Disproving Islam
Edgar Morina
Copyright (C) 2020 Edgar Morina
All rights reserved. It is not allowed to copy, modify or translate this draft book. It
is allowed to distribute it for personal use. The book is for free and used for non-
commercial purposes.
Draft edition
Cover image from a website that grants free images for commercial and
noncommercial purposes. The artist is not known to the author and he did not in any
way collaborate with the production of this book.
Cover design (C) The Author, 2020. All rights reserved.
1
Samaritans introduced too early����������������������������������������������������������110
Iron coats mail introduced too early���������������������������������������������������111
Crucifixion introduced too early���������������������������������������������������������111
Coins introduced too early�������������������������������������������������������������������111
Quran is talking about the wrong Mary���������������������������������������������112
Jesus’ death����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������122
Muhammad not mentioned in the Torah or Bible����������������������������123
The Bible and Torah are corrupt����������������������������������������������������������124
Muhammad was not born sinless��������������������������������������������������������126
People of Mecca were not warned before Muhammad���������������������127
Quran says that Mary was a goddess���������������������������������������������������129
Nobody before John the Baptist was given the name John��������������130
Double negative in the language����������������������������������������������������������130
Allah has revealed the Quran in Arabic����������������������������������������������131
Quran copies a man made message�����������������������������������������������������134
Allah prevent earthquakes��������������������������������������������������������������������135
Allah allows to marry up to four wives�����������������������������������������������136
Allah has made everything in pairs�����������������������������������������������������136
Adam and Eve had sex with each other����������������������������������������������136
Does Allah have limbs?�������������������������������������������������������������������������137
Can Allah stop the Quran being corrupt?������������������������������������������138
Praying without arms and legs�������������������������������������������������������������138
How long to breastfeed?������������������������������������������������������������������������138
Did he create the heaven or the Earth first?���������������������������������������138
Does Allah forgive everything?������������������������������������������������������������139
Where do disbelievers receive their record book on Judgment day?
������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������139
2
When was Kaaba built���������������������������������������������������������������������������139
Is alcohol okay?��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������140
Could Allah have a son?������������������������������������������������������������������������141
Does Allah lead people astray?�������������������������������������������������������������142
How long is Allah’s day?������������������������������������������������������������������������142
How long did it take Allah to create heaven and earth?�������������������143
Does evil come from Allah?�����������������������������������������������������������������143
Will Jesus burn in Hell?�������������������������������������������������������������������������143
Who takes peoples souls?����������������������������������������������������������������������144
Who was the first Muslim?�������������������������������������������������������������������144
Strength of believers������������������������������������������������������������������������������145
How many sacred months are there?��������������������������������������������������145
What does Allah do with apostates?����������������������������������������������������146
Should Muslims have Christians for friends?������������������������������������146
Can you marry non-Muslims?�������������������������������������������������������������147
Are all Islamic prophets equal?������������������������������������������������������������147
Abrogation; does Allah change his words?�����������������������������������������148
How long did it take to destroy Aad tribe?�����������������������������������������148
3
Allah has created a man and a woman������������������������������������������������156
Allah made the moon a light����������������������������������������������������������������156
Required to drain all the blood from the animal�������������������������������157
Allah has created two mates�����������������������������������������������������������������157
Allah decides gender�����������������������������������������������������������������������������158
Mountains prevent earthquakes�����������������������������������������������������������159
Mountains cast into the Earth��������������������������������������������������������������159
Communities like humans��������������������������������������������������������������������161
Animals can’t speak�������������������������������������������������������������������������������161
Types of animals mentioned in the Quran�����������������������������������������161
Types of plants mentioned in the Quran��������������������������������������������162
Milk is pure���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������163
4 witness are required to prove rape of a female��������������������������������163
Why is smoking not mentioned in the Quran when it’s very bad?�164
Why is sport not mentioned when it is that good?���������������������������164
Heaven without pillars��������������������������������������������������������������������������165
Heaven with no rifts������������������������������������������������������������������������������166
Heaven expanded�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������167
Allah has created humans in the best form����������������������������������������168
Allah has created women less intelligent than men��������������������������169
Worshipping Allah without limbs�������������������������������������������������������169
Nearest heaven with stars and their thickness�����������������������������������169
Stars fall down and shooting stars�������������������������������������������������������171
Allah makes a difference between suns and stars������������������������������172
There are seven heavens and seven earths������������������������������������������172
Sun rising from the west�����������������������������������������������������������������������174
Allah created the Earth first, then the heavens����������������������������������175
4
Allah sends the winds����������������������������������������������������������������������������175
Allah sends down pure water���������������������������������������������������������������176
Allah holds birds up in the air��������������������������������������������������������������177
Gender is determined after the flesh has been made������������������������178
Moon split into two�������������������������������������������������������������������������������178
The Quran and Hadith say that aliens exists��������������������������������������181
Hijab has many benefits������������������������������������������������������������������������181
Allah makes the fetus one step at a time and egg is never mentioned
������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������183
Allah predicts the tectonic plates���������������������������������������������������������184
People do not show CT-scans of people who listens to music���������185
A fly falls in the drink����������������������������������������������������������������������������185
Allah sends thunderbolts����������������������������������������������������������������������188
Fresh water and salt water don't mix due to a barrier�����������������������188
The Quran says that the earth is created by gas���������������������������������190
Yawning is from Satan���������������������������������������������������������������������������190
The sun moved to a settled place���������������������������������������������������������191
Genetics in the Quran���������������������������������������������������������������������������192
Menstruation������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������193
Cousin marriages�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������193
Allah has raised a prophet in every nation�����������������������������������������194
All the references that shows that Earth is flat with a dome heaven
������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������194
All the references that sun moves around earth��������������������������������201
All the references that our world is the center of attention while other
solar systems with planets aren’t����������������������������������������������������������202
Definitive proof that Earth is the center of the universe, aliens do not
exist according to the Quran, and Islam is not true��������������������������206
5
Conclusion����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������209
6
Islam was the first to encourage to seek knowledge��������������������������231
Islam encourages to participate in sport���������������������������������������������232
Eye for eye, tooth for tooth�������������������������������������������������������������������232
Buraq�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������233
The 5 prayers in Islam���������������������������������������������������������������������������234
Praying while kneeling and falling on one’s face�������������������������������235
Muhammad stole the Kaaba�����������������������������������������������������������������235
Muhammad stole the Black Stone�������������������������������������������������������237
Muhammad copied the qibla���������������������������������������������������������������237
Islam copied the mihrab�����������������������������������������������������������������������238
Islam copied the crescent moon�����������������������������������������������������������238
Islam copied revelations������������������������������������������������������������������������238
Muhammad copied the name Allah����������������������������������������������������239
Islam copied the Basmala����������������������������������������������������������������������239
Islam copied the word Quran���������������������������������������������������������������240
Islam copied the word Surah����������������������������������������������������������������240
Islam copied the city name Medina�����������������������������������������������������240
Islam has copied the word Shaytan�����������������������������������������������������240
Islam coped the word Hajj��������������������������������������������������������������������240
Muhammad copied circumambulation ���������������������������������������������240
Sa'ee between Safa and Marwa�������������������������������������������������������������242
Ihram�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������242
Quran copies a talmud��������������������������������������������������������������������������242
There is no God but Allah���������������������������������������������������������������������243
Muhammad copied the moon calendar����������������������������������������������243
Muhammad copied ramadan���������������������������������������������������������������244
Fasting on the 10th of Muharram��������������������������������������������������������244
7
Dhul-Qarnayn����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������245
The Jinns��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������248
Beads��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������248
8
The arabs invented the surgical instruments��������������������������������������279
The arabs were the first to describe diabetes��������������������������������������279
The arabs drew the eye nerves in the brain����������������������������������������281
The arabs were the first to describe the blood circulation����������������281
They were the first to introduce quarantine/isolation�����������������������282
The arabs discovered coffee������������������������������������������������������������������283
The arabs invented the toothbrush������������������������������������������������������284
The arabs invented paper money���������������������������������������������������������284
The arabs invented the modern cheque����������������������������������������������284
The arabs invented the clock����������������������������������������������������������������284
They discovered sulfuric acid and nitric acid�������������������������������������285
They discovered acids and bases����������������������������������������������������������285
The Arabs invented soap�����������������������������������������������������������������������286
They invented geometry������������������������������������������������������������������������287
They discovered the summation of a series of cubes������������������������288
The arabs invented the flying machine������������������������������������������������289
The arabs invented optics����������������������������������������������������������������������291
The earliest recorded windmill design������������������������������������������������292
The muslims invented robotics������������������������������������������������������������293
The muslims in medieval Islam were polymaths�������������������������������293
Architecture in medieval Islam������������������������������������������������������������294
The arabs invented the muslim carpet������������������������������������������������296
Homosexuality in Medieval Islam�������������������������������������������������������296
Islamic Golden Age consisted of arabs and muslims who invented all
of these inventions and discoveries�����������������������������������������������������297
Scientists were called Kafirs and books were burned down�������������300
Stealing Christian children�������������������������������������������������������������������303
9
Reasons the Islamic empire rose����������������������������������������������������������304
Al-Khwarizmi invented Algebra and Algorithms.����������������������������304
10
What do you have to lose to be a Muslim?�����������������������������������������412
Islam has nothing against Buddhism��������������������������������������������������412
He made the earth egg-shaped.������������������������������������������������������������412
Being called Islamophobic and racist��������������������������������������������������413
Being called a Murtad and a Kafir�������������������������������������������������������416
Non-muslims are not allowed in Mecca���������������������������������������������416
Non-muslims are not allowed to enter a mosque������������������������������416
The Quran and Bible are fundamentally the same����������������������������417
The Bibles God and the Qurans God are the same���������������������������421
Islam is an Abrahamic religion������������������������������������������������������������421
All the previous prophets in history are in the Quran. No other
books has that. ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������422
The Golden Age of Science happened in 850-1258 AD.�������������������422
When you don’t accept Islam, then you are either an atheist, Jew
lover or Christian or against Islam������������������������������������������������������423
Western laws are build from the Bible������������������������������������������������423
Islam means peace���������������������������������������������������������������������������������423
Radical means extremism���������������������������������������������������������������������429
Jihad is the most important in Islam���������������������������������������������������435
Muslims are happy of WTC attack������������������������������������������������������437
The real Quranic verses that commands to kill non-believers in
general�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������437
Beings a Quranist is better��������������������������������������������������������������������441
Criticising Muhammad�������������������������������������������������������������������������441
A Muslim cannot get punished for killing a non-Muslim����������������445
Muhammad was a clean person�����������������������������������������������������������446
The Quran does not use adult language����������������������������������������������447
Multiculturalism is the true way for a peaceful world����������������������449
11
"We don’t talk bad about Jesus, why are you talking bad about
Muhammad?"�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������450
We don't attack Christianity for the crusades������������������������������������450
Western people are arrogant�����������������������������������������������������������������451
“Allah says”����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������455
Those who reject Islam or leave Islam are called “ignorant”������������455
Muslims are being attacked in the West, we are the victims������������457
Quran says do not talk with non-Muslims�����������������������������������������458
Islam does not allow child marriage����������������������������������������������������459
Aisha was not child when she married and had sex with Muhammad
rather 14, 16, or even 18 years old. �����������������������������������������������������460
Muhammad encouraged to lie to non-muslims��������������������������������461
Allah encourages to lie to non-muslims���������������������������������������������462
Muhammad gave gifts in order for people to convert to Islam�������464
The Quran is absolute and Science is not�������������������������������������������465
Of all the 4200 religions, I was born as a muslim������������������������������466
Allah says "Whoever hurts a non-muslim I shall be adversay to him,
on the day of resurrection"�������������������������������������������������������������������466
You need to know Arabic to understand the Quran�������������������������469
Muslims wants Islam to be as great as Islamic Golden Age�������������471
Islam has ruled the world before����������������������������������������������������������473
"You don’t know anything about Islamic inventions"������������������������473
Teaching children Islam before they get adults����������������������������������473
Muhammad Ali changed his name because his former name was for
white people��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������474
Believing in Allah makes you a moral person������������������������������������476
The signs of the Quran��������������������������������������������������������������������������476
Muslims greeting non-muslims�����������������������������������������������������������477
12
Most muslims live in North Africa and Middle East������������������������477
The first arabic book is the Quran�������������������������������������������������������478
Muhammad encouraged his followers to suck on each other's fingers
������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������479
Muslims don't like when the Quran is burned����������������������������������479
Birds do not fly over the Kaaba������������������������������������������������������������480
Mecca and Medina are holy cities��������������������������������������������������������480
Islam cares about animals���������������������������������������������������������������������480
The first word in the Quran is "Read"��������������������������������������������������482
The true origin of veiling����������������������������������������������������������������������483
The origin of slaves in America������������������������������������������������������������483
Islam's ultimate goal and end goal is to make world peace��������������484
There is no difference between Sunni and Shia���������������������������������486
Islam creates fear������������������������������������������������������������������������������������489
Making mistakes in learning����������������������������������������������������������������490
The philosophical card��������������������������������������������������������������������������492
Wisdom from Muhammad in the hadiths������������������������������������������493
Science in photography�������������������������������������������������������������������������493
Listening to Quranic recitation������������������������������������������������������������493
Female with burka teaching in school�������������������������������������������������493
Hijab is a choice�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������493
Arranged marriage is allowed��������������������������������������������������������������495
Women cannot go out alone�����������������������������������������������������������������496
Musical instruments is forbidden in Islam�����������������������������������������497
Wearing yellow and orange is forbidden in Islam�����������������������������498
Hair extension is forbidden in Islam���������������������������������������������������498
Tattoos are forbidden for women���������������������������������������������������������499
13
The origin of the beard��������������������������������������������������������������������������499
Muhammads rise to power in 23 years is a miracle��������������������������500
Raping is allowed in Islam��������������������������������������������������������������������500
Americanization is the same as Islamization�������������������������������������502
Radical Islam destroying ancient archaeological artifacts����������������503
Homosexuality in Islam������������������������������������������������������������������������505
Islam can be reformed���������������������������������������������������������������������������506
Islam encourages you to think�������������������������������������������������������������508
Considering of signs in the Quran������������������������������������������������������509
Muhammad was first persecuted and then he defended himself with
violence����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������509
Islam accepts disowning their own family for Islam�������������������������510
Death penalty for homosexuality���������������������������������������������������������512
Apostasy is punishable by death����������������������������������������������������������513
Not praying is worse than stealing�������������������������������������������������������517
Muhammad beheaded 800-900 males who surrendered and took the
female slaves�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������518
Muhammad killed children������������������������������������������������������������������519
Muhammad killed people for committing adultery and fornication
������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������519
14
Article 5���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������545
Article 6���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������549
Article 7���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������549
Article 8���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������549
Article 9���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������549
Article 10�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������550
Article 11:������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������552
Article 12�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������552
Article 13:������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������552
Article 14:������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������552
Article 15:������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������553
Article 16: �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������553
Article 17�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������560
Article 18�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������561
Article 19�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������571
Article 20�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������571
Article 20�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������572
Article 21�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������572
Article 22�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������573
Article 23�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������573
Article 24�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������574
Article 25�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������574
Article 26�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������574
Article 27�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������575
Article 28�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������575
Article 29�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������575
Article 30�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������575
15
Conclusion����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������576
16
religions would be allowed�������������������������������������������������������������������586
Women would gradually be forced to wear hijabs����������������������������586
Alcohol will gradually be prohibited���������������������������������������������������586
Your valentine day would be prohibited���������������������������������������������586
Secret relationships will only cause big problems �����������������������������586
Bacon will be prohibited�����������������������������������������������������������������������587
Pranks will be prohibited����������������������������������������������������������������������587
Helloween will be prohibited����������������������������������������������������������������587
Celebration days will be prohibited�����������������������������������������������������587
Casinos and playing lotto will be prohibited��������������������������������������587
Swimming pools will be divided into girls and boys�������������������������587
Classrooms will be divided into girls and boys����������������������������������588
Mosques are already divided����������������������������������������������������������������588
School and religion will be one entity�������������������������������������������������588
Open science as we know will be suppressed�������������������������������������588
Jews especially will be persecuted��������������������������������������������������������588
Adultery which is not even punishable in the West, will become
punishable�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������589
Slavery will be allowed��������������������������������������������������������������������������589
Marriage with an underage would be normalized����������������������������589
Stealing will be punishable with physical harm���������������������������������589
You will be judged on your strength of belief rather than your
character and skills��������������������������������������������������������������������������������589
Politicians can no longer express themselves freely and give their
public opinions, death threats will therefore be a common thing���589
If the government becomes extreme, you can’t criticize it���������������590
Music will be banned�����������������������������������������������������������������������������590
Clubs will be banned�����������������������������������������������������������������������������590
Porn will be banned�������������������������������������������������������������������������������590
Individualism will be suppressed���������������������������������������������������������590
Basically The Universal Declaration of Human Rights will be
destroyed�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������590
Other considerations�����������������������������������������������������������������������������591
European Court of Human Rights on Sharia law������������������������������592
The Muslim Brotherhood plan for North America���������������������������592
The account of Brigitte Gabriel������������������������������������������������������������593
The moderate way of making secular countries into Islamic countries
������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������596
References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������607
“Islam exists only because people fear being murdered
if they leave. If they had gotten rid of the apostasy
punishment, Islam wouldn’t exist today. Opposing apostasy
is what kept Islam to this day”
Yusuf al-Qaradawi,
head of the Muslim Brotherhood
Preface
This book first started as a small document and its purpose was only to show
minor facts to disprove Islam, and that it was completely wrong about statements
regarding the science of the Quran, as well as plagiarism, contradictions, Golden
Age of Islam and more. It eventually became such a large work that it had to be
converted into a book, a non-commercial draft book. The reasons this book been
written are many, and one of the major reasons is that helping defenseless people
who are being dragged into this belief by false statements. Not only is the purpose
of this book to inform you the truth about Islam, the Quran and its history, but
also for you to have a handbook that is easily used as a simple guide to disprove
anyone once and for all. This has a couple of benefits, like not using your time on
religion, but instead using it to something else which enhances your productivity
and even creativity. By using this Guide you have the tools to disprove any
religious people in any field. The book should be used as following;
First chapter starts with the archaeological and historical evidence of early
Islam, especially in the 7th and 8th century. This includes the earliest Quranic
manuscripts, early qiblas, Islamic coins, the evidence for Mecca and others.
Second chapter introduces the contradictions, which you’ll find plenty of them.
It is often claimed that there is not one single contradiction, and this guide
guarantees you that you’ll find at least one.
Chapter three is about the scientific miracles which is proclaimed is science, but
it is obviously not. In this chapter you’ll find the science which is inconsistent with
the developed science we have in 21th century.
Chapter four is about plagiarism in science and in general. If chapter one doesn’t
convince that the Quran is wrong, then chapter two guides you to show that these
scientific miracles have been known before Muhammad’s time, and even in a
more precise extent.
Chapter five explains the truth about the Golden Age of Islam. While there are
many who uses the Islamic Age to justify the truthfulness of Islam, this chapter
debunks many of them.
Chapter six explains all the science, technology and engineering advancement
that has happened in the World since the Renaissance. This chapter shows that
the Golden Age of Islam is not even one percentage of the Golden Age of the West
and East we have had in the last 400 years.
Chapter seven introduces the myths about Islam in general, for example that
Islam gave women rights, which is not the case.
Chapter eight is an important chapter to understand that the Quran and Hadith
together are against half of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These
human rights are basically fundamental and universal, and the chapter includes
the relevant verses from the Quran, Hadith, Tafsir and scholars to explain that
extremists are actually not interpreting the Quran wrong.
Chapter nine is connected with the previous chapter seven and explains what
would happen if the West becomes Islamic due to the migration of conservative
Muslims into the West.
Chapter ten includes relevant and memorable quotes from people all over
the world about Islam and religion in general which will you give a wonderful
perspective.
As you see the chapters are very well connected to each other, and each chapter is
systematically built from the previous ones. They take you through as a step ladder
one step and a time and gives you an understanding of one topic before moving on
to the next. This way you are all covered from alpha to omega in a simple guide.
Note, that this book is only a draft, for free and used for non-commercial purposes. It
is not allowed to copy it, modify it, translate it or anything similar.
Chapter 1: The archaeological evidence
of early Islam
Introduction
The historical evidence of early Islam. If you haven't yet researched the true
history of the Quran, this chapter will definitely amaze you, some which only in
recent years have emerged.
• Wassit mosque (706 AD, Iraq) – Qibla facing Jerusalem (But in truth facing
between Petra and Mecca)
It does not face Mecca
• Kufa mosque (Iraq) – Qibla facing to Jerusalem (in truth west to PETRA)
It does not face south to Mecca
• Fustat mosque (641 AD, Cairo) – Qibla facing Jerusalem (in truth PETRA)
It does not face south to Mecca
They concluded they all face to Jerusalem, but in reality they faced to Petra, and
Wassit mosque faced between Petra and Mecca, but closer to Petra.
Dan Gibson used satellite images to determine the direction of earliest mosques
because it became forbidden to visit them. The conclusion is as follows:
• Masjid al-Qiblatayn (623 AD, Saudi Arabia) - Original qibla faced PETRA
It was rebuilt to face Mecca
• Great Mosque of Guangzhou (627 AD, China) – Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Al Mudhmar Mosque (627 AD, Oman) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Hama Great Mosque (637 AD, Syria) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Palmyra Mosque (640 AD, Syria) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Humeima mosque (Jordan) – Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Dome of the Rock (691 AD, Jerusalem) – Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
23
• Aqaba Umayyad Mosque (600-699 AD, Jordan) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Qasr Mushash (600-699 AD, Jordan) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Massawa Mosque (600-699 AD, Eritrea) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Jerash Umayyad Mosque (700 AD, Jordan) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Great Mosque of Ba’albek (701 AD, Lebanon) – Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Amman Citadel (701 AD, Jordan) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Great Mosque of Sana’a (705 AD, Yemen) – Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Khirbit al Minya (706 AD, Israel) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Al Aqsa Mosque (706 AD, Jerusalem) – Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Masjid al-Tarik Khana (708 AD, Israel) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Damascus Mosque (709 AD, Syria) – Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Um Walid (712 AD, Israel) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Qasr Qastal (720 AD, Israel) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Mosque of Umar (720 AD, Syria) – Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Khirbat al Mafjar (724 AD, Israel) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Anjar Mosque (724 AD, Lebanon) – Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Siraf Early Mosque (750 AD, Iron) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Malek Mosque (780 AD, Iran) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Sahi Ramdah Mosque (700-799, Oman) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Qiblatain Mosque (700-799, Oman) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
24
25
• Al-Sawaf Mosque Grounds (700-799, Iraq) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Bibi-Khanym Mosque (700-799, Uzbekistan) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Ulugh Beg Mosque (700-799 AD, Uzbekistan) - Qibla faceing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
• Magokki Attor Mosque (800-899 AD, Uzbeckistan) - Qibla facing PETRA
It does not face Mecca
There are even additional examples which are neither facing Mecca
or Petra but in between, for example the Yamana mosque in Saudi Arabia.
All Qiblas which were newly built were facing Petra until 706 AD. The first one
to be built which faced Mecca was in Banbhore, Pakistan on 727 AD, finally 105
years after it was revealed in Surah 2:143-145. Later in this chapter, it is mentioned
that Mecca was not even referenced until 741 AD in historical documents.
That is 109 years after Muhammad died. Patricia Crone, who could speak 15
languages, went throughout the entire arabian peninsula and could not find
Mecca being mentioned anywhere in the 7th century, but first found it mentioned
in Continuatio Byzantia Arabica in 741 AD. She went throughout all the trading
documents and concluded that Mecca was not even in the caravan trade route,
but Petra was the center of that. Furthermore there are no maps where Mecca
was mapped in until much later in 900 AD, that means you cannot find any map
with Mecca on it until about 300 years after Muhammad’s death. Even the first
reference for Islam is from 691 AD.
The sanctuary in Petra was destroyed by an earthquake in 713 AD, and this might
be a reason by they changed the center of Islam to Mecca, because God wouldn't
create an earthquake in the center of Islam.
Sahih al-Bukhari 23:432 - The Prophet said, "Allah has made Mecca a sanctuary
(sacred place) and it was a sanctuary before me and will be so after me.
The problem is that to date there are no ancient trees that have ever existed
in Mecca. In the construction industry, you have to have archaeologists when
you have to dig up a foundation for new buildings, and very often there are
archaeological evidence. However in Mecca no ruins of ancient cities was ever
found.
26
The accuracy of the direction of the Qiblas
Before Dan Gibson determined over 100 of the earliest mosques, it was believed
that those few known Qiblas actually showed that they are just inaccurate
directions made during the beginning of the Islamic era. Thus it would seem that
there should be many mosque which pointed in many directions, possibly 20 or
more different directions. However, this is not the case, as all those early mosques
only pointed at 4 different Qiblas: Petra, between Petra and Mecca, parallel and
finally Mecca. The timeline can be seen below
What is interesting is that the accuracy of the Qiblas for the first three are more
accurate than for Mecca, as shown below:
If one takes out two of the worst Mosques from Petra, leaving 18 behind, the
accuracy goes to 1,9 degrees. With only 4 Qiblas total, and all the other cities
(Petra, between, parallel) are more accurate than Mecca, proves that people
during 7th, 8th and 9th century were sophisticated enough to know how to
calculate the direction, thus proving it was intentional. Furthermore, there is
Humeima and Aqaba mosque, which are so close to Petra that calculating the
direction with the help of the sun and stars are not needed. If it points to Petra, it
is because it was intentional
27
Rahat Mosque found in july 2019
In july 2019 a new small mosque was found in the city of Rahat dated to be built
in 636 CE. The position of the mosque is directly in line with Petra and Mecca, so
it's qibla faces both of them directly in a line. However, considering all the other
mosque's mentioned, also in Israel, they all point to Petra from other parts of the
lands which confirms that the intention of the Qibla of the Rahat mosque was not
to face Mecca but Petra.
For further study, read Early Islamic Qiblas: A survey of mosques built between
1AH/622 C.E. and 263 AH/876 C.E. by Dan Gibson (2017) and When Did the
Qibla Change by Dan Gibson (2017).
• Latitude: 30.328960
• Longitude: 35.444832
In spherical geometry, 1 degree corresponds to 111,699 km. This means that 600
km to the east of Petra corresponds to 5,371 degrees, and 1000 km south from
Petra corresponds to 8,9526 degrees. Adding those degrees to Petra, the new point
becomes:
28
Now the azimuth, which is the angle in a sphere, can be calculated by inserting
two different coordinates, in this case Petra and the new city. Doing so will result
in an azimuth of 332,8 degrees which is a difference of 27,2 degrees compared
to the planar example of 30,9 degrees. The difference between the 30,9 degrees
planar and 27,2 degrees spherical is 3,7 degrees.
This means that the difference in spherical and planar is small due to the fact
that 1000 km is only 2,5% of a sphere and it would not have a huge impact.
Furthermore, the majority of mosques actually are less than 500 km away from
Petra, so the difference would be less than 1,85 degrees between the spherical
and planar, if not down to 0,2 degree. In short, even if Dan Gibson used two-
dimensional maps, it would not change the conclusion.
1. Precisely determining the actual direction from the specific location of the
mosque in one city to the center of Petra. This is called azimuth and can be
calculated easily through different websites. This means mosques are not
included in this calculation, only the location where the mosques has been
built. This way the correct spherical angle from a specific location in a city to
Petra is determined. This gives angle A, and is specifically the 100% correct
angle and direction from one city to another.
2. Determining the qibla of the mosques by using its walls, and comparing it
to the actual one. This is angle B. This angle is determined from only one
location, the location of the mosques, specifically by using its walls. Dan
Gibson used satellite images and GPS to precisely determine the Qibla and
compared it to the actual ones.
Note: It is important to note that all Dan Gibson did, was to measure how
accurate the mosques were in the 7th, 8th and 9th century, which is angle B, by
measuring the precise angle of the mosques walls and see where they were facing.
This means that Dan Gibson didn't chose Petra - it chose him. Since all mosques
until 706 AD faced around Petra, he then calculated the actual direction, by using
the location of the mosques in question and the center of Petra. This way he
29
calculated the deviation of how accurate the walls of the mosques were compared
to the correct azimuth, which is the location of the city to Petra. So step 1 and
step 2 above are only meant to to use modern techniques to accurately test how
knowledgeable and precise the measurement and calculation of the Nabateans
were. This is called presentism.
30
debunk any criticism that determining the qibla in the 7th century is actually
possible with an high accuracy. This is basically what David Kings criticism is
all about; Dan Gibson shouldn't reproduce the qibla using modern technology,
but should go into the field and use only what was available at the time, namely
the astrolabe or quadrant, and some kind of a rope measurement. When this
gets done, whether by Dan Gibson or by anyone else, nobody cannot refute that
the qibla was actually intended to be Petra until 706 AD, because the result will
be very obvious for any person who has basic knowledge of mathematics and
astronomy, that anyone can reproduce the qibla easily with high accuracy as the
Nabateans in the 7th century. This is easily demonstrated when there are only
4 qiblas with an high accuracy, where the earlier qiblas in the 7th century were
more accurate than the later qiblas in the 8th and 9th century. The Meccan qiblas
from the 8th and 9th century are the least accurate.
If one goes 600 km east from Petra, and then 1000 km south, you'll end up in Ta'if,
which is very close to Mecca (maybe 50 km or so). The azimuth from Ta'if to Petra
is 332°45'36", which is around 28 degrees, compared to the triangle which became
30,9 degrees. A 3,9 degrees difference. On the next page it has been illustrated.
It was Eratosthenes (276-194 BC) who proposed the system of latitude and
longitude for a map of the world, which is 800 years before Islam. Then
Hipparchus (190-120 BC) was the first person to use this system and specify
specific places on Earth. He furthermore was the first person to use time to
determine the longitude.
31
32
They measured the steps in order to know how to travel from one destination to
another. He recorded from the Arabs that from Timna in Yemen to Gaza, it would
take 2.437.500 steps to reach, which would take 62 days.
For further study, read Arab Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean Before the
Coming of the Portuguese by G.R. Tibbetts (1971), and Pliny the Elder, Natural
History, Translated by H. Rackham, London (1942).
Date of construction
They used many different means to find out the dates of the mosques. Mosques
are usually the most important buildings in any given town or city, so they are
well known and well documented. Therefore, some have inscriptions of their dates
on them, as many important buildings even today do, others are written about in
peoples annals, or are referred to in government documents. The dates they used,
however, are not the dates we would use, as they commonly referred to the dates
taken from the time the current ruler came to power.
This latitude line plays also a major role with the Sahi mosque, Qiblatain mosque,
Al Mudhmar mosque, and Siraf Early Mosque which points above the horizontal
line directly to Petra, and not below the horizontal line to Mecca.
33
that the mosques intentionally faced Petra and not Mecca. Unlike the latitude line,
the longitude line is only dependent straight of the north star. If a mosque points
right of the north star, then it was intentional because it is very easy to build a
qibla towards the right side of the north star - and the same can be applied to the
left of the north star. This is very important because Massawa Mosque in Eritrea
should be pointing to the right of the north star to Mecca, but it points to the left
side, which is to Petra.
Jacob of Odessa
Jacob of Odessa was a Christian traveller and wrote traditional narrative of the
Arabs, in which he calls them for Mahgraye, a Greek term used by the northern
part of Arabia. He is an important part of confirming the date of construction
of the mosques, because this confirms that the evolution of the mosques as
illustrated earlier indeed gets confirmed by an eyewitness account in his writings
in the 680s-705 AD. These letters are held in the British Museum today. While
he was serving as a bishop in Odessa he accounts that the Jews prayed to the
south from Fustat, Egypt, and the Arabs prayed to the east towards the Kaaba. As
written earlier, Petra is almost directly east from Fustat. He also mentions that the
Arabs living in the lands of Babel, Hillah and Basrah prayed to the west towards
the Kaaba. Those places are all situated in Iraq. Interestingly enough, Basrah
points directly west to Petra. If the Arabs had to pray to Mecca from those three
places, they had to turn towards south-south-west, which is much closer to the
south than to the west.
For further study, read Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World by Patricia
Crone and Michael Cook (1977).
The Ancient Egyptians built the pyramids in Giza around 3000 years before Islam,
and they had directed the pyramids to the north star with only a deviation of
0,067 degrees off. The Gate of the Sun, which is located in the city of Tiwanaku
in western Bolivia, America is around 1500 years old, and its directions points
straight to the cardinal points. Harappa, which is a archaeological site from 2600
BC in modern day Pakistan has its directions faced exactly to the four cardinal
34
points.
All those three locations together prove that the original qibla was not Jerusalem.
The Umayyad Caliphate ruled between 661-750, and their qibla was the same as
the ancestors, which was towards Petra. Notice that the last known qibla for Petra
35
was in 747 AD.
Al-Hajjaj (reigned 705-714 AD) rebelled from the Ummayad Caliphate and
the mosque between Petra and Mecca began pointing from 706-750 AD, which
indicates that the qibla died with him.
The Abbasid Caliphate began overpowering the ruling from 750-1258 AD, and
the first known qibla towards Mecca was in 727 AD.
All the three qiblas fits in the timeline of the political rulings of the different
Caliphates and Al-Hajjaj. This is a clear indication that the qibla is a political
direction and not a religious one. This is why the statement below sounds more of
a political qibla:
"When the armies of Kufa met ibn Zubayr, Bujayr ibn 'Abdallah al Musli spoke:
Praise be to God who has tested us with shackles and has tested you by your
forgiving us. Ibn Zubayr, we are people who turn to the same Qibla as you." -
Tabari 21:112
But the Quran doesn't mention from where to where the Qibla had changed in
chapter 2. There are however some points to consider:
• There are only 4 directions, and the accuracy of Petra, between and parallel
are more accurate than for Mecca
• There are Humeima mosque and Aqaba mosques which are so close to Petra
36
that you don't even need astronomy to understand where to have its Qibla
towards to.
• The most important mosque of all of them is the Fustat mosque, because it has
always been a known fact that if two cities had the same angle of the North
Star then all they need to do is something called "running down the easting"
or "running down the westing", either straight east or straight west. This
means the direction is horizontal and eliminates the vertical axis (the y-axis).
This is the clearest evidence that Petra was really the original city. Dan Gibson
has however not included this point.
• Regarding "running down the easting" and "running down the westing", when
two cities are in the same angle, the qibla should point horizontally. Qibatain
is a city that has almost the same angle as Mecca, and yet it doesn't point
straight west, but north-west directly to Petra. In fact, Qibatains latitude is
higher than Meccas and therefore it should point south-west. This means it
should project below the horizontal line, and not north west as it does.
Description of Mecca
In this section it will be discussed the problems with the description of Mecca
which doesn't fit to the actual Mecca in history or today. There are many topics to
cover, so is therefore important to separate them in parts.
"And thus we have made you a just community that you will be witnesses over
the people and the Messenger will be a witness over you. And We did not make
the qiblah which you used to face except that We might make evident who would
follow the Messenger from who would turn back on his heels. And indeed, it is
difficult except for those whom Allah has guided. And never would Allah have
caused you to lose your faith. Indeed Allah is, to the people, Kind and Merciful." -
Quran 2:143
"We have certainly seen the turning of your face, [O Muhammad], toward the
heaven, and We will surely turn you to a qiblah with which you will be pleased. So
turn your face toward al-Masjid al-Haram. And wherever you [believers] are, turn
your faces toward it [in prayer]. Indeed, those who have been given the Scripture
37
well know that it is the truth from their Lord. And Allah is not unaware of what
they do." - Quran 2:144
"So from wherever you go out [for prayer, O Muhammad] turn your face toward
al- Masjid al-Haram, and indeed, it is the truth from your Lord. And Allah is not
unaware of what you do." - Quran 2:149
"And from wherever you go out [for prayer], turn your face toward al-Masjid al-
Haram. And wherever you [believers] may be, turn your faces toward it in order
that the people will not have any argument against you, except for those of them
who commit wrong; so fear them not but fear Me. And [it is] so I may complete
My favor upon you and that you may be guided." - Quran 2:150
"While some people were offering morning prayer at Quba' a man came to them
and said, "A Quranic Order has been revealed to Allah's Apostle tonight that he
should face the Ka'ba at Mecca (in prayer), so you too should turn your faces
towards it." At that moment their faces were towards Sham (i.e. Jerusalem) (and
on hearing that) they turned towards the Ka'ba (at Mecca)." - Sahih Bukhari 6:17
"And [mention] when We made the House a place of return for the people and [a
place of] security. And take, [O believers], from the standing place of Abraham
a place of prayer. And We charged Abraham and Ishmael, [saying], "Purify
My House for those who perform Tawaf and those who are staying [there] for
worship and those who bow and prostrate [in prayer]." And [mention] when
Abraham said, "My Lord, make this a secure city and provide its people with
fruits - whoever of them believes in Allah and the Last Day." [ Allah ] said. "And
38
whoever disbelieves - I will grant him enjoyment for a little; then I will force him
to the punishment of the Fire, and wretched is the destination." And [mention]
when Abraham was raising the foundations of the House and [with him] Ishmael,
[saying], "Our Lord, accept [this] from us. Indeed You are the Hearing, the
Knowing." - Quran 2:125-127
Since Adam and Eve were the first people on Earth, that means that Mecca is the
oldest city on the planet, according to the Quran and Islamic traditions. However
no archaeological findings have been found before the 9th century in Mecca. In
the construction industry, when a new building has to be built, archaeologists first
have to check for any archaeological finds before constructing the foundation of
a building - and this happens often in the Middle-East when new buildings have
to be build, where something new has been recovered from the ground. This also
happens in Saudi Arabia where developers are digging over all putting up great
buildings. In Mecca, of all the buildings which were built there, none has come
up with an archaeological find. No evidence for ruins of a great ancient city. This
would make it very strange because any other city - older according to Islamic
tradition - has artefacts and buildings dug up. The older a city is, the more likely
there are many things to uncover. And yet, nothing has come up from the city's
ground.
