Government Economy Religion View of Natural Education Misc

Humanity Rights
Voltaire ruler can justify Attacked Deist- Humans are Fought for Everyone Was a
her/his power nobility, promoted evil and civil rights (ie.men) need Freemason;
by improving disagreed with religious needed to be (Freedom of education to Reportedly
society physiocrats like tolerance; treated that religion & understand drank 300
Need for Adam Smith Belief in way; Most right to fair world through cups of
enlightened that wealth of universe humans are trial) reason coffee per
despotism to nations based on ignorant day
bring about depended upon reason;
change; agriculture Believed
Distrusted Church was
democracy oppressive
Thomas Wanted an ideal establishing acted as Plans to Privately science and the Agreed with
Jefferson republic that religious attorney pro reform educated in scientific Locke;
encompassed freedom bono in two criminal grammar method held Wanted to
governmental, seeking to Virginia codes schools, the the keys to eliminate
cultural, prevent anyone legal suits for College of learning and taxes and
educational, and from being freedom by William and education base the
societal "compelled to enslaved Mary, and economy on
institutions and frequent or mulatto primarily the illimitable agriculture
activities support any children world of freed (grow and
religious books, om of sell surplus;
Worship place Thomas agrarianism)
or Ministry" or Jefferson was the
having their an ardent huma
religious advocate of n
actions or public mind
inactions education as "
"affect their a cornerstone
 civil capacities of a free
republican
society
Born as a Lutheran
Catherine the Called together a Laissez-faire; but converts to permitted Didn’t Received
Great Legislative Development Russian Orthodox
when she marries
freedom of abolish education of
Parliament to of industry & husband Peter; press (tripled serfdom Enlightenment,
Believed every
guide her & trade; Russian subject had # books took active
codify laws Established to have a religion,
but it did not
published); role in
Loan Bank & necessarily have to Enriched European
be Russian
paper currency Orthodox; Religious cultural life intellectual
toleration
brought community,
beginnings corresponded
of Russian with Voltaire
literature and was patron
of Diderot

John Locke imagined an When we cannot Each person

original state of someone know owns himself
nature in which labors for a perfectly the and has
individuals rely productive truth about certain rights
upon their own end, the all to life,
strength, then results differences liberty, &
described our become that of religious property
escape from this opinion,
person’s
primitive state by Locke held,
property;
entering into a there can be
social contract Believed in no
under which the mercantilism justification
state provides for imposing
protective our own
services to its beliefs on
 citizens others
Galileo Considered Received
entering Renaissance
priesthood as education
man of faith
& science;
Was friends
with Pope
Urban II who
warned him
not to
advocate
heliocentrism
but to give
reasons for &
against it
Montesquieu French judge & Rational Believed that
legal human all humans are
philosopher; institutions capable of
Laws derived being educated
from human (Locke)
society; more
evolved a
society, more
liberal laws it
had; Progress is
possible within
society & variety
of laws could be
equally rational
given different
 conditions;
Advocate of
separation of 3
branches of
government

Adam Smith Proposed Optimistic

ending view of
“artificial” human nature
control over & rationality
land use to free from Locke
productive Humans had
capacity & drives &
permits flow of passions that
goods to market they can
Free direct &
restrictions on govern
agriculture, through
manufacture, & reason &
trade mutual
Laissez-faire sympathy
“let it run on its
own”
government
hands-off
Economy will
regulate itself
without
interference by
government
without
 monopolies &
other economic
privileges
Diderot Was placed Advancement
on Catholic of human
Church’s happiness
“Index of through
Prohibited advancement
Books” of knowledge

Rene Received law Claimed to be a Was placed rejects any Was educated Opposed by
Descartes degree devout Catholic on Catholic ideas that can by Jesuits; I Rousseau
but harbored Church’s be doubted, think therefore Experienced
deist and atheist “Index of and then I am dreams or
tendencies; Prohibited reestablishes entirely visions
body works like Books” them in order abandoned the
a machine, that to acquire a study of
it has the firm letters.
material foundation Resolving to
properties of for genuine seek no
extension and knowledge knowledge
motion, and other than that
that it follows of which could
the laws of be found in
physics myself or else
in the great
book of the
world
Francis Bacon Received law battle against saw his new science was passion for Four
degree; expert on the old order of way of dependent on the categories of
English scholasticism acquiring and the key advancement false idols
 constitutional with its slavish knowledge to of natural that had
law; speaker in dependence on as a technological philosophy captured
Parliament accepted fulfillment of progress was rooted in men’s minds:
authorities Biblical his belief that Idols of tribe,
whatever the prophecy science was of cave, of
mind seizes and concerning dependent on market place,
dwells upon the last days and the key of theatre
with particular to
satisfaction is technological
to be held in progress
suspicion
Copernicus Catholic cleric; Was University &
published economic court
heliocentric administrator educated in
theories on for his medical
death bed & chapter; studies
dedicated to Wrote a
Pope study on the
value of
money
Jean Jacques Free individuals Society is Women were
Rousseau could only be corruptive; supposed to
male, scorned True citizen develop
old order by has to natural virtues
dividing gender develop of children &
roles virtue & nurturers of
Critique of sensibility emotional life
artificiality of not manners of men
elite society Believed in
where educability of
Enlightenment men but more
 flourished concerned with
Wanted an character &
egalitarian emotional life
republic where
government
determined by
“general will” of
its citizens (what
they’d want if
they were fully
educated & met
collaboratively—
direct
democracy)

Mary Attacks Most elite Social order Most couldn’t

Wollstonecraft aristocracy and women would based on be fully
defends devote reason; formed
republicanism themselves to Originally individuals and
domesticity but favored working
without Utopianism women needed
responsibilities rights to
of citizenship, survive
education, &
economic
independence