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Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
History of Ergonomics
Human Factors
Taylor – scientific management movement
Human factors is synonymous with ergonomics Critics against Taylorism
Frank and Lillian Gilbert- human factors
Early 1900s: “fitting the man to the job”
Ergonomics emphasizes work physiology and Late 1920s: The Hawthorne experiments – social factors in the
anthropometry (individual at work) workplace- “human relations” research
1900-1945: growth of use of machinery and mechanization
Europe – industrial work systems End of WW II: Increased complexity of equipment – human-
machine systems
K.F.H. Murrel: the term ergonomics – emphasis on industrial
Human factors emphasizes experimental work systems
psychology and systems engineering (the human 1950: Ergonomics Research Society (UK)
element in a system) 1957: The Human Factors Society (US)
1960: consumer products and working class impact politically
U.S. – military work systems 1980 - current:
Advances in computer and automation technologies
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
Disasters: critical
Work Systems and theimportance
Methods, Measurement, andofManagement
human
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
in the operation of human-
of Work
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. machine systems
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
1
From www.ergonomics.org.uk Objectives in Ergonomics
1949
Main objective: to improve the performance of
July - "Ten scientists of differing background, but all interested in systems consisting of people and equipment.
the study of human work, decided to form a group to enable
research workers in different disciplines to meet and exchange
ideas. They called themselves the "Human Research Society""
(K.F.H. Murrell, BPS Bulletin, No.22, January 1954). Human
- machine systems
Machine: a variety of objects – aircraft, appliances,
Summer - "Ergonomics" defined by Murrell after consultation with automobiles, chairs, computers, hand tools, sports
Greek and Latin Scholars as "the study of the relationship between
man and his working environment". equipment
Greater comfort and satisfaction in use of the 1. To improve the performance of existing
equipment systems
Reduce stress and fatigue
2. To design new systems for optimum
Greater efficiency and productivity performance
Safer operation
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
2
Ergonomists – What They Do Fitting the Person to the Job (FPJ)
Research on human capabilities and limitations Common philosophy prior to ergonomics
Discover the characteristics of human performance,
e.g., how much can an average worker lift? Considers worker’s physical and mental
aptitudes (skills) in employment decisions
Design and engineering applications Psychometric testing (e.g., tests for intelligence and
personality characteristics)
Use the research findings to design better tools and
work methods For example, using worker size and strength as
criteria for physical work
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Fitting the Job to the Person (FJP) Changes: 1930 and 2000
It is the approach that ergonomics follow and opposite of FPJ 1930 2000
Total U.S. Population 123 million 281 million
Philosophy: design the job so that any member of the work
force can perform it Life expectancy 60 years 77 years
Median age 27 years 35 years
Why the FJP philosophy has evolved: Number of people age 65 and 7 million 35 million
Changes in worker skill requirements over
Today, companies do not need to be much selective, since Proportion of women in the 24% 61%
workers are much more educated. In stead of investing time in
selection procedure, companies spend time to train the new labor force
a
workforce Source: U.S. Census Bureau
3
System Components Human Components
Setting the boundary matters because Functions: (1) sensing the operation, (2) information
processing, (3) actions
it identifies controllable / uncontrollable Human senses - to sense the operation
it reflects what the human -machine system operation Five basic human sense (vision, hearing, touch, taste, and
is assumed to be smell)
Related with sensory (+ nerveous) system of the body
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
4
Cognitive Ergonomics Physical Work Environment
Concerned with the capabilities of the human brain and sensory Visual environment
system while performing information processing activities
Lighting levels and workplace design, visibility
Human cognitive processes include: (through lighting, contrast, color, glare)
Sensing: vision, hearing, touch, smell, taste that are activated by
external stimuli
Auditory environment
Perception: Follows sensing, occurs when the mind becomes aware of Intensity and duration of noise- sound that is
the sensation and interprets it based on previous experience and
knowledge undesired and possible harmful to a worker’s sense
of hearing.
Memory: (1) working (temporary) memory, (2) long-term memory
Response selection and execution figuring out what actions are needed Climate – what the operator feels while working
Air temperature, humidity, air movement, and
Will not be covered in this course radiation
Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work
by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7. by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0-13-140650-7.
©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.