Kurdistan Iraqi Region

Ministry of Higher Education

University of Sulaimani
College of Science
Physics Department

Numerical Study of
Laser Interaction with
Solid Materials
Prepared by

Chia H.Qadr Shiraz Q .Ghafur

Hewar A.Abdul

Supervised by

Dr. Omed Ghareb Abdullah

2010 - 2011
 Acknowledgments

First of all, we would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving us the

strength and health to do this project work until it done, and not forgotten
to our family for providing with everything that are related to this project
work and their advice. They also supported us and encouraged us to
complete this task so that we will not procrastinate in doing it.
Then we would like to thank our Supervisor, Dr. Omed Ghareb
Abdullah for guiding us throughout this project. We had some difficulties
in doing this task, but he taught us patiently until we knew what to do. He
tried and tried to teach us until we understand what we supposed to do with
the project work.
Last but not least, those who were helping us in doing this project by
sharing ideas. They were helpful that when we combined and discussed
together, we had this task done.

Chia, Shiraz, & Hewar

ii
 Contents

Chapter One: Basic Concepts

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 Definition of the Laser.

1.3 Active laser medium or gain medium.

1.4 A Survey of Laser Types.

1.4.1 Gas Lasers.

1.4.2 Solid Lasers.

1.4.3 Molecular Lasers.

1.4.4 Free-Electron Lasers.

1.5 Pulsed operation.

1.6 Heat and heat capacity.

1.7 Thermal conductivity.

1.8 Derivation in one dimension.

1.9 Aim of present work.

Chapter Two: Theoretical Aspects

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 One dimension laser heating equation.

2.3 Numerical solution of Initial value problems.

2.4 Finite Difference Method.

2.4.1 First Order Forward Difference.

iii
 2.4.2 First Order Backward Difference.

2.4.2 First Order Central Difference.

2.5 Procedures.

Chapter three: Results and Discussion

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Numerical solution with constant laser power density and

constant thermal properties.

3.3 Evaluation of function 𝑰𝑰(𝒕𝒕) of laser flux density.

3.4 Numerical solution with variable laser power density (

𝑰𝑰 = 𝑰𝑰 (𝒕𝒕) ) and constant thermal properties.

3.5 Evaluation the Thermal Conductivity as functions of

temperature.

3.6 Evaluation the Specific heat as functions of temperature.

3.7 Evaluation the Density as functions of temperature.

3.8 Numerical solution with variable laser power density (

𝑰𝑰 = 𝑰𝑰 (𝒕𝒕) ) and variable thermal properties �𝑲𝑲 = 𝑲𝑲(𝑻𝑻), 𝑪𝑪 =

𝑪𝑪(𝑻𝑻), 𝝆𝝆 = 𝝆𝝆(𝑻𝑻)�.

3.9 Laser interaction with copper material.

3.10 Conclusions.

References

iv
 Abstract

In recent years, much effort has gone into the understanding of the
interaction of short laser pulses with matter. The present works have
typically involved studying the interaction of high intensity laser pulses with
high-density solid target. In this study the ND:YAG pulsed laser with
maximum energy 𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.2403 𝐽𝐽 was used. The mathematical function for
laser energy with time, as well as a function of laser intensity with time are
presented in this study.
The finite difference method was used to calculate the temperature
distribution as a function of laser depth penetration in lead and copper
materials.
The best polynomial fits for thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity,
and density of metals as a function of temperature was obtained using
Matlab software. At the first all these properties were assumed to be
constants, and then the influence of varying these properties with
temperature was tacked in to account. The temperature gradient of lead
shows to be greater than that of copper, this may be due to the high thermal
conductivity and high specific heat capacity of copper with that of lead.

v
 Chapter One
Basic concepts

1.1 Introduction:
Laser is a mechanism for emitting light with in electromagnetic radiation
region of the spectrum with different output intensity. Max Plank published
work in 1900 that provided the understanding that light is a form of
electromagnetic radiation without this understanding the laser would have
been invented. The principle of the laser was first known in 1917 when Albert
Einstein describe the theory of stimulated emission, and Theodor Maiman in
1960 invent the first laser, using a lasing medium of ruby that was stimulated
by using high energy flash of intense light.
We have four types of laser according to their gain medium which are
(solid, liquid, gas, and plasma) such as (ruby, dye, He-Ne, and X-ray lasers).
So laser is provided a controlled source of atomic and electronic excitations
involving non equilibrium phenomena that lend themselves to processing of
novel material and structure, because laser used in wide range application in
our life, such as welding, cutting, drilling, industrial and medical field. Maiman
and other developer of laser weapons sighting system and powerful laser for
use in surgery and other areas where moderated powerful pinpoint source of
heat was needed. And today laser are used in corrective eye surgery and
providing apprecise source of heat for cutting and cauterizing tissue.

1.2 Definition of the Laser:

The word laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission
of Radiation. The laser makes use of processes that increase or amplify light
signals after those signals have been generated by other means. These
processes include (1) stimulated emission, a natural effect that was deduced

1
by considerations relating to thermodynamic equilibrium, and (2) optical
feedback (present in most lasers) that is usually provided by mirrors.
Thus, in its simplest form, a laser consists of a gain or amplifying medium
(where stimulated emission occurs), and a set of mirrors to feed the light back
into the amplifier for continued growth of the developing beam, as seen in
Fig(1.1). Laser light differs from ordinary light in four ways; Briefly it is much
more intense, directional, monochromatic and coherent. Most lasers consist
of a column of active material with a partly reflecting mirror at one end and a
fully reflecting mirror at the other. The active material can be solid (ruby
crystal), liquid or gas (HeNe, CO 2 etc.).
R R

Fig(1.1): Simplified schematic of typical laser.

1.3 Active laser medium or gain medium:

Laser medium is the heart of the laser system and is responsible for
producing gain and subsequent generation of laser. It can be a crystal, solid,
liquid, semiconductor or gas medium and can be pumped to a higher energy
state. The material should be of controlled purity, size and shape and should
have the suitable energy levels to support population inversion. In other
words, it must have a metastable state to support stimulated emission. Most
lasers are based on 3 or 4 level energy level systems, which depends on the
lasing medium. These systems are shown in Figs (1.2) and (1.3).

2
 In case of a three-level laser, the material is pumped from level 1 to level 3,
which decays rapidly to level 2 through spontaneous emission. Level 2 is a
metastable level and promotes stimulated emission from level 2 to level 1.

Fig(1.2): Energy states of Three-level active medium.

On the other hand in a four-level laser, the material is pumped to level 4,

which is a fast decaying level, and the atoms decay rapidly to level 3, which is
a metastable level. The stimulated emission takes place from level 3 to level 2
from where the atoms decay back to level 1. Four level lasers is an
improvement on a system based on three level systems. In this case, the laser
transition takes place between the third and second excited states. Since
lower laser level 2 is a fast decaying level which ensures that it rapidly gets
empty and as such always supports the population inversion condition.

Fig(1.3): Energy states of Four-level active medium.

3
1.4 A Survey of Laser Types:
Laser technology is available to us since 1960’s, and since then has been
quite well developed. Currently, there is a great variety of lasers of different
output power, operating voltages, sizes, etc. The major classes of lasers
currently used are Gas, Solid, Molecular, and Free Electron lasers. Below we
will cover some most popular representative types of lasers of each class and
describe specific principles of operation, construction, and main highlights.

1.4.1 Gas Lasers:

1. Helium-Neon Laser:
The most common and inexpensive gas laser, the helium-neon laser is
usually constructed to operate in the red at 632.8 nm. It can also be
constructed to produce laser action in the green at 543.5 nm and in the
infrared at 1523 nm.
One of the excited levels of helium at 20.61 eV is very close to a level in
neon at 20.66 eV, so close in fact that upon collision of a helium and a neon
atom, the energy can be transferred from the helium to the neon atom.

Fig (1.4): The components of a Hilium-Neon Laser.

4
 Fig(1.5): The lasing action of He-Ne laser.

Helium-Neon lasers are common in the introductory physics laboratories,

but they can still be quite dangerous. An unfocused 1-mW HeNe laser has a
brightness equal to sunshine on a clear day (0.1 watt/cm2) and is just as
P P

dangerous to stare at directly.

2- Carbon Dioxide Laser:

The carbon dioxide gas laser is capable of continuous output powers above
10 kilowatts. It is also capable of extremely high power pulse operation. It
exhibits laser action at several infrared frequencies, but none in the visible
spectrum. Operating in a manner similar to the helium-neon laser, it employs
an electric discharge for pumping, using a percentage of nitrogen gas as a
pumping gas. The CO 2 laser is the most efficient laser, capable of operating at
R R

more than 30% efficiency.

The carbon dioxide laser finds many applications in industry, particularly for
welding and Cutting.

5
3- Argon Laser:
The argon ion laser can be operated as a continuous gas laser at about 25
different wavelengths in the visible between (408.9 - 686.1) nm, but is best
known for its most efficient transitions in the green at 488 nm and 514.5 nm.
Operating at much higher powers than the Helium-Neon gas laser, it is not
uncommon to achieve (30 – 100) watts of continuous power using several
transitions. This output is produced in hot plasma and takes extremely high
power, typically (9 – 12) kW, so these are large and expensive devices.

1.4.2 Solid Lasers:

1. Ruby Laser:
The ruby laser is the first type of laser actually constructed, first
demonstrated in 1960 by T. H. Maiman. The ruby mineral (corundum) is
aluminum oxide with a small amount (about 0.05%) of Chromium which gives
it its characteristic pink or red color by absorbing green and blue light.
The ruby laser is used as a pulsed laser, producing red light at 694.3 nm.
After receiving a pumping flash from the flash tube, the laser light emerges for
as long as the excited atoms persist in the ruby rod, which is typically about a
millisecond.
A pulsed ruby laser was used for the famous laser ranging experiment which
was conducted with a corner reflector placed on the Moon by the Apollo
astronauts. This determined the distance to the Moon with an accuracy of
about 15 cm.

