9-3 Basics of Statistics

Unit 9 Probability and Mathematical Induction

Concepts and Objectives

Basics of Statistics (Obj. #34)

Given a set of data, calculate the mean and standard
deviation

Given a set of data, show by graphing that it is
normally distributed, and show that about 2/3 of the
data lies within one standard deviation of the mean
Statistics

When we have talked about finding probabilities, we
have known what the population is (for example, there
may have been 4 blue marbles and 3 white marbles).

Statistics is concerned with the converse. If you know
the outcome of a random experiment, find out what the
population is.

Example: Politicians use polling data to predict how
well they will do on election day.
Statistics

As you should recall, the mean of a population is the
average of the data. To measure how widely scattered
the data is, we use the standard deviation.

The deviation of one data point is the difference between
that point and the mean. The standard deviation is the
square root of the sum of the squares of the deviations
divided by one less than the number of data points.
Standard Deviation

Example: Find the mean and standard deviation of
97, 63, 85, 90, 72

97 + 63 + 85 + 90 + 72 407
mean = = = 81.4
5 5
15.62 + 18.42 + 3.62 + 8.62 + 9.42
std.dev. =
(5 − 1)
757.2
= ≈ 13.7586
4
Standard Deviation

Example: Find the mean and standard deviation of
97, 63, 85, 90, 72

To do this in the calculator, enter your data

into L1: …Í
…~ÍÍ (1-Var Stats)
mean = x = 81.4
std.dev. = Sx ≈ 13.7586
Normal Distribution

If you measure many values of a quantity, such as
lengths of fish in a lake, or scores on an IQ test, most of
the values normally lie close to the average. Fewer lie
farther away, and very few are very far away.

The graph itself is called a frequency distribution. It tells
how frequently each data value
occurred. The actual outline is
quite jagged, but we can draw a
smooth curve such that there are
just as many points above the
curve as missing spaces below.
Normal Distribution

When the curve is “bell-shaped” as the figure below is,
the numbers are said to be normally distributed about
the mean.

The bell-shaped curve is called the normal distribution
curve.

Each column is 1 unit wide. The
altitude of each column is the
number of data points in that
column.
Normal Distribution

If you add the areas of the columns, the sum equals the
total number of data points. But there are as many data
points above the curve as there are gaps below it. So
you can conclude that the area of the region under the
curve is the total number of data points.

For normally-distributed data,
2
about 3 of the points lie within
one standard deviation of the
mean.
Normal Distribution

Example: Given the data
82 84 83 82 83 81 85 84 80 85 85 85 87
83 82 83 84 83 80 81 83 85 84 80 79

a) Plot a frequency distribution

b) Find the mean and the standard deviation of the data
2
c) Confirm that roughly 3 of the data lie within one
standard deviation of the mean.
Normal Distribution

Example: Given the data
82 84 83 82 83 81 85 84 80 85 85 85 87
83 82 83 84 83 80 81 83 85 84 80 79

a) Plot a frequency distribution

On graph paper, set up a pair of axes: the x-axis will
be the data, and the y-axis will be the frequency.
The smallest data point is 79, while the largest is 87.
Go through the data and make a dot in the column for
each data point.
Normal Distribution

Example: Given the data
82 84 83 82 83 81 85 84 80 85 85 85 87
83 82 83 84 83 80 81 83 85 84 80 79

a)
•
• •
• • •
• • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • • • •
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
Normal Distribution

Example: Given the data
82 84 83 82 83 81 85 84 80 85 85 85 87
83 82 83 84 83 80 81 83 85 84 80 79

b) Clear the old data out of L1: …¶yÀÍ

Enter the data into L1: …Í
Run 1-Var Stats: …~ÍÍ
x = 82.92 Sx ≈ 1.9774
Normal Distribution

Example: Given the data
82 84 83 82 83 81 85 84 80 85 85 85 87
83 82 83 84 83 80 81 83 85 84 80 79
Standard
Mean
Deviation
b)
•
• •
• • •
• • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • • • •
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
Normal Distribution

Example: Given the data
82 84 83 82 83 81 85 84 80 85 85 85 87
83 82 83 84 83 80 81 83 85 84 80 79
Standard
Mean
Deviation
c)
There are 16½ data
•
• •
points within 1
• • • standard deviation.
• • • • •
2 2
• • • • • • (25) = 16
• • • • • • • • 3 3
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
Homework

Algebra & Trigonometry (green book)

Page 698: 1-4 (omit 3c and 4c)

Turn-in: all