"And thus We have revealed to you an Arabic Qur'an that you may warn the
Mother of Cities [Makkah] and those around it and warn of the Day of Assembly,
about which there is no doubt. A party will be in Paradise and a party in the
Blaze." - Quran 42:7
"And this is a Book which We have sent down, blessed and confirming what was
before it, that you may warn the Mother of Cities and those around it. Those who
believe in the Hereafter believe in it, and they are maintaining their prayers." -
Quran 6:92
"In his hands lay all the dignities of Mecca; he divided the town into quarters
among his people and he settled all the Quraysh into their houses in Mecca which
they held" - The Life of Muhammad - A Translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah
(A. Guillaume), page 53
39
If Mecca was the mother of cities, there should be archaeological evidence to
support this, or any reference from sources about Mecca's importance about being
an important city. However, there are no evidence that Mecca existed or was an
important city in the Arabian peninsula before 700 AD, except inscriptions.
"The Prophet said, "Allah has made Mecca a sanctuary (sacred place) and it was a
sanctuary before me and will be so after me." - Sahih al-Bukhari 23:432
In Ishaq, page 79, caravans are mentioned going in and out of the Holy City, and
same with Muhammad's uncle Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, who regularly sent
caravans on trading missions. In Ishaq, page 82, Muhammad married Khadija
bint Khuwaylid who managed caravans of camels. However, no trade route
documents from the 2th-7th century mentions Mecca as being in the trade route,
therefore it couldn't either be the center of trade route either.
According to Dr. Patricia Crone, Mecca was a barren place, and barren places do
not make natural halts. She had written the book Meccan Trade: The Rise of Islam,
in which she researched the trade route documents from the 2th-7th century, and
no trade routes ever went through Mecca. Many academics agree that the "center
of the trade route" was further north in North Africa or close to Jerusalem, and
not at Mecca which was not even a stopping place on the caravan routes.
Dan Gibson had gathered many different ancient maps of Arabia, but not even
once did he find Mecca on the maps. It doesn't even appear on Ptolomy's maps of
Arabia. The mention of Mecca first appears in literature 741 AD (122 years after
the Hijra) in the Continuatio Byzantia Arabica.
40
The Quran and the hadiths described Mecca as being in a valley
"While they were in this state Abu- Jandal bin Suhail bin 'Amr came from the
valley of Mecca staggering with his fetters and fell down amongst the Muslims" -
Sahih al-Bukhari 3:891
"And He it is Who hath withheld men's hands from you, and hath withheld your
hands from them, in the valley of Mecca, after He had made you victors over
them. Allah is Seer of what ye do." - Quran 48:24 (Pickthall)
""O Abraham! Where are you going, leaving us in this valley where there is no
person whose company we may enjoy, nor is there anything (to enjoy)?" She
repeated that to him many times, but he did not look back at her Then she asked
him, "Has Allah ordered you to do so?" He said, "Yes." She said, "Then He will not
neglect us," and returned while Abraham proceeded onwards, and on reaching
the Thaniya where they could not see him, he faced the Ka'ba, and raising both
hands, invoked Allah saying the following prayers: 'O our Lord! I have made
some of my offspring dwell in a valley without cultivation, by Your Sacred House
(Kaba at Mecca) in order, O our Lord, that they may offer prayer perfectly." -
Sahih al-Bukhari 4:583 (part 1)
"Then she descended from Safa and when she reached the valley, she tucked up
her robe and ran in the valley like a person in distress and trouble, till she crossed
the valley and reached the Marwa mountain where she stood and started looking,
expecting to see somebody, but she could not see anybody." - Sahih al-Bukhari
4:583 (part 2)
"When the Prophet performed the Tawaf of the Ka`ba, he did Ramal during the
first three rounds and in the last four rounds he used to walk and while doing
Tawaf between Safa and Marwa, he used to run in the midst of the rain water
passage." - Sahih al-Bukhari 2:26:685 (See also Sahih al-Bukhari 2:645, 2:815,
2:820 and 4:227)
The problem is that there are no valleys in Mecca, but there are in Petra. In the
complete Sahih al-Bukhari 4:583 hadith above and 26:685, they further mentions
the Zam-zam water and rainwater passage, but according to the archaeological
evidence, there was no natural flow of water at the time in Mecca, and neither
today, except that artifical one that has been built. Normally and naturally a water
passage runs between two mountains, but according to the hadith above a water
passage runs between two mountains - from one mountain to the other mountain,
41
which is a rare phenomenon. However, even thought it is a rare phenomenon,
there is actually a rain water passage in Petra that runs from one mountain to the
other.
The Nabateans built a colonnaded street from one side of the mountain to the
other side, which people can visit, for following the course of the water to follow
a straight line.In Islam, a Muslims duty is to walk between the two mountains
called Marwah and Safa alongside the water passage. The problem with Marwah
and Safa is that they are not mountains in Mecca, but only two small rocks,
which are so small that they are inside a building. In one of the earliest drawings
of Mecca and the Kaaba in the 19th century, one can see that there are no water
passage between Marwah and Safa rocks.
Today the city of Mecca, with high desert temperatures, only averages about 10
cm of rain per year. This is almost nothing to be able to grow any vegetation.
"When they came to Mecca they saw a town blessed with water and trees and,
delighted with it, they settled there" - The Life of Muhammad - A Translation of
Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah (A. Guillaume), page 46
"People assert that the Quraysh were afraid to cut down the trees of the sanctuary
in their quarters" - The Life of Muhammad - A Translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul
Allah (A. Guillaume), page 53
"On the Day of the Conquest of Mecca, Allah's Apostle said, "Allah has made this
town a sanctuary. Its thorny bushes should not be cut, its game should not be
chased, and its fallen things should not be picked up except by one who would
42
announce it publicly."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 2:657
These are important references of trees and thorny bushes in Mecca. Dan Gibson
has researched and tried to find ancient trees in Mecca in decades, by testing the
presence of spores and pollens in undisturbed ancient soil. So far he has found no
evidence that trees ever existed in ancient times in the city of Mecca. However in
Petra there were and are plenty of trees.
"And [mention] when Abraham said, "My Lord, make this a secure city and
provide its people with fruits - whoever of them believes in Allah and the Last
Day." [ Allah ] said. "And whoever disbelieves - I will grant him enjoyment for
a little; then I will force him to the punishment of the Fire, and wretched is the
destination."" - Quran 2:126
According to the above, in Mecca there should be grapes and fruits, however
without trees as previously stated, there can be no grapes. However, in Petra it is
possible.
"One night the Prophet was unable to sleep and said, "Would that a righteous
man from my companions guarded me tonight." Suddenly we heard the clatter of
arms, whereupon the Prophet said, "Who is it?" It was said, "I am Sa'd, O Allah's
Apostle! I have come to guard you." The Prophet then slept so soundly that we
heard him snoring. Abu 'Abdullah said: 'Aisha said: Bilal said, "Would that I but
stayed overnight in a valley with Idhkhir and Jalil (two kinds of grass) around me
(i.e., in Mecca)." Then I told that to the Prophet" - Sahih al-Bukhari 9:337
"when the Jurhum came to Mecca “they saw a town blessed with water and trees
and, delighted with it, they settled there." - Ibn Hashim, page 23
43
The area around Mecca is completely sand and desert, and no natural grass grows.
Furthermore there is no evidence to support that the area could have supported
grass before.
In reality mount Hira is not facing the town of Mecca, but is on the opposite side
of Mecca, facing towards the horizon and other cities. But one special holy cave
in Petra exists, where the entrance faces the center of Petra. Inside the cave, wall
statues with the crescent moon symbol exists.
From Al-labar's The History of Al-labar, Volume VI, 1079, page 6, he relates how
Abdullah, the father of Muhammad, had been working in the soil, and then traces
of soil were still on his hands when he wanted to lie with his second wife in the
bed. The second wife made him wait for this, so he went out and washed off the
clay and then went to Aminah instead in which Muhammad was born this way.
All biographies of Muhammad mentions this story of how Muhammed was born.
In Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, xxi, 1958, pages 1-14, R.
B. Serjeant commented on the translation of Alfred Guillaume’s of the same story
in the Sirah (which can be read above), and is confused by the Arabic word. The
Arabic word is translated to cultivated plot or field, and refers to clay, heavy soil,
and loam. The problem is that there is no cultivable land near Mecca, but in Petra
there is. He writes that there are no cultivable land in Mecca or near Mecca. This
is not the description of what archaeologists have found.
44
Mecca there are small outcropping of rocks about 500 meter away. These are
the closest, and the second closest are 3 km or further away. It is hard to see an
elephant that far. The two mountains called Marwar and Bafa are so small, that
they are enclosed inside a mosque. In the mosque there is a long hallway to leads
directly between those two rocks.
"The Apostle of Allāh (peace be upon him) came and entered Mecca, and after the
Apostle of Allāh (peace be upon him) had gone forward to the stone, and touched
it, he went round the house (the Ka'ba). He then went to as-Safa and climbed it
so that he could look down at the house. Then he raised his hands began to make
mention of Allāh as much as he wished and make supplication. The narrator
said: The Ansārwere beneath him. The narrator Hashim said: He prayed and
praised Allāh and asked him for what he wished to ask." - Sunan of Abū Dawood
750
According to the Islamic traditions, Bafa and Marwa are not described as two
little hllocks within a shallow valley, but rather mountains on both sides of a large
valley. This is however not a decription of Mecca, since but fits the description of
Petra. Interestingly enough in the next hadith, it mentions that Hagar struggled to
cross the valley between the two mountains:
"Hagar sat under the tree with her baby next to her. She drank from her water
container hanging nearby, and nursed her baby, until all the water she had was
gone, her milk dried out. Her son grew hungrier and hungrier. She could hardly
bear to look at him. She went and stood at bafa - the mountain nearest to her. She
looked down the valley to see if there was someone around to help. She could
see no one. So, she climbed down bafa and reached the valley. She struggled
45
hard, crossed the valley and reached Marwah. She stood on Marwah, and looked
around. Still she could see no one around. She repeated this seven times. Ibn ’Abbs
added, “The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: ’It is (to commemorate this walk)
that pilgrims walk between bafa and Marwah.’”" - Fiqh us-Sunnah 5:85
In the description above it sounds like the description of the two mountains are
large, but in reality, Bafa and Marwah are two small rocks in Mecca. In the next
hadith, it described that the Bafa mountain is used as a defence lockout position.
“When the Verse: 'And warn your tribe of near kindred.' (26:214) was revealed.
Allah's Apostle went out, and when he had ascended As-Safa mountain, he
shouted, "O Sabahah!" The people said, "Who is that?" "Then they gathered
around him, whereupon he said, "Do you see? If I inform you that cavalrymen
are proceeding up the side of this mountain, will you believe me?" They said, "We
have never heard you telling a lie." Then he said, "I am a plain warner to you of a
coming severe punishment." Abu Lahab said, "May you perish! You gathered us
only for this reason? " Then Abu Lahab went away. So the "Surat: ul-Lahab" 'Perish
the hands of Abu Lahab!' (111:1) was revealed." - Sahih al-Bukhari 6:495
In the next hadith, it is written that there were idols on Bafa and Marwah.
"bafa and Marwah as they used to do in the days of Jahiliyya while two idols were
set on top of bafa and Marwah." - Fiqh us-Sunnah 5:86
"’Amr set up an image on al-bafa called Nahlik Mujawid al-Rih and one on al-
Marwa called Mut’im al-Tayr." - Isaq 56, page 30
There are no evidence to support that this. In the next hadith, the walk between
the two mountains was hard, that they could not do that in one day:
"Ahmad says there is no harm in delaying the Sa’i after performing tawāf until
one is rested, or postponing it until evening. ‘Ataand al-Hasan also see no harm
in someone making tawāf early in the day and postponing the Sa’i between Safa
and Marwah until evening. Al-Qāsim and Sa'īd bin Jubair followed this, because
the continuity of Sa’i is, as such, nota condition, much less the continuity of tawāf
and Sa’i. Sa'īd bin Mansūr reported that Saudah, the wife of ‘Urwah bin al-Zubair
performed Sa’iin between Safa and Marwah and because she was a big and heavy
woman, she completed it in three days." - Fiqh us-Sunnah 5:88a
"Climbing bafa and Marwah and making supplications for one’s material and
46
spiritual well being and welfare is encouraged. During the supplications one
should face the Ka’ba. It is well known that the Prophet (peace be upon him)
went through the bafa Gate, and on approaching bafa he recited the Qur'nic verse
2.158 “Verily, bafa and Marwah are among the symbols of Allh” and then saying
“I begin with what Allh himself began” he climbed bafa until he could see the
Ka’ba from where he stood. He faced the Ka’ba, thrice proclaimed Allh’s oneness,
glorified him, praised him, and then said, “There is no deity worthy of worship
except Allh. He has no partners. To him belongs the kingdom and all praise. He
alone grants life and causes death, he has power over all things. There is no God
but he. He has fulfilled his promise, given victory to his servant, and he alone
defeated the confederates.” Thrice he made similar supplications. Then he walked
toward Marwah and climbed it, until he could see the Ka’ba. There he made
supplications as he had at bafa." - Fiqh us-Sannah 5:90
What is interesting with 5:90 above is that it tells that there is a Bafa gate. Now this
is very strange, because there are no gates in the two small rocks in Mecca.
Mecca has a high and low side, together with a road from either side
"During the year of the Conquest (of Mecca), the Prophet entered Mecca through
its upper part through Kada." - Sahih al-Bukhari 5:586
"Allah's Apostle used to enter Mecca from the high Thaniya and used to leave
Mecca from the low Thaniya." - Sahih al-Bukhari 2:645
"The Prophet went on advancing till he reached the Thaniyya (i.e. a mountainous
way) through which one would go to them (i.e. people of Quraish)." - Sahih al-
Bukhari 3:891
"When the Prophet came to Mecca he entered from its higher side and left from
its lower side." - Sahih al-Bukhari 2:647
"We set out with the Prophet with the intention of performing Hajj only. The
Prophet reached Mecca and performed Tawaf of the Ka'ba and between Safa
and Marwa and did not finish the Ihram, because he had the Hadi with him. His
companions and his wives performed Tawaf (of the Ka'ba and between Safa and
Marwa), and those who had no Hadi with them finished their Ihram. I got the
menses and performed all the ceremonies of Hajj. So, when the Night of Hasba
(night of departure) came, I said, "O Allah's Apostle! All your companions are
47
returning with Hajj and 'Umra except me." He asked me, "Didn't you perform
Tawaf of the Ka'ba (Umra) when you reached Mecca?" I said, "No." He said, "Go to
Tan'im with your brother 'Abdur-Rahman, and assume Ihram for 'Umra and I will
wait for you at such and such a place." So I went with 'Abdur-Rahman to Tan'im
and assumed Ihram for 'Umra. Then Safiya bint Huyay got menses. The Prophet
said, " 'Aqra Halqa! You will detain us! Didn't you perform Tawaf-al-Ifada on
the Day of Nahr (slaughtering)?" She said, "Yes, I did." He said, "Then there is no
harm, depart." So I met the Prophet when he was ascending the heights towards
Mecca and I was descending, or vice-versa." - Sahih al-Bukhari 2:815
"Ibn Umar used to spend the night at Dhi-Tuwa in between the two Thaniyas and
then he would enter Mecca through the Thaniya which is at the higher region
of Mecca, and whenever he came to Mecca for Hajj or Umra, he never made his
she camel kneel down except near the gate of the Masjid (Sacred Mosque) and
then he would enter (it) and go to the Black (stone) Corner and start from there
circumambulating the Kaaba seven times: hastening in the first three rounds
(Ramal) and walking in the last four. On finishing, he would offer two Rakat
prayer and set out to perform Tawaf between Safa and Marwa before returning to
his dwelling place. On returning (to Medina) from Hajj or Umra, he used to make
his camel kneel down at Al-Batha which is at Dhu-l-Hulaifa, the place where the
Prophet used to make his camel kneel down." - Sahih al-Bukhari 2:820
"During the year of the Conquest (of Mecca), the Prophet entered Mecca through
its upper part through Kada." - Sahih al-Bukhari 5:586
"Ibn `Umar used to spend the night at Dhi-Tuwa in between the two Thaniyas
and then he would enter Mecca through the Thaniya which is at the higher region
of Mecca" - Sahih al-Bukhari 1767
Allah’s Apostle came to Mecca through its higher region on the day of the
conquest (of Mecca) riding his she-camel on which Usma was riding behind him.
Sahih al-Bukhari 4:231
The city of Mecca is located in a large area. It has only low rocky mountains rising
from the sand. All these descriptions about Mecca's upper and lower part does
not fit into Mecca since there are no upper and lower part of entrance to Mecca,
rather it fits perfectly into Petra. Petra has two thanya entrance into the city, which
one of them is the famous one that tourists pass through in order for them to
enter the city. The other side of the colonnaded street leads into a maze of canyons
that empty out into wadi araba. One side of Petra's passing is the higher side and
48
the other is the lower side.
No archaeological evidence has ever proved that Mecca had walls. Petra on the
other side had two walls, one on the high side of the city and the other from the
low side of the city.
Some say that it refers to wall on a building, but this is not the case since Ibn Ishaq
specifically writes "the walls OF Mecca".
The Zumurrud
Ibn al-Rawandi (827-911 AD) wrote a book called The Book of the Emerald, or in
Arabic Kitab al-Zumurrud. Althought the book itself has been lost, later authors
quoted him frequently. In one point the book describes that Muhammad's night
journey from a holy city to Jerusalem was not a miracle since it was possible to
travel between the two cities in one night. The distance from Petra to Jerusalem
is around 150 km, and would be possible to travel from one city to the other and
back again with a horse in a single day. However, from Mecca to Jerusalem it is
over 1000 km, and would take weeks. Therefore this description fits perfectly
49
Petra.
Game of chance
The Islamic traditions also notes that games of chance being played in the holy
city, but no archaeological findings of game boards has been found in Mecca. In
Petra however, dozens of ancient games boards has been found.
50
The part which says "to the same Qibla as you" is an interesting and strange
statement.
Conclusion
Pretty much almost anything referred to in the Quran and Islamic traditions does
not make sense with the description of Mecca. On the next page the points has
been summarized in a table.
For further study, read Qur’ānic Geography by Dan Gibson (2011), Supporting
Evidence that Petra was the original Holy City of Mecca by Dan Gibson (2017),
Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam by Patricia Crone (1987).
There is the Syriac Edessene Apocalypse from the 690s AD, however, it was first
written in the 13th century, and earlier versions wrote Yathrib instead of Mecca.
Furthermore earliest extant copy is from 1646 AD. John bar Penkāyē, 687 AD
mentions in his Syriac chronicle The House of God, but is not a reference to
Mecca. Then there is also the Geography by Anania Shirakatsi (610-685 AD)
which mentions the name Mecca, but places the location in Pharan which is
todays Turkey, and not in the Arabian peninsula. No original documents has
survived, therefore it is believed that the later ones who survived was changed to
Mecca.
51
52
which is almost 200 years after Muhammad died. According to the Islamic
traditions, the Jews had lived in Mecca at least for centuries.
Poems
Many people use the poems by Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma, Umar ibn Abi Rabiyyah,
Mudad Al-Jurhumi, Al-Nabigha Al-Dhubyani, and Al-Khansa, and claim that
they prove Mecca's and Muhammads existence. However, what is considered to
be “pre-Islamic” poetry and poems are in fact “post-Islamic” poetry and poems.
The reason for this is that everything written about pre-Islamic poetry, whether
in general or Islamic, comes from about 200 years into the Islamic era. There are a
few exceptions like the Namara inscription that mentions Imru' al-Qais that dates
to the 4th century AD, but is not an Islamic poem. People use the excuse that
Arabs didn’t write during these times, however external sources such as from the
Greeks, Syrians, Persians and others, never wrote a single reference to Arab poetry
or literature. Specifically Islamic poetry is never found before Abd Al-Malik
(ruled 685-705 AD), but were written between during the interval from 741-
1000 AD, after the earliest reference for Mecca which is the Continuatio Byzantia
Arabica, dated to be from 741 AD.
“All the sons of Nebaioth reigned… from the river of Egypt to the river Euphrates,
and they built Mecca…” —The Samaritan Asātīr
The Asatir is a well known pseudepigraphal text among researchers, and none of
them believes that it was written in 300 BC. A pseudepigraphal text means that
it is a falsely attributed work or text whose claimed author is not the true author,
or a work whose real author attributed it to a figure of the past. It is attributed
to the Muslim scholar Ab Hisda [Isda] of Tyre, and included in his poems of the
eleventh century AD, though its composition resembles of the second-half of
the 10th century. Its language style resembles more the Arabic language used
53
at that time. By the late 10th century, when it was written, Mecca would have
been well known as the center of Islam. Ironically, when you read the text of
the Asatir which refers to Mecca (Chapter 8:3), it suggests Mecca was built by
the descendants of Ishmael, which goes completely against the earlier 9th-10th
century Islamic Traditions which place Adam and Eve in Mecca.
Mecca inscriptions
The Meccan inscriptions is the last piece to debunk Mecca in early Islam before
685 AD. By looking at all the evidence in this chapter, all fits that Islam never
existed before 685 AD, but evolved gradually through 685-1000 AD. So these
inscriptions are the last piece of the puzzle. Probably the oldest Islamic inscription
in Mecca was written in 80 AH which is converted to 699-700 AD, and says:
This falls exactly under the Abd Al-Malik ruling (685-705 AD), however it
reminds of the Quranic verse 38:26, but is not the same.
"[We said], "O David, indeed We have made you a successor upon the earth, so
judge between the people in truth and do not follow [your own] desire, as it will
lead you astray from the way of Allah ." Indeed, those who go astray from the way
of Allah will have a severe punishment for having forgotten the Day of Account." -
Quran 38:26
There are two other inscriptions with the same inscription years. Another Islamic
inscription is from 84 AH which is converted to 703-704 AD, which says:
54
1) O People, fear your Lord who created you and th-
2) ose before you that perhaps you may prosper. Written byʿAbd
3) Allāh ibn ʿUmārah in the year 84 [703-4 CE]
"O mankind, worship your Lord, who created you and those before you, that you
may become righteous" - Quran 2:21
This may be evidence that this inscription predates the Quran. There have been
found other inscriptions in Mecca which are before 700 AD. Many have not
been published yet, but the earliest known Islamic so far found is the inscription
from 700 AD above, which falls under Abd Al-Malik. If it is the oldest Islamic
inscription, then the non-Islamic inscriptions before 700 AD would contradict
that Islam ever existed in Mecca before Abd Al-Malik. Furthermore inscriptions
does not prove that a city existed, it is the archaeological findings in the
construction industry which proves it, or any other physical objects, like a tomb.
There are two kinds of archaeology, textual evidence and archaeological evidence.
In order to prove the textual evidence, in this case rock inscriptions, one must also
find archaeological evidence. As mentioned before, there have not been found any
archaeological evidence before 800 AD. Rock inscriptions could have been made
by travellers, especially when it is non-Islamic, assuming that the inscription from
699-700 AD is the oldest Islamic inscription.
Take a note that the non-Islamic inscriptions in Meccan are the only evidence for
Meccas existence and that Mecca was the qibla in the 7th century.
Dialect problem
“Uthman then ordered Zaid bin Thabit, ‘Abdullah bin AzZubair, Said bin Al-As
55
and ‘AbdurRahman bin Harith bin Hisham to rewrite the manuscripts in perfect
copies. ‘Uthman said to the three Quraishi men, “In case you disagree with Zaid
bin Thabit on any point in the Qur’an, then write it in the dialect of Quraish, the
Qur’an was revealed in their tongue.” – Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol 6. Hadith 510
When the Quran was written about 652 AD, there was no dialect - it only came
into existence in 8th century and the 9th century. The Arabic skeletal script is
without the diacritical marks and vowelization. The skeletal script is also called
the foundational rasm of the text, or the consonantal letters. In other words, if one
strip away the dots and vowels, the result becomes the rasm of the text.
Fathah = ah
Dhammah = oo
Kasrah = ii
None of the above dialect marks existed in the time of the Muhammad. The issue
with not having the written dialect is that words can have more meanings, in
many situations complete opposite meanings.
Qureshi dialect
According to the Islamic traditions, the tribe of Muhammad spoke the Qureshi
dialect. In the next section, it is explained that Uthman in 652 AD ordered the
Quran to be written in the Qureshi dialect. However, there are no evidence that
the Qureshi dialect existed in the 7th century, except that it is only explained in
the Islamic traditions written in the 8th, 9th and 10th century.
the Qur'an exists in Arabic, its original language and one that is still widely spoken
today. Second, its text is entirely reliable. It has not been altered, edited, or tampered
with since it was revealed.
- Fethullah Gulen
56
Suzanne Haneef has stated:
the Holy Qur’an is the only divinely revealed scripture in the history of mankind
which has been preserved to the present time in its exact original form…
- Suzanne Hannef
So well has it been preserved, both in memory and in writing, that the Arabic text
we have today is identical to the text as it was revealed to the Prophet. Not even a
single letter has yielded to corruption during the passage of the centuries.
- Abdullah Yusuf Ali
Now keep in mind that muslims claim that not one single letter has been changed.
This is going to change by reading this section which is taking directly by hadiths,
most importantly the most reliable hadith, Sahih al-Bukhari. The first claim
they make that it is written by Muhammad, which is not true. According to the
following hadith, it was Abu Bakr who ordered the Quran to be written from
people who had memorized it, but many had been killed:
"Abu Bakr As-Siddiq sent for me when the people! of Yamama had been killed
(i.e., a number of the Prophet’s Companions who fought against Musailama). (I
went to him) and found ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab sitting with him. Abu Bakr then
said (to me), “Umar has come to me and said: “Casualties were heavy among the
Qurra’ of the! Qur’an (i.e. those who knew the Quran by heart) on the day of the
Battle of Yalmama, and I am afraid that more heavy casualties may take place
among the Qurra’ on other battlefields, whereby a large part of the Qur’an may
be lost. Therefore I suggest, you (Abu Bakr) order that the Qur’an be collected.” –
Sahih Bukhari 6:61:509 + Sahih Bukhari 8:81:817.
Explanation: In this first example above it is stated that between 632-634 AD,
the first Caliph Abu Bakr did not have the Quran written down and neither did
Muhammad. He admits that people who had memorized parts of it had died and
says a large part of the Quran may be lost.
“During the battle of Yamama, 450 reciters of the Qur'an were killed.” - The True
Guidance - An Introduction To Qur'anic Studies, published by Light of Life, P.O.
BOX 13, A-9503 Villach, Austria, part 4, p. 47– citing Ibn Kathir’s Al-Bidaya wa
al-Nihaya, chapter on Battle of Yamama
57
Explanation: The number of memorizers that died was 450.
"Many (of the passages) of the Qur’an that were sent down were known by those
who died on the day of Yamama… but they were not known (by those who)
survived them, nor were they written down, nor had Abu Bakr, Umar or Uthman
(by that time) collected the Qur’an, nor were they found with even one (person)
after them." - Hadith Ibn Abi Dawud + Kitab al-Masahif, p. 23
Explanation: This hadith above clearly states that Quranic verses had been lost by
those who had died with them. And those who survived did not know them.
"Umar was once looking for the text of a specific verse of the Qur’an he vaguely
remembered. To his deep sorrow, he discovered that the only person who had any
record of that verse had been killed in the battle of Yamama and that the verse was
consequently lost." - Ibn Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Masahif, p. 10 + as-Suyuti’s al-Itqan
fi ‘ulum al-Quran, volume 1, p. 204
Explanation: Only one person knew a specific verse, and he was killed in the
Yamama
“So I started looking for the Qur’an and collecting it from (what was written on)
palme stalks, thin white stones and also from the men who knew it by heart,
till I found the last Verse of Surat at-Tauba (Repentance) with Abi Khuzaima
Al-Ansari, and I did not find it with anybody other than him” – Sahih Bukhari
6:61:509
Explanation: So Zayd Ibn Thabit agreed and looked for verses collect on palm
stalks, thin white stones and also from men who knew it by heart. He only found
one person who had memorized the Quran.
"'Abdullah bin 'Amr mentioned 'Abdullah bin Masud and said, "I shall ever love
that man, for I heard the Prophet saying, 'Take (learn) the Qur'an from four:
'Abdullah bin Masud, Salim, Mu'adh and Ubai bin Ka'b.' "" - Sahih al-Bukhari
6:61:521 (see also Sahih al-Bukhari 5:57:103 + Sahih al-Bukhari 5:58:150)
Explanation: Zayd Ibn Thabit is not one of the best reciters and compilers
according to Muhammad. Salim in the other hand was one of those killed in
Yamama.
58
"Narrated Ibn 'Abbas: 'Umar said, Ubai was the best of us in the recitation (of the
Qur'an) yet we leave some of what he recites.' Ubai says, 'PI have taken it from
the mouth of Allah's Apostle and will not leave for anything whatever." But Allah
said" - Sahih al-Bukhari 6:61:527
Explanation: Ubai was the best in the recitation, yet they leaved out some of
which he recited.
"Affan Ibn Muslim informed us; (he said): 'Abd al-Wahid Ibn Ziyad informed
us; (he said): Sulayman al-A'mash informed us on the authority of Shaqiq Ibn
Salamah; he said: 'Abd Allah Ibn Mas'ud delivered a sermon to us when the
order concerning uniform reading of the Qur'an was issued, as it was indeed. He
(Shaqiq) said: He mentioned about deceit and said: Who so deceived, will bring
his deceit on the Day of Resurrection. The people have been guilty of deceit in the
reading of the Qur'an. I like it to read according to the recitation of him (Prophet)
whom I love more than that of Zayd Ibn Thabit. By Him besides whom there is
no god! I learnt more than seventy surahs from the lips of the Apostle of Allah,
may Allah bless him, while Zayd Ibn Thabit was a youth, having two locks and
playing with the youth. Then he said: By Him besides Whom there is no other
god! If I know any one to be more conversant with the Book of Allah than me,
and if the camels could carry me to him, I shall surely go to him. Then ‘Abd Allah
went away. Shaqiq said: Subsequently I sat in the circles of the Companions of
the Apostle of Allah and others but none contradicted his statement." - Ibn Sa’d’s
Kitab al-Tabaqat, Volume 2, p. 444
Explanation: Ibn Masud, who was Muhammad's top teacher, declared that reading
the Quran from Zayd Ibn Thabit is like being guilty of deceit. Zayd Ibn Thabit was
also just a youth playing with other children during the lifetime of Muhammad.
""'Ubaidullah bin 'Abdullah bin 'Utbah informed me that 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud
disliked Zaid bin Thabit copying the Musahif, and he said: 'O you Muslims
people! Avoid copying the Mushaf and the recitation of this man. By Allah! When
I accepted Islam he was but in the loins of a disbelieving man' - meaning Zaid bin
Thabit - and it was regarding this that 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud said: 'O people of Al-
'Iraq! Keep the Musahif that are with you, and conceal them." - Jami` at-Tirmidhi
3104
Explanation: Abdullah bin Masud said to avoid copying the Quran by Zaid bin
Thabit, which is the modern day Quran.
59
"The people have been guilty of deceit in the reading of the quran. I like it better
to read according to the recitation of him (Prophet) whom I love more than that
of Zayd Ibn Thabit. By Him besides whom there is no god! I learnt more than
seventy surahs from the lips of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, while
Zayd ibn Thabit was a youth, having two locks and playing with the youth." - Ibn
sad Saÿd, Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, Vol.2, p.444
Explanation: Ibn Masud Masÿud regarded the codex compiled by Zaid and
standardized by Uthman as the sole text to be used throughout the Muslim world
thereafter as less authentic than his own.
"We used to read a verse of the Qur'an revealed in their connection, but later the
verse was cancelled. It was: "convey to our people on our behalf the information
that we have met our Lord, and He is pleased with us, and has made us pleased.""
- Sahih al-Bukhari 5:59:416
Explanation: The hadith above states that a verse has been cancelled.
“Allah sent Muhammad with the Truth and revealed the Holy Book to him, and
among what Allah revealed, was the Verse of the Rajam (the stoning of married
person (male & female) who commits illegal sexual intercourse, and we did recite
this Verse and understood and memorized it. Allah’s Apostle did carry out the
punishment of stoning and so did we after him. I am afraid that after a long time
has passed, somebody will say, ‘By Allah, we do not find the Verse of the Rajam in
Allah’s Book, and thus they will go astray by leaving an obligation which Allah has
revealed. ‘” – Sahih Bukhari 8:817
"Khuzaimah ibn Thabit said: "I see you have overlooked (two) verses and have
not written them". They said "And which are they?" He replied "I had it directly
(tilqiyya - 'automatically, spontaneously') from the messenger of Allah (saw)
(Surah 9, ayah 128): 'There has come to you a messenger from yourselves. It
grieves him that you should perish, he is very concerned about you : to the
believers he is kind and merciful', to the end of the surah". Uthman said "I bear
witness that these verses are from Allah"." - Ibn Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Masahif,
p.11
Explanation: The hadith above states that two verses got overlooked.
60
"Aishah ordered me to transcribe the Holy quran and asked me to let her know
when I should arrive at the verse Hafidhuu alaas-salaati waas-salaatil wustaa wa
quumuu lillaahi qaanitiin (2.238). When I arrived at the verse I informed her and
she ordered: Write it in this way, Hafidhuu alaas-salaati waas-salaatil wustaa wa
salaatil asri salaatil-ÿasri wa quumuu lillaahi qaanitiin. She added that she had
heard it so from the Apostle of Allah (saw)." - Muwatta Imam Malik, p.64
‘Umar said, Ubai was the best of us in the recitation (of the Qur’an) yet we leave
some of what he recites.’ Ubai says, ‘PI have taken it from the mouth of Allah’s
Apostle and will not leave for anything whatever.” But Allah said “None of Our
Revelations do We abrogate or cause to be forgotten but We substitute something
better or similar.” – Sahih Bukhari Vol 6, 527
Explanation: The hadith above states that verses got substituted for better or
similar.
'A'isha reported that the Apostle of Allah ﷺlistened to the recitation of the Qur'an
by a man in the mosque. Thereupon he said: May Allah have mercy upon him;
be reminded me of the verse which I had been made to forget. - Sahih Muslim
2:1721
“A man got up (for prayer) at night, he read the Qur’an and raised his voice in
reading. When the morning came, the Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him)
said: May Allah have mercy in so-an-so! Last night he reminded me a number of
verses which I was about to forget. ” - Sunan Abu-Dawud 25:3959
"It is reported from Ismail ibn Ibrahim from Ayyub from Naafi from Ibn Umar
who said: “Let none of you say ‘I have acquired the whole of the Qur’an‘. How does
he know what all of it is when much of the Qur’an has disappeared? Rather let
him say ‘I have acquired what has survived.’” - Al-Itqan, p. 524
61
"We used to recite a surah which resembled in length and severity to (Surah)
Bara’at. I have, however, forgotten it with the exception of this which I remember
out of it:” If there were two valleys full of riches, for the son of Adam, he would
long for a third valley, and nothing would fill the stomach of the son of Adam but
dust.” – Sahih Muslim Book 5, Hadith 2286
“The Verse of stoning and of breastfeeding an adult ten times was revealed, and
the paper was with me under my pillow. When the Messenger of Allah died, we
were preoccupied with his death, and a tame sheep came in and ate it.” – Sunan
Ibn Majah Book 9, Hadith 2020
Explanation: In the hadith above a goat ate a verse. Furthermore the verse of
stoning is not in the Quran.