6
 Fig (1.6): Principle of operation of a Ruby laser.

2- Neodymium-YAG Laser:
An example of a solid-state laser, the neodymium-YAG uses the Nd3+ ion to
P P

dope the yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) host crystal to produce the triplet

geometry which makes population inversion possible. Neodymium-YAG lasers
have become very important because they can be used to produce high
powers. Such lasers have been constructed to produce over a kilowatt of
continuous laser power at 1065 nm and can achieve extremely high powers in
a pulsed mode.
Neodymium-YAG lasers are used in pulse mode in laser oscillators for the
production of a series of very short pulses for research with femtosecond time
resolution.

Fig(1.7): Construction of a Neodymium-YAG laser.

7
3- Neodymium-Glass Lasers:
Neodymium glass lasers have emerged as the design choice for research in
laser-initiated thermonuclear fusion. These pulsed lasers generate pulses as
short as 10-12 seconds with peak powers of 109 kilowatts.

1.4.3 Molecular Lasers:

Eximer Lasers:
Eximer is a shortened form of "excited dimer", denoting the fact that the
lasing medium in this type of laser is an excited diatomic molecule. These
lasers typically produce ultraviolet pulses. They are under investigation for use
in communicating with submarines by conversion to blue-green light and
pulsing from overhead satellites through sea water to submarines below.
The eximers used are typically those formed by rare gases and halogens in
electron excited Gas discharges. Molecules like XeF are stable only in their
excited states and quickly dissociate when they make the transition to their
ground state. This makes possible large population inversions because the
ground state is depleted by this dissociation. However, the excited states are
very short-lived compared to other laser metastable states, and lasers like the
XeF eximer laser require high pumping rates.
Eximer lasers typically produce high power pulse outputs in the blue or
ultraviolet after excitation by fast electron-beam discharges.
The rare-gas xenon and the highly active fluorine seem unlikely to form a
molecule, but they do in the hot plasma environment of an electron-beam
initiated gas discharge. They are only stable in their excited states, if "stable"
can be used for molecules which undergo radioactive decay in 1 to 10
nanoseconds. This is long enough to achieve pulsed laser action in the blue-
green over a band from 450 to 510 nm, peaking at 486 nm. Very high power

8
pulses can be achieved because the stimulated emission cross-sections of the
laser transitions are relatively low, allowing a large population inversion to
build up. The power is also enhanced by the fact that the ground state of XeF
quickly dissociates, so that there is little absorption to quench the laser pulse
action.

1.4.4 Free-Electron Lasers:

The radiation from a free-electron laser is produced from free electrons
which are forced to oscillate in a regular fashion by an applied field. They are
therefore more like synchrotron light sources or microwave tubes than like
other lasers. They are able to produce highly coherent, collimated radiation
over a wide range of frequencies. The magnetic field arrangement which
produces the alternating field is commonly called a "wiggler" magnet.

Fig(1.8): Principle of operation of Free-Electron laser.

The free-electron laser is a highly tunable device which has been used to
generate coherent radiation from 10-5 to 1 cm in wavelength. In some parts of
this range, they are the highest power source. Applications of free-electron
lasers are envisioned in isotope separation, plasma heating for nuclear fusion,
long-range, high resolution radar, and particle acceleration in accelerators.

9
1.5 Pulsed operation:
Pulsed operation of lasers refers to any laser not classified as continuous
wave, so that the optical power appears in pulses of some duration at some
repetition rate. This encompasses a wide range of technologies addressing a
number of different motivations. Some lasers are pulsed simply because they
cannot be run in continuous mode.
In other cases the application requires the production of pulses having as
large an energy as possible. Since the pulse energy is equal to the average
power divided by the repitition rate, this goal can sometimes be satisfied by
lowering the rate of pulses so that more energy can be built up in between
pulses. In laser ablation for example, a small volume of material at the surface
of a work piece can be evaporated if it is heated in a very short time, whereas
supplying the energy gradually would allow for the heat to be absorbed into
the bulk of the piece, never attaining a sufficiently high temperature at a
particular point.
Other applications rely on the peak pulse power (rather than the energy in
the pulse), especially in order to obtain nonlinear optical effects. For a given
pulse energy, this requires creating pulses of the shortest possible duration
utilizing techniques such as Q-switching.

1.6 Heat and heat capacity:

When a sample is heated, meaning it receives thermal energy from an
external source, some of the introduced heat is converted into kinetic energy,
the rest to other forms of internal energy, specific to the material. The amount
converted into kinetic energy causes the temperature of the material to rise.
The amount of the temperature increase depends on how much heat was
added, the size of the sample, the original temperature of the sample, and on
how the heat was added. The two obvious choices on how to add the heat are

10
to add it holding volume constant or to add it holding pressure constant.
(There may be other choices, but they will not concern us.)
Let's assume for the moment that we are going to add heat to our sample
holding volume constant, that is 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0. Let 𝑄𝑄𝑉𝑉 be the heat added (the
subscript 𝑉𝑉, indicates that the heat is being added at constant 𝑉𝑉). Also, let 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
be the temperature change. The ratio 𝑄𝑄𝑉𝑉 /∆𝑇𝑇, depends on the material, the
amount of material, and the temperature. In the limit where 𝑄𝑄𝑉𝑉 goes to zero
(so that 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 also goes to zero) this ratio becomes a derivative:
𝑄𝑄𝑉𝑉 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
lim � � = � � = 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 (1.1)
𝑄𝑄𝑉𝑉 →0 ∆𝑇𝑇 𝑉𝑉 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑉𝑉
We have given this derivative the symbol 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 , and we call it the heat
capacity at constant volume. Usually one quotes the "molar heat capacity"
𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉
𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉̅ ≡ 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = (1.2)
𝑛𝑛
We can rearrange Equation (1.1) as follows:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉 = 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (1.3)
Then we can integrate this equation to find the heat involved in a finite
change at constant volume:
𝑇𝑇2

𝑄𝑄𝑉𝑉 = � 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (1.4)

𝑇𝑇1

If 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 is approximately constant over the temperature range then 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 comes
R R

out of the integral and the heat at constant volume becomes:

𝑄𝑄𝑉𝑉 = 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 (𝑇𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑇1 ) (1.5)
Let us now go through the same sequence of steps except holding pressure
constant instead of volume. Our initial definition of the heat capacity at
constant pressure, 𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃 becomes:R R

𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
lim � � = � � = 𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃 (1.6)
𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃 →0 ∆𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑃𝑃
The analogous molar heat capacity is:

11
 𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃
𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃̅ ≡ 𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = (1.7)
𝑛𝑛
Equation (1.6) rearranges to:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑃𝑃 = 𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (1.8)
which integrates to give:
𝑇𝑇2

𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃 = � 𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (1.9)

𝑇𝑇1

When 𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃 is approximately constant the integral in Equation (1.9) becomes:

𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃 = 𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃 (𝑇𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑇1 ) (1.10)
Very frequently the temperature range is large enough that 𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃 cannot be
regarded as constant. In these cases the heat capacity is fit to a polynomial (or
similar function) in 𝑇𝑇. For example, some tables give the heat capacity as:
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝̅ = 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 + 𝛾𝛾𝑇𝑇 2 (1.11)
where 𝛼𝛼 , 𝛽𝛽 , and 𝛾𝛾 are constants given in the table. With this temperature-
dependent heat capacity the heat at constant pressure would integrate as
follows:
𝑇𝑇2

𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 = 𝑛𝑛 � (𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽 + 𝛾𝛾𝑇𝑇 2 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (1.12)

𝑇𝑇1

𝛽𝛽 𝛾𝛾
𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝 = 𝑛𝑛 𝛼𝛼 (𝑇𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑇1 ) + 𝑛𝑛 �𝑇𝑇2 2 − 𝑇𝑇1 2 � + 𝑛𝑛 �𝑇𝑇2 3 − 𝑇𝑇1 3 � (1.13)
2 3
Occasionally one finds a different form for the temperature dependent heat
capacity in the literature:
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝̅ = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇 −2 (1.14)
When you do calculations with temperature dependent heat capacities you
must check to see which form is being used for 𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃 . We are using the
convention that 𝑄𝑄 will always designate heat absorbed by the system. 𝑄𝑄 can
be positive or negative and the sign indicates which way heat is flowing. If 𝑄𝑄 is

12
positive then heat was indeed absorbed by the system. On the other hand, if
𝑄𝑄 is negative it means that the system gave up heat to the surroundings.

1.7 Thermal conductivity:

In physics, thermal conductivity 𝑘𝑘, is the property of a material that indicates
its ability to conduct heat. It appears primarily in Fourier's Law for heat conduction.
Thermal conductivity is measured in watts per Kelvin per meter (𝑊𝑊 · 𝐾𝐾 −1 · 𝑚𝑚−1 ).
The thermal conductivity predicts the rate of energy loss (in watts, 𝑊𝑊) through
a piece of material. The reciprocal of thermal conductivity is thermal
resistivity.

