Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2009

(Senior Section Solutions)

1. Answer: (C)

In the plane n, draw a circle of radius 7 em centred at A and a circle of radius 26 em centred at B.

If £ is a line on the plane n, and the distance between £ and A is 7 em and the distance between £ and B is 26 em, then £ must be tangential to both circles. Clearly, there are 3 lines in the plane that are tangential to both circles, as shown in the figure above.

2. Answer: (A) We have

y = (172 -x2)(192 _x2)

=X4 -(172 +192)X2 +172 .192 = X4 - 650x2 + 3232

= (x2 - 325)2 + 3232 - 3252

Hence the smallest possible value of y is 3232 - 3252 = (-2)(648) = -1296.

3.

Answer: (A)

The discriminant of the equation is a - 4b.

Thus the equation has real roots if and only if a 2: 4b. The shaded part in the figure on the right are all the points with coordinates (a, b) such that 0 < a, b < 1

and a 2: 4b. As the area of the shaded part is _!_,

8

it follows that the required probability is _!_.

8

a =4b

1

a

--+-----'--. b

o 1

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4. Answer: (D)

If x :S 0, then Ixl = -x, and we obtain from Ixl + x + 5y = 2 that y = ~. Thus y is 5

positive, so lvl- y + x = 7 gives x = 7, which is a contradiction since x:S 0. Therefore we must have x > 0. Consequently, Ixl + x + 5y = 2 gives the equation

2x+5y=2. (1)

Ify:::: 0, then lvl- y + x = 7 gives x = 7. Substituting x = 7 into Ixl + x + 5y = 2, we get y = - 12, which contradicts v> 0. Hence we must have y < 0, and it follows 5

from the equation lvl - y + x = 7 that

x-2y=7. (2)

Solving equations (1) and (2) gives x =.!l, y = _.±. Therefore x + y = 3.

3 3

5. Answer: (C)

. A 3. li h A 4 4 d B 5. li h . B 12

SIll = - Imp Ies t at cos = - or - -, an cos = - Imp Ies t at SIll = - ,

5 5 5 13 13

since ° < B < 1800•

If cos A = - .±, then sine A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B = ~ . _2_ - .± . g < 0,

5 5 13 5 13

which is not possible since ° < A + B < 1800 in a triangle. Thus we must have

cos A = .±. Consequently, since C = 1800 - (A + B), we have

5

cos C = - cos( A + B) = - cos A cos B + sin A sin B

4 5 3 12 16

=--._+_.-=-

5 13 5 13 65'

6.

Answer: (E)

Since area of triangle ABE is equal to area of quadrilateral DBEF, we see that area of WEA = area of WEF. This implies that DE is parallel to AF.

CE AD 3 .

Thus - = - = -. Since

CB AB 8

area of MEC CE

----- = -, it follows that ..e::....... ----'..:...._ --..-l B

area of MBC CB A

3 2

area of MEC = - x 40 = 15 cm .

8

C

D

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7. Answer: (C)

First note that (n - 2)!+ (n -1)!+ n!= (n - 2)![1 + (n -1) + n(n -1)] = n2 (n - 2)!. Therefore the given series can be written as

22 n 22 1 22 n - 1

~ n2(n - 2)1 = ~ n(n - 2)! = ~ n(n -l)(n - 2)!

22n-l 22( 1 1)

=L-, =L ( 1)'-"

n=3 n. n=3 n - . n .

. he telesconi . b·11

Summmg tete escopmg senes, we 0 tam - - - .

2! 22!

8. Answer: (D)

There are (!) ~ 70 ways of putting 4 identical red buttons and 4 identical blue buttons in the envelopes. Since 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 8 = 36, there are 8 cases where the sum of the numbers on the envelopes containing the red buttons is equal to 18 (which is also equal to the sum of the numbers on the envelopes containing the blue buttons), namely, (8, 7, 2, 1), (8, 6, 3, 1), (8, 5,4, 1), (8, 5, 3, 2), (7, 6,4, 1), (7,6,3,2), (7, 5,4,2) and (6,5,4,3). Hence it follows that the required number

70-8

of ways is -- = 31. 2

9. Answer: (B)

Let the angles of the acute-angled triangle be x", yO, 3xo, where the smallest

angle is x". Then we have x + y + 3x = 180 and 0 < x:Sy:S 3x < 90. From the inequalities x :S y :S 3x, we obtain 5x :S x + Y + 3x:S 7x, and hence it follows from

the first equation that 180 ~ x ~ 36. Since x is an integer and 3x < 90, we deduce

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that x = 26, 27, 28, 29. Hence there are 4 acute-angled triangles whose angles are

respectively (26°,76°,78°), (2T, 72°, sr j, (28°,68°,84") and

(29° , 64°, 8T ) .

