, 17, 22
Indonesia, 34
information sharing, importance of, 8, 11,
13, 26, 29, 88–92, 90–4, 105, 163–4,
176, 206n115
Ingham, Geoffrey, 14
Copyright
institutional economics, 15–16, 20–4
Israel, Jonathan, 37, 96
Jacob, Margaret, 9, 165–6
Jain merchants, 43–4
Jannesone, Robert [tick manufacturer], 152
Jeffries, David [English jeweller], 48, 49, 64
Jew Bill [1753], 137–9, 159, 178, 220n99
Jewish community, London, 158–9
Jewish merchants, 5, 37, 46–7, 126
acculturation in English society, 131–2,
134–5, 216n14
denizen status, 136–7
naturalization, 137–9
see also Ashkenazi diamond traders;
merchants; Sephardic traders
Joan Osy & Son [company], 61, 68t3.1, 71, 77
Jon, Paolo du [diamond merchant], 44
Jones, Eric, 16
Kant, Immanuel, 167
Katz, David, 129, 130, 167
Kessler, Amalia, 4
Keyser family, 103
Kooijmans, Luuc, 8, 84
La Bourdonnais, Bertrand-François Mahé de
[French naval captain], 72–3, 148
Labourdette, Jean-François, 146–7, 222n151
Laurens, Henry [American merchant], 159
Lenzen, Godehard, 59
letters of recommendation, 82, 89–90, 167
Leur, J. C. van, 34
Levy, Jacob Elias [diamond merchant], 70,
110, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120
Levy, Ruben, 109, 111–12, 119, 121–2
Levy & Ruben Salomans [company], 102,
113, 113t4.2
Levy family, 99–104, 101f4.1, 123
liberalism, 15
Linnaeus, Carl [botanist], 170
Lisbon
community of English merchants, 142–8,
222n132
diamond trade, 6, 43, 44
earthquake 1755, 131, 148, 150, 154,
203n43
French traders’ community, 146–7
Lobo, Bernado Fonseca, 50, 195–6n65
London, diamond trade, 6, 7, 61
Lyons, Israel [ Jewish scientist], 168–9,
229n154
Manning, Patrick, 125–6
Mannock, Francis, 68t3.1, 71, 85, 86, 123,
152, 163
Mannock & Ryan [English company], 152
Marcour, Joseph de [diamond merchant],
68t3.1, 69, 71, 74, 77
market exchanges, 24, 37
Markovits, Claude, 25, 189n58
Marranos
see New Christians
Marshall, Alfred, Principles of Economics, 14
Marshall, Gordon, 23, 188n49, 188n50
Mauro, Frédéric, 165
Mediterranean sea, 35–6
Meel, Erika, 60
Mendes da Costa, Emanuel
see Costa, Emanuel Mendes da
Mendes da Costa family
see Costa, Mendes da, family
merchants
business contacts, 5–6
commercial friendships, 84–8, 115–19,
191n82
commission sales, 112
competition with others, 119–22
 Index
confidentiality, 120–2
denizen status, 136–7
disputes between merchants, 74–5,
105–6, 108–9, 118–19, 144–5
embeddedness in state and society, 123–48
English merchants in Lisbon, 142–8,
222n132
financial transactions, 70–1, 77, 78
kinship ties, 69, 77, 95–6, 99–104,
117–18, 156
loyalty, 119–22
mercantile relationships, 8, 20, 21, 24,
67–72, 78–9, 80–3, 167
mercantile society, characteristics, 32, 67
personal meetings with other merchants,
116, 117–18
reputations, 3–4, 8, 11, 26, 28–33,
38–9, 67, 83, 88–91, 92, 105–6, 107,
118–19, 176–7
self-interest, 4, 8, 10, 14–15, 16, 17–20,
21, 76–7, 81–2, 83–4, 112, 121, 125,
Copyright
176, 216n11
and social environment, 9–10, 12,
124–6, 170–1
travel, 116–17
see also trade correspondence, importance
of; trust, in trade relationships