1.8 Derivation in one dimension:

The heat equation is derived from Fourier's law and conservation of energy
(Cannon 1984). By Fourier's law, the flow rate of heat energy through a
surface is proportional to the negative temperature gradient across the
surface:
𝑞𝑞 = −𝑘𝑘 𝛻𝛻𝛻𝛻 (1.15)
where 𝑘𝑘 is the thermal conductivity and 𝑇𝑇 is the temperature. In one
dimension the gradient is an ordinary spatial derivative and so Fourier's law is:
𝑞𝑞 = −𝑘𝑘 𝑇𝑇𝑥𝑥 (1.16)
where 𝑇𝑇𝑥𝑥 is 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. In the absence of work done, a change in internal
energy per unit volume in the material 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥, is proportional to the change in
temperature 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥. That is:
∆𝑄𝑄 = 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 𝜌𝜌 ∆𝑇𝑇 (1.17)
where 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 is the specific heat capacity and 𝜌𝜌 is the mass density of the
material. Choosing zero energy at absolute zero temperature, this can be
rewritten as:
∆𝑄𝑄 = 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 𝜌𝜌 𝑇𝑇 (1.18)

13
 The increase in internal energy in a small spatial region of the material
(𝑥𝑥 − ∆𝑥𝑥) ≤ 𝜁𝜁 ≤ (𝑥𝑥 + 𝛥𝛥𝑥𝑥) over the time period (𝑡𝑡 − ∆𝑡𝑡) ≤ 𝜏𝜏 ≤ (𝑡𝑡 + 𝛥𝛥𝑡𝑡) is
given by:
𝑥𝑥+∆𝑥𝑥

𝑐𝑐𝑃𝑃 𝜌𝜌 � [𝑇𝑇(𝜁𝜁, 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛥𝛥𝑡𝑡) − 𝑇𝑇(𝜁𝜁, 𝑡𝑡 − 𝛥𝛥𝑡𝑡)] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑥𝑥−∆𝑥𝑥
𝑡𝑡+∆𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥+∆𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 𝑐𝑐𝑃𝑃 𝜌𝜌 � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (1.19)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑡𝑡−∆𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥−∆𝑥𝑥

Where the fundamental theorem of calculus was used. Additionally, with no

work done and absent any heat sources or sinks, the change in internal energy
in the interval [𝑥𝑥 − 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥, 𝑥𝑥 + 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥] is accounted for entirely by the flux of heat
across the boundaries. By Fourier's law, this is
𝑡𝑡+∆𝑡𝑡
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑘𝑘 � � (𝑥𝑥 + 𝛥𝛥𝑥𝑥, 𝜏𝜏) − (𝑥𝑥 − 𝛥𝛥𝑥𝑥, 𝜏𝜏)� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑡𝑡−∆𝑡𝑡
𝑡𝑡+∆𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥+∆𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕 2 𝑇𝑇
= 𝑘𝑘 � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (1.20)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2
𝑡𝑡−∆𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥−∆𝑥𝑥

again by the fundamental theorem of calculus. By conservation of energy:

𝑡𝑡+∆𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥+∆𝑥𝑥

� � �𝑐𝑐𝑃𝑃 𝜌𝜌 𝑇𝑇𝜏𝜏 − 𝑘𝑘 𝑇𝑇𝜁𝜁𝜁𝜁 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 (1.21)

𝑡𝑡−∆𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥−∆𝑥𝑥

This is true for any rectangle [𝑡𝑡 − 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥, 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥] × [𝑥𝑥 − 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥, 𝑥𝑥 + 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥].
Consequently, the integrand must vanish identically: 𝑐𝑐𝑃𝑃 𝜌𝜌 𝑇𝑇𝜏𝜏 − 𝑘𝑘 𝑇𝑇𝜁𝜁𝜁𝜁 = 0
Which can be rewritten as:
𝑘𝑘
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡 = 𝑇𝑇𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (1.22)
𝑐𝑐𝑃𝑃 𝜌𝜌
or:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑘𝑘 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑇𝑇
= � � (1.23)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑐𝑐𝑃𝑃 𝜌𝜌 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2

14
which is the heat equation. The coefficient 𝑘𝑘/(𝑐𝑐𝑃𝑃 𝜌𝜌) is called thermal
diffusivity and is often denoted 𝛼𝛼.

1.9 Aim of present work:

The goal of this study is to estimate the solution of partial differential
equation that governs the laser-solid interaction, using numerical methods.
The solution will been restricted into one dimensional situation in which we
assume that both the laser power density and thermal properties are
functions of time and temperature respectively. In this project we attempt to
investigate the laser interaction with both lead and copper materials, by
predicting the temperature gradient with the depth of the metals.

15
 Chapter Two
Theoretical Aspects

2.1 Introduction:
When a laser interacts with a solid surface, a variety of processes can

occur. We are mainly interested in the interaction of pulsed lasers with a

solid surface, in first instance a metal. When such a laser interacts with a

copper surface, the laser energy will be transformed into heat. The

temperature of the solid material will increase, leading to melting and

evaporation of the solid material.

The evaporated material (vapour atoms) will expand. Depending on the

applications, this can happen in vacuum (or very low pressure), or in a

background gas (helium, argon, air).

2.2 One dimension laser heating equation:

In general the one dimension laser heating processes of opaque solid slab is
represented as:
𝜕𝜕
𝜌𝜌 𝐶𝐶 𝑇𝑇1 = ( 𝐾𝐾 𝑇𝑇𝑥𝑥 ) (2.1)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
With boundary conditions and initial condition which represent the pre-
vaporization stage:
− 𝐾𝐾 𝑇𝑇𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑙𝑙, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣
− 𝐾𝐾 𝑇𝑇𝑥𝑥 = 𝛼𝛼 𝐼𝐼 ( 𝑡𝑡 ) 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 0,0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣 (2.2)

16
 𝑇𝑇 ( 𝑥𝑥, 0 ) = 𝑇𝑇∞ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑙𝑙
where:
𝐾𝐾: represents the thermal conductivity.
𝜌𝜌 : represents the density.
𝐶𝐶 : represents the specific heat.
𝑇𝑇 : represents the temperature.
𝑇𝑇∞ : represents the ambient temperature.
𝑇𝑇𝑣𝑣 : represents the front surface vaporization.
𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼(𝑡𝑡) : represents the surface heat flux density absorbed by the slab.

Now, if we assume that 𝜌𝜌, 𝐶𝐶 , 𝐾𝐾 are constant, the equation (2.1) becomes:
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑇𝑇𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (2.3)
With the same boundary conditions as in equation (2.2)
𝐾𝐾
where: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = which represents the thermal diffusion.
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌

But in general 𝐾𝐾 = 𝐾𝐾 (𝑇𝑇), 𝜌𝜌 = 𝜌𝜌(𝑇𝑇), 𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶 (𝑇𝑇), there fore the derivation

equation (2.1) with this assuming implies:
1
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡 = � 𝑇𝑇𝑥𝑥2 ]
[𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝑇𝑇𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝐾𝐾 (2.4)
𝜌𝜌(𝑇𝑇) 𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇)
�
With the same boundary and initial conditions in equation (2.2). Where 𝐾𝐾
represents the derivative of K with respect the temperature.

2.3 Numerical solution of Initial value problems:

An immense number of analytical solutions for conduction heat-transfer
problems have been accumulated in literature over the past 100 years. Even so,
in many practical situations the geometry or boundary conditions are such that an
analytical solution has not been obtained at all, or if the solution has been

17
developed, it involves such a complex series solution that numerical evaluation
becomes exceedingly difficult. For such situation the most fruitful approach to
the problem is numerical techniques, the basic principles of which we shall
outline in this section.
One way to guarantee accuracy in the solution of an initial values problems
(I.V.P.) is to solve the problem twice using step sizes h and h/2 and compare
answers at the mesh points corresponding to the larger step size. But this requires
a significant amount of computation for the smaller step size and must be
repeated if it is determined that the agreement is not good enough.

2.4 Finite Difference Method:

The finite difference method is one of several techniques for obtaining
numerical solutions to differential equations. In all numerical solutions the
continuous partial differential equation (PDE) is replaced with a discrete
approximation. In this context the word "discrete" means that the numerical
solution is known only at a finite number of points in the physical domain. The
number of those points can be selected by the user of the numerical method. In
general, increasing the number of points not only increases the resolution, but
also the accuracy of the numerical solution.
The discrete approximation results in a set of algebraic equations that are
evaluated for the values of the discrete unknowns.
The mesh is the set of locations where the discrete solution is computed.
These points are called nodes, and if one were to draw lines between adjacent
nodes in the domain the resulting image would resemble a net or mesh. Two key
parameters of the mesh are ∆𝑥𝑥, the local distance between adjacent points in
space, and ∆𝑡𝑡, the local distance between adjacent time steps. For the simple
examples considered in this article ∆𝑥𝑥 and ∆𝑡𝑡 are uniform throughout the mesh.

18
 The core idea of the finite-difference method is to replace continuous
derivatives with so-called difference formulas that involve only the discrete
values associated with positions on the mesh.
Applying the finite-difference method to a differential equation involves
replacing all derivatives with difference formulas. In the heat equation there are
derivatives with respect to time, and derivatives with respect to space. Using
different combinations of mesh points in the difference formulas results in
different schemes. In the limit as the mesh spacing (∆𝑥𝑥 and ∆𝑡𝑡) go to zero, the
numerical solution obtained with any useful scheme will approach the true
solution to the original differential equation. However, the rate at which the
numerical solution approaches the true solution varies with the scheme.

2.4.1 First Order Forward Difference:

Consider a Taylor series expansion ∅(𝑥𝑥) about the point 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝜕𝜕∅ 𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕 2 ∅ 𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥 3 𝜕𝜕 3 ∅
∅(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿) = ∅(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ) + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 � + � + � +⋯ (2.5)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 1 2! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 𝑥𝑥 3! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 3 𝑥𝑥
1 1

where 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 is a change in 𝑥𝑥 relative to 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 . Let 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 = ∆𝑥𝑥 in last equation, i.e.,
consider the value of ∅ at the location of the 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖+1 mesh line:
𝜕𝜕∅ ∆𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕 2 ∅ ∆𝑥𝑥 3 𝜕𝜕 3 ∅
∅(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + ∆𝑥𝑥) = ∅(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ) + ∆𝑥𝑥 � + � + � +⋯ (2.6)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 2! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 𝑥𝑥 3! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 3 𝑥𝑥
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖

Solve for (𝜕𝜕∅/𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 )𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖

𝜕𝜕∅ ∅(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + ∆𝑥𝑥) − ∅(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ) ∆𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕 2 ∅ ∆𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕 3 ∅
� = − � − � −⋯ (2.7)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 ∆𝑥𝑥 2! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 𝑥𝑥 3! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 3 𝑥𝑥
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖

Notice that the powers of ∆𝑥𝑥 multiplying the partial derivatives on the right
hand side have been reduced by one.

