Granule is a generic term used for a small particle or grain

A granular material is a conglomeration of discrete solid, macroscopic particles

characterized by a loss of energy whenever the particles interact (the most common
example would befriction when grains collide).[1] The constituents that compose
granular material must be large enough such that they are not subject to thermal
motion fluctuations. Thus, the lower size limit for grains in granular material is about
1 µm. On the upper size limit, the physics of granular materials may be applied to ice
floes where the individual grains are icebergs and toasteroid belts of the solar
system with individual grains being asteroids.

Some examples of granular materials are nuts, coal, sand, rice, coffee, corn
flakes, fertilizer, and ball bearings. Powders are a special class of granular material
due to their small particle size, which makes them more cohesive and more
easily suspended in a gas. Granular materials are commercially important in
applications as diverse as pharmaceutical industry,agriculture, and energy
production. Research into granular materials is thus directly applicable and goes back
at least to Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, whose law of friction was originally stated
for granular materials.[2]

The soldier/physicist Brigadier Ralph Alger Bagnold was an early pioneer of the
physics of granular matter and whose book "The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert
Dunes"[3] remains an important reference to this day.

According to material scientist Patrick Richard, "Granular materials are ubiquitous

in nature and are the second-most manipulated material in industry (the first one
is water)".[4]

In some sense, granular materials do not constitute a single phase of matter but
have characteristics reminiscent of solids, liquids, or gases depending on the average
energy per grain. However in each of these states granular materials also exhibit
properties which are unique.
Granular materials also exhibit a wide range of pattern forming behaviors when
excited (e.g. vibrated or allowed to flow). As such granular materials under
excitation can be thought of as an example of a complex system.

Granular solids
When the average energy of the individual grains is low and the grains are fairly
stationary relative to each other, the granular material acts like a solid. In general,
stress in a granular solid is not distributed uniformly but is conducted away along so-
called force chains which are networks of grains resting on one another. Between
these chains are regions of low stress whose grains are shielded for the effects of the
grains above by vaulting and arching.

Granular liquids
When the granular matter is driven and energy is fed into the system (such as by
shaking) such that the grains are not in constant contact with each other, the
granular material is said to fluidize and enter a liquid-like state. When freely flowing,
granular materials have flow characteristics that roughly resemble those of
ordinary Newtonian fluids. However, granular materials dissipate energy quickly, so
techniques of statistical mechanics that assume conservation of energy are of limited
use. Bulk flow characteristics of granular materials do differ from those of
homogeneous fluids in several important ways[5]:

 Shearing or shaking a granular material may result in its becoming

inhomogeneous in space and time (see Brazil nut effect).
 Granular materials tend to clog when forced through a constriction (as in
a salt cellar)
 A compacted granular material must expand (or dilate) before it can deform
(A process known as dilatency).
 Turbulence is almost impossible to achieve in granular materials
 Granular materials can support (small) shear stresses indefinitely
 Granular materials are often inhomogeneous and anisotropic
 Granular materials exhibit avalanches.[6] Avalanching sand is a paradigm
example of the process of Self-organized criticality.

Granular gases
If the granular material is driven harder such that contacts between the grains
become highly infrequent, the material enters a gaseous state. Correspondingly, one
can define a granular temperature equal to the root mean square of grain velocity
fluctuations that is analogous to thermodynamic temperature. Unlike conventional
gases granular materials will tend to cluster and clump due to the dissipative nature
of the collisions between grains. This clustering has some interesting consequences.
For example, if a partially partitioned box of granular materials is vigorously shaken
then grains will over time tend to collect in one of the partitions rather than spread
evenly into both partitions as would happen in a conventional gas. This effect, known
as the granular Maxwell's Demon, does not violate any thermodynamics principles
since energy is constantly being lost from the system in the process.

Jamming transition
Granular systems are known to exhibit jamming and undergo a jamming transition
which is thought of a thermodynamic phase transition to a jammed state.[7]

Pattern formation
Excited granular matter is a rich pattern-forming system. Some of the pattern-
forming behaviours seen in granular materials are:

 The un-mixing or segregation of unlike grains under vibration and flow. An

example of this is the so-called Brazil nut effect where Brazil nuts rise to the top
of a packet of mixed nuts when shaken.The cause of this effect is that when
shaken, granular (and some other) materials move in a circular pattern. some
larger materials (Brazil nuts) get stuck while going down the circle and therefore
stay on the top.
 The formation of surface patterns in vibrated granular layers. These patterns
include but are not limited to stripes, squares and hexagons. These patterns are
thought to be composed of fundamental exitations of the surface known
as oscillons.
 The formation of sand ripples, dunes, and sandsheets

Acoustic effects
Some beach sands such as those of the aptly named squeaky beach exhibit
squeaking when walked upon. Some desert dunes are known to
exhibit booming during avalanching or when their surface is otherwise disturbed.
Granular materials discharged from silos produce loud acoustic emissions in a
process known as silo honking.

Granulation
Main article: Granulation (powder technology)

Granulation is the act or process in which primary powder particles are made to
adhere to form larger, multi particle entities called granules.

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