Merlen Bernadus Edmundus van [mer-
chant], 61, 68t3.1, 69–70, 74, 77, 107,
201n8
Methuen Treaty, 143
Michman, Jozef, 96, 208n2
Minas Gerais [Brazil], 11, 50–1, 54, 153, 177
mining, regulations, 51–2, 54, 56–7
Mokyr, Joel, 19, 187n30
monopolies, 51, 53–7, 171
Moriencourt, Comtesse de [courtesan], 133,
218n67
Moriencourt, Joseph Salvador, 133
Möser, Justus, 125, 216n8
Moses, Lopes Suasso, Abraham van, 119
Moses, Samuel [diamond merchant], 113
Moses family, 114
Muilman, Henry and Peter [bankers],
113t4.2, 114
Muslim merchants, 43
Neal, Larry, 92, 206n126
Neck, Joshua van [merchant], 55
267
network, definition, 22, 76–7
network analysis, 13, 24–8, 31–3, 37–9,
175, 181
New Christians, 46
Newcastle, Duke of, 172
Norden, Alexander, 99, 104
Norden, Jacob, 99, 116, 117
Norden family, 99–104, 101f4.1, 123,
209n30
North, Douglass, 21, 188n37
Nunes, Aaron and David Fernandes [dia-
mond merchants], 61, 65, 66, 68t3.1, 69,
85, 86, 129
Nunes family, 123
Oliveira, João Fernandes de [Portuguese
merchant], 51–2, 56
Oswald, Richard [slave trader], 159
Pacific ocean, history, 36
partnership agreements, 46–7, 48
Pereira, Ephraim Lopes [2nd Baron
d’Aguilar], 129, 131
Pinheiro, Francisco [Lisbon merchant], 50
Pinto, Isaac de, 127, 216n26
Pitt, Thomas [English East India Company],
47–8
Pitt diamond, 48, 49, 57–8
Pol, Lotte van de, 98, 208n13
Polanyi, Karl, 20
Pombal, Marquis of, 52, 53–4, 55–6, 171–2,
197–8n101
Portugal, 35
diamond trade, 43, 44, 46
trade with England, 142–3
see also Lisbon
Pratviel, David [merchant], 155
profit, 17, 21, 78, 82, 104, 121
protestantism, 23
punishment, for cheating, 29
Purissima Concepcion [ship], 151–2
Rabin, Dana, 138
rationality, 15, 16, 17–20
religion
influence on social attitudes, 22–3, 71,
123–6, 146, 178–9
tolerance, 148
268 Global Trade and Commercial Networks
reputations, of merchants, 3–4, 8, 11, 26,
28–33, 38–9, 67, 83, 88–91, 92, 105–6,
107, 118–19, 176–7
see also confidentiality between traders;
trust, in trade relationships
Richardson, Samuel [English writer], 145–6
Rodrigues, Salvador, 155–6
Rothschild, Emma, 16
Royal Society, 167–8, 169
Ruben Levy & Company
family relationships, 99–104
relationship with James Dormer, 104–9,
115–16, 117–19, 119–22
remittances to James Dormer, 106t4.1
Rudd, Margaret Caroline [courtesan],
133–4, 218n67
Sahlins, Marshall [anthropologist], 19, 173,
187n25
sales percentages, 79, 79f3.1
Salomon Norden & Company, 99, 102, 104,
Copyright
148
Salomons family, 99–104, 101f4.1, 123
Salomons, Michael, 113t4.2, 114
Salvador family, 123, 126–9, 128f5.1,
136–7, 155–6, 217n31
Salvador, Francis, 64–5, 75, 120, 121, 129,
130–1, 136–7, 150, 155, 159, 171–2,
227n94
Salvador, Francis [son-in-law of Joseph
Salvador], 160
Salvador, Joseph
affairs with women, 133–4
attachment to Jewish religion, 130, 131
as community leader, 129–30
links with James Dormer, 80, 89, 93–4,
120, 130, 150–2, 163, 167
and English East India Company, 158,
172–3, 218n57
English patriotism, 137–8
financier to British government, 130–1,
172
houses and land ownership, 131–2, 138,