19
 Substitute the approximate solution for the exact solution, i.e., use ∅𝑖𝑖 ≈ ∅(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 )
and ∅𝑖𝑖+1 ≈ ∅(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + ∆𝑥𝑥).
𝜕𝜕∅ ∅𝑖𝑖+1 − ∅𝑖𝑖 ∆𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕 2 ∅ ∆𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕 3 ∅
� = − � − � −⋯ (2.8)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 ∆𝑥𝑥 2! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 𝑥𝑥 3! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 3 𝑥𝑥
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖

The mean value theorem can be used to replace the higher order derivatives:
∆𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕 2 ∅ ∆𝑥𝑥 3 𝜕𝜕 3 ∅ ∆𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕 2 ∅
� + � +⋯= � (2.9)
2! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 𝑥𝑥 3! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 3 𝑥𝑥 2! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 𝜉𝜉
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖

where 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ≤ 𝜉𝜉 ≤ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖+1 . Thus:

𝜕𝜕∅ ∅𝑖𝑖+1 − ∅𝑖𝑖 ∆𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕 2 ∅
� ≈ + � (2.10)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 ∆𝑥𝑥 2! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 𝜉𝜉

𝜕𝜕∅ ∅𝑖𝑖+1 − ∅𝑖𝑖 ∆𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕 2 ∅

� − ≈ � (2.11)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 ∆𝑥𝑥 2! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 𝜉𝜉

The term on the right hand side of previous equation is called the truncation
error of the finite difference approximation.
In general, 𝜉𝜉 is not known. Furthermore, since the function ∅(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡) is also
unknown, 𝜕𝜕 2 ∅/𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2 cannot be computed. Although the exact magnitude of the
truncation error cannot be known (unless the true solution ∅(𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡) is available in
analytical form), the "big 𝒪𝒪" notation can be used to express the dependence of
the truncation error on the mesh spacing. Note that the right hand side of last
equation contains the mesh parameter ∆𝑥𝑥, which is chosen by the person using
the finite difference simulation. Since this is the only parameter under the user's
control that determines the error, the truncation error is simply written:
∆𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕 2 ∅
� = 𝒪𝒪 (∆𝑥𝑥 2 ) (2.12)
2! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 𝜉𝜉

The equals sign in this expression is true in the order of magnitude sense. In
other words the "𝒪𝒪 (∆𝑥𝑥 2 )" on the right hand side of the expression is not a strict

20
equality. Rather, the expression means that the left hand side is a product of an
unknown constant and ∆𝑥𝑥 2 . Although the expression does not give us the exact
magnitude of (∆𝑥𝑥 2 )/2�(𝜕𝜕 2 ∅/𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2 )𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 � , it tells us how quickly that term
𝜉𝜉

approaches zero as ∆𝑥𝑥 is reduced.

Using big 𝒪𝒪 notation, Equation (2.8) can be written:
𝜕𝜕∅ ∅𝑖𝑖+1 − ∅𝑖𝑖
� = + 𝒪𝒪 (∆𝑥𝑥) (2.13)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 ∆𝑥𝑥
This equation is called the forward difference formula for (𝜕𝜕∅/𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 )𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 because
it involves nodes 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 and 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖+1 . The forward difference approximation has a
truncation error that is 𝒪𝒪 (∆𝑥𝑥). The size of the truncation error is (mostly) under
our control because we can choose the mesh size ∆𝑥𝑥. The part of the truncation
error that is not under our control is |𝜕𝜕∅/𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 |𝜉𝜉 .

2.4.2 First Order Backward Difference:

An alternative first order finite difference formula is obtained if the Taylor series
like that in Equation (4) is written with 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 = −∆𝑥𝑥. Using the discrete mesh
variables in place of all the unknowns, one obtains
𝜕𝜕∅ ∆𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕 2 ∅ ∆𝑥𝑥 3 𝜕𝜕 3 ∅
∅𝑖𝑖−1 = ∅𝑖𝑖 − ∆𝑥𝑥 � + � − � +⋯ (2.14)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 2! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 𝑥𝑥 3! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 3 𝑥𝑥
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖

Notice the alternating signs of terms on the right hand side. Solve for (𝜕𝜕∅/𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 )𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖
to get:
𝜕𝜕∅ ∅𝑖𝑖+1 − ∅𝑖𝑖 ∆𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕 2 ∅ ∆𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕 3 ∅
� = − � − � −⋯ (2.15)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 ∆𝑥𝑥 2! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 𝑥𝑥 3! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 3 𝑥𝑥
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖

Or, using big 𝒪𝒪 notation

𝜕𝜕∅ ∅𝑖𝑖 − ∅𝑖𝑖−1
� = + 𝒪𝒪 (∆𝑥𝑥) (2.16)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 ∆𝑥𝑥

21
This is called the backward difference formula because it involves the values of
∅ at 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 and 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖−1 .
The order of magnitude of the truncation error for the backward difference
approximation is the same as that of the forward difference approximation. Can
we obtain a first order difference formula for (𝜕𝜕∅/𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 )𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 with a smaller
truncation error? The answer is yes.

2.4.2 First Order Central Difference:

Write the Taylor series expansions for ∅𝑖𝑖+1 and ∅𝑖𝑖−1 :
𝜕𝜕∅ ∆𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕 2 ∅ ∆𝑥𝑥 3 𝜕𝜕 3 ∅
∅𝑖𝑖+1 = ∅𝑖𝑖 + ∆𝑥𝑥 � + � + � +⋯ (2.17)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 2! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 𝑥𝑥 3! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 3 𝑥𝑥
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖

𝜕𝜕∅ ∆𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕 2 ∅ ∆𝑥𝑥 3 𝜕𝜕 3 ∅

∅𝑖𝑖−1 = ∅𝑖𝑖 − ∆𝑥𝑥 � + � − � +⋯ (2.18)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 2! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 𝑥𝑥 3! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 3 𝑥𝑥
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖

Subtracting Equation (10) from Equation (9) yields:

𝜕𝜕∅ ∆𝑥𝑥 3 𝜕𝜕 3 ∅
∅𝑖𝑖+1 − ∅𝑖𝑖−1 = 2∆𝑥𝑥 � +2 � +⋯ (2.19)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 3! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 3 𝑥𝑥
𝑖𝑖

Solving for (𝜕𝜕∅/𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 )𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 gives:

𝜕𝜕∅ ∅𝑖𝑖+1 − ∅𝑖𝑖−1 ∆𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕 3 ∅
� = − � −⋯ (2.20)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 2∆𝑥𝑥 3! 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 3 𝑥𝑥
𝑖𝑖

or
𝜕𝜕∅ ∅𝑖𝑖+1 − ∅𝑖𝑖−1
� = + 𝒪𝒪 (∆𝑥𝑥 2 ) (2.21)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 2∆𝑥𝑥
This is the central difference approximation to (𝜕𝜕∅/𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 )𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 . To get good
approximations to the continuous problem small ∆𝑥𝑥 is chosen. When ∆𝑥𝑥 ≪ 1,
the truncation error for the central difference approximation goes to zero much
faster than the truncation error in forward and backward equations.

22
2.5 Procedures:
The simple case in this investigation was assuming the constant thermal
properties of the material. First we assumed all the thermal properties of the
materials thermal conductivity 𝐾𝐾, heat capacity 𝐶𝐶, melting point 𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚 , and vapor
point 𝑇𝑇𝑣𝑣 , are independent of temperature. About laser energy 𝐸𝐸 at the first we
assume the constant energy, after that the pulse of special shapes was selected.
The numerical solution of equation (2.3) with boundary and initial conditions
in equation (2.2) was investigated, using Matlab program as shown in Appendix.
The equation of thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacity of metal as a
function of temperature was obtained by best fitting of polynomials, using
tabulated data in references.

23
 Chapter Three
Results and Discursion

3.1 Introduction:
The development of laser has been an exciting chapter in the history of
science and engineering. It has produced a new type of advice with potential for
application in an extremely wide variety of fields. Mach basic development in
lasers were occurred during last 35 years. The lasers interaction with metal and
vaporize of metals due to it’s ability for welding, cutting and drilling applicable.
The status of laser development and application were still rather rudimentary.
The light emitted by laser is electro magnetic radiation, this radiation has a wave
nature, the waves consists of vibrating electric and magnetic fields, many studies
have tried to find and solve models of laser interactions. Some researchers
proposed the mathematical model related to the laser - plasma interaction, and
the others have developed an analytical model to study the temperature
distribution in Infrared optical materials heated by laser pulses. Also an attempt
have made to study the interaction of nanosecond pulsed lasers with material
from point of view using experimental technique and theoretical approach of
dimensional analysis.
In this study we have evaluate the solution of partial difference equation
(P.D.E) that represent the laser interaction with solid situation in one dimension
assuming that the power density of laser and thermal properties are functions
with time and temperature respectively.