"Zaid bin Thabit said, “When the Quran was compiled from various written
manuscripts, one of the Verses of Surat Al-Ahzab was missing which I used to
hear Allah’s Apostle reciting. I could not find it except with Khuzaima bin Thabjt
Al-Ansari, whose witness Allah’s Apostle regarded as equal to the witness of two
men. And the Verse was:– “Among the believers are men who have been true to
what they covenanted with Allah.” (33.23)" – Sahih Bukhari 4:52:62
"Allah sent Muhammad (saw) with the Truth and revealed the Holy Book to
him, and among what Allah revealed, was the Verse of the Rajam (the stoning of
married persons, male and female, who commit adultery) and we did recite this
verse and understood and memorized it. Allah's Apostle (saw) did carry out the
punishment of stoning and so did we after him. I am afraid that after a long time
has passed, somebody will say, "By Allah, we do not find the verse of the Rajam in
Allah's Book", and thus they will go astray by leaving an obligation which Allah
has revealed." - Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol.8, p.539
Explanation: The verse of stoning, even though Muhammad revealed it, does
not exists in the Quran. There are other hadith record that Muhammad ordered
stoning, like Muwatta Imam Malik, p.350.
"Abu Harb b. Abu al-Aswad reported on the authority of his father that Abu
Musa al-Ash'ari sent for the reciters of Basra. They came to him and they were
62
three hundred in number. They recited the Qur'an and he said: You are the best
among the inhabitants of Basra, for you are the reciters among them. So continue
to recite it. (But bear in mind) that your reciting for a long time may not harden
your hearts as were hardened the hearts of those before you. We used to recite a
surah which resembled in length and severity to (Surah) Bara'at. I have, however,
forgotten it with the exception of this which I remember out of it:" If there were
two valleys full of riches, for the son of Adam, he would long for a third valley,
and nothing would fill the stomach of the son of Adam but dust." And we used
so recite a slirah which resembled one of the surahs of Musabbihat, and I have
forgotten it, but remember (this much) out of it:" Oh people who believe, why
do you say that which you do not practise" (lxi 2.) and" that is recorded in your
necks as a witness (against you) and you would be asked about it on the Day of
Resurrection" (xvii. 13)." - Sahih Muslim 2286. See also Sahih Muslim 1049 +
Sahih Muslim 1050
"I heard Hisham bin Hakim reciting Surat Al-Furqan during the lifetime of
Allah's Apostle and I listened to his recitation and noticed that he recited in
several different ways which Allah's Apostle had not taught me. I was about to
jump over him during his prayer, but I controlled my temper, and when he had
completed his prayer, I put his upper garment around his neck and seized him by
it and said, "Who taught you this Sura which I heard you reciting?" He replied,
"Allah's Apostle taught it to me." I said, "You have told a lie, for Allah's Apostle has
taught it to me in a different way from yours." So I dragged him to Allah's Apostle
and said (to Allah's Apostle): "I heard this person reciting Surat Al-Furqan in a
way which you haven't taught me!" On that Allah's Apostle said, "Release him,
(O 'Umar!) Recite, O Hisham!" Then he recited in the same way as I heard him
reciting. Then Allah's Apostle said, "It was revealed in this way," and added,
"Recite, O 'Umar!" I recited it as he had taught me. Allah's Apostle then said, "It
was revealed in this way. This Qur'an has been revealed to be recited in seven
different ways, so recite of it whichever (way) is easier for you (or read as much
of it as may be easy for you)." - Sahih al-Bukhari 6:61:514 + Sahih al-Bukhari
6:61:561 + Sahih Muslim 819 a + 821 a, Sunan Abi Dawud 1478 (Sahih), Sahih
al-Bukhari 3219
63
Explanation: According to the hadiths above, the Quran has been sent into
7 different Ahrufs, which means that the verses differs, not just the dialect.
However, even the chapters differed when they were finished by the different
people, according to the Islamic traditions. Ibn Masud had 111 chapters in his
Quran, Ubayy had 115 chapters, and Abu Musa had 116 chapters in his Quran.
" I asked Anas bin Malik: "Who collected the Qur'an at the time of the Prophet ?"
He replied, "Four, all of whom were from the Ansar: Ubai bin Ka'b, Mu'adh bin
Jabal, Zaid bin Thabit and Abu Zaid."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 6:61:525 + 6:61:526
Explanation: Four Qurans were collected individually by Ubai bin Ka'b, Mu'adh
bin Jabal, Zaid bin Thabit and Abu Zaid. There are additionally 12 other Quranic
versions collected, including from 'Abdullah Ibn Mas'ud and Abu Musa al Ash'ari.
Now comes the second part which happened in around 650-652 AD.
"Hudhaifa bin Al-Yaman came to Uthman at the time when the people of Sham
and the people of Iraq were Waging war to conquer Arminya and Adharbijan.
Hudhaifa was afraid of their (the people of Sham and Iraq) differences in the
recitation of the Qur'an, so he said to 'Uthman, "O chief of the Believers! Save this
nation before they differ about the Book (Quran) as Jews and the Christians did
before." So 'Uthman sent a message to Hafsa saying, "Send us the manuscripts of
the Qur'an so that we may compile the Qur'anic materials in perfect copies and
return the manuscripts to you." Hafsa sent it to 'Uthman. 'Uthman then ordered
Zaid bin Thabit, 'Abdullah bin AzZubair, Said bin Al-As and 'AbdurRahman
bin Harith bin Hisham to rewrite the manuscripts in perfect copies. 'Uthman
said to the three Quraishi men, "In case you disagree with Zaid bin Thabit on
any point in the Qur'an, then write it in the dialect of Quraish, the Qur'an was
revealed in their tongue." They did so, and when they had written many copies,
'Uthman returned the original manuscripts to Hafsa. 'Uthman sent to every
Muslim province one copy of what they had copied, and ordered that all the other
Qur'anic materials, whether written in fragmentary manuscripts or whole copies,
be burnt. Said bin Thabit added, "A Verse from Surat Ahzab was missed by me
when we copied the Qur'an and I used to hear Allah's Apostle reciting it. So we
searched for it and found it with Khuzaima bin Thabit Al-Ansari. (That Verse
was): 'Among the Believers are men who have been true in their covenant with
Allah.' (33.23)" – Sahih al-Bukhari 6:61:510
64
Explanation: Hudhaifa was afraid that the people of Iraq and Syria had different
recitations, so Uthman then ordered these four compilers to write a second
version in the Quraish dialect, and send those 5 copies to the provinces which
were: Medina, Mecca, Basra, Kufa, Damascus. Take a note that the ordered the
previous copies to be burned. Why would you want to burn previous copies? This
can only mean that the Quran today is not the same as the one muslims claimed
is to be from Muhammad, since the previous and different copies were burned.
Remember that if all the previous Qurans had to be burned, that means none of
them were the correct ones. Strangely enough Zaid Ibn Thabit is again one of the
compilers.
"By Allah, he did not act or do anything in respect of the manuscripts (masahif)
except in full consultation with us, for he said, "What is your opinion in this
matter of qiraat qiraÿat (reading)? It has been reported to me that some are
saying `My reading is superior to your reading'. That is a perversion of the
truth". We asked him, "What is your view (on this)?" He answered, "My view is
that we should unite the people on a single text (mushaf wahid), then there will
be no further division or disagreement". We replied "What a wonderful idea!"
Someone from the gathering there asked, "Whose is the purest (Arabic) among
the people and whose reading (is the best)?" They said the purest (Arabic) among
the people was that of said Saÿid ibn as al-ÿAs and the (best) reader among them
was Zaid ibn Thabit. He (`Uthman) said, "Let the one write and the other dictate".
Thereafter they performed their task and he united the people on a (single) text." -
Ibn Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Masahif, p.22
Explanation: Uniting people on a new single text means all the existing Qurans at
that time were different.
"He transcribed the texts (suhuf) into a single codex (mushaf waahid), he
arranged the suras, and he restricted the dialect to the vernacular (lugaat) of the
Quraysh on the plea that it (quran) had been sent down in their tongue." - As-
Suyuti, Al-Itqan fii `Ulum quran al-QurŸan, p.140
Explanation: Uthman even arranged the Suras compared to the old ones.
"Ibn Abi Maryam related to us from Ibn Luhai'a from Abu'l-Aswad from 'Urwa
b. az-Zubair from 'A'isha who said, "Surat al-Ahzab (Surah 33) used to be recited
in the time of the prophet with two hundred verses, but when 'Uthman wrote out
the codices he was unable to procure more of it than there is in it today" - Abu
65
Ubaid's Kitab Fada'il al-Quran
Explanation: Surah 33 contains today 73 verses, which means that 127 verses has
been lost when Uthman wrote out the manuscript in ca. 652 AD
So Uthman burned previous copies and made a new single one in 5 copies with
a new dialect. The Quran was not even written down until after the death of
Muhammad. The next part is Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (reigned 694-714 AD) who was
the guvernor under Abd Al-Malik (685-705 AD) and Al-Walid (705-715 AD). He
made eleven modifications according to the Islamic traditions:
Altogether al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf made eleven modifications in the reading of the
`Uthmanic text. .. In al-Baqarah (Surah 2.259) it originally read Lam yatasanna
waandhur, but it was altered to Lam yatassanah ... In maida al-Maÿida (Surah
5.48) it read Shar yaatan yaÿatan wa minhaajaan but it was altered to shir `atawwa
minhaajaan. (Ibn Abi Dawud, Kitab al-Masahif, p.117).
Now does this sound like a book that was completely Allah’s words and the exact
revelation of him, words by words? They give an idea that that the Quran that we
have today is absoutely not the same Quran Muhammad revealed. In the next
section it will be discussed that Muslims don't even have the original copies of
the Quran from Uthman, and the ones they do have from 7th and 8th century are
completely different from the one today.
66
Hamzah az-Zalyyat (Kufa, 696-772 AD)
Al-Kisa'i (Kufa, 737-805 AD)
According to the Islamic traditions, all those ten reciters had many reciters
followed after them in the 8th and 9th century up until Ibn Mujahid.
Qira'ats between Nafi - Medina (785 AD) & Ibn Mujahid (936 AD) = 63
Qira'ats between Ibn Kathir - Mecca (738 AD) & Ibn Mujahid (936 AD) = 59
Qira'ats between Abu 'Amir - Basrah (770 AD) & Ibn Mujahid (936 AD) = 65
Qira'ats between Aasim - Kufa (745 AD) & Ibn Mujahid (936 AD) = 91
Alone those four had 278 different qira'at. Therefore Ibn Galbun (died 998 AD)
only chose two canonical transmissions between the original of these 10s of
transmitters, thereby adding 14 extra different Qurans with dialects. Those were
from the reciters:
Qalun (835 AD), Al-Bazzi (died 864 AD), Al-Duri (died 860 AD), Hisham (859
AD), Shu'bah (died 809 AD), Khalaf (died 844 AD), Al-Layth (died 854 AD),
Warsh (812 AD), Qunbul (died 904 AD), Al-Susi (died 874 AD), Ibn Dhakwan
(died 857 AD), Hafs (died 796 AD), Khallad (died 835 AD), Al-Duri (died 860
AD)
And likewise two after each of these transmitters were chosen, adding six extra
and a total of nine by using the two transmitters system by Ibn Galbun (died 998
AD). Those were from the reciters:
'Isa ibn Wardan (died 777 AD), Ruways (died 853 AD), Ishaq (died 899 AD), Ibn
Jummaz (died 787 AD), Rawh (died 849 AD), Idris (died 905 AD)
67
of chosing the Hafs version. This Hafs was then in 1936 AD chosen as a standard
Quran for all Egypt, and then in 1985 AD for most of the world. Interestingly
enough the Hafs edition was not one of the 7 original qira'at by Ibn Mujahid
from the 10th century. Furthermore a team in London has found 7 different
Hafs Quran, which might indicate that the Hafs was edited in the 1924 and
1936 editions. The majority of North and West African countries use the Warsh
and Qalun qira'at, and has been using it since medieval age. Sudan still uses the
reading by Abu 'Amr since at least since the 15th century. On the next page, the
chronology of the Quran is illustrated.
For further study regarding the 7 ahrufs and 30 qira'ats, read Orality, Literacy
and the 'Seven Ahruf ' Hadith by Yasin Dutton (2011), and The Transmission of the
Variant Readings of the Qurān by Shady Hekmat Nasser (2012).
"He ('Umar) composed a theological letter for Leo the emperor, thinking to
persuade him to become a Muslim (magarisai)" - Seeing Islam as Others Saw It by
Robert G. Hoyland (1997)
A fuller statement was written by Agapius (died 941 AD), who was the Melkite
bishop of Menbij:
"He ('Umar) wrote for Leo the king a letter summoning him therein to Islam and,
moreover, disputed with him about his religion. Leo made him a reply in which he
tore apart his argument and made clear to him the unsoundness of his statement,
and elucidated to him the light of Christianity by proofs from the revealed Books
and by comparisons from the insights and inclinations of the Qur'an." - Seeing
Islam as Others Saw It by Robert G. Hoylan (1997)
68
69
The correspondence between Emperor Leo III and 'Umar II between 717-720 AD:
"It was 'Umar, Abu Turab and Salman the Persian who composed that ("your
P'ourkan"), even though the rumour has got around among you that God sent it
down from the heavens..." -
Reading the letter above, it is clear that Umar, Abu Turab (Ali) and Salman the
Persian in alliance created the book. It does not refer the book as Quran but as
P'ourkan - or the word could be the same as Furqan, which is the Aramaic word
for salvation. The important part of this document is that Muhammad is not
mentioned, and implies that those three people were the first who composed the
salvation. Notice, it does not say that these three people composed a book, but a
salvation, and they did not gathered it as Islamic traditions say but composed it.
The last part is that the letter is a message to correct a rumour that the Quran was
not sent down by the heavens, but was in fact composed by these three people.
"As for your [Book], you have already given us examples of such falsifications and
one knows among others of a certain Hajjaj, named by you as governor of Persia
who had men gather your ancient books, which he replaced by others composed
by himself according to his taste and which he disseminated everywhere in your
nation, because it was easier by far to undertake such a task among a people
speaking a single language. From this destruction, nevertheless, there escaped a
few of the works" -
Now Emperor Leo III refers directly to 'Umar II by saying "As for your Book". So
first it was a salvation by 'Umar, Abu Turab (Ali) and Salman the Persian in the
7th century, and it has become a book between 717-720 AD. The most important
part is that it mentions that Hajjaj (reigned 706-715 AD) was the person who
replaced previous books, replaced and composed a new one in a single language,
and ordered the previous ones to be destroyed. This is exactly the same kind of
story as the story with Uthman, which was described in the previous section,
according to Sahih al-Bukhari written in the 9th century. Al Hajjaj reigned as
guvernor from 694-714 AD, both under Abd Al-Malik (reigned 685-705 AD)
and Al Walid (reigned 705-715 AD). His book was refererd as The Book of Allah,
which is written in the Caliph protocols in the 692 AD, and not as Quran.
These events described above were also narrated by 'Abd al-Masih al-Kindi and
Abraham of Tiberias, who lived during the reign of Ma'mun (reigned 813-833
AD).
70
Then there was the matter of Hajjaj b. Yusuf, namely that he gathered together
every last copy and caused to be omitted from the text many things..., and a
version (naskh) was written according to the composition favoured by Hajjaj
in six coped (masahif), and one was sent to Egypt, another to Syria, another to
Madina, another to Mecca, another to Kufa and another to Basra. -
"Kindi avers to his Muslim adressee that "all that I have said is drawn from your
own authorities". And this would appear to be so, for we find notices in Arabic
sources that "Hajjaj b. Yusuf wrote exemplars of the Qur'an (masahif) and sent
them to the chief provinces", that he changed the wording or eliminated variant
readings, or introduced diacritical marks into the text. The convergence of reports
upon the figure of Hajjaj makes it almost certain that he undertook some sort
of revision of the Muslim Scripture, but this may have been no more than the
sponsoring of an improved edition" - Robert Hoyland
The first person who referred this book as Quran or reading was a Christian
monk of the monastery of Beth Hale who cited the Quran by name in 710 AD
during a debate with an Arab noble. Everything fits that everything happened
during and after the reign of Al-Hajjaj, which began during the reign of Abd Al-
Malik (reigned 685-705 AD).
"In this year Walid robbed the holy Catholic Church of Damascus out of the envy
the sinner felt toward the Christians because of this church’s surpassing beauty.
He also stopped the use of Greek in the public record books of the departments
ordering them to be written in Arabic instead: that is, except for numbers, since
it is impossible to write the number “one,” the number “two,” the number “three,”
“eight and a half,” or “three in the feminine gender” in their language. Because
71
of this their scribes are Christians even to the present day." - The Chronicle of
Theophanes: Anni Mundi 6095-6305 (A.D. 602-813), entry for 707-708 AD
Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad Al-Farahidi (718-791 AD), who is known as the genius in
language, is credited with the current standard Arabic diacritics. This means that
Arabic dialects did not exist in the 7th century, which contradicts the Islamic
traditions, saying that Uthman ordered the Quran to be written in the Qureshi
dialect in 652 AD.
It is not possible to prove that the Quran has been sent down to Muhammad
either:
“AlifLaamRa. We have sent down to you (this Book) in order that you bring
mankind from darkness to the light by the permission of your Lord, to the Path of
the Almighty, the Praised.” - Quran 14:1
The more important part of the equation are the two other statements which
people continually claim that the Quran is completed by Muhammad in 632
AD or Uthman in 652 AD, and it is unchanged since then. To this there is this
Quranic verse:
"Indeed, it is We who sent down the Qur'an and indeed, We will be its guardian." -
Quran 15:9
"[All] praise is [due] to Allah, who has sent down upon His Servant the Book and
has not made therein any deviance." - Quran 18:1
The Quranic verses above implies that the Quran is protected on Earth to any
changes. No muslims have ever proved that it was completed by Uthman in 652
AD and is unchanged. No muslims has ever come with only one copy of the
72
Quran from 652 AD. There is not a single Quran that has been presented from
that era, not even a single one.
“‘Uthman then ordered Zaid bin Thabit, ‘Abdullah bin AzZubair, Said bin Al-As
and ‘AbdurRahman bin Harith bin Hisham to rewrite the manuscripts in perfect
copies. ‘Uthman said to the three Quraishi men, “In case you disagree with Zaid
bin Thabit on any point in the Qur’an, then write it in the dialect of Quraish, the
Qur’an was revealed in their tongue.” They did so, and when they had written
many copies, ‘Uthman returned the original manuscripts to Hafsa. ‘Uthman sent
to every Muslim province one copy of what they had copied, and ordered that
all the other Qur’anic materials, whether written in fragmentary manuscripts or
whole copies, be burnt.” - Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 510
According to the Sahih Bukhari hadith above there should be 5 exact copies of
the same Quran from the Uthman era. It is important to remember from previous
section that they are not even the original from Muhammad since Uthman in
652 AD ordered to burn the previous versions. No one from around the world
has come up with only a single copy of that Quran. Below are one of the oldest
Quranic manuscripts known, and it is those manuscripts many have used to
justify the claim that the Quran is unchanged but also complete:
• Topkapi
• Sammarqand
• Ma’il
• Houseini
• Petropolitanus
• Sana'a (DAM 01-27.1)
The two turkish muslim scholars Prof. Dr. Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu and Dr. Tayyar
Altikulaq had access to the Qurans for a complete five years term from 2002-2007
which was called the al Mushaf al Sharif investigation. Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu
concluded:
Mushafs means manuscripts and the Umayyad period is from 661-749 AD which
is mostly 8th century and definitely not a part of the Uthmanic era (644-656 AD)
where the Quran should have been written in 652 AD. Dr. Tayyar Altikulaq made
73
also an individual statement saying:
"Even though we would like to publish this sacred text as the Mushaf of Caliph
'Uthman, our research indicated that it was neither the private Mushaf of Caliph
'Uthman, nor one of the Mushafs he sent to various centers"
Remember that not only are these six manuscripts not from Uthman, they are
neither copies of them. So let's see what exactly is known about these manuscripts
is proves that they are neither the Uthmanic nor to the one the world currently
uses:
• Topkapi:
Dates between 672 AD to 772 AD (because of vowelling and dotting)
They found 2270 deviations from the Quran we have today.
Deviations in grammatical rules
Spelling mistakes
7 folios in the manuscript were copied in later
They also found out that only 78% of it can be read due to damage, holes
• Samarqand:
Dated to early to mid 8th century
Undisciplined spelling, different writing styles, scribal mistakes, copyist
mistakes, written by someone with very little experience to Arabic
Later additions
Only goes to Sura 43 (there are 114 Suras in the Quran)
Only 1 surah is complete, 24 surahs are partial complete and 18 surahs do
not exists
• Ma’il:
Dates to early 8th century to late 8th century
Written in the Hijazi script
Only goes to Sura 43
Includes only 53% of the Quran
Also varies in manuscript
Disagrees with Caireen Mushafs 93 times
• Al Husseini:
Dates to early 8th century and up to 9th century (Francois Deroche)
It is not Uthmanic
74
Coverings over the text, signifying hiding, censoring original text
• Petropolitanus
Early 8th century
It disagrees with 1924 Cairene Quran 93 times
Five different copyists
Variations in script
There are corrections to the text
Later modified with eraser and additions
• Sana'a:
Lower text (671-705 AD)
In 63 verses there are 70 variants from today's Quran
16 of them are entire sentences
Only Quran with no diacritical marks and vowelization
Upper text (705-later)
1000 variants compared to today's Quran
Different in surah arrangements
Jumps from surah 19 to surah 22
Different in scripts
Later additions (60-70 years later)
Islamic apologists: cannot say it is eternal, cannot say it is sent down, cannot say
it is completed by Uthman, cannot say it is unchanged. Because they all disagree
with each other and they all disagree with the Quran today! Below are examples
of variations from the six manuscripts compared to the Cairene manuscript (Fahd
Mushaf) which is the modern day Quran.
75
73:20 "..two thirds (ERASED WORD) of the "..two thirds of the night.."
night.."
76
9:13 "And why don't you fight a people who "Would you not fight a people who
broke their oaths and they were the first broke their oaths and determined to
to start (aggression) and they intended to expel the Messenger, and they had
drive out the prophet? Do you fear them? begun [the attack upon] you the first
But Allah has more right that you should time? Do you fear them? But Allah
fear Him, if you are [truly] believers." has more right that you should fear
Him, if you are [truly] believers."
9:18 "The mosques of Allah are only to be "The mosques of Allah are only
maintained by those who believe in to be maintained by those who
Allah and the Last Day and he did jihad believe in Allah and the Last Day
(struggled) in the name of Allah, and and establish prayer and give zakah
did not fear (anyone) but Allah, for it is and do not fear except Allah, for it
expected that those who are succesful will is expected that those will be of the
be of the [rightly] guided." [rightly] guided."
9:80 "Ask forgiveness for them, [O "Ask forgiveness for them, [O
Muhammad], or do not ask forgiveness Muhammad], or do not ask
for them. If you should ask forgiveness for forgiveness for them. If you
them seventy times - Allah does not forgive should ask forgiveness for them
them, indeed Allah does not guide the seventy times - never will Allah
defiantly disobedient people." forgive them. That is because
they disbelieved in Allah and His
Messenger, and Allah does not
guide the defiantly disobedient
people."
The reason why many examples are taken for the Sana'a manuscript is because it
is possibly the oldest manuscript. What is special about this Sana'a fragment is
that not only is it probably the oldest Quranic manuscript, but also because the
manuscript is a direct evidence of evolution since the verses which were erased
and substituted above is resembles more the todays Qurani.
According to page 16 of the book The Sana'a Palimpsest by Asma Hilali, Dr.
Elizabeth Puin, Dr. Gerd Puin, B. Sadeghi and M. Goudarzi, all agree that there
are more variants in the lower text than in the upper text.
77
(Switzerland), and Oxford (England), was determined to be 390 - 550 AD, even
though the text was analyzed to be around 671-705 AD, which is a difference
of up to 315 years earlier than expeceted. Three others fall under the life of
Muhammad, and only one falls under the Uthamic rule. Because of this diverse of
C14-dating, it is hard to determine what really happened, and you cannot know
for sure if the Arabs used old papers which were 50 years old, 100 years old, or up
to 315 years.
Why is this important? Because the date of the entire collection of 600s AD
manuscripts, fragments and folios are based on carbon-14 on the parchment,
but the text can be written up to 317 years later. However according to the
palaeographical aspect, some manuscripts are from 1st century (622-722 AD), so
they may be from 685-722 AD, when Abd Al-Malik introduced Islam.
So by reading the sections "The Quran is exactly the same as the one Muhammad
revealed" and this section here "The Quran is "eternal”, “sent down”, “completed by
Uthman in 652 AD”, and “unchanged”." It is clear where the modern day, todays
Quran comes from, namely the 1924 Cairene Mushaf which is revised from the
Hafs (Asim) manuscript. That means the earliest manuscript one can find of the
same Quran today, with the same diacritical marks and vovelization, is from the
1924 version, not earlier.
78
panicked and admitted that some parts of the Quran may have been lost.
"Abu Bakr As-Siddiq sent for me when the people of Yamama had been killed
(i.e., a number of the Prophet's Companions who fought against Musailima). (I
went to him) and found `Umar bin Al- Khattab sitting with him. Abu Bakr then
said (to me), "`Umar has come to me and said: "Casualties were heavy among
the Qurra' of the Qur'an (i.e. those who knew the Qur'an by heart) on the day of
the Battle of Yamama, and I am afraid that more heavy casualties may take place
among the Qurra' on other battlefields, whereby a large part of the Qur'an may
be lost. Therefore I suggest, you (Abu Bakr) order that the Qur'an be collected." -
Sahih al-Bukhari 6:61:509
"Hudhaifa was afraid of their (the people of Sham and Iraq) differences in the
recitation of the Qur'an, so he said to 'Uthman, "O chief of the Believers! Save
this nation before they differ about the Book (Quran) as Jews and the Christians
did before." So 'Uthman sent a message to Hafsa saying, "Send us the manuscripts
of the Qur'an so that we may compile the Qur'anic materials in perfect copies
and return the manuscripts to you."" - Sahih al-Bukhari 6:61:510
It is worth noting that there are no evidence that they tried to memorize in the
7th century. The Islamic traditions written in the 9th-10th century just makes an
attribution that they memorized, but there are no evidence in the 7th century that
they tried to memorize anything. This means not the memorization itself, but the
process of memorization.
"Indeed, it is We who sent down the remembrance and indeed, We will be its
guardian." - Quran 15:9
People today learn the Quran by the writings, not remembrance. Furthermore
it's not like Islam has a sole monopoly on memorizations, as the Hindus has done
the same for thousands of years with their Rig Veda.
80
It is still passed down orally today
From where? All children today learn the Quran through the physical book.
If anyone has another verse they remember from their grand-grand-grand
(30 generations) grand parents who heard it from another person, who heard
Muhammad said that verse, then which one is the one that is the primary, this
oral transmission or the written text? Of course the written text.
This falls exactly under the Abd Al-Malik ruling (685-705 AD), however it
reminds of the Quranic verse 38:26, but is not the same.
"[We said], "O David, indeed We have made you a successor upon the earth, so
judge between the people in truth and do not follow [your own] desire, as it will
lead you astray from the way of Allah ." Indeed, those who go astray from the way
of Allah will have a severe punishment for having forgotten the Day of Account." -
Quran 38:26
There are two other inscriptions with the same inscription years. Another Islamic
inscription is from 84 AH which is converted to 703-704 AD, which says:
81
This reminds of Quran 2:21, but is not the same:
"O mankind, worship your Lord, who created you and those before you, that you
may become righteous" - Quran 2:21
Another example is the Dome of the Rock, built in 691 AD and contains similar
Quranic inscriptions.
" "In the name of God, the Merciful the Compassionate. There is no god but
God. He is One. He has no associate" [beginning of the shahadah]. "Unto Him
belongeth sovereignity and unto Him belongeth praise. He quickeneth and He
giveth death; and He is Able to do all things"" - Dome of the Rock inscription
The inscription above is similar to the Quranic verse above, but is not the same:
"His is the dominion of the heavens and earth. He gives life and causes death, and
He is over all things competent." - Quran 57:2
" Whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth is exalting Allah . To
Him belongs dominion, and to Him belongs [all] praise, and He is over all things
competent." - Quran 64:1
""Peace be on him the day he was born, and the day he dies, and the day he shall
be raised alive!"" - Dome of the Rock inscription
Which is similar to the Quranic verse below, but is not the same, as it has been
changed from first to third person.
"And peace is on me the day I was born and the day I will die and the day I am
raised alive."" - Quran 19:33
The other example is the copper plaque inscription at the eastern entrance on the
Dome of the Rock, which says:
""He begotteth not nor was begotten and there is none comparable unto Him" -
Copper plague inscription, Dome of the Rock
The inscription above is similar to the Quranic verse below, but is not the same:
82
"He neither begets nor is born, Nor is there to Him any equivalent." - Quran
112:3-4
Which reminds of the Quranic verse below, but is not the same:
"It is He who sent His Messenger with guidance and the religion of truth to
manifest it over all religion, although those who associate others with Allah
dislike it." - Quran 61:9
""we believe in God and that which was revealed unto Muhammad and that which
the Prophets received from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of
them, and unto Him we have surrendered" - Northern portal inscription, Dome
of the Rock
Which is similar to the Quranic verse below, but is not the same:
" Say, [O believers], "We have believed in Allah and what has been revealed to us
and what has been revealed to Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the
Descendants and what was given to Moses and Jesus and what was given to the
prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and we
are Muslims [in submission] to Him."" - Quran 2:136
"Say, "We have believed in Allah and in what was revealed to us and what was
revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and the Descendants, and in what
was given to Moses and Jesus and to the prophets from their Lord. We make no
distinction between any of them, and we are Muslims [submitting] to Him."" -
Quran 3:84
83
it was more Aramaic than Arabic. Then, Al Hajjaj (661-714 AD) referred to it
simply as the Book of Allah, as it is also referred in the Caliph protocols in 692
AD, which is the first time Book of Allah appears.. A Christian monk of the
monastery of Beth Hale was the first person who cited the Quran by name in 710
AD during a debate with an Arab noble.
"I think that for you, too, not all your laws and commandments are in the Qur’an
which Muhammad taught you; rather there are some which he taught you from
the Qur’an, and some are in surat albaqrah and in gygy and in twrh.”
Basically it wasn't even called Quran until 88 years after Muhammad supposedly
died in 632 AD Another person who referred this book as Quran or reading is
Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi (died 736 AD) in 730 AD. It is also often claimed that the
word Quran is mentioned inside the Quran, but this is not true. The Arabic word
used in the Quran is DHIKR, which means remembrance or reminder.
"Well preserved. Not fully preserved. There are hundreds of tiny quite
insiginificant mistakes in the modern Uthmanic rasm. But it is a fairly
accurate transmission, but not a perfect one (and it was never perfect). No two
manuscripts are identical but they're all extremely close" - Marijn van Putten
The rasm today, which is the skeleton of the Arabic script without the diacritical
marks and vowelization, has differences from the earliest Quran, according to the
Arabic linquist, Marijn van Putten, and furthermore no earliest manuscripts from
the 7th century are exactly the same.
This means that the standard foundational skeleton text today is not identical to
any early 7th century manuscripts, and no 7th century manuscripts are identical
to each other. Therefore the Quranic verses below are not valid:
"Indeed, it is We who sent down the Qur'an and indeed, We will be its guardian." -
Quran 15:9
"[All] praise is [due] to Allah, who has sent down upon His Servant the Book and
has not made therein any deviance." - Quran 18:1
84
The oldest complete 114 surah Quran
All the Quranic manuscripts in the 7th century and up to 1000-1001 AD are
fragments and not complete, most of them less than half of the Quran. The
oldest complete Quran which contains all the 114 chapters is the Ibn al-Bawwab
Quran, dated to 1000-1001 AD, which is 368 years after Muhammad supposedly
should have died in 632 AD. There are however two Quranic manuscripts
which are almost complete, that is the BnF Arabe 399, dated to 799 AD, and the
Saray Medina 1a manucripts dated to late around 722 AD. The Saray Medina 1a
manuscripts however is not exactly the same as the modern rasm, and two folios
were rewritten later.
• Byzantine emperor Heraclius (reigned 610-641 AD) had his own coins,
where on his front side, is depicting him and his to sons, Constatine III and
Heraklonas, holding crosses. This is the coin that was used until 660 AD.
• The Arab used coins contained a cross in front and back from 640 AD till 660
AD.
"I never used to leave in the Prophet (saw) house anything carrying images or
crosses but he obliterated it." - Sahih al-Bukhari 5952
"The Messenger of Allah (saw) never left in his house anything containing the
figure of a cross without destroying it." - Sunan Abi Dawud 4151
"A man from among the people of the Cross will raise the Cross and will say: ‘The
Cross has prevailed.’ Then a man among the Muslims will become angry and will
go and break the Cross. Then the Romans will prove treacherous (breaking the
treaty) (and will gather) for the fierce battle.”" - Sunan Ibn Majah 4089
• Mu'awiyah (ruled 661-680 AD) introduced a new coin in 661 AD, but without
a cross. In this coin there is an image of the Christian Byzantine emperor
85
Heraclius, who ruled between 610-641 AD, with his son Constantine III. This
coin is still not Islamic.
• Mu'awiyah introduced a new copper coin in 661 AD, which contains a cross
over his head and a cross on his hand. Mu'awiyah died in 680 AD, so even
though the Islamic calendar started in 622 AD (39 years later), the coins still
not represented Islam at the time he died.
• Another coin in the western part was introduced in 661 AD, which stated: la
hukm illa lillah. Lillah means "Unto Allah". On the back side there is an image
of a typical Sassanid (Persian) fire altar which is a part of the zoroastrian
religion. This means the coin is not meant for the Islamic god named Allah,
but the Zoroastrian god Al-ilah. It was the Nabateans who invented this word
before in pre-Islamic era. Even though this would be a reference to Islam, it
still is 39 years later than Islams beginning.
• Mu'awiyah introduced another coin in 663 AD, and for the first time ever the
Bismillah (In the name of Allah) is introduced in the coins, and is the first
reference to anything related to Islam. But again the back side has an image
of the typical Sassanid (Persian) fire altar which is a part of the Zoroastrian
religion. But the problem here is that Bismillah is not the same as the Quranic
Bismillah al Rahman al Rahim. As described in chapter 4, a rock inscription
was found in 2018 in a mountain called Jabal Dabūb in South Arabia,
written with a pre-Islamic script, which says ‘bsmlh rhmn rhmn...'. This is
an indication that the word bismillah does not originate from Islam, and
therefore this coin bismillah does not represent Islam, especially when there is
a Sassanid fire alter which is a part of the Zoroastrian religion.
• Mu'awiyah introduced another coin in 667 AD, but here it says Bismillah
Al-Malik (In the name of Allah - The King). There is still no reference to
Muhammad or anything Islamic.
• Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (leader 683-692 AD) introduced for the first time
ever Muhammad on the coins in 685 AD which contains Muhammad, but on
the other side of the coins is the fire altar of the Zoroastrian religion.
• Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (ruled 685-705 AD) built the Dome of the Rock
in Jerusalem in 691 AD, and finally introduced in 692 AD a coin which
contained "Bismillah La Illah Illa-Allah Muhammad Rasul Allah" (In
the name of God there is no God but God alone and Muhammad is his
Messenger), which is the first reference to Islam, and therefore a complete 70
years after the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
Now the problem with all those coins is that they all contain images, and therefore
are not 100% Islamic. The first ever real Islamic coin with no images was made
in 696 AD, which is 74 years after the beginning of the Islamic calendar. It is
86
forbidden to image people, and this is the reason why there is no images on coins
in Islamic countries. Now what is interesting is what the coin says:
"Muhammad is the messenger of Allah, he sent him with guidance and true
religion to make victorious over every religion, even if the associates are averse" -
Islamic coin by Abd al-Malik, 696 AD
"It is He who has sent His Messenger with guidance and the religion of truth to
manifest it over all religion, although they who associate others with Allah dislike
it." - Quran 9:33
The problem is that it is not the same, even in the original arabic language.
This may be an evidence that the coin predates the Quran. Coins are important
because they show the emergence of Islam through time.
For further study, read Coins of Two Realms by Clive Ross (2015), and Coinage of
the First Caliphate by Mike Markowitz (2014).
From 632-661 AD, the period is called Rashidun period. From 661-750 AD, it is
called Umayyd Caliphate, where Abd Al-Malick ruled between 685-705 AD.