217–18n50
interest in science, 9, 169–70
pamphlets, 137–9
and Royal Society, 167–8, 169
social position, 134-5, 177–8
and South Carolina property purchases,
9, 159–62, 169–70
will, 160, 218n62
Samuel, Edgar, 156
Santos Curado, Patricio dos
see Curado, Patricio dos Santos
Schumpeter, Joseph, History of Economic
Analysis, 17–18
scientific networks, 170
self-awareness, 18, 30, 164–5, 179
self-interest, 4, 8, 10, 14–15, 17–20, 21,
76–7, 81–2, 83–4, 112, 121, 125, 176,
216n11
Sephardim [ Jewish traders], 10, 37, 113,
123, 129–30, 135, 156, 158–9
and Ashkenazim, 95–9, 109
sexual morality, 132–4
ships, chartering of, 157–8
silver trade, 47, 49, 62
Simmel, Georg, 19, 187n28
slavery, 34, 52
Smith, Adam, 14, 15, 17, 31
smuggling, 5, 49, 56, 113
social embeddedness theories of trade, 2, 3,
10, 13, 20–4, 26–7, 28, 29, 38, 123–48,
166, 176
social relationships, importance to trade,
13, 21
social values
see ethics; reputations, of merchants;
trust, in trade relationships
Sohrabi, Nader, 165
Solow, Robert, 18–19, 187n24
South Asian diaspora, 25
state policy and trade, 136, 147
Suasso, Alvaro Lopes, 159
Suasso, Antonio Lopes, 127
Suasso, Lopes, family, 129
Sulivan, Laurence, 172–3
Superbe [ship], 151
Sutherland, Lucy, 126, 216n15
Swedburg, Richard, 22, 188n46, 188n47
textile trade, 152–4
ticks [mattress coverings], 152–4
trade
cross-cultural aspects, 3, 27, 30, 37, 166
diaspora, 3, 9, 26
 Index
effect on development of globalization,
33–5
importance of social relationships, 13, 21
networks, 3, 4–5, 6, 10, 24, 25–7, 28,
35–6, 67–94
routes, 33, 35, 41, 42–3
social attitudes to trade, 124–6, 135–6
social embeddedness, 2, 3, 10, 13, 20–4,
26–7, 28, 123–48
and society, 4
and state policy, 136, 147
textiles, 152–4
transatlantic trade, 9, 33, 149
see also diamond trade; merchants
trade correspondence, importance of, 5–8,
11, 31, 68–9, 68t3.1, 77–8, 176
financial transactions, 91–4
role in information sharing, 88–92
social function, 84–8
use in establishing mutual interests, 80–4
Copyright
transaction cost economics, 21
Treaty of Peace and Alliance, 142, 221–
2n129
Trivellato, Francesca, 5, 10, 25, 27, 31,
189n64, 190n77
trust, in trade relationships, 5, 28–33, 38–9,
83–4, 86–7, 89–90, 93, 115–19, 175–6,
190n75
Turgot, 20, 91, 187n31
269
Tyrawly, Lord [English minister at Portu-
guese court], 150
Tyrry [English company], 151, 152, 154
Vanderton, Sebastian and Manuel [diamond
merchants], 52–3
Veblen, Thorstein, 19, 187n27
Vega, Balthasar da [diamond merchant], 44
Venice, 42–3
V.O.C.
see Dutch East India Company
Vora, Virji [Hindu merchant], 43–4
Vries, Jan de, 33, 35, 191n85
Wang Gungwu, 165, 228n119
Wealth of Nations [Smith], 14
Weber, Max, 2, 21, 22–3, 24, 87
West Indies, 150–4
Western society, influence on trade, 14–15,
34, 165
Wigen, Kären, 35, 192n98
William I [Dutch king], 129
Woolf, Maurice, 129, 133, 150, 151
world history, definition, 36
Ximenes, David and Joseph [diamond mer-
chants], 89–90
Yogev, Gedalia, 47, 49, 100, 209n31
Young Turk Revolution 1908, 165
Zaveri, Shantidas [Hindu merchant], 43–4