24
3.2 Numerical solution with constant laser power density and constant
thermal properties:
First we have taken the lead metal (Pb) with thermal properties.
𝐽𝐽
𝐾𝐾 = 22.506 × 10−5
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝐾𝐾
𝐽𝐽
𝐶𝐶 = 0.14016
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝜌𝜌 = 10.751 𝑔𝑔/𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3
𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝) = 600 𝐾𝐾
𝑇𝑇𝑣𝑣 (𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝) = 1200 𝐾𝐾
and we have taken laser energy 𝐸𝐸 = 3 𝐽𝐽, 𝐴𝐴 = 1.34 × 10−3 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 , where 𝐴𝐴
represent the area under laser influence.
The numerical solution of equation (2.3) with boundary and initial conditions
𝑊𝑊
in equation (2.2) assuming (𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼0 = 7.6 × 106 ) with the thermal properties
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2

of lead metal by explicit method, using Matlab program give us the results as
shown in Fig (3.1).

Fig(3.1): Depth dependence of the temperature with the laser power density
𝑊𝑊
𝐼𝐼0 = 7.6 × 106 � �.
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2

25
3.3 Evaluation of function 𝑰𝑰(𝒕𝒕) of laser flux density:
From following data that represent the energy (𝐽𝐽) with time (millie second):
Time 0 0.01 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Energy 0 0.02 0.17 0.22 0.24 0.2 0.12 0.07 0.02 0

By using Matlab program, the best polynomial with deduced from above data
was:
𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡) = 3.7110 × 10−4 + 2.1582 𝑡𝑡 − 5.7582 𝑡𝑡 2 + 3.6746 𝑡𝑡 3 + 0.99414 𝑡𝑡 4
− 1.0069 𝑡𝑡 5 (3.1)
As shown in Fig (3.2).

Fig.(3.2): Laser energy as a function of time.

Figure shows the maximum value of energy 𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.2403 𝐽𝐽. The
normalized function ( 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ) is deduced by dividing 𝐸𝐸(𝑡𝑡) by the
maximum value (𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ).
𝐸𝐸(𝑡𝑡)
𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = (3.2)
(𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 )
The normalized function ( 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ) was shown in Fig (3.3):

26
 Fig(3.3): Normalized laser energy as a function of time.

The integral of 𝐸𝐸(𝑡𝑡) normalized over 𝑡𝑡 from 𝑡𝑡 = 0.0 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 = 0.8 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) must
equal to 3 (total laser energy) i.e.
0.8

� 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 (3.3)

0.0

Therefore there exist a real number 𝑃𝑃 such that:

0.8

� 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 (3.4)

0.0

that implies 𝑃𝑃 = 6.8241 and

0.8

𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡) = � 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 3 (3.5)

0.0

The integral of laser flux density 𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼(𝑡𝑡) over 𝑡𝑡 from 𝑡𝑡 = 0.0 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 =
𝑊𝑊
0.8 ( 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ) must equal to ( 𝐼𝐼0 = 7.6 × 106 ) there fore
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2
0.8

� 𝐼𝐼 (𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐼𝐼0 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 (3.6)

0.0

27
Where 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 put to balance the units of equation (3.6)
But integral
𝐸𝐸
𝐼𝐼 = (3.7)
𝐴𝐴
and from equations (3.5) , (3.6) and (3.7) we have:
0.8 0.8
∫ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� 𝐼𝐼 (𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑧𝑧 . � 0.0 � (3.8)
𝐴𝐴 . 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
0.0

Where 𝑧𝑧 = 3.95 and its put to balance the magnitude of two sides of equation
(3.8)
There fore:
𝑧𝑧 . 𝑃𝑃. 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝐼𝐼(𝑡𝑡) = (3.9)
𝐴𝐴 . 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
As shown in Fig(3.4). Matlab program was used to obtain the best polynomial
that agrees with result data:

𝐼𝐼(𝑡𝑡) = 2.6712 × 101 + 1.5535 × 105 𝑡𝑡 − 4.1448 × 105 𝑡𝑡 2 + 2.6450 × 105 𝑡𝑡 3

+ 7.1559 × 104 𝑡𝑡 4 − 7.2476 × 104 𝑡𝑡 5 (3.10)

Fig.(3.4): Time dependence of laser intensity.

28
3.4 Numerical solution with variable laser power density ( 𝑰𝑰 = 𝑰𝑰 (𝒕𝒕) ) and
constant thermal properties:
With all constant thermal properties of lead metal as in article (2.3) and
𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼(𝑡𝑡), we have deduced the numerical solution of heat transfer equation as in
equation (2.3) with boundary and initial condition as in equation (2.2), and the
depth penetration is shown in Fig.(3.5).

Fig(3.5): Depth dependence of the temperature when laser intensity function

of time, and constant thermal properties of Lead.

3.5 Evaluation the Thermal Conductivity as functions of temperature:

The best polynomial equation of thermal conductivity 𝐾𝐾(𝑇𝑇) as a function of
temperature for Lead material, was obtained by Matlab program using the
experimental data tabulated in researches:
𝐾𝐾 (𝑇𝑇) = −1.7033 × 10−3 + 1.6895 × 10−5 𝑇𝑇 − 5.0096 × 10−8 𝑇𝑇 2 + 6.6920
× 10−11 𝑇𝑇 3 − 4.1866 × 10−14 𝑇𝑇 4 + 1.0003 × 10−17 𝑇𝑇 5 (3.11)

29
 𝐽𝐽
𝑇𝑇 ( 𝐾𝐾 ) 𝐾𝐾 � � × 10−5
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐾𝐾 0
300 35.3
400 33.2
500 31.5
600 19.0
673 15.75
773 15.2
873 15.0
973 15.0
1073 14.75
1173 14.67
1200 14.55

The previous thermal conductivity data and the best fitting of the data, are
shown in Fig (3.6):

Fig(3.6): The best fitting of thermal conductivity of Lead as a function of

temperature.

30
3.6 Evaluation the Specific heat as functions of temperature:
The equation of specific heat 𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇) as a function of temperature for Lead
material, was obtained from the following experimental data tacked from
literatures.
𝑇𝑇 (𝐾𝐾 ) 𝐶𝐶 (𝐽𝐽/𝑔𝑔. 𝐾𝐾)
300 0.1287
400 0.132
500 0.136
600 0.1421
700 0.1465
800 0.1449
900 0.1433
1000 0.1404
1100 0.1390
1200 0.1345

The best polynomial fitted for these data was:

𝐶𝐶 (𝑇𝑇) = −4.6853 × 10−2 + 1.9426 × 10−3 𝑇𝑇 − 8.6471 × 10−6 𝑇𝑇 2

+ 1.9546 × 10−8 𝑇𝑇 3 − 2.3176 × 10−11 𝑇𝑇 4 + 1.3730
× 10−14 𝑇𝑇 5 − 3.2083 × 10−18 𝑇𝑇 6 (3.12)

The specific heat capacity data, and the best polynomial fitting of the data, are
shown in Fig (3.7):

31
 Fig(3.7): The best fitting of specific heat capacity of Lead as a function of
temperature.

3.7 Evaluation the Density as functions of temperature:

The density of Lead 𝜌𝜌(𝑇𝑇) as a function of temperature, tacked from literature
was used to find the best polynomial fitting:
𝑇𝑇 (𝐾𝐾 ) 𝜌𝜌 (𝑔𝑔/𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3 )
300 11.330
400 11.230
500 11.130
600 11.010
800 10.430
1000 10.190
1200 9.940

The best polynomial of this data was:

𝜌𝜌(𝑇𝑇) = 10.047 + 9.2126 × 10−3 𝑇𝑇 − 2.1284 × 10−3 𝑇𝑇 2 + 1.67 × 10−8 𝑇𝑇 3
− 4.5158 × 10−12 𝑇𝑇 4 (3.13)

32
The density of Lead as a function of temperature, and the best polynomial fitting,
are shown in Fig (3.8):

Fig(3.8): The best fitting of density of Lead as a function of temperature.

3.8 Numerical solution with variable laser power density ( 𝑰𝑰 = 𝑰𝑰 (𝒕𝒕) ) and
variable thermal properties �𝑲𝑲 = 𝑲𝑲(𝑻𝑻), 𝑪𝑪 = 𝑪𝑪(𝑻𝑻), 𝝆𝝆 = 𝝆𝝆(𝑻𝑻)�:
We have deduced the solution of equation (2.4) with initial and boundary
condition as in equation (2.2) using the function of 𝐼𝐼 (𝑡𝑡) as in equation (3.10)
and the function of 𝐾𝐾 (𝑇𝑇), 𝐶𝐶 (𝑇𝑇) and 𝜌𝜌(𝑇𝑇) as in equation (3.11, 3.12 and 3.13)
respectively, then by using Matlab program, the depth penetration is shown in
Fig (3.9):

33
 Fig(3.9): Depth dependence of the temperature for pulse laser, on Lead
material.

3.9 Laser interaction with copper material:

The same time dependence of laser intensity as shown in Fig.(3.4), with
thermal properties of copper was used to calculate the temperature distribution as
a function of depth penetration.
The equation of thermal conductivity 𝐾𝐾(𝑇𝑇) as a function of temperature for
copper material, was obtained from the experimental data tabulated in literary.
The Matlab program used to obtain the best polynomial equation that agrees
with the above data:

𝐾𝐾 (𝑇𝑇) = 6.02178 × 10−3 − 1.66291 × 10−5 𝑇𝑇 + 5.06015 × 10−8 𝑇𝑇 2

− 7.35852 × 10−11 𝑇𝑇 3 + 4.97708 × 10−14 𝑇𝑇 4 − 1.26844
× 10−17 𝑇𝑇 5 (3.14)

34
 𝐽𝐽
𝑇𝑇 ( 𝐾𝐾 ) 𝐾𝐾 � � × 10−5
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐾𝐾 0
100 482
200 413
273 403
298 401
400 393
600 379
800 366
1000 352
1100 346
1200 339
1300 332

The previous thermal conductivity data and the best fitting of the data, are
shown in Fig (3.10):

Fig(3.10): The best fitting of thermal conductivity of Copper as a function of

temperature.