The sira which is the biography of Muhammad, the hadiths which is the life of
87
Muhammad based on his companions, and the tafsir which are the commentaries
- none of them were written during Muhammad's life. They weren't even written
down under the Rashidun period, nor during the ruling of Abd al-Malik (ruled
685-705 AD), but later than that. It is actually very strange that every single
human being who lived during the time of Muhammad were dead long before
when the hadiths, sira, and tafsirs were written. The first person to write about
Muhammad’s biography was Ibn Ishaq in 765 AD, which is 133 years after
Muhammad’s death. That material is not available. Ibn Ishaqs biography was
edited by al-Bakka'i, which also is no longer available. The next material which is
based on Muhammad’s life was written by Ibn Hisham until he died in 833 AD
which is 201 years after Muhammad. He edited al-Bakka'is edition of Ibn Ishaqs
work, in which he writes in the introduction of the book:
The hadiths by Al-Bukhari which is the most reliable hadith was written in
870 AD which is about 240 years after Muhammad died. The tafsir which are
the commentaries were written in 923 AD, which is almost 300 years after
Muhammad died.
That it took centuries to start writing about Muhammad’s life should make
everyone wonder about the reliability of these. To make a good comparison, the
Bible has been taken as an example:
Everything about Jesus was finished 59 years after Jesus had died and many of
the eyewitnesses could have still lived in the year of 92 AD. Two of them who
wrote them were eyewitnesses and two of them got the information from the
eyewitnesses. To compare this to the biographies of Muhammad, nobody who
wrote the tafsirs, hadiths and siras knew Muhammad or knew someone who
knew Muhammad because they were long dead.
The first Arabic inscription of Muhammad was not till 691, the same years when
88
the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem was built. The first coin with the name of
Muhammad was made 685 AD, even though they had the opportunities to make
them before in the 650s or 660s. The first reference to Muslims was first in 690-
700 AD in the Chronicle of John of Nikiu. Before they were called Muslims, they
were called saracen, hagarene, ishmaelite, maghraye or muhajiroun. Even the first
reference to Mecca was in 741 which is 109 years after the death of Muhammad.
A confusing fact is that the name of Muhammad is only mentioned 4 times in the
Quran and Jesus is mentioned 93 times.
"Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not
consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who
do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture -
[fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled." - Quran 9:29
The constitution contradicts the sira and the hadtihs too, where according to
them, the Jews and the Muslims always fought against each other since 622 till
632 AD.
Bani An-Nadir and Bani Quraiza fought (against the Prophet violating their peace
treaty), so the Prophet exiled Bani An-Nadir and allowed Bani Quraiza to remain
at their places (in Medina) taking nothing from them till they fought against the
Prophet again) . He then killed their men and distributed their women, children
and property among the Muslims, but some of them came to the Prophet and
he granted them safety, and they embraced Islam. He exiled all the Jews from
Medina. They were the Jews of Bani Qainuqa', the tribe of 'Abdullah bin Salam
and the Jews of Bani Haritha and all the other Jews of Medina. - Sahih Al-Bukhari
5:362
89
For further study, read Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam by
Fred Mcgraw Donner (2010).
Ashtiname
The ashtiname means the Book of Peace or just covenant, and is claimed to
be sent by Muhammad to the nortern part of Arabia to the monks of Mount
Sinai. This exact replica is claimed to be sent to Sultan Selim I (1487-1510 AD).
However, there are many problems with it. On the document it mentions that
it was written on 2 AH, which is converted to 625 AD, but according to the
Islamic traditions, Muhammad never sent any letters until 628 AD, and all his
letters were around Mecca and Medina, which is the central part of Arabia.
Ibn Sa'd (784-845 AD) included a list of 47 writings by Muhammad, and the
Ashtiname is not one of them, and none of them in his list included writings
to the northern part of Arabian peninsula. On the right side of the covenant,
there is an image of a minaret, but these only appear and employed in mosques
under the Abbasid Calipate in the 9th century and only first widely used in 11th
century. The ashtiname also uses the word sultan, but the first time the term was
recorded in history was by Mahmudof Ghazna (998–1030 AD), which is up to
around 375 years later. The covenant prohibits the Muslims from taking materials
from church buildings to use it in their mosques, but the problem is that there
were no mosques in Egypt in 625 AD, but only a couple of years after Jerusalem
was conqured in 637 AD. It uses the term Angel of Proximity in Arabic (Malak
Muqarrah), which was only cited in Sufi writings, and the first known person to
do so was Mutannabi who died in 965 AD, which is again around 300-400 years
later. Generally it contradicts the laws of the Quran and the Islamic traditions by
giving Christians and women too many rights. Furthermore the oldest copy of
this covenant is from the 16th century, which is 900 years after Muhammad died.
In conclusion, there is no doubt that this document was fabricated.
90
by boat to Sykamina. People were saying “the candidatus has been killed,” and
we Jews were overjoyed. And they were saying that the prophet had appeared,
coming with the Saracens, and that he was proclaiming the advent of the anointed
one, the Christ who was to come. I, having arrived at Sykamina, stopped by a
certain old man well-versed in scriptures, and I said to him: “What can you tell
me about the prophet who has appeared with the Saracens?” He replied, groaning
deeply: “He is false, for the prophets do not come armed with a sword. Truly
they are works of anarchy being committed today and I fear that the first Christ
to come, whom the Christians worship, was the one sent by God and we instead
are preparing to receive the Antichrist. Indeed, Isaiah said that the Jews would
retain a perverted and hardened heart until all the earth should be devastated.
But you go, master Abraham, and find out about the prophet who has appeared.”
So I, Abraham, inquired and heard from those who had met him that there was
no truth to be found in the so-called prophet, only the shedding of men’s blood.
He says also that he has the keys of paradise, which is incredible. (Doctrina Jacobi
V.16, 209, p. 57; Patricia Crone & Michael Cook, Hagarism: The Making Of The
Islamic World, 1977, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 3-4)
People claim that Doctrina Iacobi mentions the Islamic Muhammad, and would
probably one of four evidence for him before the Umayyad Caliphate (661-).
However, there are some certain problems with it. Firstly by looking at the
document, it only mentions a prophet with a sword. It doesn't mention the name
"Muhammad", Muslim, Mecca, Quran, Allah, Islam, Medina, or anything related
to Islam. Notice also that it refers to the Arab armies and not muslim armies. The
places called Caesarea and Sykamina have location right beside the Mediterranean
Sea, in what is now called Isreal. This is around 1300 km away from Mecca and
1000 km away from Medina. The word Saracans means thief in plural form and
was given to Arabs in the northern part of Arabia, so the geography doesn't
match with Mecca and Medina. It was written in 634 AD, and the document is
mentioning a prophet who has appeared in 634 AD. It was a prophet who was
still alive and as it mentions "the Christ who was to come", but the problem is
that Muhammad already died in 632 AD according to the Islamic traditions.
Regarding the "Keys of Paradise", it comes from the Bible and refers to Peter’s
papal authority in the Catholic Church:
I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth
will be[a] bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be[b] loosed in
heaven.” - Matthew 16:19
The "Keys of Paradise" also confronts the Islamic traditions, because according to
91
them, Muhammad never had the Keys of Paradise. Notice that it says "the Christ
who was to come" which suggests that he was a prophet closer to a Chistian
or Christian-influenced Messianic prophet. If it was another prophet after
Muhammad, then it would contradict the Quran, which says that Muhammad
was the last prophet:
Muhammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger
of Allah and last of the prophets. And ever is Allah, of all things, Knowing. -
Quran 33:40
This is the only reference to a prophet by the Arabs before 661 AD, and yet almost
all details contradicts the Islamic Muhammad, and does not mention enough
details to specify him as Muhammad.
“The Doctrina Jacobi provides no support for the identification of this prophet
with Muhammad. In fact, if one thing is clear, it is that the account in the
Doctrine Jacobi does not describe the Muhammad that we know…He could more
easily be almost anybody else…In those troubled years there can have been no
shortage of such prophets, appealing to the various Christian and Jewish sects”. -
Crossroads to Islam by Yehuda D. Nevo and Judith Koren (2003)
For further study, read Crossroads to Islam: The Origins of the Arab Religion and
the Arab State (Islamic Studies) by Yehuda D. Nevo and Judith Koren (2003)
92
Islam, 1997, pp. 116-117)
Above is shown a fragment on the Arab Conquests which are fragmentary notes
that were written around the year 636 AD on the front blank pages of a sixth-
century Syriac Christian manuscript of the Gospel of Mark. It does refer to a
leader named Muhammad, however it does not mention anything regarding
Islam, Muslim, Mecca, Medina, Quran or anything related to Islam.
93
engage in fornication. He said: 'With an oath God promised this land to Abraham
and his seed after him for ever. And he brought about as he promised during that
time while he loved Ismael. But now you are the sons of Abraham and God is
accomplishing his promise to Abraham and his seed for you. Love sincerely only
the God of Abraham, and go and seize the land which God gave to your father
Abraham. No one will be able to resist you in battle, because God is with you".
(R. W. Thomson (with contributions from J. Howard-Johnson & T. Greenwood),
The Armenian History Attributed To Sebeos Part - I: Translation and Notes, 1999,
Translated Texts For Historians - Volume 31, Liverpool University Press, pp. 95-
96; Patricia Crone & Michael Cook, Hagarism: The Making Of The Islamic World,
1977, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 6-7; Robert G. Hoyland,
Seeing Islam As Others Saw It: A Survey And Evaluation Of Christian, Jewish
And Zoroastrian Writings On Early Islam, 1997, p. 129; idem., "Sebeos, The Jews
And The Rise Of Islam" in R. L. Nettler (Ed.), Medieval And Modern Perspectives
On Muslim-Jewish Relations, 1995, Harwood Academic Publishers GmbH in
cooperation with the Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies, p. 89)
In the above, there is the Chronicles of Sebeos, who was an Armenian bishop
from the House of Bagratuni. He concludes his chronicles with Mu‘awiya's
ascendancy to power in 656–661 AD, which scholars believe suggests that he was
writing soon after this date. Here a man named Mahmet, who was a merchant and
a preacher is described, who was still alive during the conquest of Jerusalem, and
places the location in Odessa and Tachkastan, which is in the northern part of
the Arabian peninsula. This document does not mention Islam, Quran, Muslims,
Mecca and Medina. Furthermore it actually doesn't mention Muhammad either,
since it refers to a person named Mahmat.
Note that Muhammad was referred to in all of these different documents from
the 7th century, except Doctrina Iacobi and Chronicle of Sebeos, yet, as we
noted above, none of them are from Arab sources. However, why cannot we
find anything about Muhammad from his own people, if he was that great and
important?
This means that Muhammad was not completely fabricated, as there are references
to him in earlier 7th century sources, which are mentioned above, but they were
94
all Christian sources, and not Arab sources. In these sources, he is not a final
prophet, nor did he call himself a Muslim, nor did he refer to a religion called
Islam, and there was no reference to any Qur’an, nor any reference to a city called
Mecca, so he’s certainly not the Muhammad we find in the later traditions. These
most important ideas were all attributed to him much later on, after 685 AD,
beginning with the Abd al-Malik who regined between 685-705 AD.
There are also some contradictions. The Maronite Chronicle which is written in
late 7th century mentions that Ali (reigned 656-661 AD) was killed by Mu'awiya
in 658 AD, and not 661 AD as written in the Islamic traditions:
"Mu'awaya has his sister's son Hudhayfa killed. 'Ali was slain while praying at
Hira. Mu'awaya went down to Hira and received allegiance from all the Arab
forces there." - Maronite Chronicle (664 AD)
According to the Islamic traditions, Mu'awaya killed Ali at the battle of Siffin in
661 AD. In George of Resh'aina (ca. 680 AD), it refers Ali as an emir and not as a
caliph:
"Mu'awaya made peace with the emperor Constans, having started the war with
Abu Turab, the emir of hira, at Siffin and defeated him" - George of Resh'aina (ca.
680 AD)
95
An emir is a military leader, and a caliph is an Islamic leader, specifically the
successor of Muhammad. The name Abu Turab is the nickname of 'Ali ibn Abi
Talib. On the next page, the summary of the evidence before 685 AD has been
illustrated.
"Uthman said to the three Quraishi men, "In case you disagree with Zaid bin
Thabit on any point in the Qur'an, then write it in the dialect of Quraish, the
Qur'an was revealed in their tongue." They did so, and when they had written
many copies, 'Uthman returned the original manuscripts to Hafsa. 'Uthman sent
to every Muslim province one copy of what they had copied, and ordered that
all the other Qur'anic materials, whether written in fragmentary manuscripts or
whole copies, be burnt." - Sahih al-Bukhari 6:61:510
Now this is a problem, because dialects (dots and vowelization) did not exists in
the 7th century, but only from the 8th and 9th century were they developed. The
other problem is that the document George of Resh'aina from around 680 AD
shows that Ali was an emir, and not a caliph.
96
"Mu'awaya made peace with the emperor Constans, having started the war with
Abu Turab, the emir of hira, at Siffin and defeated him" - George of Resh'aina (ca.
680 AD)
Furthermore, as shown on the previous page, Ali was killed in 658 AD according
to the Maronite Chronicle, and not 661 AD as the Islamic traditions says. Ali
being an emir shows that his character was stolen, so much points that the leader
Muhammad of tayyaya was also stolen.
Caliph Marwan, who was the father of Abd Al-Malik (reigned 685-705 AD) had
a mother named Amina, a wife named Zaynab and another wife named Aisha.
Coincidentially, according to the Islamic traditions, these were also the names of
Muhammads mother and two wives, which further proves that characters were
stolen.
All the Islamic traditions, hadiths, tafsirs and sira were written in 700s, 800s and
900s. Never in 600s. This means when Islamic apologists claim that according
to the Islamic traditions from 700s-800s, "Amr bin Al-`Aass wrote up to one-
thousand Hadiths at time of the prophet.", all they have to do is present those
archaeological findings of these specific hadiths. This means the physical means,
not just in theory. This means that the Islamic traditions from the 9th and 10th
century claim that Amr bin Al-`Aass wrote up to a thousands of hadith in the 7th
century, which is only a text, written 100-200 years after Muhammad supposedly
lived, but no evidence to support that he actually did since there are no evidence
in the 7th century.
It was only narrated in the hadiths in the 9th century that he wrote up to a
thausands of hadiths. This comes under the rubric of later 'Redactions used as
authority markers', which the Islamic Traditions are replete with, in fact are even
dependent on. In order for the later 9th and 10th century hadiths or directives
to be taken seriously, or even to be given credibility, the compilers of the
traditions in those centuries would attribute their Hadith to well known respected
companions of the Prophet, often using a list of names (known as Isnad) which
would trace the line of authority back to Muhammad himself. These became
important after 820 AD, when Sha'afi (the creator of the Sha'afi school of law)
98
stipulated that only those traditions which could trace their lineage back to one
of the Sahaba (companions of the prophet) would be considered authoritative.
Immediately following 820 AD then there was a rush to suddenly create lists
which went right back to the Sahaba.
For brevity, the Muslims today don't write these lists but simply attribute the last
name on the list to give it credence. Of course you can see the problem, can't you.
How can you create lists of people 200-300 years after the fact, when you have
nothing to prove that any of them said even a word on the subject? You can't,
which permitted the 9th and 10th century compilers of the Traditions free reign
to pretty much create any rule or viewpoint they desired, and then simply slap an
authoritative list of names at the end to give it authority and respectability.
The earliest collection of hadiths was written by Imam Malik (711-795 AD) in the
8th century, which is still around 150 years after Muhammad supposedly died.
However, they have been lost, and only survived from the 9th century, since they
were republished.
For further study, read The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qur'an by
Shady Hekmat Nasser (2012).
99
1. In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate.
2. The greatest calamity of the people of
3. Islām (ahl al-Islām) is that which has fallen them on the death of Muhammad
the Prophet;
4. may God grant him peace.
5. This is the tomb of 'Abāssa daughter of
6. Juraij (?), son of (?). May clemency
7. forgiveness and satisfaction of God be on her.
8. She died on Monday four-
9. teen days having elapsed from Dhul-Qa'dah
10. of the year one and seventy,
11. confessing that there is no god but God
12. alone without partner and that
13. Muhammad is His servant and His apostle,
14. may God grant him peace.
“In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful; there is no god but God;
He has no partners; Muhammad is the messenger of God; the servant of God
'Abd al-Malik, the Commander of the Believers, ordered the building of these
milestones under the supervision of Musāwir, the mawlā of the Commander of
the Believers, in [the month of …] in the year eighty-five [704-5 CE]
For further study, read Who is In, Who Is Out? Early Muslim Identity Through
Epigraphy and Theory by Ilkka Lindstedt (2019), and Crossroads to Islam by
Yehuda Nevo (2003).
Other inscriptions
There are no inscriptions before to 691 AD that mentions anything regarding
Islam. The first shahada in a rock inscription is from 700 AD.
The first rock inscription which mentions Hajj is from 701-702 AD.
100
1. Al-Rayyān b. 'Abdullāh testifies that there is no god but God
2. and he testifies that Muhammad is the Messenger of God.
3. then reiterates to those to come to testify to
4. that, God have mercy on al-Rayyān.
5. May He forgive him and cause him to be guided to the path of Paradise
6. and I ask him for marytrdom in his path. A-
7. -men. This was written in
8. the year the Masjid al-Harām was built
9. in the seventy eighth year.
It is an inscription stating that Masjid al-Haram, the mosque that surrounds the
Kaaba was built in 78 AH in Islamic calendar, which is converted to 697-698 AD.
Masjid al-Haram is mentioned in Quran 2:144, 2:149, 2:150, 2:191, 2:196, 2:217,
5:2, 8:34, 9:7, 9:19, 9:28, 17:1, 22:25, 48:25, and 48:27. It is mentioned 15 times
before Muhammad died in 632 AD, and yet it was built in 697-698 AD, which is
65-66 years after Muhammad died.
Some people claim that the inscription says rebuilt instead of built, but the Arabic
word BNY on the inscription clearly means built and not rebuilt. Keep in mind
that the mosque was according to the hadiths below the first mosque ever built,
which contradicts with the inscriptions:
Narrated Abu Dhaar: I said, “O Allah’s Apostle! Which mosque was built first?”
He replied, “Al-Masjid-ul-Haram.” I asked, “Which (was built) next?” He replied,
“Al-Masjid-ul-Aqs-a (i.e. Jerusalem).” I asked, “What was the period in between
them? He replied, forty years. - Sahih al-Bukhari 4:55:636 + Sahih Muslim 520 a
101
first in 636 AD when the first Muslim army reached Jerusalem and conquered
it six months later in 637 AD. It was during this time, according to the Islamic
traditions, that the second caliph, Umar (ruled 634-644 AD), built a small prayer
house during the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661 AD) which was then later built
into the larger Al-Aqsa Mosque. The construction of mosque didn't start until
the late 7th century by Abd al-Malik and and finished by his son al-Walid. This is
important because this proves that the Quran was written after 685 AD when the
reign of Abd Al-Malik (reigned 685-705 AD) began.
The coins called dirhams were introduced by the Sufyani family after 661 AD,
during the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 AD). This is important to know, because
this proves that the Quran was written after 661 AD.
The first reference for Muslims is in 690s in the Chronicle of John of Nikiu.
"Many of the Egyptians who had been false Christians denied the holy orthodox
faith and life-giving baptism, and embraced the religion of the Muslims, the
102
enemies of God, and accepted the detestable doctrine of the beast, this is,
Muhammad" - Chronicle of John of Nikiu.
Summary
The complete summary of all the points have been illustrated in the next pages.
What is interesting is that they all confirm each other: You cannot find anything
islamic between 632 AD (when Muhammad died) until 685 AD, whether it is,
coins, Mecca, qibla, internal sources, external sources, inscriptions - or anything
related to Islam. The only piece of evidence which is still debatable are the C-14
and palaeography of the 7th century fragments.
The conclusion
The Furqan was composed before 685 AD by Umar, Ali and Salman the Persian,
and the Quran was compiled by Al-Hajjaj around 685-714 AD, but Islam itself
was invented between 685-730 AD and evolved from 730-1000 AD.
According to the Islamic traditions, Muhammad did not write the Quran, but was
written in 632-634 AD, after his death. In 652 AD, Uthman ordered the Quran to
be standardized because it differed in different regions, and ordered the old copies
to be burned. Furthermore different dialectical Qurans appeared in the 8th, 9th
and 10th century, and today there are 30 different standard dialectical Qurans.
Furthermore no earliest manuscripts from the 7th century are exactly identical to
the one today or to each other.
103
This page has been left intentionally blank.
Chapter 2: Contradictions in the
Quran
Introduction
This chapter will reveal many different contradictions in the Quran which are
important to know. Although there are many more which has not been included,
the problem with those are that people will always try to find anything unrelated
to prove them right, even if they have nothing to do it the verse in question. Many
times the verses they extract approves something and contradicts something,
which leads to even more verses to extract. It is therefore a common experience
that the more you discuss about Quranic verses, the lower your productivity in
your daily life drops. Below is the Quranic verse which justifies that there are no
contradictions in the Quran:
"Then do they not reflect upon the Qur'an? If it had been from [any] other than
Allah, they would have found within it much contradiction." - Quran 4:82
The author of the Qur’an says the Jews say, “Ezra is the
son of Allah“
"The Jews say, “Ezra is the son of Allah “; and the Christians say, “The Messiah
is the son of Allah .” That is their statement from their mouths; they imitate the
saying of those who disbelieved [before them]. May Allah destroy them; how are
they deluded?" – Quran 9:30
“What did you worship? They will say: We worshipped ‘Uzair (Ezra), son of Allah.
It would be said to them: You tell a lie;” – Sahih Bukhari” 1:352
This is not a contradiction, rather a mistake about the Jewish scripture. It says The
Jews say, “Ezra is the son of Allah”, which is not a part of any Jewish scriptures,
which are the Torah and the Talmuds. The only son mentioned as God's son in
the Jewish scriptures is Israel.
"Who has ascended into heaven and descended? Who has gathered the wind in
His fists? Who has wrapped the waters in His garment? Who has established all
the ends of the earth? What is His name or His son’s name? Surely you know!" -
Proverbs 30:4
Ezra was just a priest and said to be very skilled in law. The first claim people
109
make is that the verse doesn’t say Ezra but Uzair. This statement is still wrong,
because Ezra or not, the Jews only mentioned Israel as the son of God and nobody
else. It is worth remembering that Israel is mentioned 93 times as Isra’il/Israeel
in the Quran, and never as Uzair. Furthermore there is also the Angel of Death
named Azrael. The description that fits Uzair and Ezra is from the tafsir of Ibn
Kathir which is the most reliable tafsir. The pronunciation between the names
Ezra and Uzair are very close indeed.
Many people claim that only some Jews at the time of Muhammad said this by
referring to al-Jahiz and al-Tabari (d. 923), but this sect has died out. Ibn Hazm
(d. 1064) also wrote that there was a group of Jews in Yemen who believed it.
Their statement is irrelevant because God would not make a revelation about
some few tribes who believed that Ezra was the son of God, when in fact the
majority of Jews, together with the Torah and Talmud all confirms that Ezra
was just a priest. Why make a revelation about some tribes who didn't had any
big voices in the Jewish majority? Keep in mind that these sources are not very
reliable since the ony sources are the muslims themselves, and they all mentioned
those Jewish tribes 200-400 years after Muhammad died. There are no Jewish
sources which claimed any tribes said this.
People claim that the verse refers to these small tribes Muhammad had an
encounter with, and if that is the case, then clearly Allah would have known they
didn’t represent the entire Judaism and hadn’t made that revelation to him. It is a
clear indication that Muhammad had a lack of understanding of the very primary
source, namely the old testament, the Torah. If he had read it thoroughly even
though the local Jews said that Ezra is the son of God, he would have spotted the
mistake very quickly. people and scholars also like to claim that Jews didn’t protest
to this verse, therefore it is accurately. By saying this they admit that the Quran is
not true, because it was Allah himself who gave Muhammad the revelations so
Allah would have known that Jews generally didn’t believed that and it was never
written in the Torah or any other Jewish Canon.
People also use the book called The Fourth Book of Ezra which was composed
around first century CE. The problem with this is that it is not a part of Jewish
Canon. It might be relevant to study it academically from scholars around the
world, but religiously, it is not more interesting than a science fiction book.
110
[Allah] said, “But indeed, We have tried your people after you [departed], and
the Samiri has led them astray.”…”So Moses returned to his people, angry and
grieved”. Quran – 20:85-86
The problem is that the Samaritans did not exist in the time of Moses (1400 BC),
but only from 722 BC.
David lived in 1000 BC, and coats of chain mail was invented in 200 BC, which is
800 years after.
Crucifixion came into existence in 400 BC, and the Pharaoh of Moses lived in
1447 BC, which is a difference of roughly 1000 years.
Joseph lived in 1800 BC, and coins were first invented in 600 BC by Lydians. That
is a difference of 1200 years.
111
Quran is talking about the wrong Mary
"And mention, [O Muhammad], in the Book [the story of] Mary, when she
withdrew from her family to a place toward the east..... He said, “I am only the
messenger of your Lord to give you [news of] a pure boy.”" - Quran 19:16-19
"Then she brought him to her people, carrying him. They said, “O Mary, you have
certainly done a thing unprecedented. O sister of Aaron, your father was not a
man of evil, nor was your mother unchaste.”" - Quran 19:27-28
The problem here is that it says O sister of Aaron. The next verse below says that
Imran is her father.
“And [the example of] Mary, the daughter of ‘Imran, who guarded her chastity, so
We blew into [her garment] through Our angel, and she believed in the words of
her Lord and His scriptures and was of the devoutly obedient.” - Quran 66:12
So Mary did not have a brother named Aaron, and she neither had a father named
Imran. But when you look back 1300 years earlier, Miriam had a brother named
Aaron and a father named Amram (Arabic = Imran). In fact the only Aaron
mentioned is the brother of Moses, there are no other Aarons. So according to the
Quran, Mary who had a child named Jesus, had also a brother named Aaron, and
a father named Imran - which is completely false. But if the Quran talks about
Miriam, then the problem is that Miriam did not had a child named Jesus, so no
112
matter what, it really is a mistake. The image below explains the dilemma.
Many Muslims try to explain this by saying Mary was a descendant of Amram
and Aaron, and use this Tafsir:
“(O sister of Harun!) referring to the brother of Musa, because she was of his
descendants. This is similar to the saying, `O brother of Tamim,’ to one who is
from the Tamimi tribe, and `O brother of Mudar,’ to one who is from the Mudari
tribe. It has also been said that she was related to a righteous man among them
whose name was Harun and she was comparable to him in her abstinence and
worship.” - Tafsir Ibn Kathir
But this is totally false because Amram and Aaron were from the tribe of Levi and
Mary was from the tribe of Judah. See image to the left. The bible says the same:
"He will be great and will be called the Son of the Most High. The Lord God will
give him the throne of his father David." - Luke 1: 32
"For it is clear that our Lord descended from Judah, and in regard to that tribe
Moses said nothing about priests" - Hebrew 7:14
113
People will especially use this hadith:
This was as a matter of fact answered with Ibn Kathir, who is the father of all
tafsir, where he explains that when saying Sister of X, it implies that she is a
descendant of the Tribe of X. Ibn Kathir explicitly uses the word tribe and also
explains the meaning of it. Since Mary was from the tribe of Judah and not the
tribe of Levi, the Quran is not correct. The last card people will use is that Mary
was the cousin of Elizabeth who was a descendant of Aaron.
"And, behold, thy cousin Elisabeth, she hath also conceived a son in her old age:
and this is the sixth month with her, who was called barren." - Luke 1:36
To begin with, it is important to mention that the King James translation of the
term syngenis as cousin is not accurate. This greek term simply means relative,
hence Mary and Elizabeth may have been first cousins or even third cousins.
It is worth noting that Judah was the kingly tribe and Levi was the priestly tribe.
The husband of Elizabeths who's name was Zechariah was a Levitical priest,
and we know for sure that Elizabeth was also a Levite since it was required for
all priests who was Levite to marry within their tribes. We can know for sure
that since Elizabeth was from the tribe of Levi, so was her father too since tribal
affiliation was through the father and not mother. A small problem arises since we
do not know that her father was a priest or not. This would mean that it cannot be
determined if the mother of Elizabeth was 100% Levite or non-Levite, which the
mother of Mary could have been related to. There are these possibilities:
We know that the father of Mary whose name is Joachim was from the Judah tribe
according to the Gospel of James and the Gospel of the Nativity of Mary. Tribal
affiliation was through the male line in ancient Israel, so it wouldn’t matter if
114
Mary’s mother was sister to Elizabeth and was a Levite or not.
The only thing that matters is that her father Joachim was from the Judah tribe,
which means that Mary also was. Regarding the tribe of Jesus, these further
evidence supports that Jesus is not from the Levitical tribe:
1. Jesus could not have been a priest because his earthly foster father Joseph was
clearly from the Judah tribe, and the father of Mary, Joachim, was also from
the Judah tribe.
2. Jesus did not come to Earth to be a priest as Levitical tribe was, but rather as a
prophet (as prophesied).
3. The most important is that the priesthood of Jesus was not that of the Levitical
priesthood (Aaron), but the priesthood of Melchizedek. This is very important
to note, because ists would say that he was a priest according to the order of
Levi which will put him in the tribe of Aaron, but this is not the case since it is
the priesthood of Melchizedek.
Joseph was biologically the son of Jacob but legally the son of Heli. Jacob and
Heli were half-brothers. When Heli died childless, Jacob married his widow and
fathered Joseph. So either Jacob or Heli was the father of Joseph and they both are
from the Judah tribe. Luke 3:23 below explains that Heli was the father of Joseph.
“And Jesus himself began to be about thirty years of age, being (as was supposed)
the son of Joseph, which was the son of Heli” - Luke 3:23
Below it is explained that daughters must marry within the same tribe.
"6 This is the thing which the Lord doth command concerning the daughters
of Zelophehad, saying, Let them †marry to whom they think best; gonly to the
family of the tribe of their father shall they †marry. 7 So shall not the inheritance
of the children of Israel remove from tribe to tribe: for every one of the children
of Israel shall †hkeep himself to the inheritance of the tribe of his fathers. 8
And ievery daughter, that possesseth an inheritance in any tribe of the children
of Israel, shall be wife unto one of the family of the tribe of her father, that the
children of Israel may enjoy every man the inheritance of his fathers. 9 Neither
shall the inheritance remove from one tribe to another tribe; but every one of
the tribes of the children of Israel shall keep himself to his own inheritance." -
Numbers 36:6–9
If the relative of Zachariah and Elisabeth was Joachim then that would make
115
Mary a full-blood Levite. So because we know Joseph was from the Judah tribe,
Mary also had to be of the same tribe, because only then would she meet the
requirement of marrying within the same tribe, according to Numbers 36:6-9
above. This will put Joachim out of the question from being a Levite.
Both the lineages of foster father (Joseph) and the legal grandfather (Heli) of Jesus
meet King David. Joseph who is the legal descent of Jesus comes through King
Solomon, David’s son (Matthew 1:6-7). Heli who was the grandfather (not blood
related) lineage of Jesus came through Nathan, another son of David (Luke 3:31).
David is the son of Judah and not Levi. The next verse confirms that the Quran is
not speaking about tribes, but the wife of Imran who according to the Quran was
pregnant to Mary and gave birth to her:
"[Mention, O Muhammad], when the wife of 'Imran said, "My Lord, indeed I have
pledged to You what is in my womb, consecrated [for Your service], so accept this
from me. Indeed, You are the Hearing, the Knowing." But when she delivered her,
she said, "My Lord, I have delivered a female." And Allah was most knowing of
what she delivered, "And the male is not like the female. And I have named her
Mary, and I seek refuge for her in You and [for] her descendants from Satan, the
expelled [from the mercy of Allah ]." - Quran 3:35-36
The next verse confirms that she is the mother of Jesus, because she was put in the
care of Zechariah who didn't live during the time of Moses:
"So her Lord accepted her with good acceptance and caused her to grow in a good
manner and put her in the care of Zechariah. Every time Zechariah entered upon
her in the prayer chamber, he found with her provision. He said, "O Mary, from
where is this [coming] to you?" She said, "It is from Allah . Indeed, Allah provides
for whom He wills without account."" - Quran 3:37
And the next verse below confirms that is talking about the same Mary, the
mother of Jesus:
"[And mention] when the angels said, "O Mary, indeed Allah gives you good
tidings of a word from Him, whose name will be the Messiah, Jesus, the son of
Mary - distinguished in this world and the Hereafter and among those brought
near [to Allah ]." - Quran 3:45
116
" And We made an appointment with Moses for thirty nights and perfected them
by [the addition of] ten; so the term of his Lord was completed as forty nights.
And Moses said to his brother Aaron, "Take my place among my people, do right
[by them], and do not follow the way of the corrupters."" - Quran 7:142
• Joachim and Anna are the parents of Mary. Joachim is according to the Gospel
of James, a descendant of King David. Joachim is mentioned in the Gospel of
James and the Gospel of the Nativity of Mary
• Jacob and Heli were half brothers, and when Heli died childless, Jacob married
his widow and got his son Joseph. Jacob is Josephs biological father, but Heli
is his legal father. Both Jacob and Heli were of the Judah tribe - one through
Solomon and the other through Nathan. Regardless what Joseph is from the
Judah tribe whether legally or biologically.
• Jesus was a high priest according to the order of Melchizedek, and not that of
Levi. This confuses some that he may be from Levi tribe, which is not true.
• It doesn’t matter if Mary’s mother is from the tribe of Levi or not due to being
related to Elizabeth, since Joachim is from the tribe of Judah and that makes
Mary and Jesus biologically from the tribe of Judah. Tribal affiliation was
through the male line in ancient Israel.
• Numbers 36:6–9 explains that daughters must marry within the same tribe.
Joseph was for sure according to the bible from the Judah tribe, and that means
that Mary also must have been that in order for her to marry him.
• The wife of Imran gave birth to Mary, the mother of Jesus, according to the
Quran, who was put in her care of Zechariah, a person who didn't live during
the time of Moses.
This concludes the heritage of Mary that she indeed is from the tribe of Judah
and not Levi, and that the Quran specifically refers to the wife of Imran being the
mother of Mary, who in turn was the mother of Jesus. In the next page, the lineage
of Mary has been illustrated.
"And the prophet (Jeremiah) said: "His coming will be a sign for you, and for other
children at the end of the world. And nobody will bring forth the hidden Ark from
117
118
the rock, except the priest Aaron, the brother of Mary. And nobody will unveil the
tables therein, nor be able to read them, except the lawgiver Moses, the chosen
of the Lord. And at the resurrection of the dead, the Ark will be the first to rise
from the rock and to be placed on Mount Sinai, so that the word of the prophet
David will be fulfilledĪ in which he said: ‘Arise, O Lord, to your resting place, You
and the Ark of Your holiness’, which is the Holy Virgin Mary who passes from
this world to the presence of God, she to whom the apostles proclaimed in Zion
the praise of Myrrh saying: 'Today the Virgin is being guided from Bethlehem to
Zion, and today from earth to heaven', and all the saints are gathered together
around her and wait for the Lord, putting to flight the enemy who aims to destroy
them" - Lection of Jeremiah
There were also some Jews who believed that the Messiah would be from the
lineage of Aaron and not from David. This evidence can be found in the Dead Sea
Scrolls of Qumran, probably was used by the Essenes, which is a sect that lived
during the time of Jesus. However these would only be an idea and a belief that
the Messiah was from the lineage of Aaron, but is not a part of the Bible.
For further study, read The Qur'an and its Hypertextuality in Light of Redaction
Criticism by Guillaume Dye (2015).
119
This means Sahih Muslim and Ibn Kathir, in which they claim Mary was a
descendant from Imram and tribe Levi, does not neccessary contradict "sister
of Aaron" and "Mary, the daugther of Imran", in which it can mean being a
descendant of Aaron and Imran, but they both contradict "The wife of Imran"
since it places Mary in the same position as Miriam in 1400 BC. The very sources,
which are the Sahih Muslim hadith and tafsir Ibn Kathir, which people use to
justify that the Arab Christians from Najran did not object to Mary having a
father named Imran, contradicts the Quran. Therefore Sahih Muslim and Ibn
Kathir are invalid. The Quran was furthermore only translated into latin in the
12th-13th century, and therefore most Christians did not had properly access to
the Quran in order to object to it.
If Mary, the mother of Jesus, did had a brother named Aaron and a father named
Imran, according to the Quran, then makes the Sahih Muslim and Ibn Kathir not
correct - and there are no evidence to support that Mary ever had a father named
Imran, and neither a brother named Aaron. If Mary, according to Sahih Muslim
and Ibn Kathir, was a descendant of Aaron, and had a father named Imran, then
there is no evidence to support this. In fact there is no evidence to support that
people before in the ancient used to give names for people who have gone before
them.