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10. Answer: (B)

D

Let r be the radius of the circle with centre O.

Since AD = DC and LADC = 90°, LACD = 45". Thus LABD = 45". As

LDEB = 90', this implies that DE = BE. Let x = DE = BE. Since BC/' ED and

area of quadrilateral ABCD = area of MED + area of MBD + area of MCD, we have

1 1 2 1 1

24= -·(AB-x)x+ x +-·BC·x=-(AB+BC)x. (1)

222 2

On the other hand, as OD is perpendicular to AC, and

area of quadrilateral ABCD = area of MBC + area of MCD, we have

24 = _l_. AB· BC + _l_ AC· OD = _l_. AB· BC + r", (2)

2 2 2

Now equation (2) and AB2 + BC2 = AC2 = 4r2 imply that (AB+BC)2 =4r2 +2·AB·BC=4r2 +4(24-r2)=96.

Therefore AB + BC = 4./6 . Hence from equation (1), we obtain x = 2./6 .

11. Answer: 91

Let a = 2008. Then

(20083 + (3 x 2008 x 2009) + 1)2= (a3 + 3a(a + 1) + 1)2 =(a3+3a2+3a+l)2

= (a + 1)6 = 20096 = i2. 416.

Hence the number of positive divisors is (12 + 1)(6 + 1) = 91.

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12.

Answer: 3

1 1 1

------~+ +------~

1 + IOga2b(~) 1 + logb2c( ~) 1 + IOgc2a( ~)

1 1 1

= + + ------------;-~

log 2b(a2b) + log 2b(~) logb2 (b2e) + logb2 ((l_) log 2 (e2a) + log 2 ('l_)

a a ace b ca ca C

111

----~~+ +----~~

10ga2b (abc) logb2c (abc) logc2a (abc)

= log abc (a2b) + logabc (b2 c) + logabc (e2 a)

13. Answer: 2008

Observe that n! x n = n! x (n + 1 - 1) = (n + I)! - n!. Therefore (1! x 1) + (2! x 2) + (3! x 3) + ... + (286! x 286)

= (2! - 1!) + (3! - 2!) + (41 - 3!) + ... + (287! - 286!) = 287! - 1.

Since 2009 = 287 x 7, 287! - 1 == -1 == 2008 (mod 2009). It follows that the remainder is 2008.

14. Answer: S

Let x = (2S + 10-J5t3 + (2S _lO-J5j13. Then

x3 = (2S + 1O-J5 + 2S -1O-J5)+ 3(2S2 -100(S) Y/3[(2S + 1O-J5t3 + (2S -1O-J5t3 J,

which gives x3 = SO + lSx, or (x - S)(X2 + Sx + 10) = o. This equation admits only one real root x = S.

IS. Answer: 1024

a = 1 +-J2009 gives (2a _1)2 = 2009, which simplified to a2 - a = S02. Now 2

(a3 S03a-SOOr = (a(a2 -a-S02)+a2 -a-SOOya

= (a(a2 -a-S02)+(a2 -a-S02)+2r =(0+0+2)10 =1024.

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16. Answer: 1

Since DE is the angle bisector of LADB, we have AE = AD . Similarly, since

EB BD

AF AD AE BD CF

DFis the angle bisector of LADC, -=-. Hence _._._=1.

CF DC EB DC FA

17. Answer: 8

First note that if A + B = 4Y, then 1 = tan(A + B) = tan A + tan B , and so I-tanAtanB

1- tan A - tan B = tan A tan B . Consequently,

(cotA-l)(cotB-l)= I-tanA-tanB+tanAtanB = 2tanAtanB =2.

tanAtanB tan A tanB

Hence

(cot2Y -1)(cot24° -1)(cot23° -1)(cot22° -1)(cot2r -1)(cot20° -1)

= (cot2S' -1)(cot20° -1)(cot24° -1)(cot2r -1)(cot23° -1)(cot22° -1) =8.