35
 The equation of specific heat 𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇) as a function of temperature for Copper
material, was obtained from the following experimental data tacked from
literatures.
𝑇𝑇 (𝐾𝐾 ) 𝐶𝐶 (𝐽𝐽/𝑔𝑔. 𝐾𝐾)
100 0.254
200 0.357
273 0.384
298 0.387
400 0.397
600 0.416
800 0.435
1000 0.454
1100 0.464
1200 0.474
1300 0.483

The best polynomial fitted for these data was:

𝐶𝐶 (𝑇𝑇) = 6.1206 × 10−4 + 3.6943 × 10−3 𝑇𝑇 − 1.4043 × 10−5 𝑇𝑇 2

+ 2.7381 × 10−8 𝑇𝑇 3 − 2.8352 × 10−11 𝑇𝑇 4 + 1.4895
× 10−14 𝑇𝑇 5 − 3.1225 × 10−18 𝑇𝑇 6 (3.15)

The specific heat capacity data, and the best polynomial fitting of the data, are
shown in Fig (3.11):

36
 Fig(3.11): The best fitting of specific heat capacity of Copper as a function of
temperature.

The density of copper 𝜌𝜌(𝑇𝑇) as a function of temperature, tacked from

literature was used to find the best polynomial fitting:

𝑇𝑇 (𝐾𝐾 ) 𝜌𝜌 (𝑔𝑔/𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3 )
100 9.009
200 8.973
273 8.942
298 8.931
400 8.884
600 8.788
800 8.686
1000 8.576
1100 8.519
1200 8.458
1300 8.396

37
 The best polynomial of this data was:

𝜌𝜌(𝑇𝑇) = 9.0422 − 2.9641 × 10−4 𝑇𝑇 − 3.1976 × 10−7 𝑇𝑇 2 + 2.2681 × 10−10 𝑇𝑇 3

− 7.6765 × 10−14 𝑇𝑇 4 (3.16)

The density of copper as a function of temperature, and the best polynomial

fitting, are shown in Fig (3.12):

Fig(3.12): The best fitting of density of copper as a function of temperature.

The depth penetration of laser energy for copper metal was calculated using
the polynomial equations of thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and
density of copper material 𝐾𝐾 (𝑇𝑇), 𝐶𝐶 (𝑇𝑇) and 𝜌𝜌(𝑇𝑇) as a function of temperature,
(equations (3.14, 3.15 and 3.16) respectively), with laser intensity 𝐼𝐼(𝑡𝑡) as a
function of time, the result was shown in Fig (3.13).

38
 The temperature gradient in the thickness of 0.018 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 was found to be 900𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶
for lead metal, whereas it was found to be nearly 80𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶 for same thickness of
copper metal; so the depth penetration of laser energy of lead metal was smaller
than that of copper metal; this may be due to the high thermal conductivity and
high specific heat capacity of copper with that of lead metal.

Fig(3.13): Depth dependence of the temperature for pulse laser, on Copper

material.

39
3.10 Conclusions:
The Depth dependence of temperature for lead metal was investigated in two
case; in the first case the laser intensity assume to be constant 𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼0 , and the
thermal properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat), and density of metal are
also constants 𝐾𝐾 = 𝐾𝐾0 , 𝜌𝜌 = 𝜌𝜌0 , 𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶0 , in the second case the laser intensity
vary with time 𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼 (𝑡𝑡), and the thermal properties (thermal conductivity,
specific heat), and density of metal are function of temperature 𝐾𝐾 = 𝑘𝑘 (𝑡𝑡), 𝜌𝜌 =
𝜌𝜌(𝑇𝑇) , 𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶 (𝑇𝑇). Comparison the results of this two cases, shows that the
penetration depth in the first case is smaller than that of the second case, about
(190) times.
The temperature distribution as a function of depth dependence for copper
metal was also investigated in the case when the laser intensity vary with time
𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼 (𝑡𝑡), and the thermal properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat), and
density of metal are function of temperature 𝐾𝐾 = 𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡), 𝜌𝜌 = 𝜌𝜌(𝑇𝑇) , 𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶 (𝑇𝑇).
The depth penetration of laser energy of lead metal was found to be smaller
than that of copper metal; this may be due to the high thermal conductivity and
high specific heat capacity of copper with that of lead metal.

40
 References
[1] Adrian Bejan, and Allan D. Kraus, "Heat Transfer Handbook", John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, Canada (2003).

[2] S. R. K. Iyengar, and R. K. Jain, "Numerical Methods", New Age

International (P) Ltd., Publishers, (2009).

[3] Hameed H. Hameed, and Hayder M. Abaas, "Numerical Treatment of Laser

Interaction with Solid in One Dimension", A Special Issue for the 2nd
Conference of Pure & Applied Sciences (11-12) March, p.47, (2009).

[4] Remi Sentis, "Mathematical models for laser-plasma interaction, ESAM:

Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis", Vol.32 No.2, PP 275-318
(2005).

[5] John Emsley, “The Elements”, third edition, Oxford University Press Inc.
New York, (1998).

[6] O. Mihi, and D. Apostol, Mathematical modeling of two-photo thermal fields

in laser-solid interaction, J. of optic and laser technology, Vol.36 No.3, PP
219-222, (2004).

[7] J. Martan, J. Kunes, and N. Semmar, Experimental mathematical model of

nanosecond laser interaction with material, Applied Surface Science, Vol.
253, Issue 7, PP. 3525-3532, (2007).

[8] William M. Rohsenow, "Hand Book of Heat Transfer Fundamentals",

McGraw-Hill, New York, (1985).

[9] http://www.chem.arizona.edu/~salzmanr/480a/480ants/heat/heat.html

[10] http://www.worldoflasers.com/laserprinciples.htm

[11] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser#Pulsed_operation

[12] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity

[13] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_equation#Derivation_in_one_dimension

[14] http://webh01.ua.ac.be/plasma/pages/laser-ablation.html

[15] http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~gerry/class/ME448/codes/FDheat.pdf

41
 Appendix
% This program calculate the laser energy as a function of time
clear all
clc
t=[0,.01,.1,.2,.3,.4,.5,.6,.7,.8];
E=[0,.02,.17,.22,.24,.2,.12,.07,.02,0];
u=polyfit(t,E,5)
plot(t,E,'r*')
grid on
hold on
i=0:0.02:0.8;
E1=polyval(u,i);
plot(i,E1,'-b');
xlabel('Time (m sec)')
ylabel('Energy (J)')
title('The time dependence of the energy')
hold off

% This program calculate the normalized laser energy as a function of time

clear all
clc
t=[0,.01,.1,.2,.3,.4,.5,.6,.7,.8];
E=[0,.02,.17,.22,.24,.2,.12,.07,.02,0];
u=polyfit(t,E,5)
i=0:0.01:0.8;
E1=polyval(u,i);
m=max(E1);
unormal=u/m;
E2=polyval(unormal,i);
plot(i,E2,'-b')
grid on
hold on
Enorm=E/m;
plot(t,Enorm,'r*');
xlabel('Time (m sec)')
ylabel('Energy (J)')
title('The time dependence of the energy')
hold off

% This program calculate the laser intensity as a function of time

clear all
clc
Io=7.6e3; % laser intensity J/mille sec cm^2
p=6.8241; % this number comes from "p*integration of E-normal=3
% ==> p=3/integration of E-normal
z=3.95; % this number comes from the fact z*Int(I(t))=Io in magnitude
A=1.34e-3; % this number represents the area through heat flow
Dt=1; % this number comes from "integral of I(t)=Io*Dt"
% its come from equality of units
t=[0,.01,.1,.2,.3,.4,.5,.6,.7,.8];
E=[0,.02,.17,.22,.24,.2,.12,.07,.02,0];
Energy=polyfit(t,E,5) %this step calculate the energy as a function of time
i=0:0.02:0.8; % loop of time
E1=polyval(Energy,i);
m=max(E1);
Enormal=Energy/m; % this step to find normal energy
I=z*((p*Enormal)/(A*Dt));

42
E2=polyval(I,i);
plot(i,E2,'-b');
E2=polyval(I,t);
hold on
plot(t,E2,'r*')
grid on
xlabel('Time (m sec)')
ylabel('Energy (J)')
title('The time dependence of the energy')
hold off

% This program calculate the thermal conductivity as a function temperature

clear all
clc
T=[300,400,500,600,673,773,873,973,1073,1173,1200];
K=(1e-5)*[35.3,33.25,31.5,19.0,15.75,15.25,15.0,15.0,14.75,14.67,14.55];
KT=polyfit(T,K,5)
i=300:10:1200; % loop of temperature
KT1=polyval(KT,i);
plot(T,K,'r*')
hold on
plot(i,KT1,'-b')
grid on
xlabel('Temperature (K)')
ylabel('Thermal conductivity (J/ m sec.K)')
title('Thermal conductivity as a function of temperature')
hold off

% This program calculate the specific heat as a function temperature

clear all
clc
T=[300,400,500,600,700,800,900,1000,1100,1200];
C=[.1287,.132,.136,.1421,.1465,.1449,.1433,.1404,.1390,.1345];
u=polyfit(T,C,6)
i=300:10:1200; % loop of temperature
C1=polyval(u,i);
plot(T,C,'r*')
hold on
plot(i,C1,'-b')
grid on
xlabel('Temperature (K)')
ylabel('Specific heat capacity (J/gm.K)')
title('Specific heat capacity as a function of temperature')
hold off

% This program calculate the dencity as a function temperature

clear all
clc
T=[300,400,500,600,800,1000,1200];
P=[11.33,11.23,11.13,11.01,10.43,10.19,9.94];
u=polyfit(T,P,4)
i=300:10:1200; % loop of temperature
P1=polyval(u,i);
plot(T,P,'r*')
hold on
plot(i,P1,'-b')
grid on
xlabel('Temperature (K)')
ylabel('Dencity (g/cm^{3})')