"So she pointed to him. They said, "How can we speak to one who is in the cradle
a child?" [Jesus] said, "Indeed, I am the servant of Allah . He has given me the
Scripture and made me a prophet. And He has made me blessed wherever I am
and has enjoined upon me prayer and zakah as long as I remain alive and [made
me] dutiful to my mother, and He has not made me a wretched tyrant. And peace
is on me the day I was born and the day I will die and the day I am raised alive." -
Quran 19:33
120
This is taken directly from the Arabic Gospel of the Infancy of the Savior, which
was influnced by Infancy Gospel of Thomas and the Gospel of James:
"He has said that Jesus spoke, and, indeed, when He was lying in His cradle said to
Mary His mother: I am Jesus, the Son of God, the Logos, whom thou hast brought
forth, as the Angel Gabriel announced to thee; and my Father has sent me for the
salvation of the world." - Arabic Gospel of the Infancy of the Savior
The very text which people claim is a forgery and an apocryphal text to justify that
the Quran was not wrong, was copied into the Quran. In chapter 4-5 of Gospel of
James, it says:
"Anna said: As the Lord my God lives, if I beget either male or female, I will bring
it as a gift to the Lord my God; and it shall minister to Him in holy things all the
days of its life........... And her months were fulfilled, and in the ninth month Anna
brought forth. And she said to the midwife: What have I brought forth? And she
said: A girl. And said Anna: My soul has been magnified this day. And she laid her
down. And the days having been fulfilled, Anna was purified, and gave the breast
to the child, and called her name Mary. - Gospel of James, chapter 4-5
This same story can be seen in the Quran below, which is seen as a forgery by
people to justify the truthfulness of the Quran:
"[Mention, O Muhammad], when the wife of 'Imran said, "My Lord, indeed I have
pledged to You what is in my womb, consecrated [for Your service], so accept this
from me. Indeed, You are the Hearing, the Knowing." But when she delivered her,
she said, "My Lord, I have delivered a female." And Allah was most knowing of
what she delivered, "And the male is not like the female. And I have named her
Mary, and I seek refuge for her in You and [for] her descendants from Satan, the
expelled [from the mercy of Allah ]."" - Quran 3:35-36
Since the Quran directly has borrowed these stories from the Gospel of James,
which is an apocryphal text according to them themselves, therefore the Quran
must also be wrong. This means that if people claim that this story is true, then
the Gospel of James is true, but then it contradicts the name of the father of
Mary, where in the Quran it is Imran and in the Gospel of James it is Joachim,
which in turn contradicts the linaege where in the Gospel of James goes through
tribe Judah, and in the Quran goes through tribe Levi due to the Sister of Aaron
claim. If the Quran really did mean that Virgin Mary had a brother named Aaron
and a father named Imran, it would still contradict the Gospel of James, which
121
according to themselves is a forgery.
This means the only way people can save the name of the father being Imran,
and thereby the lineage, is by calling the Gospel of James a forgery, but since
the Quran directly borrowed different stories from the Gospel of James, thereby
making the Quran also a human made document. But in order to save the stories
borrowed from the Gospel of James, they must claim that the Gospel of James
is not a forgery, but then it would contradict the father of Mary, and thereby the
lineage.
This full and definitive contradiction is found for the first time mentioned in this
book, Disproving Islam (2020) by the author.
Jesus’ death
"And [for] their saying, "Indeed, we have killed the Messiah, Jesus, the son of
Mary, the messenger of Allah." And they did not kill him, nor did they crucify
him; but [another] was made to resemble him to them. And indeed, those who
differ over it are in doubt about it. They have no knowledge of it except the
following of assumption. And they did not kill him, for certain. Rather, Allah
raised him to Himself. And ever is Allah Exalted in Might and Wise.” - Quran
4:157-158
There are many historical evidences, from the Greeks, from the jews, from the
Romans, who have documented that Jesus was indeed crucified, excluding the
Bible. Even John and Mary knew it was Jesus from the crowds. The only evidence
he wasn’t crucified comes from the Quran. Many respective new testament
scholar, regardless of theological background, agrees that the Islamic view of the
crucifixion is wrong.
“The most certain fact about the historical Jesus is his execution as a political
rebel.” - New testament scholar Marcus Borg
“The single most solid fact about Jesus’ life is his death: he was executed by the
122
Roman prefect Pilate, on or around Passover, in the manner Rome reserved
particularly for political insurrectionists, namely, crucifixion.” Paula Fredriksen
“One of the most certain facts of history is that Jesus was crucified on orders
of the Roman prefect of Judea, Ponitus Pilate.” - New testament scholar Bart
Ehrman
“That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be.” - J.D. Crossan
Mark 15:37, Mathew 27:50, Luke 23:46, John 19:30, Isaiah 53:5, Mark 9:39,
Matthew 17:22, Matthew 28:5-7 all confirms that Jesus died or or the prophecy
that he will die.
In the Quranic verse above, it is revealed that Muhammad was mentioned in the
Torah and Bible. The only problem is that he is nowhere to be found. There is this
Biblical verse people use to justify this:
“If you love Me, 4keep My commandments. And I will pray the Father, and He
will give you another Helper, that He may abide with you forever - John 14:15-16
"the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees Him
nor knows Him; but you know Him, for He dwells with you wand will be in you."
- John 14:17
This means that the helper is the Spirit of truth, and he cannot be seen. It also says
that they knew him, because he dwells with them. However what is interesting
is that in the Book of Deuteronomy, which is the fifth book of the Torah, it is
mentioned not to worship Islam in the form of the crescent moon nor bow down
to a stone:
123
"And when you look up to the sky and see the sun, the moon and the stars—all
the heavenly array—do not be enticed into bowing down to them and worshiping
things the Lord your God has apportioned to all the nations under heaven." -
Deuteronomy 4:19
" and contrary to my command has worshiped other gods, bowing down to them
or to the sun or the moon or the stars in the sky," - Deuteronomy 17:3
"Ye shall make you no idols nor graven image, neither rear you up a standing
image, neither shall ye set up any image of stone in your land, to bow down unto
it: for I am the Lord your God." - Leviticus 26:1
"For false messiahs and false prophets will appear and perform great signs and
wonders to deceive, if possible, even the elect." - Matthew 24:24
It is claimed by muslims that the Bible and Torah are corrupt, and above are most
of the Quranic verses mentioned which they believe state this claim. But the
contradictions lies in the following verses:
“And let the People of the Gospel judge by what Allah has revealed therein. And
whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed - then it is those who are the
defiantly disobedient.” - Quran 5:47
“Say, “O People of the Scripture, you are [standing] on nothing until you uphold
[the law of] the Torah, the Gospel, and what has been revealed to you from
your Lord.” And that which has been revealed to you from your Lord will surely
increase many of them in transgression and disbelief. So do not grieve over the
124
disbelieving people.” - Quran 5:68
“So if you are in doubt, [O Muhammad], about that which We have revealed to
you, then ask those who have been reading the Scripture before you. The truth has
certainly come to you from your Lord, so never be among the doubters.” - Quran
10:94
"He has revealed to you the Book with truth, verifying that which is before it, and
He revealed the Tavrat and the Injeel aforetime, a guidance for the people, and He
sent the Furqan." - Quran 3:3
“And before this Quran the Book of Moses was revealed as a guide and mercy.
And this Book is a confirmation, in the Arabic tongue, to warn those who do
wrong, and as good news to those who do good.” - Quran 46:12
"And they say, "Why does he not bring us a sign from his Lord?" Has there not
come to them evidence of what was in the former scriptures?" - 20:133
The verses mentioned above all clearly states that the Bible and Torah are not
corrupt. The more important thing is that the Quran was not revealed because
previous scriptures were corrupt, it was because the Arabs did not have any
excuse on the day of judgement since they couldn’t read other languages than
Arabic. The following verse confirms it:
"And this [Qur’an] is a Book We have revealed [which is] blessed, so follow it and
fear Allah that you may receive mercy. [We revealed it] lest you say, “The Scripture
was only sent down to two groups before us, but we were of their study unaware,”
Or lest you say, “If only the Scripture had been revealed to us, we would have been
better guided than they.” So there has [now] come to you a clear evidence from
your Lord and a guidance and mercy. Then who is more unjust than one who
denies the verses of Allah and turns away from them? We will recompense those
who turn away from Our verses with the worst of punishment for their having
turned away.” - Quran 6:155-157
It is clear from the verses above that Allah did not reveal the Quran because the
previous scriptures were corrupted, but rather because the Arabs did not have any
excuses in the day of judgement. All these verses mentioned proves that none of
the two previous scriptures are corrupt. So these two possibilities exists:
• If the Torah and the Bible are the words of God, then Islam is false, because
they contradict Islam.
125
• If the Torah and Bible are not the words of God, then Islam is also false,
because Allah affirms the authenticity and preservation of the Torah and the
Bible which are is not true.
If the Torah and Bible really were corrupt then it contradict the verses Quran
6:155-157. What makes this verse very strange is that there have been a bible
translated into Arabic in about 6th-8th century, so obviously there was no need
for a Quran if Allah wanted a revelation for a people who could only speak and
read in Arabic. If a bible was translated into Arabic in 8th century, 100 years after
Muhammad’s death, then Allah would have known this detail and not use time
and energy for a new prophet.
"Gabriel then said: (Did He not find thee) O Muhammad (wandering) among
people in error (and direct (thee)) and guided you by means of prophethood? The
Prophet (pbuh) said: "Yes, O Gabriel!" - Ibn Abbas tafsir
"So know, [O Muhammad], that there is no deity except Allah and ask forgiveness
for your sin and for the believing men and believing women. And Allah knows of
your movement and your resting place." - Quran 47:19
According to the Quran, Muhammad was born with errors, and It is clear from
these verses and tafsir that Muhammad made mistakes, and there are additional
Quranic verses to support it. However, comparing it with Jesus in the Bible:
"God made him who had no sin to be sin for us, so that in him we might become
the righteousness of God." - 2 Corinthians 5:21
“He committed no sin, and no deceit was found in his mouth.” - 1 Peter 2:22
"For we do not have a high priest who is unable to empathize with our
weaknesses, but we have one who has been tempted in every way, just as we are—
yet he did not sin." - Hebrews 4:15
If the prophet of Islam came to guide mankind, how come that he needed to be
guided himself? Many people also claim he was perfect, but these verses, and the
126
explaining tafsir clearly shows that he was not. Now what is interesting is that not
only is Jesus mentioned as being sinless in the Bible, but also in the Quran:
"He said, "I am only the messenger of your Lord to give you [news of] a pure
boy."" - Quran 19:19
"He said: I am only a messenger of thy Lord, that I may bestow on thee a faultless
son." - Ibn Abbas tafsir
The question is, why this prophet, Jesus of Christianity was sinless, and the model
of Islam, Muhammad is supposedly the model of humanity and is considered to
be perfect?
“And when our verses are recited to them as clear evidences, they say, “This
is not but a man who wishes to avert you from that which your fathers were
worshipping.” And they say, “This is not except a lie invented.” And those who
disbelieve say of the truth when it has come to them, “This is not but obvious
magic.” And We had not given them any scriptures which they could study, and
We had not sent to them before you, [O Muhammad], any warner.” - Quran
34:43-44
“Or do they say, “He invented it”? Rather, it is the truth from your Lord, [O
Muhammad], that you may warn a people to whom no warner has come before
you [so] perhaps they will be guided.” - Quran 32:3
Indeed, We have sent you with the truth as a bringer of good tidings and a warner.
And there was no nation but that there had passed within it a warner. - Quran
35:24
“And thus We have revealed to you an Arabic Qur’an that you may warn the
Mother of Cities [Makkah] and those around it and warn of the Day of Assembly,
about which there is no doubt. A party will be in Paradise and a party in the
127
Blaze.” - 42:7
All these verses above states that the arabs were not warned until Muhammad.
The question is why did Abraham and Ismai’il then built the Kaaba in the Quranic
verse 2:125?
"Remember We made the House a place of assembly for men and a place of safety;
and take ye the station of Abraham as a place of prayer; and We covenanted with
Abraham and Isma’il, that they should sanctify My House for those who compass
it round, or use it as a retreat, or bow, or prostrate themselves (therein in prayer)."
Quran 2:125
Since there were Jews and Christians in Arabian peninsula, the arabs had the
opportunity to just listen to them and be warned from the Torah and the Bible.
The obvious reason to this is that ists claim that the previous scriptures are
corrupt, but according to the Quran, Allah repeatedly mentions in Surah 3:3-4,
5:47, 5:68, 7:157, 10:94, 18:27 and 46:12 that they are not.
“And before this Quran the Book of Moses was revealed as a guide and mercy.
And this Book is a confirmation, in the Arabic tongue, to warn those who do
wrong, and as good news to those who do good.” - Quran 46:12
This means that the Quran confirms the previous scriptures, and the purpose of it
is to give it in Arabic language, so Arabs have no excuse in the day of judgement.
The next verse makes it even more clear:
“And this [Qur’an] is a Book We have revealed [which is] blessed, so follow it and
fear Allah that you may receive mercy. [We revealed it] lest you say, “The Scripture
was only sent down to two groups before us, but we were of their study unaware,”
Or lest you say, “If only the Scripture had been revealed to us, we would have been
better guided than they.” So there has [now] come to you a clear evidence from
your Lord and a guidance and mercy. Then who is more unjust than one who
denies the verses of Allah and turns away from them? We will recompense those
who turn away from Our verses with the worst of punishment for their having
turned away.” - Quran 6:155-157
So according to the verses above, the Quran was not revealed because the
previous scriptures were corrupted, but because then the Arabs had no excuses in
128
the day of judgement because they couldn't read in other languages.
"And [beware the Day] when Allah will say, "O Jesus, Son of Mary, did you say
to the people, 'Take me and my mother as deities besides Allah ?'" He will say,
"Exalted are You! It was not for me to say that to which I have no right. If I had
said it, You would have known it. You know what is within myself, and I do not
know what is within Yourself. Indeed, it is You who is Knower of the unseen." -
Quran 5:116
“So they were two slaves of Allah, like all other people, and they were not gods as
the ignorant Christians claim.” – Tafseer Ibn Katheer (3/159).
“This is concerning their (Christians) making the Messiah and his mother into 2
gods with Allah” – Tafsir Al-Suddi al-Kabir
According to the Quranic verses and tafsirs, mother Mary is a goddess. This is
not true. Christians never believed that was God or any part of the Trinity which
comprises of The Father, The Son, and The Holy Spirit.
"Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of
the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit," - Matthew 28:19
"May the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship
of the Holy Spirit be with you all." - 2 Corinthians 13:14
People use the excuse to say that the Christians had changed this, but there are
not a single supportive evidence. There are even Bibles who are older than the
time of Muhammad, and none of them claims that mother Mary was a goddes.
Other apologists like to say that only some Christians said it during the time of
Muhammad. First of all, they have no proof to support their claims. In the end,
why would Allah mentioned that only some Christians said this when he knew
that it is not the truth? Second of all, this claim is false, because the Quranic verse
129
5:116 above clearly says that Allah asked Jesus whether he had told the people to
worship himself and Mary as gods besides Allah. So the verse occours during the
time of Jesus, and not during the time of Muhammad.
"(It was said unto him): O Zachariah! Lo! We bring thee tidings of a son whose
name is John; we have given the same name to none before (him)." - Quran 19:7
John the Baptist was born around the first decade BC and died around 28-36 CE.
There were at least two people from the old testament who were given the name
John. The first example in the old testament is the ruler named John Hyrcanus
who died in 104 BC, around a hundred years before John the Baptist. Since John
originates from the hebrew name Yohanan, the other example is the high priest
named Johanan who lived during the 3rd century BC.
This is called double negatives, which will be explained separately with the three
examples.
The correct way would had been he will recite what he has prohibited to you, and
then join anything equal with him. Here joining equal with him is prohibited.
130
In the second part, the author says he will recite what he has prohibited to you,
and in the next sentence, he prohibted to be good to your parents. This means that
Allah has prohibited to be good to your parents. The word "not" should had been
added.
The correct way would had been he will recite what he has prohibited to you,
and then be not good to your parents. Here not being good to your parents is
prohibited.
The correct way would had been he will recite what he has prohibited to you, and
then kill your children on a plea of want. Here killing your children is prohibited.
"Say, "Come, I will recite what your Lord has prohibited to you. [He commands]
that you not associate anything with Him, and to parents, good treatment, and do
not kill your children out of poverty; We will provide for you and them. And do
not approach immoralities - what is apparent of them and what is concealed. And
do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden [to be killed] except by [legal] right.
This has He instructed you that you may use reason."" - Quran 6:151
131
and as good news to those who do good.” - Quran 46:12
"And We certainly know that they say, "It is only a human being who teaches the
Prophet." The tongue of the one they refer to is foreign, and this Qur'an is [in] a
clear Arabic language." - Quran 16:103
"Indeed, We have sent it down as an Arabic Qur'an that you might understand." -
Quran 12:2
This is not true. There are many non-Arabic words in the Quran, in fact according
to the book Al Muhadhdhab by Al-Suyuti (1445-1505 AD) there are 275 non-
Arabic words in almost 15 different languages, including Egyptian, Hebrew, Syriac,
Christian Aramaic, and Ethiopian, Persian, Greek, Coptic, Romanian and others.
The word As-Sam'd is a hebrew word which means inclusive of all characters.
132
The word Abareeq' is a persian word which means vessels.
"With vessels, pitchers and a cup [of wine] from a flowing spring -" Quran 56:18
The word Sajjil is a persian word which means the stoney mud.
The word nashet-Al lail is an ethiopian word which means wake up by night.
"Indeed, the hours of the night are more effective for concurrence [of heart and
tongue] and more suitable for words." - Quran 73:6
133
Indian words in the Quran
The word al-Soundos is an indian word which means the thin curtain.
"Wearing [garments of] fine silk and brocade, facing each other." - Quran 44:53
The word Bata'nha is a coptic word which means its external look.
"[They are] reclining on beds whose linings are of silk brocade, and the fruit of the
two gardens is hanging low."
Some people say that Allah says that the Quran was revealed in Arabic, but it
doesn't say pure Arabic. Actually it does, the Quranic verses above specifically
says clear Arabic and Arabic tongue. A tongue is used to pronounce each word
differently.
134
In the above verses it is stated that to be aware of those who write with their own
hands, which is not a part of the Old Testament and New Testament. The Jews
wrote mishnats and talmuds, which are not a part of the Torah, but are made by
clerics. The Quranic verse below is found to be copied from a jewish talmud.
"Because of that, We decreed upon the Children of Israel that whoever kills a
soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain
mankind entirely. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind
entirely." - Quran 5:32
A cleric wrote talmuds regarding Cain and Abel in the 2nd century. When a scribe
transcribed the talmuds in the 5th century, he wrote as a side note this phrase:
“if any man has caused a single life to perish from Israel, he is deemed by
Scripture as if he had caused a whole world to perish; and anyone who saves
a single soul from Israel, he is deemed by Scripture as if he had saved a whole
world.” - Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5 - Sefaria
There are different wordings of it, two of them are mentioned. However, the
talmud from the 5th century which included the side note was transcribed again
in the late 5th century, where this side note was incorpurated into the main
talmud. Not only did the Quran copied a talmud, which is man made by clerics
and contradicts the Quranic verse above, but it copied a side note which was not
originally a part of talmud from the 2nd century.
Indeed just the idea that he needs to do anything to prevent anything is contrary
to ashariyya theology since supposedly Allah causes everything to happen.
Therefore all he should have to do is just not cause something to happen. He
135
shouldn’t have to do anything to prevent anything because that would mean
things have external causes and that Allah doesn’t actually cause everything to
happen.
In the above verse it is stated that Allah allows to marry up to four wives. The
problem with this verse is, as explained in the next chapter, is that there is
about 51% males and 49% females in the world. Thus, the ratio is about 1:1, and
therefore men must only marry one female in order for the entire population of
men to have a female available for them.
According to this verse, Allah has created everything in pairs. However, for
theists, there must be atheists. Therefore this verse contradicts the purpose of the
Quran.
136
According to the Quran, Adam and Eve were the first people on Earth. They don't
necessary have to be siblings, however, to reproduce themselves, they had to have
sex and get children. However, the children are then siblings, and to reproduce
themselves and get children, they had to have sex. This would contradict the
Quranic verse above which prohibits to marry your brothers and sisters.
It is important to note that people say that this law was given later, however,
according to the Quran, it always has existed:
Yes
They have not appraised Allah with true appraisal, while the earth entirely will
be [within] His grip on the Day of Resurrection, and the heavens will be folded
in His right hand. Exalted is He and high above what they associate with Him. -
Quran 39:67
Yes
Indeed, those who pledge allegiance to you, [O Muhammad] - they are actually
pledging allegiance to Allah . The hand of Allah is over their hands. So he who
breaks his word only breaks it to the detriment of himself. And he who fulfills that
which he has promised Allah - He will give him a great reward. - 48:10
Yes
Allah’s Apostle said, “On the Day of Resurrection, Allah will grasp the whole
Earth by His Hand, and all the Heavens in His Right, and then He will say, ‘I am
the King.” Abu Huraira said, “Allah’s Apostle said,” Allah will grasp the Earth…’ ”
- Sahih Bukhari, Volume 9, Book 93, Number 509
Yes
The Prophet said, “The Right (Hand) of Allah Is full, and (Its fullness) is not
affected by the continuous spending night and day. Do you see what He has spent
since He created the Heavens and the Earth? Yet all that has not decreased what
is in His Right Hand. His Throne is over the water and in His other Hand is the
137
Bounty or the Power to bring about death, and He raises some people and brings
others down.” - Sahih Bukhari, Volume 9, Book 93, Number 515:
There are many people around the world who are born completely without arms
and legs while it is necessary to pray and worship Allah with hands. This goes
against his goal why he created mankind.
24 months
"And We have enjoined upon man concerning his partners – His mother beareth
him in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning is in two years – Give thanks
unto Me and unto thy parents. Unto Me is the journeying" – Quran 31:14
138
He it is Who created for you all that is in the earth. Then turned He to the heaven,
and fashioned it as seven heavens. And He is knower of all things. – Quran 2:29
The heaven
Are ye the harder to create, or is the heaven that He built? He raised the height
thereof and ordered it; And He made dark the night thereof, and He brought forth
the morn thereof. And after that He spread the earth. He extracted from it its
water and its pasture, And the mountains He set firmly As provision for you and
your grazing livestock. – Quran 79:27-33
No
Allah forgiveth not (The sin of) joining other gods with Him; but He forgiveth
whom He pleaseth other sins than this: one who joins other gods with Allah, Hath
strayed far, far away (from the right) – Quran 4:116
No
Allah forgiveth not that partners should be set up with Him; but He forgiveth
anything else, to whom He pleaseth; to set up partners with Allah is to devise a sin
Most heinous indeed. – Quran 4:48
The temple at Jerusalem was built by Solomon around 958-951 BC, so the Kaaba
must have been built 40 years before which makes it between 998-991 BC. But the
Quran says Abraham built it, and he lived about 2000 BC. In the Bukhari hadith
below it is stated that Muhammad wanted to destroy the Kaaba:
"Narrated Aswad: Ibn Az-Zubair said to me, “Aisha used to tell you secretly a
number of things. What did she tell you about the Ka’ba?” I replied, “She told me
that once the Prophet said, ‘O ‘Aisha! Had not your people been still close to the
pre-Islamic period of ignorance (infidelity)! I would have dismantled the Ka’ba
and would have made two doors in it; one for entrance and the other for exit.”
Later on Ibn Az-Zubair did the same." - Sahih al-Bukhari 126
If the Kaaba was built from the order of Allah, why would Muhammad want
it to destroy it? The truth is that the Kaaba has nothing to do with Abraham
or Ishmael, but was a wholly pagan heritage. Egyptian Professor and foremost
authority on Arabic literature, Dr. Taha Husayn stated the following:
"The case for this episode is very obvious because it is of recent date and came
into vogue just before the rise of Islam. Islam exploited it for religious reasons." –
Mizan al-Islam by Anwar al-Jundi, p. 170
Is alcohol okay?
Yes
"Surely the pious will be in bliss … their thirst will be slaked with pure wine
sealed." – Quran 83:22
Yes
"A similitude of the Garden which those who keep their duty (to Allah) are
promised: Therein are rivers of water unpolluted … and rivers of wine delicious to
the drinkers." – Quran 47:15
Yes
"And from the fruit of the date-palm and the vine, ye get out wholesome drink
and food: behold, in this also is a sign for those who are wise" – Quran 16:67
No
"O you who believe! Strong drink and games of chance and idols and divine
arrows are only an infamy of Satan’s handiwork. Leave it aside that you may
succeed." – Quran 5:90
No
"They question thee about strong drink and games of chance. Say: In both is
great sin, and (some) utility for men; but the sin of them is greater than their
usefulness. And they ask thee what they ought to spend. Say: that which is
superfluous. Thus Allah maketh plain to you (His) revelations, that haply ye may
reflect." – Quran 2:219
No
"Wonderful Originator of the heavens and the earth; How can He have a son
when He has no consort? He created all things, and He hath full knowledge of all
things" – Quran 6:101
Yes
"Of them there are some who (pretend to) listen to thee; but We have thrown
veils on their hearts, So they understand it not, and deafness in their ears; if they
saw every one of the signs, not they will believe in them; in so much that when
they come to thee, they (but) dispute with thee; the Unbelievers say: “These are
nothing but tales of the ancients.”" – Quran 6:25
50.000 years
"The angels and the spirit ascend unto him in a Day the measure whereof is (as)
fifty thousand years" – Quran 70:4
People usually use a hadith to make sure one of them is true. The fact remains
that both still exists in the Quran. Another explanation they frequently use is that
yawm means period so therefore Quran 22:47 can mean thousands of years. This
is incorrect. The arabian dictionary says that al-yawn is the time from sunrise to
sunset. In astronomy al-yawn is defined when earth revovles around its axis one
time, which is twenty four hours. Even in the Quran yawn is referred to as one
day. Therefore al-yawm (day) cannot mean just an indefinite period of time, it
means specifically a day. Day of Judgment is yawm al-din, in which Islam itself
insist it means day. If Allah wanted to say period in his clear book he would have
said fatra, moda or hikba.
How long did it take Allah to create heaven and earth?
6 days
"Verily your Lord is Allah, who created the heavens and the earth in six days,
and is firmly established on the throne (of authority), regulating and governing
all things. No intercessor (can plead with Him) except after His leave (hath been
obtained). This is Allah your Lord; Him therefore serve ye: will ye not receive
admonition?" – Quran 10:3
8 days
"Say: Is it that ye deny Him Who created the earth in two Days? And do ye join
equals with Him? He is the Lord of (all) the Worlds. He placed therein firm
hills rising above it, and blessed it and measured therein its sustenance in four
Days, alike for (all) who ask; Then He ordained them seven heavens in two Days
and inspired in each heaven its mandate; and We decked the nether heaven
with lamps, and rendered it inviolable. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the
Knower" – Quran 41:9-12
No
"Whatever good, (O man!) happens to thee, is from Allah. But whatever evil
happens to thee, is from thyself. But what has come to these people. That they fail
to understand a single fact" – Quran 4:79
No
"Behold! the angels said: “O Mary! Allah giveth thee glad tidings of a Word from
Him: his name will be Christ Jesus, the son of Mary, held in honour in this world
and the Hereafter and of (the company of) those nearest to Allah;" – Quran 3:45
Many angels
"But how (will it be) when the angels take their souls at death, and smite their
faces and their backs?" – Quran 47:27
Allah
"It is Allah that takes the souls (of men) at death; and those that die not (He takes)
during their sleep: those on whom He has passed the decree of death, He keeps
back (from returning to life), but the rest He sends (to their bodies) for a term
appointed verily in this are Signs for those who reflect." – Quran 39:42
Muhammad
"No partner hath He: this am I commanded, and I am the first of those who bow
to His will." – Quran 6:163
Muhammad
“And I am commanded to be the first of those who bow to Allah in Islam.” –
Quran 39:12
Moses
"When Moses came to the place appointed by Us, and his Lord addressed him, He
said: “O my Lord! show (Thyself) to me, that I may look upon thee.” Allah said:
“By no means canst thou see Me (direct); But look upon the mount; if it abide
in its place, then shalt thou see Me.” When his Lord manifested His glory on the
Mount, He made it as dust. And Moses fell down in a swoon. When he recovered
his senses he said: “Glory be to Thee! to Thee I turn in repentance, and I am the
first to believe.”" – Quran 7:143
Abraham
"And this was the legacy that Abraham left to his sons, and so did Jacob; “Oh
my sons! Allah hath chosen the Faith for you; then die not except in the Faith of
Islam.”" – Quran 2:132
Abraham
"Abraham was not a Jew nor yet a Christian; but he was true in Faith, and bowed
his will to Allah’s, and he joined not gods with Allah." – Quran 3:67
Egyptians
"Lo! we ardently hope that our Lord will forgive us our sins because we are the
first of the believers" – Quran 26:51
Strength of believers
A strength of 10 non-muslims
"One Muslim is more powerful than 10 non-Muslims – If there be of you twenty
steadfast they shall overcome two hundred, and if there be of you a hundred
(steadfast) they shall overcome a thousand of those who disbelieve" – Quran 8:65
One
"O ye who believe! Violate not the sanctity of the symbols of Allah, nor of the
sacred month, nor of the animals brought for sacrifice, nor the garlands that
mark out such animals, nor the people resorting to the sacred house, seeking of
the bounty and good pleasure of their Lord. But when ye are clear of the sacred
precincts and of pilgrim garb, ye may hunt and let not the hatred of some people
in (once) shutting you out of the Sacred Mosque lead you to transgression (and
hostility on your part). Help ye one another in righteousness and piety, but help ye
not one another in sin and rancour: fear Allah: for Allah is strict in punishment."
– Quran 5:2
Accepts it
"There was indeed in them an excellent example for you to follow,- for those
whose hope is in Allah and in the Last Day. But if any turn away, truly Allah is
Free of all Wants, Worthy of all Praise." – Quran 60:6
Yes
"We sent after them Jesus the son of Mary, and bestowed on him the Gospel; and
we ordained in the hearts of those who followed him compassion and mercy." –
Quran 57:27
No
"O ye who believe! Take not the Jews and the Christians for friends. They are
friends one to another. He among you who taketh them for friends is (one) of
them. Lo! Allah guideth not wrongdoing folk." - Quran 5:51
No
"Those messengers We endowed with gifts, some above others: To one of them
Allah spoke; others He raised to degrees (of honour); to Jesus the son of Mary
We gave clear (Signs), and strengthened him with the holy spirit. If Allah had so
willed, succeeding generations would not have fought among each other, after
clear (Signs) had come to them, but they (chose) to wrangle, some believing and
others rejecting. If Allah had so willed, they would not have fought each other;
but Allah Fulfilleth His plan." – Quran 2:253
No
"For them are glad tidings, in the life of the present and in the Hereafter; no
change can there be in the words of Allah. This is indeed the supreme felicity." –
Quran 10:64
Yes
"None of Our revelations do We abrogate or cause to be forgotten, but We
substitute something better or similar: Knowest thou not that Allah Hath power
over all things?" – Quran 2:106
Yes
"When We substitute one revelation for another,- and Allah knows best what He
reveals (in stages),- they say, “Thou art but a forger”: but most of them understand
not". – Quran 16:101
Another example is that Muhammad negotiated the number of daily prayers from
50 to 5 prayers.
Several days
"So We sent against them a furious Wind through days of disaster, that We might
give them a taste of a Penalty of humiliation in this life; but the Penalty of a
Hereafter will be more humiliating still: and they will find no help." – Quran 41:16
A week
"He made it rage against them seven nights and eight days in succession: so that
thou couldst see the (whole) people lying prostrate in its (path), as they had been
roots of hollow palm-trees tumbled down!" – Quran 69:7
Chapter 3: Scientific Flaws in the
Quran
Introduction
Before looking into the scientific claims about the science, it is important to
come with an important general point: The Quran is not a book of science - and
neither the hadiths. They are completely imaginary; this is not how science works.
Science is mostly about the focus on the “how” and the “why” and the Quran tells
you basically different things without explaining it deep enough to call it science
or specific for that matter. In fact, these scientific miracles, as people like to call
them have been known since ancient times and even in more detailed than before
Muhammad’s time, but this is exclusively been explained in chapter four. Whether
you interpret these scientific miracles be correct or wrong, it really doesn’t matter,
they are mostly things which everyone could have observed at that time and
are mostly superficial. Even if they were true, it’s only micro-size of what is really
known today in science, engineering and technology. In this chapter you will get
a list with some satisfying explanations of how many of these so-called “scientific
miracles” are pure wrong, not useful and absolutely not comprehensive to call it a
science.
“And eat and drink until the white thread of dawn becomes distinct to you from
the black thread [of night]. Then complete the fast until the sunset” - Quran 2:187
Then what exactly should the people in the North Pole and South Pole do? The
Earth is round and it’s rotational axis is not perfectly vertical according to the sun,
but has the tilt of 23,5 degrees. This results in an area in the Arctic and Antarctic
poles, called the arctic circle and antarctic circle respectively, having a 6 months
straight daylight and 6 months straight night-time. So do the Muslims have to fast
6 months straight? Or what should the astronauts do in space, flying through the
emptiness of space where sunlight is not blocked by any planet?
This clearly shows that the authors of the Quran had absolutely no idea of arctic
circle or the physics of space which planets are resting to. International Space
Station has a speed of 27000 km/h around the Earth, which means that there
is a sunrise and sunset every 92 minutes, and therefore one must pray every 18
minutes. Furthermore, what if the ISS is on the other side of the earth of where
Mecca is? None of these dilemmas has been mentioned in the Quran or Hadith
and nothing was taking into consideration. This is one of these science mistakes
that proves that the authors of the Quran were human. There is a reason why
151
there has been created “A Guideline of Performing Ibadah (worship) at the
International Space Station (ISS)”, which is a human-made invention to help
astronauts pray to Mecca, which even though this would be a human solution to
praying, there is still no solution to the Arctic and Antarctic dilemma. This clearly
shows that the Quran is not perfect for not mentioning this detail, in South Pole,
North Pole or in interplanetary travels.
1. Facing the small earth is very hard, because you have to have the right angle
horizontally and vertically, which means you have to elevate your carpet into the
right angle.
2. Obviously, the rotation of Mars makes it even harder, so Mecca's direction
moves fast.
3. What happens when Earth is on the other side of Mars during prayer time, how
do you face Mecca from there?
Point 3 is obviously the most problematic, this is one people have no answer you to
you. This problem will make the Saudis scratch their heads, because there are just
no solutions to it and will always remain so. Unless of course you dig a hole on Mars
and try to point yourself down. This is an issue that won’t take much long time for
devoted muslims to realize.
152
What if the sun around the new planet takes 3 earthly days from the time it has
set up till it has set down? Not a lot of people can survive 72 hours without water
continuously for a month. It would also be weird to face Mecca on Earth for
praying, which is in another solar system, and yet at the same not following the sun
which the Quran specifically mentions in our current solar system. The question
is, if the Quran is perfect, how come there are no instructions on how to pray in
space?
Evolution
“O mankind, fear your Lord, who created you from one soul and created from it
its mate and dispersed from both of them many men and women. And fear Allah
, through whom you ask one another, and the wombs. Indeed Allah is ever, over
you, an Observer.” - Quran 4:1
“He created him from dust, then said to him, ‘Be,’ and he was.” - Quran 3:59
It is stated many times in the Quran and Hadith that evolution is not compatible
with Islam. For example, he created Adam and Eve which is stated above. The
family tree of the prophets in the Quran is a strong indication that Earth is only
a couple of thousands of years old. This is a rather strong indication that Islam
is not the true religion because using Uranium-Lead dating and calculating the
age of the universe due to it’s expansion speed, science has found out that Earth
is in the billion-scale of age. Because many people think that “we look like apes,
therefore come from them” is the evolutionary theory today, below it is explained
in a very small paragraph of what real evolution is today compared to the age of
Darwin.
The theory of evolution is definitely not the same as before in the time of Darwin
and before that. The modern evolutionary theory works through many different
angles: First of all, scientist discover the bones of humans or fossils of ancient
animals which Medieval Islam or civilizations before didn’t do. Scientists then use
uranium-lead dating to find out how old these bones are. The DNA is collected,
analysed and saved into a computer database. They put them in a timeline
according to age determined by dating and by doing this they see that humans
who lived 40.000 years ago looks like us, and humans who lived 120.000 ago
looked like the ones for 40.000 year ago, but no longer like us, and finally humans
153
who lived for 2.000.000 looked like the ones from 120.000, and no longer like
those from 40.000 years ago or us. For each of these generations, the previous
starts to die off, and the next has emerged for the first time ever (uranium-lead
dating helps to determine that). And the DNA confirms exactly their similarity
and difference for each generation of species in both genes and proteins. The
physical appearance (skull, jaw, nose etc) confirms all the above. So, there are
these to consider:
1. Finding the bones. The recent species are buried higher on the ground (ex.
those who are 100.000 years old) while older species which are millions of
years old are buried deeper into the ground.