18. Answer: 602

Note that ab + a + b = (a + 1)(b + 1) - 1. Thus ab + a + b is a multiple of7 if and only if (a + 1)(b + 1) == 1 (mod 7).

LetA = {I, 2, 3, ... ,99, 100}, and let Ai = {x E A: x == i (mod 7)} for i = 0,1,

2, ... ,6. It is easy to verify that for any x E Ai and Y E Aj' where 0:::; i:::;j:::; 6, xy == 1 (mod 7) if and only if i = j E {I, 6}, or i = 2 and j = 4, or i = 3 and j = 5. Thus we consider three cases.

Case 1: a + 1, b + 1 E Ai for i E {I, 6}.

Then a, b E Ai for i E {O, 5}. As lAo I = lAs I = 14, the number of such subsets

is f;J ~ 182

Case 2: a + 1 and b + 1 are contained in A2 and A4 respectively, but not in the same set.

Then a and b are contained in Al and A3 respectively, but not in the same set.

Since IAII = 15 and IA31 = 14, the number of such subsets {a, b} is 14 x 15 = 210. Case 3: a + 1 and b + 1 are contained in A3 and As respectively, but not in the same set.

Then a and b are contained in A2 and A4 respectively, but not in the same set.

Note that IA21 == 15 and IA41 = 14. Thus the number of such subsets {a, b} is 14 x 15 = 210.

Hence the answer is 182 + 2 x 210 = 602.

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19. Answer: 49727

Since x2 -15x + 1 = 0, x + _!_ = 15. Therefore x

X4 + x\ =(x+±} _4(X2 + :2 )-6 =(x+ ~} -4(X+±J +8-6

= 154 -4x152 + 2 = 49727.

20. Answer: 24

B

Since BE bisects L.ABC, we have AE ; EC = AB : BC = 1 : 4. Furthermore, since EF II AB and DF II EB, we see that DF bisects L.EFC. Hence DE : DC = 1 : 4. Let AE = x and DE = y. Then we have x + y = 13.5 and 4x = 5y. Solving the equations yields x = 7.5 andy = 6. It follows that CD = 4y = 24.

21. Answer: 89440

The number of such ordered triples (x, y, z) with x = y is

(~)~2080

The number of such ordered triples (x, y, z) with xi- y is

2 x (~5) ~ 87360.

Hence the answer is 2080 + 87360 = 89440.

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22. Answer: 19901

1 1 1 + na a 1

First note that -- - = n-1 n - -- = n. Therefore

199 (1 1: 199 199 x 200

L:-----. =L:n= =19900.

n=1 an+1an anan_1 n=1 2

1

Hence --- = 1 + 19900 = 19901.

23. Answer: 6

A

C

B

AB2+AC2-BC2 52+102-132 11

We have cosA= =-----

2(AB)(AC) 2(5)(10) 25

Let AP = x em and A Q = y em. Since area of MPQ = _!_ xy sin A and area of 2

MBC = _!_ (AB)( A C) sin A = _!_ (5)(10) sin A , we obtain xy = _!_, that is, xy = 25 .

2 2 50 4 2

Hence

2 2 2 2 ( 25) 2 (11 )

PQ = x + y - 2xy cos A = x + 2x - 25 - 25

625 F1!J25

= x2 + -2 + 11 ~ 2 x2• -2 + 11 = 25 + 11 = 36.

4x 4x

Consequently, PQ 2: 6, with the equality attained when x = y = ~.

24. Answer: 5

Since x + y = 9 -z, xy = 24 -z(x + y) = 24 -z(9 -z) = Z2 -9z+ 24. Now note that x and yare roots of the quadratic equation t2 + (z - 9)t + (Z2 9z + 24) = O. Asx andy are real, we have (Z-9)2 -4(Z2 -9z+24) ~ 0, which simplified to Z2 - 6z + 5::;; O. Solving the inequality yields 1 :S z:S 5. When x = y = 2, z = 5. Hence the largest possible value of z is 5.

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~ .Yrx·:;~R~i~

ii .

25. Answer: 357

First put the six 1 's in one sequence. Then there are 7 gaps before the first 1, between two adjacent 1 's and after the last 1. For each such gap, we can put a single 0 or double O's (that is, 00).