43
title('Dencity as a function of temperature')
hold off

% This program calculate the vaporization time and depth peneteration when
% laser intensity vares as a function of time; and thermal properties are
% constant i.e. I(t)=Io, K(T)=Ko, rho(T)=roho, C(T)=Co
% a: reprecent the first edge of metal plate
% b: reprecent the second edge of metal plate
% h: increment step
% N: number of points
% Tv: the vaporization temperature of metal
% dt: iteration for time
% x: iteration for depth
% K: Thermal Conductivity
% alpha: Absorption coefficient since the surface of metal is opaque =1
% Io: laser intencity with unit (J/mSec.cm^2)
% C: Spescific heat with unit (J/g.K)
% rho: Dencity with unit (g/cm^3)
% du: Termal diffusion with unit (cm^2/mSec)
% r1: this element comes from finite difference method at boundary
% conditions
% T1: the initial value of temperature with unit (Kelvin)
%

clear all
clc
a=0;
b=1e-4;
h=5e-6;
N=round((b-a)/h);
Tv=1200; %the vaporization temperature of lead
dt=0;
x=-h;
t1=0;
t=0;
K=22.506e-5; % thermal conductivity of lead (J/mSec.cm.K)
alpha=1;
Io=7.6e3;
C=0.14016;
rho=10.751;
du=K/(rho*C);
r1=(2*alpha*Io*h)/K;
for i=1:N
T1(i)=300;
end
for t=1:100
t1=t1+1;
dt=dt+2e-10;
x=x+h;
x1(t1)=x;
r=(dt*du)/h^2;

% This loop calculate the temperature at second point of penetration

% depending on initial temperature T=300

for i=1:N
% This equation to calculate the temperature at x=a
if i==1 T2(i)=T1(i)+2*r*(T1(i+1)-T1(i)+(r1/2));
% This equation to calculate the temperature at x=N

44
 elseif i==N T2(i)=T1(i)+2*r*(T1(i-1)-T1(i));
% This equation to calculate the temperature at all other points
else T2(i)=T1(i)+r*(T1(i+1)-2*T1(i)+T1(i-1));
end
% To compare the calculated temperature with vaporization
% temperature
if abs(Tv-T2(i))<=0.8 break
end
end
if abs(Tv-T2(i))<=0.8 break
end

dt=dt+2e-10;
x=x+h;
t1=t1+1;
x1(t1)=x;
r=(dt*du)/h^2;

% This loop to calculate the next temperature depending on previous

% temperature
for i=1:N;
if i==1 T1(i)=T2(i)+2*r*(T2(i+1)-T2(i)+(r1/2));
elseif i==N T1(i)=T2(i)+2*r*(T2(i-1)-T2(i));
else T1(i)=T2(i)+r*(T2(i+1)-2*T2(i)+T2(i-1));
end
if abs(Tv-T1(i))<=0.8 break
end
end
if abs(Tv-T1(i))<=0.8 break
end
end
% This loop to make the peneteration and temperature as matrices to polt
% them
for i=i:N
T(i)=T1(i);
x2(i)=x1(i);
end
plot(x2,T,'r*',x2,T,'b-')
grid on
xlabel('Depth (cm)')
ylabel('Temperature (K)')

% This program calculate the vaporization time and depth peneteration when
% laser intensity and thermal properties are constant
% i.e. I(t)=I(t), K(T)=Ko, rho(T)=roho, C(T)=Co
% a: reprecent the first edge of metal plate
% b: reprecent the second edge of metal plate
% h: increment step
% N: number of points
% Tv: the vaporization temperature of metal
% dt: iteration for time
% x: iteration for depth
% K: Thermal Conductivity
% alpha: Absorption coefficient since the surface of metal is opaque =1
% Io: laser intencity with unit (J/mSec.cm^2)
% I : laser intencity as a function of time with unit (J/mSec.cm^2)
% C: Spescific heat with unit (J/g.K)
% rho: Dencity with unit (g/cm^3)
% du: Termal diffusion with unit (cm^2/mSec)

45
% r1: this element comes from finite difference method at boundary
% conditions
% T1: the initial value of temperature with unit (Kelvin)
%

clear all
clc
a=0;
b=0.0175;
h=0.0005;
N=round((b-a)/h);
Tv=1200; %the vaporization temperature of lead
dt=0;
x=-h;
t1=0;
K=22.506e-5; % thermal conductivity of lead (J/mSec.cm.K)
alpha=1;
C=0.14016;
rho=10.751;
du=K/(rho*C);
for i=1:N
T1(i)=300;
end
for t=1:1200
t1=t1+1;
dt=dt+5e-8;
x=x+h;
x1(t1)=x;
I=26.694+1.55258e5*dt-4.1419e5*dt^2+2.6432e5*dt^3+71510*dt^4-72426*dt^5;
r=(dt*du)/h^2;
r1=(2*alpha*I*h)/K;
% This loop calculate the temperature at second point of penetration
% depending on initial temperature T=300

for i=1:N
% This equation to calculate the temperature at x=a
if i==1 T2(i)=T1(i)+2*r*(T1(i+1)-T1(i)+(r1/2));
% This equation to calculate the temperature at x=N
elseif i==N T2(i)=T1(i)+2*r*(T1(i-1)-T1(i));
% This equation to calculate the temperature at all other points
else T2(i)=T1(i)+r*(T1(i+1)-2*T1(i)+T1(i-1));
end
% To compare the calculated temperature with vaporization
% temperature
if abs(Tv-T2(i))<=0.4 break
end
end
if abs(Tv-T2(i))<=0.4 break
end

dt=dt+5e-8;
x=x+h;
t1=t1+1;
x1(t1)=x;
I=26.694+1.55258e5*dt-4.1419e5*dt^2+2.6432e5*dt^3+71510*dt^4-72426*dt^5;
r=(dt*du)/h^2;
r1=(2*alpha*I*h)/K;
% This loop to calculate the next temperature depending on previous
% temperature

46
 for i=1:N;
if i==1 T1(i)=T2(i)+2*r*(T2(i+1)-T2(i)+(r1/2));
elseif i==N T1(i)=T2(i)+2*r*(T2(i-1)-T2(i));
else T1(i)=T2(i)+r*(T2(i+1)-2*T2(i)+T2(i-1));
end
if abs(Tv-T1(i))<=0.4 break
end
end
if abs(Tv-T1(i))<=0.4 break
end
end
% This loop to make the peneteration and temperature as matrices to polt
% them
for i=i:N
T(i)=T1(i);
x2(i)=x1(i);
end
plot(x2,T,'r*',x2,T,'b-')
grid on
xlabel('Depth (cm)')
ylabel('Temperature (K)')

% This program calculate the vaporization time and depth peneteration when
% laser intensity and thermal properties are variable
% i.e. I=I(t), K=K(T), rho=roh(T), C=C(T)
% a: reprecent the first edge of metal plate
% b: reprecent the second edge of metal plate
% h: increment step
% N: number of points
% Tv: the vaporization temperature of metal
% dt: iteration for time
% x: iteration for depth
% K: Thermal Conductivity
% alpha: Absorption coefficient since the surface of metal is opaque =1
% Io: laser intencity with unit (J/mSec.cm^2)
% I : laser intencity as a function of time with unit (J/mSec.cm^2)
% C: Spescific heat with unit (J/g.K)
% rho: Dencity with unit (g/cm^3)
% du: Termal diffusion with unit (cm^2/mSec)
% r1: this element comes from finite difference method at boundary
% conditions
% T1: the initial value of temperature with unit (Kelvin)
%

clear all
clc
a=0;
b=0.018;
h=0.0009;
N=round((b-a)/h);
Tv=1200; %the vaporization temperature of lead
dt=0;
x=-h;
t1=0;
alpha=1;

for i=1:N
T1(i)=300;
end

47
for t=1:11000
t1=t1+1;
dt=dt+9e-10;
x=x+h;
x1(t1)=x;
I(t1)=26.694+1.55258e5*dt-4.1419e5*dt^2+2.6432e5*dt^3+...
71510*dt^4-72426*dt^5;

% This loop calculate the temperature at second point of penetration

% depending on initial temperature T=300
for i=1:N
% The following equation represent the thermal conductivity,
% specific heat and density as a function of temperature

K(i)=-1.7033e-3+1.6895e-5*T1(i)-5.0096e-8*T1(i)^2+...
6.692e-11*T1(i)^3-4.1866e-14*T1(i)^4+1.0003e-17*T1(i)^5;

Kdash(i)=1.6895e-5-2*5.0096e-8*T1(i)+...
3*6.692e-11*T1(i)^2-4*4.1866e-14*T1(i)^3+5*1.0003e-17*T1(i)^4;

C(i)=-4.6853e-2+1.9426e-3*T1(i)-8.6471e-6*T1(i)^2+1.9546e-8*T1(i)^3-...
2.3176e-11*T1(i)^4+1.373e-14*T1(i)^5-3.2089e-18*T1(i)^6;

rho(i)=10.047+9.2126e-3*T1(i)-2.1284e-5*T1(i)^2+1.67e-8*T1(i)^3-...
4.5158e-12*T1(i)^4;

du(i)=K(i)/(rho(i)*C(i));

r(i)=dt/((h^2)*rho(i)*C(i));

r1(i)=((2*alpha*I(t1)*h)/K(i));

% This equation to calculate the temperature at x=a

if i==1 T2(i)=T1(i)+2*r(i)*(T1(i+1)-T1(i)+(r1(i)/2));
% This equation to calculate the temperature at x=N
elseif i==N T2(i)=T1(i)+2*r(i)*(T1(i-1)-T1(i));
% This equation to calculate the temperature at all other points
else T2(i)=T1(i)+r(i)*(T1(i+1)-2*T1(i)+T1(i-1));
end
% To compare the calculated temperature with vaporization
% temperature
if abs(Tv-T2(i))<=0.4 break
end
end
if abs(Tv-T2(i))<=0.4 break
end

dt=dt+9e-10;
x=x+h;
t1=t1+1;
x1(t1)=x;
I(t1)=26.694+1.55258e5*dt-4.1419e5*dt^2+2.6432e5*dt^3+71510*dt^4-72426*dt^5;
% This loop to calculate the next temperature depending on previous
% temperature
for i=1:N
% The following equation represent the thermal conductivity,
% specific heat and density as a function of temperature

K(i)=-1.7033e-3+1.6895e-5*T1(i)-5.0096e-8*T1(i)^2+...