2. Dating the bones how old they are (uranium-lead dating) and put them in a
timeline
3. DNA and proteins confirm similarities through the different evolutionary
species that they are indeed on the same family
4. Analysing the physical appearance in accordance to age confirms their change
of anatomy, like jaw, skull, nose and so on and so forth.
5. One human species starts to die off, while another emerges (with the help of
uranium-lead dating this is possible to determine).
6. Geneticist today see mutations on their daily basis on humans and animals
all over the world by analysing their DNA and proteins. By looking at their
DNA they can see what has caused an abnormality or a new feature from
the parents. Doctors use this to determine if a child has developed a genetic
disease.
7. And finally, the ecology of the world is a clear indication that evolution is
happening right in front of our eyes, especially when we are talking about
survival of the fittest. Evolution has always been an observed fact. We can
observe that there are no more mammoths or dinosaurs alive anymore, we
observe breeding different species of dogs and wolves, we observe micro-
evolution, and we observe the macro-evolution too, where some species
migrate and spreads to other continents and changes the ecology. This is the
theory of evolution by Darwin, but indeed it gets verified every single time in
every possible way.
All these factors contributed so the theory of evolution became... fact. The best
way to understand how evolution works is to be a synthetic organic chemist -
especially in the pre-biotic phase, and not a biologist as people think, although
they are as much as important to the macro-evolution. In the Quran and hadith
there are many verses that says creationism was the cause and not evolution.
People who defend Islam usually come with verses like
154
“He designed you then made your design better.“ - Quran 64:3
The problem with this one is because it is not true. The actual verse says:
This verse actually did strengthen that Quran is against evolution rather than
proving people that they are right. Perfected means that humans won’t evolve
anymore which is untrue. Human DNA is changing every day and mutations
are happening every generation from parents to children, which biologists are
observing on their daily basis. Some humans receive negative mutations while
other positive mutations. Even in the last 20 small years the general public have
come across thousands of articles where children got a new and rare mutation
compared to their parents, imagine what 5000 years can do or even 30.000 years.
There are dozens of other verses people try to use to convince you but each time
they use one, they are either against the creationism of the Quran or not fulfilling
the criteria for evolution, like the above one. Islam is clearly against evolution
which the theory in the recent decades has become more like a fact, compared to
Darwin’s method which was only a theory at that time based only on observations
and fossils. If people come with verses to justify evolution, then what they are
really doing is manufacturing contradictions to the above verses.
Just remember, your DNA is unique. It has never existed and will never exist
again. This is a clear indication that evolution is happening right in front of our
eyes, maybe slowly, but it is happening.
155
answer the dilemma with zero moons. Of course the Quran doesn’t mention this
dilemma. The Quran repeatedly tells that this moon is our moon and is the only
moon ever created and the only one ever referred to. While there are probably
trillions of other moons, the Quran never mentions other moons than this one
hanging around the Earth. Everything regarding this dilemma points to that Earth
is the center of the universe, and the center of attention.
The moon is not a light, it just reflects sunlight in the same direction where
the sun is. This verse is clearly wrong. Sahih International has corrupted the
international translation by adding the word “derived”, so it becomes Nur =
derived light.
“It is He who made the sun a shining light and the moon a derived light” - Quran
10:5, Sahih International
“Allah is the light (Nur) of the heavens and the Earth.” - Quran 24:35
So does that mean that Allah is a derived light? No, Nur only means light.
The verse makes sense when looking at it from above; the sun is very bright and
shiny, and therefore it calls it “shining light”, while the moon only is an object with
156
a weak light, therefore it is only a light.
“Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine” - Quran
5:3
This is incorrect. There are countless animals, fish, fungi or plants that are
asexual in nature and doesn’t need a mate survive and reproduce. Examples are
hammerhead sharks, whitetail lizard, komodo dragon, marble crayfish, amazon
molly etc.
Many people's answer is usually a famous one where they state that this verse
does not refer to just “living things” but to everything. Their view is that it’s
understandable why people use the male and female interpretation, and shift
the focus on other things while still not having answered the male and female
example of an asexual animal. By doing this they go away and talk about other
things like protons and electrons, while still not having answered the question of
what is the pair of an asexual animal, plant or fungi are. This they can’t answer
you. If you ask them what the mate of the human male is, they’ll tell you it is the
female. If you ask them what the mate of a hammerhead shark is, they fail to say a
female or a male hammerhead shark, rather they talk about that “it does not just
refer to living just”. They just don’t know what the mate of an asexual plant, fungi
or animal is.
157
Allah decides gender
“To Allah belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth; He creates what
he wills. He gives to whom He wills female [children], and He gives to whom He
wills males.” - Quran 42:49
According to this verse it is Allah who decides the gender of a fetus. While it may
seem this is the case, most people have not the knowledge of science about the
fertilization process, which will be explained very briefly: First it is important to
remember that the sex-chromosomes for a female is XX, and for the male it is XY.
The egg cells in a female only has 23 chromosomes, and the sex-chromosome is
an X-chromosome in every single case (because both of her sex-chromosomes are
2 X’s. In a mans semen there are sperm cells, and the sperm cells in an ejaculation
are divided, half of the sperm cells has the X-chromosomes, and the other half
have the Y-chromosomes. Because the amount is equally divided there is also
about 50/50 percent chance that it will either be a male or a female. This means
that if the sperm cells containing the X-chromosomes reaches the egg first, it
merges with the X-chromosome of the egg and the resulting gender of the baby
is a XX-female. If the sperm cell with the Y-chromosome reaches the egg first, it
merges with the X-chromosome of the egg and the resulting gender of the baby is
a XY-male.
“For, whenever any of them is given the glad tiding of [the birth of] a girl, his
face darkens, and he is filled with suppressed anger. With shame does he hide
himself from his people, because of the bad news he has had! Shall he retain it in
contempt, or bury it in the dust? Ah! what an evil (choice) they decide on! (16:58-
59)” - Quran 16:68
The problem is that it says once the baby girl has been born and the gender is
known. It literally says that the husband considers if he should kill the female
158
baby because of shame. It doesn’t say that we can choose before the fertilization
which gender we want. People will also say that Allah knew what gender we will
choose with sperm sorting, but the verse clearly says he creates.
There is just one problem with this statement. Most places on earth where
there are mountains, there are the most earthquakes. And most places on earth
where there are no mountains, there are actually least earthquakes. This is easily
demonstrated in a map where the mountain distribution and earthquake activity
are shown. Most of the activity of earthquakes are specifically on the same place
as the edges of tectonic plates. Preventing earthquakes is not the mountains job,
and even if it were, it didn’t do a good job. Furthermore there are also mountains
in the sub-oceanic, it’s been observed, measured and proven that they are
responsible for creating tsunamis. Even if this statement of the Quran was true,
just ask yourself, if Allah mentioned that he made the mountains to prevent
earthquakes, why didn’t he in the first place not mentioned that he made the
tectonic plates to cause them? Or that the tectonic plates causes continental drift?
Mountains are definitely not cast into the earth, they come from the earth.
Volcanoes which is a type of mountain, are not really made by casting them,
rather by the magma from within the Earth’s upper mantle which works its way
to the surface, from a process called subduction. It is very well understood how
volcanoes are made, and definitely not by casting them.
Mountains are made by the tectonic plates gliding against each other through a
159
process called thrust. Those parts that has been elevated look like the buttom of
the sea, because they are fossils, but has been elevated thousands of meters high.
Religous people dismiss this tectonic theory, but there are in fact many evidence
to support it. First by looking at earth of South America and west of Africa, it
is clearly they fit together. But what is important is that the same kind of rocks
and fossils found on west Africa, has also been found on the east side of South
America. There is also strike-slip tectonics which is the lateral movement of
parts of the crust or the lithosphere, and can be seen at San Andreas Fault on the
Carrizo Plain. By using laser ranging surveys in San Andreas transform fault, it
is possible to measure the few cm a year movement. Another method to measure
the movement of the continents is by using Very Long Baseline Interferomentry
(VLBI) from a space satellite, which can measure the distane between two
radiotelescopes on Earth precisely wihin 2 cm range, and which shows that they
are moving a few cm a year. Two other ways to determine the movement of the
continents is with the use of High Precision GPS, and Satellite Laser Ranging
(SLR). Now what is interesting is that not only do they all confirm the movements
of the tectonic plates differently, but also in which direction the continents are
move towards. The data shows that the South American Plate and African Plate
are indeed moving the opposite direction. Another example is the Indian Plate
and the Euroasian Plate, which has been measured that they are moving against
each other. What is the result of this? The process of subduction, which has caused
Mount Everest.
Focusing on the mountains again, another a major issue with geology and the
Quranic verse above is about the sedimentary rock mountains. They have been
created on the buttom of the sea, and yet now they are mountains above sea level,
even though the Quran says they have been cast. Seismic Tomography is used to
create three-dimensional computer-generated images of Earth's interior all the
way to Earth's core, by using the seismic waves generated by earthquakes and
explosions.
The second part Allah mentions are the rivers, but they are known to be created
naturally and automatically. The creation of the rivers is a very well known
phenomena within biology, ecology, and meteorology and just general earth
science. The science behind how water evaporates across the globe, and how the
clouds moves is a very well understood field and rather also a large field which
is too big to be addressed in this guide. Very briefly rain falls different places
and earth and mountains which results in rivers that floods down the mountain
due to gravity. This is not just scientific, it’s a fact and everyone can come to that
conclusion, even uneducated people. Furthermore, it has been observed that
160
rivers changes shapes and direction, all due to natural causes which is very well
understood. There are even rivers who are disappearing due natural causes or to
global warming, and rivers who are created, which Earth scientists are observing
every single year – and has nothing to do with God. The verse clearly refers
to rivers as they are absolute, that means he has created a number of amount
of rivers, and that amount is not changed. Remember that most rivers which
existed for 1400 years ago unlikely exists today, and for those who still exists have
changed the direction or shape.
This is not true. Examples of animals which basically never creates communities
like humans are bears, pandas, tigers, jaguars, leopard geckos, badgers, foxes,
koalas, owls. Even if some did in some specific areas, this doesn’t account for that
99% still don’t.
161
There are an estimated 8.7 million different species in the world, and those
animals mentioned in the Quran were pretty common in the desert of Arabia.
There are many animals that are missing, like kangaroo, koala, frog, goanna,
dingoes, Hawaiian monk seal, pronghorn, alligator, bison and eagle. The
animals can only be found in Australia, America and Hawaii - and exactly those
animals are not mentioned in the Quran which gives an idea that the Quran is
geographical based. Another good example is penguins from Antarctica, and yet
neither the Quran or hadiths never mentions penguins from a continent which at
that time wasn't known to mankind.
There are of course plants mentioned in the hadith, but the hadiths were written
hundreds of years after, so obviously those are not included. However looking
at those plants, you realize all these plants are found in the Middle-East area, or
the surrounding areas. Below are some examples of plants America and Australia
which were not known in Arabia during Muhammads life and are not mentioned
in the Quran or hadiths. Asia and Europe also has thousands of different native
plants, which are not included in the Quran or hadiths, but are not included in the
list.
North America
Lobelia, white sage, wintergreen, iris setosa, gaillardia, maidenhair fern, coral
bells, oakleaf hydrangea, wild columbine, red twig dogwood, ‘sunshine superman’
coreopsis, winterberry, virginia sweetspire, creeping phlox, rhododendron, black-
eyed susan, elderberry, trumpet vine - and thousands of other plants which was
only native to North America.
South America
Heliconia Flower, Rubber Tree, Orchids, Cacao, Giant Water Lilies, Passion Fruit
Flower, Bromeliads, Monkey Brush Vine, Savannas and thousands of other plants.
Obviously one of the most important is cacao.
162
Australia
Bull Kauri, Palm Valley Myrtle, Dallachy's Banksia, Sturt's Desert Rose, Hillgrove
Spotted Gum, Eucalypts, Acacia (Wattles), Proteaceae, Wildflowers, Melaleuca,
Haemodoraceae, Eremophila - and thousands of other plant species.
None of these native plants outside of the Arabian area are mentioned in the
Quran or hadiths. This further supports the evidence that the authors of the
Quran is geographical based.
Milk is pure
This is incorrect. Then why do people have natural milk intolerance and why do
people have the missing gene for lactase to split up lactose sugar in milk? There
is lactose intolerance, milk allergy which includes casein and lactoglobulin, and
the condition called villous atrophy in the intestines. All these conditions proves
that milk is definitely not agreeable. The fact that is says pure is not true either,
because the milk may contain pathogens which is the reason why the milk gets
pasteurized. It is a process where the milk gets heated up and kills the pathogens.
In the Quran and hadiths it is clearly stated that in order for a female to prove a
rape, there has to be 4 witnesses. Since the Quran is meant to work in all ages of
time, then what about cameras? Do they count? What about 10 cameras with 10
different angles? What about an extra 8K camera that zooms into the reproductive
parts, and the rapists faces to see their pimples? What about extra infrared
cameras, and a high quality sound recorder too, preferably a microphone from a
news channel? Of course not. The Quran says 4 witnesses, not cameras or sound
recorders. But what about fingerprints then? Or what about a DNA test from the
sperm? Or hair? Every person has a unique DNA sequence with 6 billion base-
pairs, so it is actually one of the strongest evidences. Why doesn’t the Quran
say anything about proving rape with DNA? DNA from sperm, together with a
163
camera and a sound recorder, is better than 100 witnesses. It’s also much more
efficient in a society. Another way to prove the rape is if the woman gets pregnant,
and this way it would be very easy to compare the DNA of the child with the
rapist. However this is not mentioned in the Quran.
“He is God besides whom there is none worthy of worship the all Knower of the
seen and the unseen. He is the Most Gracious the Most Merciful.” - Quran 59:22
Second of all, smoking actually existed in the time of the prophet, just on the other
side of the earth: In America. This is a humorous how Allah doesn’t even mention
that part of the world (and neither Australia or Antarctica). That smoking
actually existed in the time of Muhammad, and it isn’t mentioned in the Quran,
just proves that the author of the Quran is a human being living in the desert of
Arabia, because he didn’t had the capacity or knowledge about the other side of
the world.
164
According to a new study sedentary behaviour increases the risk of certain
cancers. This means for people who don't do sports, they have higher probability
to develop certain cancers compared to those who do sport. Another study from
2017 found in a group of nearly 6000 adults that high levels of physical activity
equate to a nine-year biological aging advantage. In the study the researchers
found that the telomeres were longere in those participants who engaged in a
minimum of 30 to 40 minutes of running, five days a week. It is worth mentioning
that soccer has been named a sport which brings world peace. Sport has also that
tendency to teach people how to accept the differences and find out how to help
people improve.
Sports are such a great teacher. I think of everything they've taught me: camaraderie,
humility, how to resolve differences
- Kobe Bryant
The Quran is meant to be absolute, and one of the most important things in the
world is not mentioned how it dramatically improves life in every aspect. It would
not be fair to mention that it really does mentions exercise, just in the form of
Jihad.
Heaven doesn’t need pillars, because we are already surrounded by the heaven
– mainly oxygen and nitrogen. In fact by measuring these molecules in the
air, you’ll find that there is more oxygen on sea level than on higher altitude,
therefore it is more blue close to the ground than on higher altitude. This is
easily demonstrated from photos taken close to space, where the lower part of
the atmosphere is more bluish and the upper part gradually becomes darker and
thinner. The part which says “that you can see” is a senseless statement, just as it
is so obvious to see that you don’t need the Quran to come to that conclusion that
the heaven has no pillars. In the next verse it is even better confirmed that the sky
165
is solid:
“God holds back the sky from falling on the earth unless by His leave (22:65)”
Again this implies that the sky is a solid roof when in reality it is more like a
gradient gas, dense in lower altitude and thinner in higher altitude. This is an
obvious observation. There are even experiments showing that oxygen emits blue
light, hence the blue colour. The emission and absorption is of course not limited
to only oxygen, but all atoms and molecules. One might ask, is the Quran talking
about outer space? That would be a wrong assumption because space is not like a
roof to a planet, but the planet exists in space.
This is clearly a statement to prove how Allah is almighty and has made the
heaven so smooth with no rifts. This is a nonsensical verse proving how people
back then viewed the sky. It clearly state that the sky is a solid roof, and not a gas
of oxygen who emits blue light. How can there be a crack in a gas? To give an
example how wrong this verse is, think of the biggest fart you have ever made, and
then you try to point out a rift in the smelling atmosphere, but you can’t find one.
It’s because there are no rifts in gasses, gas is just gas. Below are additional verses
that proves the Quran implies that the sky is a solid roof:
“..And if they saw a portion of the sky fall down” - Quran 52:44.
This is clearly the same view that has existed for thousands of years prior to
Muhammad, every single verse points to a solid and rigid blue sky. If so, how
come space shuttles can fly through it? And how come meteorites coming from
outside our solar system or maybe galaxy can crash through it?
166
Heaven expanded
“And the heaven We created with might, and indeed we are (its) expander.” –
Quran 51:47 and “Have those who disbelieved not considered that the heavens
and the earth were a joined entity, and We separated them and made from water
every living thing? Then will they not believe?” – Quran 21:30
This is probably the most famous scientific miracle to ever be used as a tool to
convince non-muslims to convert to Islam. Take a note that when the heavens
expanded, the earth already existed. This is where the whole “expanding universe”
miracle falls down. This verse talks about that heavens or space got separated out
of earth, which implies that earth existed for 13 billion years ago, which is not the
case. If people claim it is talking about space, then this also implies that earth is
the centre of the universe, since the separation and expansion of the heavens from
the spherical earth results in expanding space from 360 degrees around the globe.
Planet Earth is not even the center of our galaxy, or the center of our solar system.
The universe is so huge compared to the Earth, that it exists in our solar system,
then solar interstellar neighbourhood, milky way, local galactic group virgo
supercluster and then local supercluster. The Cassini spacecraft took a famous
photograph of Earth from between the rings of Saturn, 1.4 billion kilometre, or
870 million miles, which shows Earth as only a dot. This distance is still in our
solar system, and there are billions of others too - that's how big the universe is. If
people interpret these heavens as space, and simultaneously earth as matter in the
Big Bang era, then it’s also incorrect, because matter didn’t exist in pre-Big Bang.
In verse 21:31 below it is clearly stated that earth is not the matter in the Big Bang
era which people tries to justify, because it is mentioning that mountains are being
set firmly on that same Earth.
And We placed within the earth firmly set mountains, lest it should shift with
them, and We made therein [mountain] passes [as] roads that they might be
guided. - Quran 21:31
Unless Muslims wants us to believe that mountains existed for 13 billion years
ago when matter began forming. Since the earth only began existing 9 billion
years after the Big Bang, therefore 21:30 clearly doesn’t refers to big bang. But here
comes the interesting part. And last thing is if people wants us to convince us
that this is talking about big bang, then they must accept evolution. Because the
expansion of the universe and evolution is essentially the same. They go hand in
hand. Also the next verse confirms that the Earth was made before the heaven:
167
Is it that ye deny Him Who created the earth in two Days? And do ye join equals
with Him? He is the Lord of (all) the Worlds. He placed therein firm hills rising
above it, and blessed it and measured therein its sustenance in four Days, alike for
(all) who ask; Then He ordained them seven heavens in two Days and inspired
in each heaven its mandate; and We decked the nether heaven with lamps, and
rendered it inviolable. That is the measuring of the Mighty, the Knower – Quran
41:9-12
Everything in the Quran points to that earth was made before heavens or space,
but in reality the earth, and all other planets were made after the beginning of the
expansion of the universe and space.
This is again against evolution. The problem with this verse is it doesn’t mention
anything about the gradual evolution, and it certainly doesn’t agree that humans
are still evolving, which is a fact. It clearly states that this is against evolution. If
Allah has created humans in the best form, then what about genetic disorders?
There are probably hundreds or thousands of genetic disorders, and one example
is people who are born with thyroid problems that results in dwarfism. Another
example is people who are born with epilepsy - that’s not a perfect human being.
The purpose of this point is that modern human beings, also known as homo
sapiens existed for around 200.000 years ago, and Adam, the first human being
was created by Allah for a couple of thousands of years ago. So 194.000 years
before the time of Adam, nobody had access to any holy scriptures and none of
them went to heaven. It is also strange that the aborigines from Australia and
America didn’t have access to the Quran, at least until after the 16th century,
only 400 years ago? In all those years none of them had access to the Quran, and
none of them went to heaven. The Quran mentions that Allah sent prophets to all
nations, but never mentioned that they never reached America and Australia - or
168
the Chinese and Japanese people. It only mentions Jews, Christians and Muslims,
and it only mentions the cities around Middle East. The truth is that when the
Quran state that it has formed the humans perfectly, it does not match with the
reality. Humans have evolved throughout the ages, and we are still evolving and
will never stop evolving. Remember that your DNA has never existed before and
will never exist again, this is a proof in itself that evolution is happening.
The Japanese people have an average IQ of 105, while middle-east has an IQ down
to 80-85, which is considered to be very low for any Japanese parents. In fact if
they found out that their children has that low IQ, they would probably send them
to special classes. The Japanese women also has a higher IQ than middle-eastern
men, so anything in regard to women having a deficiency is completely false,
especially comparing it to the Middle-East.
There are many people who are born completely without arms and legs while the
Quran tells you how to use your hands and pray with them in order to worship
Allah. It needs to be clarified that many are completely born without arms and
legs, not even small 10 cm length of legs or arms. It’s odd that the Qurn never
mentioned this detail.
“And I did not create the jinn and mankind except to worship Me” - Quran 51:56
The verse above states that he only created human beings except to worship him.
How can you worship a God without a single inch of arms and legs? This goes
against his plan and the entire purpose of the human creation, namely to worship
Allah.
169
“We have adorned the nearest heaven with stars” – Quran 37:6, 67:5, 41:12
“One heaven has the thickness of 500 years of marching” – Kitab al-Tawheed 594,
Tafsir ibn Kathir 65:12.
This verse is completely wrong in many aspects. The simplest way to demonstrate
the ridiculousness of this verse is explaining it into steps:
• A normal distance of a march for a person in one day is about 120 km without
sleeping.
• This means a total of 21.900.000 km (21,9 million km) for a 500 years of
marching.
• The nearest star, Alpha Centuari is 24.000.000.000 km away, where 21,9
million km is only 0,000091% the distance of that closest star.
• That means if you want to reach the nearest star by marching, it will take you
2.747.252.747 years (2,7 billion years) and not 500 years.
The astronomical problem with this verse is that it implies that stars are in one
layer with a length of 500 years of marching. This means if you want to reach
the second layer of heaven you have to march 21,9 million km according to the
Quran. A light year is 9.4 trillion km, and the nearest star is 4.3 light years away,
about four times that distance. With the fastest space shuttle at 40.000 km/h, it
will take about 100.000 years to reach the nearest star!
By understanding how far the nearest star is, it is important to understand the
length from the closest star to the farthest star is, which is 5 billion light years
away; The closest star (except of course the sun) is Alpha Centauri which is 4.3
small light years away, and the farthest star is 5.000.000.000 light years (not to
be confused with km, but light years) away. That means you have to multiply
5.000.000.000 x 9.460730.472.580 to get the distance in km in order for you to get
the distance from the start of the first heaven until the start of the second heaven
where there are no more stars.
This means that the thickness of one heaven is absolutely not a 500 years of
marching. Remember that Muhammad took his Buraq into the last heaven with
only wings, not only is it impossible with that slow speed, but also impossible
because you need oxygen to survive. The quran never mentioned that space is
very cold and the radiation would kill you. The Quran also never mentioned
that in order for anything to fly with wings, you need an atmosphere to cause
170
an action-reaction in order for a bird-like creature to fly. There is a reason why
helicopters can't fly on the moon; because there are no gas molecules. A very
famous experiment on the moon, the Galileo moon experiment, proved that
feathers fall down at the same speed as a hammer.
Summary points
The hadith below confirms the previous statements from the Quran and Tafsir:
“He said: And muzn? They said: And muzn. He said: And anan? They said: And
anan. AbuDawud said: I am not quite confident about the word anan. He asked:
Do you know the distance between Heaven and Earth? They replied: We do not
know. He then said: The distance between them is seventy-one, seventy-two, or
seventy-three years. The heaven which is above it is at a similar distance (going
on till he counted seven heavens). Above the seventh heaven there is a sea, the
distance between whose surface and bottom is like that between one heaven and
the next. Above that there are eight mountain goats the distance between whose
hoofs and haunches is like the distance between one heaven and the next. Then
Allah, the Blessed and the Exalted, is above that.” – Sunan Abu Dawud 2:475
And We have certainly beautified the nearest heaven with stars and have made
[from] them what is thrown at the devils and have prepared for them the
171
punishment of the Blaze. – Quran 67:5
Clearly this is a sign of the Ancient beliefs that the shining stars in space are the
same as meteors. In the previous section, it was written that the stars are just
too far away from Earth in any manner, the closest being about 25 trillion km
away. In addition a sun cannot fall on earth, because most stars in the universe
are 10 times bigger for the smallest ones, and to billions of times bigger for the
biggest ones. Falling implies that a star falls on Earth; it is actually the reverse that
happens.
The verse implies that there are more than one star that falls down; so is it possible
for two suns which are millions or billions of times larger fall on the same Earth?
It’s not possible, the Earth would only fall on one star.
This is also a clear indication that Allah suggest that stars are different from a sun.
He clearly distinguishes between those two like they are two different celestial
bodies, when in fact they are the same. The only difference is that our sun, which
is a star, is close to us and is the center of our solar system, while the other stars
are light years away and have their own solar systems.
Seven earths
"The Prophet ( )ﷺsaid, "Whoever takes a piece of the land of others unjustly, he
will sink down the seven earths on the Day of Resurrection." - Sahih al-Bukhari
3:43:632 + 3:43:633-4 + 4:54:417
172
Seven earths
The Prophet said, "Any person who takes a piece of land unjustly will sink down
the seven earths on the Day of Resurrection." - Sahih al-Bukhari 4:54:418
Seven earths
The Prophet asked me at sunset, "Do you know where the sun goes (at the time
of sunset)?" I replied, "Allah and His Apostle know better." He said, "It goes (i.e.
travels) till it prostrates Itself underneath the Throne and takes the permission to
rise again, and it is permitted and then (a time will come when) it will be about to
prostrate itself but its prostration will not be accepted, and it will ask permission
to go on its course but it will not be permitted, but it will be ordered to return
whence it has come and so it will rise in the west. And that is the interpretation of
the Statement of Allah: "And the sun Runs its fixed course For a term (decreed).
that is The Decree of (Allah) The Exalted in Might, The All-Knowing." (36.38) -
Sahih al-Bukhari 4:54:420
Seven earths
Allah's Apostle ﷺsaid, "Whoever usurps the land of somebody unjustly, his neck
will be encircled with it down the seven earths (on the Day of Resurrection). " -
Sahih al-Bukhari 3:43:632
Seven earths
That there was a dispute between him and some people (about a piece of land).
When he told 'Aisha about it, she said, "O Abu Salama! Avoid taking the land
unjustly, for the Prophet said, 'Whoever usurps even one span of the land of
somebody, his neck will be encircled with it down the seven earths." - Sahih al-
Bukhari 3:43:633
Seven earths
The Prophet ﷺsaid, "Whoever takes a piece of the land of others unjustly, he
will sink down the seven earths on the Day of Resurrection." - Sahih al-Bukarhi
4:43:634
Seven earths
“for Allah’s Messenger (may peace be upon him) said: He who usurps even a span
of land would be made to wear around his neck seven earths. (Book 010, Number
3925; see also Numbers 3920-3924)
These Quranic verses and hadiths are not the only evidence that Islam only
173
mentioned seven Earths, but also for example Al-Tirmidhi does it too. In any
matter, this is not the case and it’s completely wrong and inconsistent with reality.
It is guaranteed that there are more than seven earths, in fact as of 2019 there has
been found 4031 exoplanets which can hold living life. This excludes the billions
of more planets which have not been categorized or looked into yet.
Many people say that these seven heavens refer to the layers of the earth's
atmosphere, which is completely false, because as it is stated in the previous
sections, Quran says that there are stars in the lowest heaven, and the lowest
atmosphere is the troposphere with a height of 12 km. Other people refer these
seven heavens as the planets in our solar system, which is not true because there
2 planets between the sun and the earth, and another 6 planets farther than the
earth, and including the earth it becomes a total of 9 planets, not just seven earths.
This is a verse that clearly says that Earth is the center of the universe, and the sun
orbits earth, when in reality this isn’t the case. The sun is stationary in our solar
system, and the Earth orbits itself around the sun while also rotation around its
axis.
People's answer to this is “it’s because from our point of view it looks like the
sun is moving”. It is an amazement that every single time people has to look at a
scientific verse from a different view that the direct view. There is not one single
verse that refers that the earth is orbiting the sun. Not one. Below is a hadith from
Sahih Muslim, which is one of the two most reliable hadith:
“Do you know where the sun goes? They replied: Allah and His Apostle know
best. He (the Holy Prophet) observed: Verily it (the sun) glides till it reaches its
resting place under the Throne. Then it falls prostrate and remains there until
it is asked: Rise up and go to the place whence you came, and it goes back and
continues emerging out from its rising place and then glides till it reaches its
place of rest under the Throne and falls prostrate and remains in that state until
it is asked: Rise up and return to the place whence you came, and it returns and
emerges out from it rising place and the it glides (in such a normal way) that
the people do not discern anything ( unusual in it) till it reaches its resting place
174
under the Throne. Then it would be said to it: Rise up and emerge out from the
place of your setting, and it will rise from the place of its setting. The Messenger
of Allah said. Do you know when it would happen? It would happen at the time
when faith will not benefit one who has not previously believed or has derived no
good from the faith.” - Sahih Muslim 159 a,
The problem with this verse is that there are satellites which are constantly
observing the sun in space. In the modern world we have found out it never
goes under Allah’s throne and awaits permission to rise up again. The excuse?
This hadith has to be taken as a metaphor. This is their excuse even though it is
consistent with everything else in the Quran and other hadiths.
There is another problem with this too. Making the sun rise from the west
requires the earth to stop and rotate in reverse. Any person with an understanding
of Newton's law, will understand that stopping the earth and reversing it will
either take an enormous amount of times by during it very slowly, or if it is done
fast, everything on the surface of the earth would be destroyed. Furthermore,
nobody in the history of the world has documented that the sun rose from the
west, except the Quran and hadiths.
People like to claim that the heavens is in fact space that is expanding, and tries
to justify that the Quran knew about the Big Bang before anyone else. The only
problem is that in this verse, and others too, it is stated that the Earth was made
before the heavens. The Big Bang in Quran falls completely down.
It is clear that it was just a desert man in 600 AD who just looked up in the sky
and made up all of this by trying to make some small guesses, but not with too
many details in fear of being mistaken.
175
Allah doesn’t send winds. A meteorologist, biologist and a physical chemist will
guarantee that it is not the case. The Earth science regarding winds is a very well
known phenomena, and the silly thing is that winds have a constant direction and
cycle everywhere in the world. Winds have many different causes, which some of
them are mentioned below:
The surprising thing is that the winds are in a constant cycle, and it is very well
understood how the rotation of the earth, pressure- and temperature difference
has an impact on that.
Allah doesn’t send pure water down, it happens naturally and automatically. It has
to do with these different causes:
• The pressure
• The temperature
• The density of H2O in the clouds
176
"Allah's Messenger (( )ﷺp.b.u.h) said, "Keys of the unseen knowledge are five
which nobody knows but Allah . . . nobody knows what will happen tomorrow;
nobody knows what is in the womb; nobody knows what he will gain tomorrow;
nobody knows at what place he will die; and nobody knows when it will rain." -
Sahih al-Bukhari 1039
This is not true since we can know the forecast up to around one week later
Additionally rain is not pure. Pure water means only H2O which in modern
term is called demineralized water. Rain always contains dissolved gases from
the atmosphere, and there is also a term called acid rain. Pure H2O can only be
made in laboratories, but also via evaporation and condensation. Even rainwater
in a bucket is not pure, because each drop precipitates around a speck of dust or
bacterium. As far as it is known to date, bacteria is never mentioned in the Quran
or hadiths, and neither are ions, like magnesium ions or calcium ions.
It’s a funny thing that Allah doesn’t mention that he also holds up planes,
helicopters, spaceships, missiles and balloons. Why does he only mention birds?
Planes in the early stages of development couldn’t hold themselves up for a
very long time, and thanks to engineering, physics and human intelligence the
planes got a better hand crib at holding themselves up in the air, but not because
of Allah. Why is it that every decade since the late 1800s, planes have become
better and better at being held up`without the use of praying but instead of
experimenting? Maybe due to engineering?
This verse clearly demonstrates that the authors of the Quran in 600 AD only had
the ability to observe birds with wings flying, but never mentioned space shuttles
which have no wings but instead an action reaction fuel tank. The same goes for a
helicopter.
It is not Allah who holds up the birds in the air, it is the gas molecules, nitrogen
and oxygen especially that is responsible for an action-reaction making them
drift up. There is a reason why birds and planes cannot fly in vacuum or on the
moon. The difference between the moon and earth are the atmospheric gasses
177
which allow for an action-reaction and therefore a drift. A famous experiment
is the Hammer and Feather Drop on the Moon experiment which demonstrates
that without air, the wings are useless. Since the Quran obviously doesn’t mention
that birds cannot fly in a vacuum, which is the key difference between having the
ability to fly and not fly with the wings, the Quran is not perfect regarding this
statement. Below is a statement from Aristotle in pre-Islamic age about flying in
thin air:
It is obvious that the authors of the Quran has not taking anything into
consideration regarding flying with wings.
This is probably one of these people can’t run from although it is not the Quran
but in the most reliable hadith, Sahih al-Bukhari hadith. This statement is
absolutely and completely wrong without any further consideration. It has been
previously explained in this chapter that in a man's sperm, half of the sperm
cells in an ejaculation have the X-chromosome, and the other half has the
Y-chromosome. Sperm cells do not contain 46 chromosomes, but they are split
in half in X-chromosomes and Y-chromosomes. If the X-chromosome sperm
reaches the egg first, it will become a girl, if the Y-chromosome sperm reaches
the egg before Y-chromosome, it will become a boy. This means it has been
determined before any flesh has been created. This is called conception. There
is also a technique called sperm sorting, where the X-sperms and Y-sperms are
separated and parents can choose which gender they want.
178
"The Hour has come near, and the moon has split [in two]." - Quran 54:1
"During the lifetime of Allah's Apostle the moon was split into two parts; one part
remained over the mountain, and the other part went beyond the mountain. On
that, Allah's Apostle said, "Witness this miracle.". The moon was cleft asunder
while we were in the company of the Prophet, and it became two parts. The
Prophet said, Witness, witness (this miracle)." - Sahih Bukhari 6:60:387-388
Splitting the moon into two is not something that won't go unnoticed. Nobody
has ever documented the moon split into two during the life of Muhammad in the
years of 570 AD - 632 AD. Nobody. Below is an actual representation scale of the
moon being split into two above the earth:
Keep in mind that cutting the moon and hovering it above the atmosphere, it will
block and fill out the entire Arabian peninsula. When the most reliable hadith
says that one part is over a mountain and the other part beyond that mountain,
is simply not true. Only one part can be in the Arabian peninsula and since there
are no more room, the other part can be in North Africa, just like illustrated
above. The half moons above the Arabian peninsula and Africa are so big that the
whole of Europe can see it, even Norway. Nobody has ever documented anything,
neither the Greeks, Egyptians, Romans, Byzantine, Danish people, Spanish
people, Jews, Christians. Absolutely nobody has ever documented this event even
though the whole middle east, Europe and Africa are able to see this event. In
the next page, it is more clear that even in the Northern Europe, like Denmark or
Sweden, you will be able to see the moon from there.
179
The moon cut in the middle where one of them blocks the entire Arabian peninsula,
while the other almost blocks North Africa. Note that the height of the half moons are so
large that it is completely possible to be seen all the way from the northeren Europe, like
Sweden and Norway. The size ratios are exactly the same as in reality.
This Illustration is from the book Handbook for Disproving Islamic Apologists by Egzon
Morina.
The Quran and Hadith say that aliens exists
The reason they state this is because the Quran says “worlds”, but this is already
covered in the previous sections of this chapter where the Quran and Hadiths
together and repeatedly mentions that there are a total of seven earths, while in
reality there are probably trillions out there
There are many references that points out that this is not the case. For example,
the Torah, the Bible and the Quran were all revealed in the Middle-East, and God
only sent prophets to this area. One thing is that the Quran doesn’t even mention
America, Australia, Antarctica or even Greenland. But more importantly, do
aliens from other planets need to come to earth in order for them to learn about
the Quran for them to go to heaven?