If there are exactly i double O's, then there are exactly 6 - 2i single O's, where i = 0,1,2,3. Therefore the number of such binary sequences with exactly i double

O's is (:)(7 - i .). Hence the answers is t(:)(7 - i .) = 357.

1 6 - 21 ;=0 1 6 - 21

26.

Answer: 95 cosIOO°

1- 4 sin 25" cos 25" cos 50°

cos IOu' cos 50° =sin" 50°

------- = ---------:-

I-2sin50° cos50° (cos50" -sin500)2

cos 50° + sin 50° 1 + tan 50°

cos 50° - sin 50° 1- tan 50°

= tan 45" + tan 50° = tan 95". 1- tan 45" tan 50°

Hence x = 95.

27. Answer: 223

lOgi x3} 6+ 109,(~J

IOg,( xi)

<=> (x) < 6 + log , 9 =Iog , X

log -

3 9

log x2 -log 3

<=> 3 3 < 6 + log, 9 -log3 X.

log, X -log3 9

Let u = log, x. Then the inequality becomes 2u -1 < 8 - u, which is equivalent to u-2

u2 - 8u + 15 0 S lvi he i 1" 2 3 5 h .

---- < . 0 vmg t e mequa tty gives u < or < u < ,t at IS,

u-2

log, x < 2 or 3 < log, X < 5. It follows that 0 < x < 9 or 27 < x < 243. Hence there are 223 such integers.

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28. Answer: 79

First observe that

1 1 ( 1 )

x-Jx+2+(x+2)_,Jx - _,Jx·-Jx+2 _,Jx+-Jx+2

1 -Jx+2-_,Jx

= -----=-----;:== - -

Fx·-Jx+2· (x+2)-x

1 ( 1 1)

="2 _,Jx- -Jx+2 .

Therefore

29. Answer: 96

, , , ,

,

,

,

,

,

, , , ,

, , , ,

F

Let S be the area of rectangle ABCD. Then we have

1 1 1 1

area of I1CDF =-x area of bCDE =-x-S =-S.

2 2 4 8

1 1 1 1

Nextwehave area of MCF=-xareaof MCE=-x-S=-S.

2 2 2 4

Now

12 = area of MDF = area of MCD - area of MCF - area of I1CDF

= !S-!S-!S=!S.

248 8

Hence the area of rectangle ABCD = 96 em".

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30. Answer: 11754

First note that if every digit in the 6-digit number appears at least twice, then there cannot be four distinct digits in the number. In other words, the number can only be formed by using one digit, two distinct digits or three distinct digits respectively. Therefore we consider three cases.

Case 1: The 6-digit number is formed by only one digit. Then the number of such 6-digit numbers is clearly 9.

Case 2: The 6-digit number is formed by two distinct digits.

First, the number of such 6-digit numbers formed by two given digits i and j, where 1 :S i <t : 9, is

(~H:H:J~50

Next, the number of such 6-digit numbers formed by 0 and a given digit i, where 1 :S i:S 9, is

Therefore the total number of such 6-digit numbers formed by two distinct digits

IS

(~Jx 50+9x 25 = 2025.

Case 3: The 6-digit number is formed by three distinct digits.

First, the number of such 6-digit numbers formed by three given digits i.j and k, where 1 :S i <j < k:S 9, is

(~}(~J~90

Next, the number of such 6-digit numbers formed by 0 and two given digits i and j, where 1 :S i <i : 9, is

(~}(~J~60

Therefore the total number of such 6-digit numbers formed by three distinct digits

IS

(:} 90+(~}60 ~9720

Hence the answer is 9 + 2025 + 9720 = 11754.

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31.

Answer: 234

. 945-27x

Smce 27x + 35y:S 945, we have y S; . It follows that

35

xyS; 945x-27x2 = 27 (35x-x2)= 27[(~)2 -(x- 35)2J.

35 35 35 2 2

Therefore, if Ix- 3;1 ~ %, that is, if x 2: 20 or x:S 15, then

27[(35)2 (5)2J

xy S;3"5 "2 -"2 < 231.4.

Ifx = 16, then y S; 945 - 27(16) S; 14.7. Thus y:S 14, and xy:S 224.

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Similarly, if x = 17, then j -; 13, andxy:S221. If x = 18, then y :S 13, and xy :S 234.