48
 6.692e-11*T1(i)^3-4.1866e-14*T1(i)^4+1.0003e-17*T1(i)^5;

Kdash(i)=1.6895e-5-2*5.0096e-8*T1(i)+...
3*6.692e-11*T1(i)^2-4*4.1866e-14*T1(i)^3+5*1.0003e-17*T1(i)^4;

C(i)=-4.6853e-2+1.9426e-3*T1(i)-8.6471e-6*T1(i)^2+1.9546e-8*T1(i)^3-...
2.3176e-11*T1(i)^4+1.373e-14*T1(i)^5-3.2089e-18*T1(i)^6;

rho(i)=10.047+9.2126e-3*T1(i)-2.1284e-5*T1(i)^2+1.67e-8*T1(i)^3-...
4.5158e-12*T1(i)^4;

du(i)=K(i)/(rho(i)*C(i));

r(i)=dt/((h^2)*rho(i)*C(i));

r1(i)=((2*alpha*I(t1)*h)/K(i));

if i==1 T1(i)=T2(i)+2*r(i)*(T2(i+1)-T2(i)+(r1(i)/2));
elseif i==N T1(i)=T2(i)+2*r(i)*(T2(i-1)-T2(i));
else T1(i)=T2(i)+r(i)*(T2(i+1)-2*T2(i)+T2(i-1));
end
if abs(Tv-T1(i))<=0.4 break
end
end
if abs(Tv-T1(i))<=0.4 break
end
end
% This loop to make the peneteration and temperature as matrices to polt
% them
for i=i:N
T(i)=T1(i);
x2(i)=x1(i);
end
plot(x2,T,'r*',x2,T,'b-')
grid on
xlabel('Depth (cm)')
ylabel('Temperature (K)')

% This program calculate the thermal conductivity as a function temperature

clear all
clc
T=[100,200,273,298,400,600,800,1000,1100,1200,1300];
K=(1e-5)*[482,413,403,401,393,379,366,352,346,339,332];
KT=polyfit(T,K,5)
i=100:10:1300; % loop of temperature
KT1=polyval(KT,i);
plot(T,K,'r*')
hold on
plot(i,KT1,'-b')
grid on
xlabel('Temperature (K)')
ylabel('Thermal conductivity (J/ m sec.K)')
title('Thermal conductivity as a function of temperature')
hold off
% This program calculate the specific heat as a function temperature
clear all
clc
T=[100,200,273,298,400,600,800,1000,1100,1200,1300];
C=[.254,.357,.384,.387,.397,.416,.435,.454,.464,.474,.483];

49
u=polyfit(T,C,6)
i=100:10:1300; % loop of temperature
C1=polyval(u,i);
plot(T,C,'r*')
hold on
plot(i,C1,'-b')
grid on
xlabel('Temperature (K)')
ylabel('Specific heat capacity (J/gm.K)')
title('Specific heat capacity as a function of temperature')
hold off
% This program calculate the dencity as a function temperature
clear all
clc
T=[100,200,273,298,400,600,800,1000,1100,1200,1300];
P=[9.009,8.973,8.942,8.931,8.884,8.788,8.686,8.576,8.519,8.458,8.396];
u=polyfit(T,P,4)
i=100:10:1300; % loop of temperature
P1=polyval(u,i);
plot(T,P,'r*')
hold on
plot(i,P1,'-b')
grid on
xlabel('Temperature (K)')
ylabel('Dencity (g/cm^{3})')
title('Dencity as a function of temperature')
hold off
% This program calculate the vaporization time and depth peneteration when
% laser intensity and thermal properties are variable
% i.e. I=I(t), K=K(T), rho=roh(T), C=C(T)
% a: reprecent the first edge of metal plate
% b: reprecent the second edge of metal plate
% h: increment step
% N: number of points
% Tv: the vaporization temperature of metal
% dt: iteration for time
% x: iteration for depth
% K: Thermal Conductivity
% alpha: Absorption coefficient since the surface of metal is opaque =1
% Io: laser intencity with unit (J/mSec.cm^2)
% I : laser intencity as a function of time with unit (J/mSec.cm^2)
% C: Spescific heat with unit (J/g.K)
% rho: Dencity with unit (g/cm^3)
% du: Termal diffusion with unit (cm^2/mSec)
% r1: this element comes from finite difference method at boundary
% conditions
% T1: the initial value of temperature with unit (Kelvin)
%

clear all
clc
a=0;
b=0.018;
h=0.0009;
N=round((b-a)/h);
Tv=1400; %the vaporization temperature of copper
dt=0;
x=-h;
t1=0;

50
alpha=1;

for i=1:N
T1(i)=300;
end
for t=1:11000
t1=t1+1;
dt=dt+1e-10;
x=x+h;
x1(t1)=x;
I(t1)=2.67126e1+1.55354e5*dt-4.14184e5*dt^2+2.64503e5*dt^3+...
7.15599e4*dt^4-7.24766e4*dt^5;

% This loop calculate the temperature at second point of penetration

% depending on initial temperature T=300
for i=1:N
% The following equation represent the thermal conductivity,
% specific heat and density as a function of temperature

K(i)=6.02178e-3-1.6629e-5*T1(i)+5.0601e-8*T1(i)^2-...
7.3582e-11*T1(i)^3+4.977e-14*T1(i)^4-1.2684e-17*T1(i)^5;

Kdash(i)=-1.6629e-5+2*5.0601e-8*T1(i)-...
3*7.3582e-11*T1(i)^2+4*4.977e-14*T1(i)^3-5*1.2684e-17*T1(i)^4;

C(i)=6.1206e-4+3.6943e-3*T1(i)-1.4043e-5*T1(i)^2+2.7381e-8*T1(i)^3-...
2.8352e-11*T1(i)^4+1.4895e-14*T1(i)^5-3.1225e-18*T1(i)^6;

rho(i)=9.0422-2.9641e-4*T1(i)-3.1976e-7*T1(i)^2+2.2681e-10*T1(i)^3-...
7.6765e-14*T1(i)^4;

du(i)=K(i)/(rho(i)*C(i));

r(i)=dt/((h^2)*rho(i)*C(i));

r1(i)=((2*alpha*I(t1)*h)/K(i));

% This equation to calculate the temperature at x=a

if i==1 T2(i)=T1(i)+2*r(i)*(T1(i+1)-T1(i)+(r1(i)/2));
% This equation to calculate the temperature at x=N
elseif i==N T2(i)=T1(i)+2*r(i)*(T1(i-1)-T1(i));
% This equation to calculate the temperature at all other points
else T2(i)=T1(i)+r(i)*(T1(i+1)-2*T1(i)+T1(i-1));
end
% To compare the calculated temperature with vaporization
% temperature
if abs(Tv-T2(i))<=0.4 break
end
end
if abs(Tv-T2(i))<=0.4 break
end

dt=dt+1e-10;
x=x+h;
t1=t1+1;
x1(t1)=x;
I(t1)=2.67126e1+1.55354e5*dt-4.14184e5*dt^2+2.64503e5*dt^3+...

51
 7.15599e4*dt^4-7.24766e4*dt^5;
% This loop to calculate the next temperature depending on previous
% temperature
for i=1:N
% The following equation represent the thermal conductivity,
% specific heat and density as a function of temperature

K(i)=6.02178e-3-1.6629e-5*T1(i)+5.0601e-8*T1(i)^2-...
7.3582e-11*T1(i)^3+4.977e-14*T1(i)^4-1.2684e-17*T1(i)^5;

Kdash(i)=-1.6629e-5+2*5.0601e-8*T1(i)-...
3*7.3582e-11*T1(i)^2+4*4.977e-14*T1(i)^3-5*1.2684e-17*T1(i)^4;

C(i)=6.1206e-4+3.6943e-3*T1(i)-1.4043e-5*T1(i)^2+2.7381e-8*T1(i)^3-...
2.8352e-11*T1(i)^4+1.4895e-14*T1(i)^5-3.1225e-18*T1(i)^6;

rho(i)=9.0422-2.9641e-4*T1(i)-3.1976e-7*T1(i)^2+2.2681e-10*T1(i)^3-...
7.6765e-14*T1(i)^4;

du(i)=K(i)/(rho(i)*C(i));

r(i)=dt/((h^2)*rho(i)*C(i));

r1(i)=((2*alpha*I(t1)*h)/K(i));

if i==1 T1(i)=T2(i)+2*r(i)*(T2(i+1)-T2(i)+(r1(i)/2));
elseif i==N T1(i)=T2(i)+2*r(i)*(T2(i-1)-T2(i));
else T1(i)=T2(i)+r(i)*(T2(i+1)-2*T2(i)+T2(i-1));
end
if abs(Tv-T1(i))<=0.4 break
end
end
if abs(Tv-T1(i))<=0.4 break
end
end
% This loop to make the peneteration and temperature as matrices to polt
% them
for i=1:N
T(i)=T1(i);
x2(i)=x1(i);
end
plot(x2,T,'r*',x2,T,'b-')
grid on
xlabel('Depth (cm)')
ylabel('Temperature (K)')

52