What about all the thousands or millions of years which they are ahead of us, they
haven’t ever heard of Muhammad? The Quran also specifically says “seven earths”,
which is again wrong, because human civilization has already detected over 4000
exoplanets in habitable zones out of millions or billions – and you expect that it’s
only seven worlds?
There is nothing about the existence of other planets in other solar systems in the
Quran or Hadith, let alone life on other planets.
The hijab has many disadvantages in a female's daily life. Firstly, it is not easy to
become a professional athletics or just be a good athletic in school while wearing
it due to the movements not being flexible and dynamic. Not only does it affect
the wearer, but it also affects the non-muslim females and males for always
trying to take into account to not accidentally pull the hijab off, which has a great
impact on the efficiency of peoples performance and focus. As of 2020 there has
been issued a total of about 9000 medals to women, this includes gold, silver and
bronze. Only four females with hijab have won a medal, and they only received a
bronze. One of them defected from their Islamic country in 2020.
181
Wearing a hijab means that you have to live in a house with the curtains on 24/7,
and that is psychology not healthy. The curtains are of course meant for hiding
the females hair and body, but this will also impact the psychological health of
the males too. It should be noted that being raised as children since the age of
basically zero in the environment of a dark home is really harmful. A considerable
problem with the covering of the female body is that it results in obesity. Muslim
countries in Middle-East and north Africa has among the highest obesity for
women in the world.
Until 1930’s muslim women had a considerable disadvantage regarding vitamin
D. Covering herself fully results in low D-vitamin and people back then had
no idea that this chemical even existed, let alone how important it is for energy
and calcium absorption. It is clear that Allah didn’t knew about this and never
mentioned it anywhere. Claiming that vitamin pills are a solution to this problem
is not a satisfying answer. Because the Quran is absolute and should work in all
ages of time, this answer is very troubling. What was the solution for the people
from 600 AD to 1930 AD till vitamin D was commercialized? Until the 20th
century people had no idea how important this was, so 1300 years prior not
many females ate the necessary fruits and vegetables to get the necessary amount.
Furthermore in Islamic countries doctors are used for treating females with bone
dieases, since it is Vitamin D that is responsible for calcium absorption from the
intestines.
Many people claim that females can take a seat inside the house and get sunlight
through the window. This may seem like a solution, but the problem is that only
UV-A rays get through window glass while almost 100% of the UV-B and UV-C is
blocked. You need UV-B rays for the production of vitamin D. Second of all, how
should one expect about 1 billion female muslims to do that without being seen
from passers or people from other buildings on higher floors? In other examples
people like to claim that females have the option to sit on top of a building roof,
which again is an absurd idea. Satellites and helicopters are good at picking the
images of the exposed women.
Additionally If women need to cover their body due to sexual reasons, why
won’t the men do it too? Women have the same sexual lust as men. Keep also
in mind that the of the revelation why the hijab became mandatory is because
Muhammad’s close friend Umar constantly begged Muhammad to view his wives,
and he refused to do so.
One important aspect has not been covered, that is that the more women are
182
covered, the more are men to be turned on when they finally see it. For example
Brazlian men wouldn't care about seeing women in the street with females
showing their butts, because they grew up with it. Whereas a muslim man in a
muslim country has far less control when he finally see women naked. Basically
Islam created a problem it was intended to prevent. In germany an experiment
performed by muslims girls to make the native german girls and teachers to wear
hijab. With the hijab on, they felt like as they were being watched, because the
hijab creates an attention or curiosity what's underneath the coat.
"We have created the human being in the best form" - Quran (Muhammad
Sarwar)
This is wrong. Bones and flesh are simultaneously created in a fetus. The modern
science regarding embryology has thousands of more details instead of this
superficial explanation which cannot be used for anything.
In the Quranic verses 23:13-14, it literally and specifically says that it is the sperm
that becomes human, and not the egg. There is evidently no mentioning of the
egg. This is understandable because nobody at that time had an idea how to
see a human egg, let alone that it exists. The only details the Quran and hadiths
mentions regarding the human embryology is: sperm, bones, flesh and blood.
This is exactly what you would need to expect a 12 year old child can see in
the medieval age and even back in ancient Greece. There is no mentioning of
enzymes, macro molecules, the 200 different human cells, receptors, collagen,
hormones, glands; none of it but only those objects which you can see with your
183
naked eye. This is clearly a manipulative trick many people use, but in truth a
teenager has realized that sperm somehow creates a baby which consist of flesh,
blood and bones. The following Quranic verses and hadith clearly states that it is
the sperm who transforms to a human being:
“Allah’s Apostle, the true and truly inspired said, “(The matter of the Creation of)
a human being is put together in the womb of the mother in forty days, and then
he becomes a clot of thick blood for a similar period, and then a piece of flesh for
a similar period. (Sahih al-Bukhari 4:53:430)
This is without doubt incorrect. Not a single mentioning of either the egg or that
both blood, flesh and bones are created simultaneously. It is wrong regarding the
process, and they don’t even mention sperm cells, rather only the fluidness of
sperm, which anyone can see. In the next chapter it is explained that it was known
by the Greeks in even better details.
People use this verse to justify that Allah knew about the tectonic plates which are
the causes of the continental drifts.
The problem with this verse is that it only says that the mountains are the only
objects on Earth that moves, but this is not the case since everything moves.
Denmark is one of the flattest countries in the world, and there are almost no
noticeable mountains, and yet the whole country moves in any case. Below are the
top 10 most flat places on Earth, and even though they are not mountains and do
not contain ones, they do move anyway.
184
5. Lake Baikal, Siberia
6. Cloncurry, Australia
7. Bonneville Salt Flats
8. Makgadikgadi Salt Pans, Botswana
9. Wadi Rum, Jordan
10. The Maldives
The interpretation about the continental drifts is purely false, and use only being
used as manipulation from ignorant people who wants to make it seem more
special than it is.
Religious folks are masters in showing off scanning images of the brain after
fasting and how it improves the brain. Obviously it was not Allah who invented
fasting, but was known to mankind thousands of years before. The real question is
how come they don’t show images of the brain of people who listens to music, but
instead only fasting? Maybe because music is prohibited? The benefits of music
has been very well documented, including the improvement of health benefits,
psychologically and physically. It is especially classical music that has been shown
to alter the brain.
Why get a disease and then cure it, when you can avoid the problem in the first
place? According to many who defend Islam, the action equals the reaction, so
there is no problem with that and Muhammad knew best. Clearly Muhammad
185
didn’t knew anything, in fact the total opposite of reality. The problem arises that
Muhammad thinks that diseases can only be in the wings, but what from the
stomach or from the legs? There are many bacteria, virus and parasites that infest
a fly on those areas.
There are well over 110.000 different species of two-winged flies throughout the
world. The two-winged fly or any of its relative is certainly not called harmless
as a fly for a reason. These species carry diseases like malaria, dysentery,
sleeping sickness, onchocerciasis, elephantiasis, and transmitted to man by these
bloodsucking dipterous flies. Many other diseases are carried by them by sucking
the feces or any other decaying organic matter and then spitting the pathogens out
of the food you’re eating. The feet of these flies are equipped with sticky pads and
its proboscis (nose) is also hairy. From their feet which consist of hollow hairs,
comes a sticky liquid out which allows them to walk upside down and on glass,
etc. The fly’s digestive tract is also a good breeding place for many germs. Below
are some examples of diseases which can be obtained from two-winged flies.
Leishmaniasis
This disease is caused by a parasitic protozoan which is transmitted by a bit of
a sand fly. Many different symptoms are caused by it, including fever, weakness,
swollen spleen, and skin sores. One of the more severe symptoms is that this
pathogen eats your skin where the flesh can be seen, and no treatment is cures
exists against it. This disease is found in Africa, South America, Europe and the
Indian Subcontinent.
Onchocerciasis
This disease is caused by the nematode worm and is spread by the Simulium black
fly. It is also known as River Blindness and is an infectious cause of blindness. This
disease is commonly found in Africa and South America, and it only requires a
single bite to transmit the worm to its victim. Treatment is available with the drug
ivermectin, but it is not a cure.
African Trypanosomiasis
This disease is caused by a protozoan blood parasite called trypanosoma, and is
also a sleeping sickness. Transmission to humans occurs by the salivary glands
of tsetse flies in Africa which are infected by this parasite. Many symptoms are
associated with this diseases, including a boil-like sore at the site of the bite, fever,
headache and severe illness.
Bartonellosis
186
This disease is caused by the rickettsia organism which is transmitted to humans
by the bite of a sand fly. The human who gets this disease transmitted usually is
exhausted by anaemia, high fever and a wart-like eruptions on the skin. It is found
in South America and treatment is available.
Myiasis
This disease is frequently carried by the cheese skipper fly, but occurs mostly
on animals such as dogs, sheep and cows although on humans may happen too.
The mechanism is transmission is that the fly lays its eggs on the skin of another
organism, and it can penetrate itself into an open wounds. There are many severe
symptoms, including violent abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea
with bloody discharge. No available treatment exists for this except for the larvae
to grow and thereby leave by itself, or by enticing it.
Typhoid
This disease is caused by the bacteria known as Salmonella Typhi. It is found in
many parts of the world, including the United States, Western Europe and Japan.
Symptoms are fever like symptoms which includes a body temperature of as
high as 39° C to 40° C, weakness, stomach pains, headaches, and loss of appetite.
Treatment is available with the drugs chloromycetin or ampicillin
Dysentery
This disease is caused by a parasite called Entamoeba histolytica, and it is a
chronic disease that affects the large intestine in humans. It can be found in
uncooked meats, and may be transported by flies. Symptoms include severe
diarrhoea and severe stomach cramps. Treatment is available with the drugs
metronidazole and ementine.
Leprosy
This disease is chronic and mainly affects the skin. Also known as Hansen’s
Disease, it is caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium leprae which can be carried
by flies from rotted foods. Symptoms include anaesthesia (numbness) of a patch
of skin, and muscles may be paralyzed. Because the skin is paralyzed, the injuries
to the area is not easily noticed by the victim. It is a rare disease and a vaccine is
currently being developed against it.
These are some few examples of diseases which flies can transmit to its human
victim, and it clearly shows that Muhammad and the Quran had absolutely no
idea of the existence of bacteria, vira and parasites. How do you expect to believe
anything else in the most reliable hadith when this is wrong?
187
Allah sends thunderbolts
"Allah sends thunderbolts and strikes therewith whom he wills" - Quran 13:13
Lightning comes from clouds, not god. In 600 AD it was clearly known that
the only source of lighting were the clouds, but why is it that we can produce
lightning ourselves then? This is another scientific thing the authors of the Quran
excluded. People would in this situation say “this verse says that Allah sends, but
Allah has given us the opportunity to create them”. It is exactly the point, this
verse only mentions what was observed by a child in 600 AD, but never even
mentioned the opportunity of creating lighting by oneself.
It is clear from every different translation of this Quranic verse that Allah has
made a barrier between the ocean which is salty and the water from rivers - and
the barrier is forbidden to be passed. This is not true, there is no barrier in this
phenomena called estuary. In fact, the ocean and the fresh water actually mixes
with each other, it only does it very slowly. The process is called diffusion.
If rain would cease to exist, it would probably take a couple of years for the salt
to diffuse all the way to the starting point of the river. It is the continuous adding
of new rainwater that keeps the existence of this transition It is happening in a
process called diffusion. In this transition of the fresh water into the ocean slowly
increases in salt concentration in a gradient. Below is a picture that demonstrates
the difference.
Besides that it is wrong and there is no barrier between them, all people in every
continent is aware of this phenomenon, and it is relatively easy to spot. People
back then knew that water from rivers was drinkable, people back then knew that
the ocean was not drinkable, and it isn't that hard to come to the conclusion that
at some point these two types of waters must have met somewhere.
188
Red sea and Arabian sea
Classical scholars are interpreting it as being the red and the Arabian sea. The
Red Sea has a high evaporation rate which is therefore the concentration of salt is
increased. This is of course because the place where the red sea is, is right beside
the Sahara desert and the Arabian desert, and because of the temperature of the
water surface reaches 30 degrees. The Strait of Bab Al-Mandeb also works like a
gate. Since no other gates exists to the Red Sea, the only way water can come in
and out is through that gate - and therefore the red sea is what is known as a semi-
enclosed marginal sea. The classical scholars have also completely misunderstood
the difference between freshwater and saltwater: in this case they are both salt
water. The red sea is even more salty than the Arabian sea, but in the end they are
both saltwaters.
189
actually be performed:
In a place where fresh water meets sea water, people can set up large umbrellas
or canopy all the way through the river and to the top of the mountains. This will
ensure that no extra fresh water will be added. Slowly in maybe months, years or
decades, the saltwater and freshwater will be totally mixed
This can also be applied to the Red Sea. Since the cause of the high concentration
of salt is the result of the hot sun evaporating the water, one set up canopies in the
total area of the Red Sea. This is possible by creating floating objects which don't
sink, but also can hold up units of thick canopies which are connected which each
other throughout the whole Red Sea. Since the red seas circulation is very poor,
it will take many years, at least decades if not centuries for the Arabian sea to mix
with the red sea. But it will happen.
People like to claim that this verse proves that Earth has been created by smoke.
So let’s take it step by step:
41:9: Say, “Do you indeed disbelieve in He who created the earth in two days and
attribute to Him equals? That is the Lord of the worlds.”
41:10: And He placed on the earth firmly set mountains over its surface, and He
blessed it and determined therein its [creatures’] sustenance in four days without
distinction – for [the information] of those who ask.
41:11: Then He directed Himself to the heaven while it was smoke and said to it
and to the earth, “Come [into being], willingly or by compulsion.” They said, “We
have come willingly.”
The realization is that the smoke scene was after the creation of the earth right,
not before. There is a difference between gas and smoke. Gas is a state of matter,
smoke is a collection of particles.
190
Abu Hurayrah reported that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon
him) said: “Yawning is from the Shaytaan. If any of you feels the urge to yawn, let
him resist it as much as possible, for if any of you says Ha (makes a noise when
yawning), the Shaytaan laughs.” - al-Bukhari no. 3289, also supported by al-
Bukhari, Fath, no. 6226, Muslim, 2994, Sunan al-Tirmidhi 2746 + 2747 and others
This is probably one of these major scientific mistakes from these many confirmed
hadiths. In the view of anatomical structure, yawning stretches your mouth to
the fullest and the normal respiration stops with a full inspiration fuelling your
lungs with a puff of cool air. The resulting effect from the relaxation and stretching
of these anatomical structures is that blood supply increases and afterwards the
blood supply to the brain increases. The carotid body which lies just above the
bifurcation of the common carotid artery on both sides of the brain compresses,
releases adrenaline and noradrenaline which makes you feel aroused for a small
amount of time. As mentioned the brain gets a shot of increased blood due to
the relaxation of the neck, but it is also cooled down by the page of cold air to the
lungs. Experiments on rats has shown that the brain gets cooled down.
Yawning helps with empathy, cooling down the brain, increasing blood flow to the
brain, flushing out toxins and more. It has also been shown that in children at age
4 with autistic behaviour have a lack of yawning.
People are interpreting this verse as as the sun moving has its own course to a
resting place called the Solar Apex, and how remarkable it is that it was known
before by a man in 600 AD. This is not true. Our sun is moving in an orbit
around the galaxy of approximately 230 million years a circuit, it is not a place
where the sun is going to settle. Astronomers call the sun’s direction of motion
through the Milky Way the solar apex or the apex of the sun’s way. The Solar Apex
is the direction of motion with respect to the local standard of rest. It is not a
destination where it is going to stop. Just like the Earth is orbiting the sun non-
stop, the sun is also orbiting the galaxy the same way - and certainly the solar apex
is not a bus station.
191
Genetics in the Quran
Many religious people like to claim that Quran 18:65 (written in Arabic) refers to
DNA, since it says A NE DE, reading backwards. They also claim it was in the
year 1865 when the science of genetics began due to it being surah 18 and verse
65.
There are many problems with this statement. Firstly the origins of genetics lie
in the development of theories of evolution, first was observed and proved by
Charles Darwin, and he published his book in 1859. It was during this period.
Gregor Mendel discovered the basic principles of genetics, without even knowing
that there is a nucleus in the cells which contain DNA, and he published his paper
in 1866. It was between 1856 and 1863 he conducted the experiments on plea
plants to cross-breed them. People claim this is about the DNA, but the DNA
molecule itself was first discovered with X-Ray in 1900s. Mendel had nothing
to do with the DNA itself, only cross-breeding and proving that offspring have
variants from their parents. The science of genetics began between 1856-1863 and
not 1865 as some claim. He only made two presentations in 1865 to present his
paper, but was ignored by the scientific community, but he published the paper in
1866 anyway.
Since many literally extract the word DNA out of the verse, the DNA molecule
was first discovered in 1900s where started with the proposed Chromosomal
Theory of Inheritance in early 1900s and then the chemical structure of
the DNA between 1920-1953. DNA is furthermore only an abbreviation of
deoxyribonucleic acid, why didn’t the Quran say deoxyribonucleic acid instead?
It is just a name, the discovery of the molecule with X-ray is more important,
together with it’s chemical structure and how different mechanism works, like
splicing.
Since the numbering of the verses 18:65 is what keeps this miracle alive, then all
people need to do is to prove that these verses are the same as the 9 Qurans made
by Uthman in 652 AD. They can’t, because the oldest Qurans known are from the
8th century (Topkapi, sammarqand, Ma’il, Housini, Petropolitanus, San’AA). None
of these Qurans are original, none of these quran are the same as the Qurans
today, all these qurans has mistakes in grammar and language, and some of the
have missed words, missed pages. Dr Shabir Ally which supposedly found his
“miracle of the numbers 7 and 19” and bragged about a lot found out that they
192
can only found in the 1924 Al-Azhar compiled canonical text, put together in
Egypt that same year. After he realized he couldn’t find his numerology miracles
earlier than 1924, he stopped mentioning these numbers. All people have to do is
to find the 18:65 verse in a 12th century Quran or older.
Menstruation
“Narrated Grandfather of Adi ibn Thabit: Allah’s Messenger (peace be upon him)
said: Sneezing, drowsing, yawning in prayer, also menstruation, vomiting and
nose-bleeding are from (the acts of) Satan.” - Tirmidhi Hadith, Number 315
Thinking about it, the Quran only talks about menstruation but never, ever
mentions what it is good for. Even the Quran doesn’t mention anything good
about menstruation, but looking at the hadith above, saying that menstruation
is from Satan just proves how much guesswork they did and how little did they
know about anatomy, physiology and ovulation. In the menstruation cycle,
ovulation happens where eggs are released and sperm cells need to fertilize the
cell and make the woman pregnant. So having the ability to be pregnant is from
Satan?
Cousin marriages
“Prohibited to you [for marriage] are your mothers, your daughters, your sisters,
your father’s sisters, your mother’s sisters, your brother’s daughters, your sister’s
daughters, your [milk] mothers who nursed you, your sisters through nursing,
your wives’ mothers, and your step-daughters under your guardianship [born] of
your wives unto whom you have gone in. But if you have not gone in unto them,
there is no sin upon you. And [also prohibited are] the wives of your sons who are
from your [own] loins, and that you take [in marriage] two sisters simultaneously,
except for what has already occurred. Indeed, Allah is ever Forgiving and
Merciful.” - Quran 4:23
The above verse from the Quran mentions which relatives you are allowed to
marry and have children with and cousins is one of them. Apparently it hasn’t
taking any consideration about increased chance of sharing genes for recessive
traits which can hold genetic disorders.
The only thing a person has to do is look at the science and statistics regarding
cousin marriages, and you’ll find that for example that pakistanian couples who
are cousin married in UK has 13x times more likely than the general public to
193
produce children with genetic disorders, and also the childbirth mortality rate
increases compared to non-cousin marriage. If Allah really knew about science,
he would not have allowed this, and he would also have explained the chemical,
biochemical and molecular biological science behind it.
This is a clear indication that geography wasn’t the best side of the authors of the
Quran. America, Australia, Greenland and probably not even Asia never received
a prophet and are still waiting. Nothing of the Torah, Christianity or Islam existed
there until after 15th century, as a matter of fact much later than that. Quran and
hadiths repeatedly mentions which prophets were sent and where, but it never
mentioned anything about the aborigines in Australia, the native Americans in
America, the Inuit of Greenland, which by the way have totally different beliefs.
Until the time of Muhammad, they never received any prophets, where were they
when this revelation was given to Muhammad?
Like a carpet
194
“(Yea, the same that) has made for you the earth (like a carpet) spread out, and
has made for you roads (and channels) therein, in order that ye may find guidance
(on the way);” – Quran 43:10
Spread it out
And the earth – We have spread it out, and set thereon mountains standing firm,
and produced therein every kind of beautiful growth (in pairs) – Quran 50:7
Earth a bed
"[The one] who has made for you the earth a bed and made for you upon it roads
that you might be guided" - Quran 41:10
Earth as a bed
"[It is He] who has made for you the earth as a bed [spread out] and inserted
therein for you roadways and sent down from the sky, rain and produced thereby
categories of various plants." - Quran 20:53
195
Allah and His Messenger (peace be upon him) knew best, he said, “It is the earth.”
He then asked, “Do you know what is under that?” On their replying that Allah
and His Messenger (peace be upon him) knew best, he said, “Under it there is
another Earth with a journey of five hundred years between them,” and so on till
he had counted seven earths with a journey of five hundred years between each
pair. He then said, “By Him in Whose hand Muhammad’s soul is, if you were to
drop a rope to the lowest earth it would not pass out of Allah’s knowledge.” – Al
Tirmidhi 5735
The width of the heavens and the earth are the same
196
And hasten to forgiveness from your Lord and a garden as wide as the heavens
and earth, prepared for the righteous - Quran 3:133
"And at the earth – how it is spread out? (88:20)’ meaning it was laid flat, and
from that the power of Allah is inferred. This was linked to camels (in 88:17)
because they are the animal most connected to Earth. And His usage of the
‘spread out’ literally suggests that the Earth is flat, and such is the opinion of the
scholars of Islam, not a ball like astronomers claim, though claiming so is not a
grave sin.” - Tafsir Jalalayn 88:20
The tafsir from Jalalayn is very clear by saying "not a ball like astronomers claim".
A printed copy version in English have leaved out the flat part. It rather says:
"...and at the earth, - how it was smoothed out? All these things are cited as
evidence of the power and oneness of Allah. Camles are mentioned first because
the Arabs had closer contact with them than any other animals. "Smoothed out"
is used of the Earth because it has the appearance of being level." - Tafsir Jalalayn
88:20 (printed version of English translation)
The above translation on a printed version has been clearly corrupted. Firstly it
has leaved out that "not a ball like astronomers claim", and the second is that it
uses the word "smoothed" rather than "flat". Below are other tafsirs confirming
that the interpretation is a flat earth:
Regarding Quran 13:3: “Allah said: “And it is He who spread the Earth” which
means that he spread it so that things may lie flat on it, which is a counter
argument against those who claim that it is round like a ball.” - Tafsir Mawardi
13:3
Regarding the meaning of the word bisatan in Quran 71:19: “the obvious meaning
is that the Earth is not spherical, but flat.” - Tafsir Abu Hayyan 71:19
Allah said ‘And it is He who spread the earth’ meaning that he spread it over the
water … according to astronomers the Earth is a ball and it can be said that if the
ball is large enough then every piece of it can be seen as a large flat expanse…
Even so Allah has told us that He expanded the Earth and that He spread it and
197
flattened it, which all indicate that the Earth is flat, and Allah is more truthful and
has better evidence than astronomers.” - Tafsir Al-Khazin Al-Baghdadi
The opinion that the Earth is round is a false one, but believing that it is flat is the
obvious meaning taken from the book of Allah, of which there is no falsehood.
Ibn Mujahid proved the correctness of this by using the water of sea around
elevated areas. He said: if the Earth were round then the water would not lie still. -
Tafsir Ibn Attiyah 71:19
Explanation: Ibn Mujahid is known to have created the seven canonical Quranic
readings (Qira'at).
Musa ibn Harun narrated and said that Amru ibn Hammad narrated and said that
Asbath narrated from al-Suddi in the report mentioned, from Abu Malik, and
from Abu Salih, from ibn ‘Abbas and from Murrah, from ibn Masud and from
people of the companions of the prophet (peace and blessings be upon him): “…
and the sky a building…” The canopy of the sky over the earth is in the form of a
dome, and it is a roof over the earth. And Bishr bin Mu’az narrated and said from
Yazid from Sa’id from Qatada in the words of Allah “…and the sky a building…”
He says he makes the sky your roof. - Tafsir al-Tabari 2:22
Allah said next, (..without any pillars that you can see.) meaning, `there are
pillars, but you cannot see them,’ according to Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Al-Hasan,
Qatadah, and several other scholars. Iyas bin Mu`awiyah said, “The heaven is
like a dome over the earth,” meaning, without pillars. Similar was reported from
Qatadah, and this meaning is better for this part of the Ayah, especially since
Allah said in another Ayah, (He withholds the heaven from falling on the earth
except by His permission.) 22:65 Therefore, Allah’s statement, (..that you can see),
affirms that there are no pillars. Rather, the heaven is elevated (above the earth)
without pillars, as you see. This meaning best affirms Allah’s ability and power. -
Tafsir Ibn Kathir 13:2
"(And made them seven heavens) means, one above the other, while the `seven
earths' means, one below the other." - Tafsir Ibn Kathir 41:12"
Now how many verses says that the earth is round? Zero, except the verse
198
the Arabic word. It is Udhi'ya or Udhu'wa which means ostrich egg. The word
is only related with eggs, because an ostrich spreads its nest on the ground. This
means the only reason why it is associated with ostriches and eggs, is that the
word describes how an ostrich digs out a nest for its eggs. In other words, it is a
reference to the way the nest is created, and not remark on the shape of the egg
itself. Some people claim that it is a metaphor that one side of earth is smaller
than the other side due to the rotation of the earth which is still not true regarding
the reality. Below are three problems about the comparison of the Earth with an
ostrich egg.
• Radius of Earth:
Center to north: 6356 km
Center to equator: 6378 km
Difference in percent: 0,34%. That’s not even one percent.
• An egg is more or less a prolate spheroid, and the Earth is an oblate spheroid,
which is the opposite. See images on the left. This means even if you flip it, it
won’t match each other.
• One end of an egg is more pointy, and the other end is more thick – which is
absolutely not an image of the earth.
The difference in percentage which is only 0,34% is so low, it still looks like a
perfect round ball with the naked eye. There are many other fruits or object
the authors of the Quran could have chosen like oranges, peaches, honeydew,
lanzones, and why not the sun or the full moon itself? All these fruits are more
accurate to the earth than an egg. To do the comparison visually, it has been
designed and demonstrated with Photoshop where 1 pixel is 1 km radius. The
results can be seen on the next page.
Looking at the spheres, the one to the left is a perfect sphere with radius
6378x6378 px horizontally and vertically, and the one in the middle is the actual
dimensions of the earth with 6378x6356 pixels. It has been designed in pixels, but
the result is the same as the only important aspect is the ratio. To the right is the
Ostrich egg. It can be clearly seen the shape of the earth is much more similar to a
perfect sphere than to an ostrich egg ever will be.
Regardless about the dimensions, the problem is still that dahaha doesn’t mean
egg-shaped, it means spread out.
People usually use the excuse you don’t even consider the fact that there are many
egg shapes, depending on which animal the egg came from: birds, reptiles, amphibia
and fish. The Quran doesn’t specify that, and usually the term egg is referred to
a bird’s or a chicken egg in it’s natural sense first. In the desert of the cities of
199
200
Medina and Mecca there are not a lot of fish. In the end it really doesn’t matter
what kind of egg, because the basis of the Quran 79:30 saying egg-shaped is a
mistranslation of dahaha. Also the tafsir comment confirms it:
“At the earth how it is spread out(*) (Arabic: sutihat): meaning it was stretched, so
they can see in it a sign for the power of Allah ... and his saying sutihat makes it
obvious that the earth is flat, and this is certified by Ulama’ ash-shar’a (the shari’a
theologians), not a globe as it is said by ahlul-hay’a (the laymen).” - Tafseer Al-
Jalalayn. printed in Damascus 1964. Al-Mallah Printshop and Bookstore)
How do you stretch a round earth? The authors should just have written that the
round earth has been made so big that the curvature can’t be seen from sea level.
But it doesn’t say that.
The night and the day are determined by the orbiting of the moon and sun
“And it is He Who created the night and the day, and the sun and the moon; each
one floats in an orbit.” - Quran 21.33
Heavens are in layers. It specifically also says that we can see it, which we can’t
“See ye not how Allah has created the seven heavens one above another, and made
the moon a light in their midst (Luminous), and made the sun as a (Glorious)
Lamp?” - Quran 71:15–16
Sun goes underneath the throne and gets permission to rise again
201
“Narrated Abu Dhar: The Prophet asked me at sunset, “Do you know where the
sun goes (at the time of sunset)?” I replied, “Allah and His Apostle know better.”
He said, “It goes (i.e. travels) till it prostrates Itself underneath the Throne and
takes the permission to rise again, and it is permitted and then (a time will come
when) it will be about to prostrate itself but its prostration will not be accepted,
and it will ask permission to go on its course but it will not be permitted, but it
will be ordered to return whence it has come and so it will rise in the west.” –
Sahih Bukhari 4:54:421
Night and day are determined by the orbiting sun and moon
“And He hath made subject to you the sun and the moon, both diligently pursuing
their courses; and the night and the day hath he (also) made subject to you.” -
Quran 14:33
The sun had to be bring up from the west, when in fact it is caused by the rotation
of the earth
“Abraham said, “Indeed, Allah brings up the sun from the east, so bring it up from
the west.” So the disbeliever was overwhelmed [by astonishment]” – Quran 2:258
Allah descends every night to the lowest heaven, which is possible only in flat
earth
Abu Huraira reported Allah's Messenger ﷺas saying: Allah descends every night
to the lowest heaven when one-third of the first part of the night is over and says:
I am the Lord; I am the Lord: who is there to supplicate Me so that I answer him?
Who is there to beg of Me so that I grant him? Who is there to beg forgiveness
from Me so that I forgive him? He continues like this till the day breaks.- Sahih
Muslim 4:1657
202
attention while other solar systems with planets aren’t
Earth which is a very small object compared to space was one entity
“Do not the Unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined together
(as one unit of creation), before we clove them asunder? We made from water
every living thing. Will they not then believe?” - Quran 21:30
203
was over the waters – that He might try you, which of you is best in conduct.
But if thou wert to say to them, “Ye shall indeed be raised up after death”, the
Unbelievers would be sure to say, “This is nothing but obvious sorcery!” - Quran
11:7
204
Allah created the Earth first, then the heavens
“He it is Who created for you all that is in the earth. Then turned He to the
heaven, and fashioned it as seven heavens. And He is knower of all things” –
Quran 2:29
Heavens in layers
“So He completed them as seven firmaments in two Days, and He assigned to
each heaven its duty and command” – Quran 41:12
Heavens without pillars floating, when in fact it’s just a reflecting gas
“Allah is He Who raised the heavens without any pillars that ye can see; is firmly
established on the throne (of authority); He has subjected the sun and the moon
(to his Law)! Each one runs (its course) for a term appointed. He doth regulate
all affairs, explaining the signs in detail, that ye may believe with certainty in the
meeting with your Lord.” - Quran 13:2
The sun, the moon and the earth is the center of the universe
“Lo! your Lord is Allah Who created the heavens and the earth in six Days, then
mounted He the Throne. He covereth the night with the day, which is in haste to
follow it, and hath made the sun and the moon and the stars subservient by His
command. His verily is all creation and commandment. Blessed be Allah, the
Lord of the Worlds!” – Quran 7:54
The course of the sun and moon determines night and day
“And He hath made subject to you the sun and the moon, both diligently pursuing
their courses; and the night and the day hath he (also) made subject to you.” -
Quran 14:33
The course of the sun and moon determines night and day
205
“He created the heavens and the earth in true (proportions): He makes the Night
overlap the Day, and the Day overlap the Night: He has subjected the sun and the
moon (to His law): Each one follows a course for a time appointed.” – Quran 39:5
Our sun and moon is the only sun and moon ever mentioned
“He it is that cleaveth the day-break (from the dark): He makes the night for rest
and tranquillity, and the sun and moon for the reckoning (of time): Such is the
judgment and ordering of (Him), the Exalted in Power, the Omniscient.” – Quran
6:96
Our sun and moon is the only sun and moon ever mentioned. Furthermore the
moon is not a light
“It is He Who made the sun to be a shining glory and the moon to be a light
(of beauty), and measured out stages for her; that ye might know the number
of years and the count (of time). Nowise did Allah create this but in truth
and righteousness. (Thus) doth He explain His Signs in detail, for those who
understand.” - Quran 10:5
Allah, his throne and water existed before the earth (hadith)
""First of all, there was nothing but Allah, and (then He created His Throne). His
throne was over the water, and He wrote everything in the Book (in the Heaven)
and created the Heavens and the Earth." - Sahih al-Bukhari 4:54:414
In the verse above we know for sure that he has sent a messenger to every nation.
In the below verse we find out how many nations:
“And this [Qur’an] is a Book We have revealed [which is] blessed, so follow it and
fear Allah that you may receive mercy. [We revealed it] lest you say, “The Scripture
was only sent down to two groups before us, but we were of their study unaware,”
Or lest you say, “If only the Scripture had been revealed to us, we would have been
better guided than they.” So there has [now] come to you a clear evidence from
206
your Lord and a guidance and mercy. Then who is more unjust than one who
denies the verses of Allah and turns away from them? We will recompense those
who turn away from Our verses with the worst of punishment for their having
turned away.” - Quran 6:155-157
So Allah has sent a messenger to every nation, and that is a total number of three:
The Jews, the Christians and now the Arabs. Not even the native Indians? Not
even the aborigines? Not even the Greenland people? How do you expect it to
even be aliens?
He says that he sent a messenger to every nation, therefore the messengers of the
Jews, Christians and now Muslims do not count, since they were the messengers
of the Middle-East, and not America or Australia. And the second Quranic
verse confirms it conclusively that there were a total of three groups, the Jews,
Christians and now muslims, where the books have been revealed.
People can refute that Allah has sent a messenger to every nation, but not all
nations received a scripture. To this following bullet proof argument can be used:
"And We certainly sent into every nation a messenger, [saying], "Worship Allah
and avoid Taghut." And among them were those whom Allah guided, and among
them were those upon whom error was [deservedly] decreed. So proceed through
the earth and observe how was the end of the deniers." - Quran 16:36
"Then if they deny you, [O Muhammad] - so were messengers denied before you,
who brought clear proofs and written ordinances and the enlightening Scripture."
- Quran 3:184
"And We have already sent messengers before you and assigned to them wives
and descendants. And it was not for a messenger to come with a sign except by
permission of Allah . For every term is a decree." - Quran 13:38
"And if they deny you - then already have those before them denied. Their
messengers came to them with clear proofs and written ordinances and with the
enlightening Scripture." - Quran 35:25
Conclusion: With these four verses, books were sent to all nations, which in turn
contradicts with Quran 6:155-157, that it was only sent down to three groups
total.
The scripture to the arabian peninsula was sent to the arab-speaking people, so
they did not have any excuses. But what about America and Australia? Should they
just accept that they will come with excuses? Allah specifically didn't want the
arabs not to come with excuses, why not the native Indians or Aborigines too?
Furthermore nowhere is it mentioned in the Quran or hadiths about America and
Australia. The next verse confirms it was sent down for the arab-speaking people
because of the language:
“And before this Quran the Book of Moses was revealed as a guide and mercy.
And this Book is a confirmation, in the Arabic tongue, to warn those who do
wrong, and as good news to those who do good.” - Quran 46:12
The proof that earth is the center of the universe and Aliens do not exist
Notice also that the Quran only mentions that Allah has sent a messenger to
every nation, but doesn't say every world or every planet. Even if it were correct
that he sent messengers to other planets, it still wouldn't make sense because
he only sent the scriptures to the Jews, Christians and Arabs, which is on our
planet - and therefore the Messengers on other planets would be useless without
any scriptures. This means that life on other planets, even if they had received
messengers, they never received any books to follow, because only three books has
been sent, the Torah, Bible and the Quran, which is on our planet, and therefore
the messengers on other planets would be useless.
There is no way to interpret it away, this, ladies and gentlemen, is the golden
scientific mistake you all were looking for. Let it be known that this scientific
mistake mistakes was found and for the first time mentioned in this book,
Disproving Islam (2020) by the author. This is an entirely new scientific mistake,
which is wrong, and undoubtedly cannot be interpreted otherwise.