If x = 19, then y:S 12, and xy:S 228.

In conclusion, the maximum value ofxy is 234, which is attained atx =18 andy = 13.

32. Answer: 65520 Note that

(1 + x' + x' + x')" ~ t,('~}" (1 + x' + x")':

It is clear that if i > 5 or i < 4, then the coefficient of X29 in the expansion of

X5i (1 + x2 + x4y is O. Note also that if i is even, then the coefficient of X29 in the expansion of X5i (1 + x2 + x4y is also O. Thus we only need to determine the

coefficient of x" in the expansion of C:}" (1 + x' + x'), for i ~ 5.

When i = 5, we have

(Inx" (I + x' + x")' ~ c:}" (1 + x' + x')'

(16J 25~(5J 2 4'

= X ~ . (x +x )J

5 j~o)

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It is clear that the coefficient of X4 in the expansion of t(5.}Zi (1 + xz)} is }~O }

GH~J ~ 15. Hencethe answer is (I:JXI5 ~ 65520

33. Answer: 401

For each n = 1,2,3, ... , since dn = gcd(an,an+l), we have dn 1 an and d ; 1 an+l•

Thus dn 1 an+l - an' that is, d; 1 (n + l)z + 100 - (nz + 100), which gives d; 12n + 1. Hence d ; 12(nz + 100) - n(2n + 1), and we obtain dn 1200 - n. It follows that

d; 12(200-n)+2n+l, that is, d , 1401. Consequently, l::;;dn ::;;401 for all positive integers n.

Now when n = 200, we have an = azoo =200z + 100 = 401 X 100 and

an+l =aZOI =201z +100=401xl01. Therefore dzoo = gcd(azoo,azol) =401. Hence it follows that the maximum value of d; when n ranges over all positive integers is 401, which is attained at n = 200.

34. Answer: 441

First we determine a200S and aZ009' Suppose that a2008 = XjXZX3X4XSX6X7XS , where the Xi'S are distinct digits in {1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8}.

Let A = {ak : k = 1,2, ... ,40320}.

Since 7! = 5040 > 2008, we deduce that Xl = 1, as there are more than 2008 numbers in A such that the first digit is 1.

As 2 x 6! < 2008 < 3 x 6!, we have x2 = 4, as there are less than 2008 numbers in A such that the first digit is 1 and the second digit is 2 or 3, but there are more than 2008 numbers in A such that the first digit is 1 and the second digit is 2, 3 or 4. Similarly, since 2 x 6! + 4 x 5! < 2008 < 2 x 6! + 5 x 5!, we see that the third digit X3 is 7. By repeating the argument and using the inequalities

2 x 61 + 4 x 51 + 3 x 4! < 2008 < 2 x 61 + 4 x 5! + 4 x 41 and

2004 = 2 x 6! + 4 x 5! + 3 x 41 + 2 x 3! < 2008 < 2 x 61 + 4 x 5! + 3 x 41 + 3 x 3!, we obtain X4 = 6, Xs = 5. Note also that among the numbers in A of the form

1476****, the digit 5 first appears as the fifth digit in a200S if the numbers are arranged in increasing order. Consequently, as the last three digits are 2, 3 and 8, we must have a200S = 14765238. It follows that a2006 = 14765283,

a2007 = 14765328, a2008 = 14765382, and aZ009 = 14765823. Hence

a2009 -a2008 =14765823-14765382=441.

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-"'p.", ,---~---~--!Ii

35. Answer: 24

Write u = log., x. Then log., lOO = 2 - u. Since a = Lloglo x J, we have x

u = a + y for some O:s y < 1. (1 )

Similarly, since b = L2 - u J, we have

2 - u = b + 8 for some O:s 8 < 1. (2)

Then O:s y + 8 < 2. Since y + 8 = u - a + (2 - u - b) = 2 - a - b is an integer, it follows that y + 8 = 0 or y + 8 = 1.

Case 1: y + 8 = O.

Then y = 0 and 8 = 0, since y 2: 0 and 8 2: O. Therefore 2a2 -3b2 =2u2 -3(2-u)2

= - U 2 + 12u -12

= 24-(u-6)2 ::;24,

and the maximum value is attained when u = 6. Case 2: y + 8 = 1.

Then we must have 0 < y, 8 < 1 by (1) and (2). Also, by (1) and (2), we have

b = L 2 - u J = L 2 - a - y J = 1- a. Thus

2a2 -3b2 =2a2 -3(1-a)2 = _a2 +6a-3

= 6-(a-3)2 ::; 6.

Hence the largest possible value of 2a2 - 3b2 is 24, when x = 106•

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Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2009 (Senior Section, Round 2 solutions)

1. Let D be the midpoint of AC. Since ~~ < 1, N lies in the segment CD. Let G be the intersection of B D and M N. By Menelaus' Theorem applied to the line M Nand triangle AB D ,

DG BM AN

GB . MA . ND = 1.

Thus

BG = BM . AN = (1 _ CN) . AN

GD MA ND NA ND

N A - CN (2CD - CN) - CN

ND ND

2ND

= ND = 2.

Therefore, G is the centroid of ABC.

A

N

B

c

2. We have n2 1 (mod 3). Thus ti = 3k + 1 or 3k + 2 for some nonnegative integer k.

(i) ti = 3k + 1. After simplifying, we have 2m = 3k2 + 2k = k(3k + 2). Thus k and 3k + 2 are both powers of 2. It is clear that k = 2 is a solution and k = 1 is not. If k = 2P, where p :::::: 2, then 3k + 2 = 2(3· 2P-1 + 1) is not a power of 2 as 3· 2P-1 + 1 is odd. We have one solution: ti = 7, m = 4.

(ii) n = 3k + 2: Again we have 2m = 3k2 + 4k + 1 = (3k + 1)(k + 1) and both k + 1 and 3k + 1 must be powers of 2. Both k = 0, 1 are solutions. When k = 0, m = 0, which is not admissible. For k > 1, we have 3k + 1 = 2k + (k + 1) > 2k + 2 and therefore 4(k + 1) > 3k + 1 > 2(k + 1). Hence if k + 1 = 2P for some positive integer p, then

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2P+2 > 3k + 1 > 2P+1 and we conclude that 3k + 1 cannot be a power of 2. Thus there is one solution in this case: (n,m) = (5,3).

et A be an n-element subset of {I, 2, ... ,2009} with the property that the difference between any two numbers in A is not a prime number. Find the largest possible value of n, Find a set with this number of elements. (Note: 1 is not a prime number.)

3. If n E A, then n + i tj_ A, i = 2,3,5,7. Among n + 1, n + 4, n + 6 at most one can be in A. Thus among any 8 consecutive integers, at most 2 can be in S. Hence IAI ::; 212009/81 = 504. Such a set is {4k 1: k = 0, 1, ... ,502}.

4. We give a proof of the general case. Consider the expansion of

(axi + bXI + c)(ax~ + bX2 + c)··· (ax; + bXn + c).

The term in aifyJ ck, where i + j + k = ti is

There are altogether (7) (nji) terms in the summation. (We choose i factors from which we take ax;' From the remaining n - i factors, we choose j to take the terms bxs.) By symmetry, the number of terms containing x; is a constant, as is the number of terms containing the term Xi. Thus, when the terms in the summation are multiplied together, we get (XIX2 ... xn)P = 1 for some p. (For our purpose, it is not necessary to

t I f t - 2 (n-l) (n-i) (n-l) (n- j) - 2i+j (n) (n-i)) B th AM GM

compu e p. n ac p - i-I i j-l i - -----:;:;:- i j' y e -

inequality, we have

Hence

( 2 b ) ( 2 b ). "'. ai bJ' ck (~.) (n )-. i)

aXI + Xl + c ... aXn + Xn + c 2: D "

~+J+k=n

5. The number of arrows that that hit zone 1 is < 30·16/4 = 120. If contestant i hits zone 1 a; times, zone 2 b, times and miss the target Ci times, then the total score is 10ai +5bi = 5ai +5(ai +bi) = 5ai +5(16-ci) = 80+5(ai -Ci). Suppose the scores are all distinct, then the 30 numbers o.; - c, must all be distinct. By the pigeonhole principle, half of these 30 numbers are either positive or negative. We consider the "positive" case. Without loss of generality, let ai - Ci > 0 for i = 1, ... ,15. Then o.; - c, 2: i, Therefore ai 2: i. Hence al + ... + al5 2: 120. But al + ... + a30 < 120, and we have a contradiction. The "negative" case is similar.

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