Conclusion
This chapter has presented various scientific mistakes, and a complete new one,
first described in this book.
Nevertheless all these scientific verses (which are not science), whether true or
not, is only 0,000001% of all science knowledge compared to today. The complete
flat earth references has been summarized on the next pages. The next chapter
is exclusively showing that these scientific miracles have been known before
Muhammad by mankind. This chapter was about that these are wrong and not
satisfactory, and it doesn’t work, then the next chapter will prove that these
scientific statements were known before.
Chapter 4: Plagiarism by Islam
Introduction
This chapter is a follow-up of chapter one and deals with proving that scientific
miracles from the Quran, and presents evidence that were in fact known before
Muhammad’s time. It is separated into two main parts, the first part dealing with
the scientific plagiarism and the second part dealing with plagiarism regarding
rituals, rules, wordings, events etc.
PART 1
Quran copied fasting
It is typically seen that people share CT scans or MRI scans of the brain, showing
how fasting improves and alters the brain, and justifying how Islam is the true
religion because of this. While there is no doubt that fasting has benefits, the
benefits of fasting has been known for at least 1100 years before Muhammad, and
this is independently from the Torah and the Bible.
Pythagoras (570 BC - 495 BC) in ancient Greece was among many who talk about
its advantages. It was one of the most widespread healing traditions in the ancient
world.
Hippocrates (460 BC - 370 BC) was one of the greatest geniuses in the antique
and is widely considered the father of modern medicine. He commonly
prescribed the practice of fasting and the consumption of apple cider vinegar. He
wrote to eat when you are sick, is to feed your illness.
Another ancient Greek was Plutarch (46 AD - 120 AD) who was a Greek writer
and historian who also made similar statements. He wrote Instead of using
medicine, better fast today. Even Plato (424 BC - 348 BC) and his student Aristotle
were also truth worthy supporters of fasting. Generally the ancient Greeks
believed that humans, like most animals, do not eat when they become sick. This
is the reason why fasting has been called the physician within.
There is surely no doubt that fasting was known before the time of Muhammad.
211
heaven
In the Quran and hadiths it is stated multiple times Allah had separated earth
from the heavens and heavens from the earth. Below is a scripture which was
written 2700 years before Muhammad with the same statement:
“Not only did the lord make the world appear in its correct form, the lord who
never changes the destinies which he determines – Enlil – who will make the
human seed of the Land come forth from the earth – and not only did he hasten
to separate heaven from earth, and hasten to separate earth from heaven..” - Song
of the Hoe, Creation of the Myth, 2100 BC
"When the Heavens had been separated from the Earth" - Enuma Elish,
Babylonian creation myth, 700 BC
""What did the ancient classic "Zhou Shu" mean by the sentence that Zhong
and Li caused the heaven and earth to disconnect from each other?" - Guoyu
(Discourses of the States), 771–476 BC
Separating earth from heaven was indeed said almost 3000 years before
Muhammad.
"Sperm is a product which comes from the whole body of each parent, weak
sperm coming from the weak parts, and strong sperm from the strong parts....The
seed (embryo), then, is contained in a membrane … Moreover, it grows because
of its mother’s blood, which descends to the womb. For once a woman conceives,
212
she ceases to menstruate... At this stage, with the descent and coagulation of the
mother’s blood, flesh begins to be formed, with the umbilicus...As the flesh grows
it is formed into distinct members by breath... The bones grow hard … moreover
they send out branches like a tree …” - Hippocrates 1978, page 321-322
Aristotle also wrote about the embryology, 900 years before Muhammad:
“When the material secreted by the female in the uterus has been fixed by the
semen of the male…the more solid part comes together, the liquid is separated off
from it, and as the earthy parts solidify membranes form all around it…Some of
these are called membranes and others choria…” and “So nature has first designed
the two blood vessels from the heart, and from these smaller vessels branch off
to the uterus, forming what is called the umbilicus…Round these is a skin-like
integument, because the weakness of the vessels needs protection and shelter. The
vessels join to the uterus like the roots of plants, and through them the embryo
receives its nourishment”. - Aristotle, De Generatione Animalium, Book II,
740a28-740a35, as per Barnes, opere citato, p. 1148-1149
Claudius Galenus from the Roman Empire also wrote about embryology, 500
years before Muhammad:
“let us divide the creation of the foetus overall into four periods of time. The first
is that in which. as is seen both in abortions and in dissection, the form of the
semen prevails [Arabic nutfah]. At this time, Hippocrates too, the all-marvelous,
does not yet call the conformation of the animal a foetus; as we heard just now
in the case of semen voided in the sixth day, he still calls it semen. But when
it has been filled with blood [Arabic alaqa], and heart, brain and liver are still
unarticulated and unshaped yet have by now a certain solidarity and considerable
size, this is the second period; the substance of the foetus has the form of flesh
and no longer the form of semen. Accordingly you would find that Hippocrates
too no longer calls such a form semen but, as was said, foetus. The third period
follows on this, when, as was said, it is possible to see the three ruling parts
clearly and a kind of outline, a silhouette, as it were, of all the other parts [Arabic
mudghah]. You will see the conformation of the three ruling parts more clearly,
that of the parts of the stomach more dimly, and much more still, that of the
limbs. Later on they form “twigs”, as Hippocrates expressed it, indicating by the
term their similarity to branches. The fourth and final period is at the stage when
all the parts in the limbs have been differentiated; and at this part Hippocrates
the marvelous no longer calls the foetus an embryo only, but already a child, too
when he says that it jerks and moves as an animal now fully formed.” “… The
213
time has come for nature to articulate the organs precisely and to bring all the
parts to completion. Thus it caused flesh to grow on and around all the bones,
and at the same time … it made at the ends of the bones ligaments that bind them
to each other, and along their entire length it placed around them on all sides
thin membranes, called periosteal, on which it caused flesh to grow.” - Corpus
Medicorum Graecorum: Galeni de Semine (Galen: On Semen) (Greek text with
English trans. Phillip de Lacy, Akademic Verlag, 1992) section I:9:1-10 pp. 92-95,
101
People already knew a lot about the fetus, many of them were even more precise
than Muhammad and the Quran.
Keith Moore
Many people bring up the embryologist Keith Moore, and how he said that the
Quran was accurate when it comes to embryology. He was working with the Saudi
government, who also payed him and financed his research, and was easily tricked
into saying that it was accuracte by relying on the translation and interpretation of
the Saudis.
During his lecture tours to promote his book to Muslim audiences in 1988,
Keith Moore stated that he never left his Christian faith to become a Muslim and
admitted that he had no knowledge of Arabic, that Muslim scholars had translated
the Arabic words for him, and that he is not claiming his interpretations are
accurate. The following is the quote from him:
"As Dr. Persaud said, we don't read Arabic. The Scholars translated for us. We
simply give our interpretations. We are not saying they are accurate." - Dr. Keith
Moore, Embryology in the Qur'an, University of Toronto, Canada, 1988 with
Keith L. Moore, TVN Persaud and E. Marshal Johnson, timestamp 00:48:40
The Islamic additions to his book are actually the work of a leading militant
Islamist named Abdul Majeed al-Zindani, and not the work of Keith Moore.
Alfred Kroner, William Hay, Tom Armstrong and other professors/scientists who
attended the conference back then, have also come forward, saying that their
views were misrepresented and quote-mined.
"We thought it was to help make it easier for scientists to operate in the Muslim
world, but clearly I think in retrospect is to try to recruit people for Islam. I hate
to say it but under false pretences and that's a really serious problem". - William
214
Hay
Man created from clay was stated 1600 years before Muhammad:
"Your hands formed me and made me - will you now absorb me? Remember that
you formed me as if with clay - will you return me to dust? You poured me out
like milk, and pulled me together like cheese. You clothed me with skin and flesh,
and [inside me] did you interweave bones and sinews." - Book of Job, Job 10:8-11
Some people claim that it was a miracle how a man in 600 AD in the desert could
have known that meteorites contain iron. They just forgot to mention that it was
known before.
According to professor Hamed A. Ead, the Egyptians called iron the metal of
heaven or ba-en-pet.
According to Keith Squires, not only were the ancient Egyptians aware of
meteoritic iron, but archaeological evidence suggests that they were sophisticated
enough to differentiate between different types of iron. In ancient Egypt lead-
stones were called res mehit ba, which means north south iron. Plutarch which
quoted Manetho, called lead-stones as Bone of Osiris, and non-magnetic iron as
Bone of Typhon.
Even the Sumerians had a clue about this. According to Alan F. Alford, the
supreme God Anu personified a planet which had exploded, which is the reason
that his name Anu meant Heaven, and meteoritic iron was known as the essence of
Anu.
215
In conclusion it was known before Muhammad that meteorites contained iron.
According to the verse above, Allah has also sent down clothing.
According to the verses above and apologists, a 7th century man could never
had known that a body could be preserved so good as that of the Pharaoh who
drowned while persecuting Moses. The answer is actually very simple: there
were hundreds of other pharaohs who were mummified, and many tomb raiders
always went to these spots to steal treasures, like gold, and even many tombs
were destroyed. However, one of the most well preserved mummies known to
date is that of a 3000 years old Cherchen Man, found in the Taklamakan desert,
even more preserved than any Egyptian Pharaohs. It's funny that Allah never
mentioned that he will preserve a man in Asia.
Firstly is a very clear observation that the moon is reflecting the light of the sun
at the exact same side the light touches the moon. It is not an exaggeration to
say that a teenager in the ancient world could have come to that conclusion. The
correct translated verse is mentioned above, but Sahih International has corrupted
the translation which says:
216
“It is He who made the sun a shining light and the moon a derived light” - Quran
10:5, Sahih International
As mentioned in chapter three stating that the moon is a light is wrong, but the
Sahih International added the word derived for the translation of the arabic word
nur. In Quran 24:35 it says Allah is the light (Nur) of the heavens and Earth, so
does that mean that Allah is a derived light? Of course not. Regardless of the
outcome this was known before by many people.
Anaxagoras (428 BC) correctly determined that the rocky moon reflects light
from the sun which made it possible for him to explain lunar phases and eclipses.
Not only was he correct that the moon reflected the light from the sun, he also
stated that it contained mountains and believed it was inhabited. He lived 1000
years before Muhammad.
It is not that difficult to realize that it is a reflection when half moons only are
lightened up by the side which the sun is.
In chapter one it has been described why this verse is incorrect. Shortly the
fresh water and salt water mixes, but very slowly. There is also no barrier but a
transition with a gradient. Nevertheless Aristotle (350 BC) had a similar statement
that salt water and fresh water don't mix, 900 years before Muhammad:
“The drinkable, sweet water, then, is light and is all of it drawn up: the salt water is
heavy and remains behind” - Meteorology by Aristotle (350 BC) Book II.
217
That humans were made from water or that we come from the sea has been
known before human. It is worth mentioning that it doesn't take a person with
an IQ higher than 70 (which is low) to get an idea that the essence of life is water.
In the desert it is even easier to understand that without water, you die. When a
soldier dies, he usually loses a lot of blood which is evident.
But the more important question is, why doesn't Allah mention carbon? Life does
not from water; water is just water - life comes from different atoms which the
most important is carbon. That's why carbon is called the essence of biological
life. It is through a discipline called organic chemistry students learn that without
carbon there is no life. That’s why when something is organic or living, it contains
carbon. Our DNA which is the essence of all biological life consist of carbon.
Saying that he made living things from water is like saying “I made that cake from
milk” without adding anything else, like flour. Regardless of what, it was known
before that living things came from water.
Anaximander, 610 – 546 BC (1200 years before Muhammad) said that lif came
from the sea.
Empedocles, 494 - 434 BC (1100 years before Muhammad) that all matter were
made up of four elements: water, earth, air and fire.
Anaximander, 610 – 546 BC (1200 years before Muhammad) was one of the
people in ancient Greece. He postulated that the sea evaporates under the
sun's action and the clouds would be attracted to places where water was more
218
abundant, and then rain would happen.
“The sun strings these worlds – the earth, the planets, the atmosphere – to himself
on a thread.” - Shatapatha Brahmana 8.7.3.10, by Yajnavalkya
Anaxagoras who lived 1100 years before Muhammad proposed that the milky way
is a concentration of distant stars like our own.
Aristarchus of Samos in ancient Greece, lived 900 years before Muhammad, was
an astronomer and mathematician who was influenced by Philolaus of Croton.
He is probably the first person in ancient Greece who first proposed heliocentric,
where he placed the Sun at the center while Earth revolving around it. He
understood the central fire with the sun, and he managed to put the planets in
our solar system in the correct order according to the distance to the sun. Just like
Anaxagoras 200 years before him, he also suspected that the stars also were suns
just like our own, but much further away.
There is no doubt that the ancient Greeks were very well away about
heliocentrism and that planets revolve around the sun.
219
They ask you about wine and gambling. Say, “In them is great sin and [yet, some]
benefit for people. But their sin is greater than their benefit.” And they ask you
what they should spend. Say, “The excess [beyond needs].” Thus Allah makes clear
to you the verses [of revelation] that you might give thought. - Quran 2:219, also
4:43, 5:90-91
It only takes a child in the ancient world to realize that alcohol is bad, in regard
to physical health, psychologically and also have an impact socially. The first
example blow is the Roman Aulus, 500 years before Muhammad. His made an
accurate statement looking it superficial without going into the toxicological
aspect.
“if a drunken man get a childe, it will never likely have a good braine” - Aulus
Gellius, born 125 AD
"it is not right that procreation should be the work of bodies dissolved by excess of
wine, but rather that the embryo should be compacted firmly, steadily and quietly
in the womb’" - Plato, reprinted 1952, 6, 775c–d
Plato (Laws II, 655 d ss.) admitted that wine could lead to uncontrollable manner
and bad habits. Drunken people were always likely to lose their temper and
become crazy, which is the reason why Dyonisiac festivals were forbidden in
Sparta. In their view the festivals were irreverent and made the men who were
drunk to become crazy.
The third example is from the ancient Carthage (700-300 BC), 900-1300 years
before Muhammad. They had a ritual against drinking by newly married in their
wedding nights, and it was a percolation against alcohol induced birth defects.
For further study, it is recommended to read Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Behavior:
Psychological Research Perspectives by John Jung and Beer And Wine In Antiquity:
Beneficial Remedy Or Punishment Imposed By The Gods? by Rosso AM.
220
Allah predicted about bacteria before they were
known
“I am your Lord. Take off your shoes. You are in the sacred valley of Tuwa.” -
Quran 20:12
A statement by some people to this is that God ordered Moses to take off his
shoes in order for not making the place dirty. They use this to justify that it proves
bacteria.
This is one of these preposterous miracle statements that one might ask oneself
who fell down the steps and claimed it. The quran literally doesn't mention
anything about bacteria but only the dirt which is under the shoes. There are
different college textbooks about microbiology, immunology and bacteriology
which can highly be recommend to read. From there it is easy to come to the
realization that the verse has no meaning to anything. Regardless of what, this was
known before and in a much greater detail.
Both Marcus and Thucydides were completely right about bacteria and their
existence, but not all bacteria travels in the air.
221
said it
Mothers may nurse their infants for two whole years, for those who desire to
complete the nursing-period… [Quran 2.233]
People state how a man for 1400 years ago could have known this detail for
how long to breastfeed. Some people try to justify WHO’s statement about
breastfeeding for 1,5 years.
Firstly knowing how long to breastfeed a child is the easiest task in the world
and it is usually between 1-2 years, rarely up to 3 years. It is literally a very easy
observation from all different cultures that when a baby becomes a maximum of 2
years, probably around 98% of mothers stop breastfeeding them naturally due to
the size of the child. This verse has nothing to do with a miracle, it is just common
sense. Nevertheless it was known before the time of Muhammad.
Looking at the different durations in the ancient world, Aristotle statement about
12-18 months falls under the 1,5 years of recommendation from WHO which
is more accurate than the Quran. Either way, there are definitely many more
civilizations than in this list that probably stated that breastfeeding should be
between 1-2 years.
222
The alaqah and mudghah in embryology
"Then We made the drop into an alaqah, then We made the alaqah into a
mudghah" - Quran, 23:14
The statement by some people is that it is impossible to know this in 600 AD.
The truth is that in week 3, the structure of this “leech” can actually be seen with a
naked eye and has a size of a plump watermelon.
At week 8, it has a size of 1,6 cm – which can definitely be seen with the naked
eye, and anyone is able to determine its shape and even details.
What the muslims during the lifetime of Muhammad did was killing captive
people or taking them as slaves. In regard to this, they had the opportunity to kill
the women and open up their placenta and see the shape of the of the fetus as
early as week 3. Although there aren't any historical evidence that supports that
earlier civilizations have done this, it would be achievable for them anyway since
it is completely possible without using a microscope. All it needs is having sex
with a captive sex slave, wait the weeks needed and then take the placenta out.
"Who creates people from sperm;" - Excerpts from Great Hymn to the Aten- tomb
of Ay, no. 25 at Amarna
To begin with, it is clear that the Quran does not refer to subatomic components,
the verse only says "smaller or larger" than atoms which can be anything. In
addition, the Arabic word for atom can also mean a corn grain, speck or particle,
just like the expression speck of dust. In arabic it it is used to mean something
significantly small, it does not refer to the model of the atom.
223
Most people are confused about what the word atom originally meant. It only
means the smallest constituent of matter. The particle we call an atom today is
not the smallest constituent of matter, but we called it atom by borrowing it from
Greek vocabulary because we didn't know subatomic particles existed when we
discovered it. So the original meaning of the word atom that occurs in ancient
texts of Greeks and Indians is actually referring to subatomic particles. It wasn't a
scientific term; it just meant something that cannot be broken down into smaller
parts. As you already know, what we call atoms today can indeed be broken
down into smaller parts. So by that definition, today's atom is not the same as the
historical atom. They are completely different words. Aristotle postulated that you
can break matter into an infinite degree which we now know it's wrong, and later
it was hypothesized by Democritus that you can only break matter to a certain
limit. Democritus definition of the historical atom is actually what we today call
subatomic or elementary particles.
There are other people who came with the theory of atoms and molecules. The
first reference were made by the Jains in ancient India in 6th century BC (1200
years before Muhammad) in the Ajiva sanskrit It is also supposed that Ionians
postulated about the elementary partcles. Other civilizations include the ancient
Greeks such as Leuicippus, Democritus (as mentioned before) and Epicurus and
the ancient hindus such as Kanada, Dignaga and Dharmakirti.
With this verse some people claim that high altitudes in air flight causes
constriction and tightness of the chest, and no one at the time would have known
that flying into the sky has this effect. They claim that it only become common
knowledge when fly machines were invented.
The explanation for this is actually even more simple than expected: You don’t
need to fly in order for you to feel the effect of tightness in the chest. Altitude
sickness commonly happens at around 2,500 meters or above. It can result in
high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) or high altitude cerebral edema (HACE),
224
which are potentially fatal. The truth is that there are many mountains in the
Middle-East which are taller than this threshold, and some of them are mentioned
below:
Since they were desert people, one can imagine that they had the opportunity to
climb any of these mountains and experience the mountain sickness themselves.
All it would need is 2500 meters altitude and above which there are many places
to choose from.
This is clearly not any miracle since it is possible for people to experience it by
themselves. NASA has a big vacuum room at their center which they use for
experimentation. It is completely plausible to test a person inside the big room
and feel the tightness of chest on earth instead of ascending up to the sky. The
real question is, does Allah mentions that you can artificially create vacuum and
a tightness of chest on the ground? No, he doesn't. In Sahih International it says
“as though he were climbing into the sky.” Climbing, not ascending. This means
climbing a mountain, not flying up to the sky as some people claim. Difficulty
in breathing due to the air being thinner at high altitudes has been recognized
since ancient times. There are many examples where people have mentioned the
symptoms of high altitude sickness.
‘Also, because the rarity of the air which was there did not fill them with
breath, they were not able to survive there unless they applied moist sponges to
their noses’”. – West J. High Life. A History of High Altitude Physiology and
Medicine. Oxford University Press;1998
In high altitude there is actually an extreme dryness of the air which is the reason
they used wet sponges, although it didn't help with the thin air. Titus Livius (59
BC - 19 AD) cited by Francis Bacon (1561-1626), author of History of Ancient
Rome, noted that Aristotle knew that those climbing the mountain had to breath
through sponges wetted in water and vinegar, because the air in such a high
225
altitude was very dry and not fit for breathing.
The next example is from the ancient Chinese West Han Dynasty from 30 BC.
Too Kin advised Emperor Chung ti who was the emperor between 37-32 BC to
not send his people to Afghanistan across Tibetan mountains.
“Next, one comes to Big Headache and Little Headache Mountains, as well as Red
Earth and Swelter Hills. They make a man so hot that his face turns pale, his head
aches, and he begins to vomit. Even the donkeys and swine react this way’..’ The
walkers and riders hold on to each other and are led forward by ropes for some
2000 Ii [1000 km or 600 miles] before they reach Hsientu [Hindu Kush]. By then,
half of the animals have fallen to their death in the gorges. If a man falls, it is
impossible to save him. It is so difficult and dangerous that words cannot describe
it” – Too Kin (37-32 BC)
It is clear from this part of the document that the mountain has been named
headache because of the low oxygen which causes many symptoms including
tightness of chest, low oxygen to the brain, breathing problems and oedema
Although tightness of chest is not directly mentioned, it is definitely one of the
common symptoms of high altitude sickness.
Another example is a Chinese man (403 AD) crossing into Kashmir who was a
companion of the monk Fa Hsien. During the journey through the mountains he
died with difficulty breathing and foam at his mouth, now known as high-altitude
pulmonary oedema.
It is clear from the presented historical events that high altitude was known to
cause breathing problems, apart from it is relatively easy to find out for anyone.
The reason why it hasn't commonly knowledge was because in the era of Ancient
Greece, there weren’t many people on the planet and most people lived close to
the sea. They saw the mountains as such places where Gods lived and didn’t dare
to climb up.
For further study about the historical evidence about high altitude sickness, it
is recommended to read High Life: A History of High-Altitude Physiology and
Medicine by Andrew P. White (2001), the article The first documented report of
mountain sickness: the China or Headache Mountain story by Gilbert DL (1983),
Hypoxia and Health: From first historical documents to prevention and treatment
(2001), and Mountain sickness: neurologic aspects by K K Jain MD (1999).
226
Allah predicts that west is left and east is right
"You would see the sun, when it rose it shone into their cave from the right, and
when it set it shone from the left, as they lay in the midst of the cave. That was
one of Allah’s wonders. He whom Allah guides is truly guided; but he whom He
misguides, for him you will find no directing friend." – Quran 18:17
People claim that this verse demonstrates the direction of where the sun rises is to
the right hand side, the direction where the sun sets is to the left hand side, and in
this case you will be facing North and not south. They claim that this convention
has determined the and shaped the modem maps.
Firstly the North star has been a central point for as long as the Egyptians
civilization, if not longer. In the Giza pyramids there is a hole that points directly
to the north star. It must have been obvious from the earliest civilizations that
when you look at the direction of the North Pole, the east is where the sun rises is
to your right side, and the west where the sun goes down is to your left. A 10 year
old child without any proper education can come to that conclusion.
To come to the main point, it was actually determined before Islam. Ptolemy (90-
168 AD) established the notion that north should always be up, and east at the
right side. This was stated 500 years before Muhammad.
"And of His signs is [that] He shows you the lightening [causing] fear and
aspiration, and He sends down rain from the sky by which He brings to life the
earth after its lifelessness. Indeed in that are signs for a people who use reason." -
Quran 30:24
"And We have sent down rain from the sky in a measured amount and settled it in
the earth. And indeed, We are Able to take it away." - Quran 23:18
"And We have sent the fertilizing winds and sent down water from the sky and
given you drink from it. And you are not its retainers." - Quran 15:22
227
"Do you not see that Allah drives clouds? Then He brings them together, then
He makes them into a mass, and you see the rain emerge from within it. And
He sends down from the sky, mountains [of clouds] within which is hail, and He
strikes with it whom He wills and averts it from whom He wills. The flash of its
lightening almost takes away the eyesight." - Quran 24:43
"It is Allah who sends the winds, and they stir the clouds and spread them in the
sky however He wills, and He makes them fragments so you see the rain emerge
from within them. And when He causes it to fall upon whom He wills of His
servants, immediately they rejoice" - Quran 30:48
First of all it is worth mentioning that by looking at the number of chapters and
number of all these different verses, it is clear to anyone to come to the conclusion
how disoriented and unsystematic the Quran in reality is. It really takes 7 different
verses from 7 chapters to compile them together to come to the conclusion of the
miracle of water cycle. Not to mention that there are more similar verses from
chapters which are different than these.
People's statement is that the Quran mentions the water cycle in great detail. It
surely does not. Any person with a diploma in Earth Science will understand
that this is absolutely not even close to any details. Since there are many verses
included in this section,it is better to separate them and take them one by one.
“and lighting is produced by cold, being driven out by the condensation of the
clouds..” – from the book Meteorologica by Aristotle, 350 BC
228
Although Aristotle doesn't say rain but only lighting, they are essentially the same.
People says that only in 15th century non-muslims began to teach the water cycle
in school even though it was revealed in 600 AD. If that is the case, why haven't
muslims taught the water cycle based on the Quran already from 7th century? The
obvious reasons why it began being taught in the renaissance is because people
had gather much more information than the Quran has ever revealed.
229
Everyone can see that it is dense clouds that causes rain, hail and lighting. It is
very rare that non-dense clouds causes hail and lighting. Aristotle's book called
Meteorologica (350 BC) concerns many details about rain, snow, hail, lighting and
clouds, especially the chapters 9, 11 and 12. Below are some quotes taken from the
book.
“From the clouds there fall as a result of refrigeration rain, snow and hail” –
Aristotle, Meteorologica chapter 11.
“and lighting is produced by cold, being driven out by the condensation of the
clouds..” – Meteorologica
It was clear from the Ancient Greece that lighting, snow, rain, hail and condensed
clouds were a known phenomena. It is recommended to read Meteorologica by
Aristotle for further evidence.
This is one of those famous miracles people uses to convince non-muslims. They
claim that that this proves the real ovoid shape of the earth, which they also claim
is the nearest description and not like a ball.
230
First of all is it written in the third chapter that it is completely wrong and is also
explained why it is so. There is even a figure comparing a perfect sphere, the Earth
and an Ostrich egg. The reason why it is wrong is because Earth is not egg-shaped
but nearly a perfect sphere, and it is wrong because dahaha does not mean egg-
shaped but spread out. Remember also that it really isn't a miracle at all because
this was known by many scientists before Muhammad and Islam.
One good example is Erastosthenes (240 BC) who not only knew the Earth was
round, but he even calculated the circumference of the earth. He did that by
measuring the angle of the shadows in both Alexandria and Syene which had a
difference of 7,2 degrees. The distance between the two cities was about 800 km.
The calculation were the following:
The circumference of the earth today is measured at 40.075 km, that is a difference
of only 75 km (0,19%). That is extremely close considering he did that for 2200
years ago.
It is worth noting that the idea of a spherical Earth in Ancient Greece came from
Pythagoras in 500 BC it was validated by Aristotle before Eratosthenes. Not only
did they know that the earth was round, they even calculated its circumference
and axial tilt too. Even in the Islamic Golden Age which they calculated the
circumference with trigonometric, they were not as precise as Erastosthenes.
Regardless of what, the Quran actually says spread out (Arabic = dahaha) instead
of egg-shaped.
People use these and other verses and hadiths to justify that Islam first claims to
seek knowledge. Although it may be the first religion (since obviously it is one of
the latest major religions), there has been numerous people who made statement
to seek knowledge:
"A library of wisdom, is more precious than all wealth, and all things that are
231
desirable cannot be compared to it. Whoever therefore claims to be zealous of
truth, of happiness, of wisdom or knowledge, must become a lover of books.”
- Plato (429 BC - 347 BC)
“If your plan is for one year plant rice. If your plan is for ten years plant trees. If
your plan is for one hundred years educate children. ”
- Confucius (551-479 BC)
As it can be seen, every civilization were aware that seeking knowledge was
important, at least 1000 years before Muhammad.
PART 2
Eye for eye, tooth for tooth
“Life for life, eye for eye, nose or nose, ear for ear, tooth for tooth, and wounds
equal for equal” - Quran 5:45
232
Code of Hammurabi is from 1754 BC (2300 years before Muhammad) and says
this:
This is called Lex Talionis and was copied by Exodus 21:22-25, and now by Islam.
Buraq
"Exalted is He who took His Servant by night from al-Masjid al-Haram to al-
Masjid al- Aqsa, whose surroundings We have blessed, to show him of Our signs.
Indeed, He is the Hearing, the Seeing." - Quran 17:1
Then he [Gabriel] brought the Buraq, handsome-faced and bridled, a tall, white
beast, bigger than the donkey but smaller than the mule. He could place his
hooves at the farthest boundary of his gaze. He had long ears. Whenever he faced
a mountain his hind legs would extend, and whenever he went downhill his front
legs would extend. He had two wings on his thighs which lent strength to his legs.”
– Muhammad al-Alawi al-Maliki, al-Anwar al Bahiyya min Isra wa l-Mi'raj Khayr
al-Bariyyah
"Then a white animal which was smaller than a mule and bigger than a donkey
was brought to me." - Sahih al-Bukhari, 3887
People claim that it was a miracle how a man for 1400 years ago could imagine an
animal as described above.
Pegasus can be found in the reverse side of the Silver Denarius of Domitian which
233
is dated to be around 79–80 AD (600 years before Muhammad).
The story of Muhammad with the Buraq is similar to the story of Arda Viraf
In around 621 AD Muhammad had a night journey in two parts called Isra and
Mi’raj. Accordingly, Muhammad travels to the seventh heaven where he speaks
to Allah and had a conversation about the details of the prayers. He managed to
convince Allah to decrease the number of prayers from 50 to only 5 prayers a day.
This is the same kind of story from the The Book of Arda Viraf which describes
how a Zoroastrian saintly priest named Arda Viraf had a journey to his God. It
was the angel Sarosh who guided his spirit up to the heavens, from one utopia to
another until he reached the great deity of the universe, Ormazd. Arda Viraf was
commanded by Ormazd to return to Earth as a messenger and teach the humans
the knowledge he had required by him, and among it was praying 5 times a day.
234
Arabic which is also a holy language according to Islam.
"Moses bowed to the ground at once and worshiped. 9 “Lord,” he said, “if I
have found favor in your eyes, then let the Lord go with us. Although this is
a stiff-necked people, forgive our wickedness and our sin, and take us as your
inheritance."” - Exodus 34:8
"Going a little farther, he fell with his face to the ground and prayed, “My Father,
if it is possible, may this cup be taken from me. Yet not as I will, but as you will.”" -
Matthew 26:39
The only area of the world who prays like that today are Eastern Orthodox
Churches, and specifically the Coptic Church. 2nd century Christian figure
Turtulian (155-230 AD) wrote:
“But who would hesitate every day to prostrate himself before God, at least in the
first prayer with which we enter on the daylight?
At fasts, moreover, and Stations, no prayer should be made without kneeling, and
the remaining customary marks of humility; for (then) we are not only praying,
but deprecating, and making satisfaction to God our Lord." - The Sacred Writings
of Tertullian by Tertullian, Volume 2 p. 262
In Judaism the Jews worship God 3 times a day which are all obligatory: morning,
afternoon and evening. Some muslims do believe there are also only three main
prayers in a day: morning, afternoon and evening and the others are optional.
One of the reasons is that these three are called “salat” in Quran.
In guerrilla there are small differences between the Islamic way of praying and
bowing down and the Jewish and Christian way, but overall they remind each
other.
235
Hubal was the Arabian moon God worshiped at the Kaaba in Mecca by the
Quraysh before Islam, acorrding to the 9th-century Islamic commentator and
historian Al-Azraqi's book called Book of Reports about Mecca. The Black Stone
as we know it from Islam was originally dedicated to worshipping Hubal. In pre-
Islamic Arabia the pagan Gods were worshiped in the form of rectangular stones
or rocks.
"Narrated 'Abdullah bin Masud: The Prophet entered Mecca and (at that time)
there were three hundred-and-sixty idols around the Ka’aba. He started stabbing
the idols with a stick he had in his hand and reciting: "Truth (Islam) has come and
Falsehood (disbelief) has vanished." - Sahih Bukhari 3:43:658
The Quran in 2:125 says that Abraham and Ishmael built the Kaaba, but there
is no historical evidence that the Kaaba existed more than a few hundred years
before.
"Remember We made the House a place of assembly for men and a place of safety;
and take ye the station of Abraham as a place of prayer; and We covenanted with
Abraham and Isma'il, that they should sanctify My House for those who compass
it round, or use it as a retreat, or bow, or prostrate themselves (therein in prayer)".
- Quran 2:125
In the following Sahih Bukhari, Muhammad says that was built 40 years before
the Temple of Jerusalem:
"Narrated Abu Dhaar: I said, "O Allah's Apostle! Which mosque was built first?"
He replied, "Al-Masjid-ul-Haram." I asked, "Which (was built) next?" He replied,
"Al-Masjid-ul-Aqs-a (i.e. Jerusalem)." I asked, "What was the period in between
them? He replied, forty years." - Sahih Bukhari 4:55:636
King Solomon built the Temple of Jerusalem in around 958-951 BC, and since
Muhammad says it is 40 years older it implies that the Kaaba was built in 998-991
BC. This is incorrect because Abraham lived in 2000 BC. In the end the Kaaba
has nothing to do with Islam or Abraham and Ismael, it was made by the Pagan
religion. Egyptian Professor Dr. Taha Husayn said the following:
"The case for this episode is very obvious because it is of recent date and came into
vogue just before the rise of Islam. Islam exploited it for religious reasons." - As
quoted in Mizan al-Islam by Anwar al-Jundi, p. 170
236
According to the next Hadith Muhammad had the plan to dismantle the Kaaba:
"Narrated Aswad: Ibn Az-Zubair said to me, "Aisha used to tell you secretly a
number of things. What did she tell you about the Ka'ba?" I replied, "She told me
that once the Prophet said, 'O 'Aisha! Had not your people been still close to the
pre-Islamic period of ignorance (infidelity)! I would have dismantled the Ka'ba
and would have made two doors in it; one for entrance and the other for exit."
Later on Ibn Az-Zubair did the same." - Sahih Bukhari 1:3:128
Why destroy it when it was the house of Allah? From non-Islamic sources, the
lexicon from the 10th century made by the Byzantine Empire called Suda Lexicon,
mentions the black stone:
“Theus Ares (Dushrara); this is the god Ares in Arabic Petra. They worship the
god Ares and venerate him above all. His statue is an unworked square black
stone. It is four foot high and two feet wide. It rests on a golden base. They make
sacrifices to him and before him they anoint the blood of the sacrifice that is their
anointment.” - Suda Lexicon
Notice, it mentions Petra, as explained in chapter 1 where all qiblas faced Petra
until 705 AD. It is written in the 10th century, but it refers to older sources which
have since been lost. Maximus of Tyre (2nd century AD) also mentions the Black
Stone.
Another claim is that the Black Stone in Mecca has often been described as a
meteorite. This reminds of the sacred stones of worship called Baetylus from the
Ancient Greece, which according to the ancient sources were meteorites.
237
Zoroastrianism had the Qibla towards the sun, but if they were in a Fire Temple,
then the had Qibla towards the Holy Fire. They also had the tradition of kissing
the Black Stone as one passes by.
The Kaaba was originally a place where human sacrifices were made for Hubal.
At the Battle of Badr, the pagan opponent of Muhammad, Abu Sufyan, praised
the moon god Hubal by saying O Hubal, be high, and Muhammad told his
companions to yell Allah is higher, which is commonly phrased in arabic as
Allahu Akbar. Muhammad disregarded the moon god when he founded Islam.
The question is if Allah is higher than the moon god Hubal, why did the muslims
copied the crescent moon and proclaimed it as a symbol for Islam?
238
"Indeed, it is We who have sent down to you, [O Muhammad], the Qur'an
progressively." - 76:23
This has been copied from Book of Revelation which is the final book of the New
Testament. The word revelation is derived from the Biblical Greek apokalypsis,
which means unveiling or revelation.
The name Ilaha was the Nabataean name for God, and is found on documents and
coins long before Islam used it for their purpose. The name Allah is also found on
rock inscriptions before Islam.
For further study, read Personal Names in the Nabatean Realm by Avraham Negev
(1991), and The Development of the Arabic Scripts by Beatrice Gruendler (1993).
239
2018 a rock inscription was found in a mountain called Jabal Dabūb in South
Arabia, written with a pre-Islamic script, which says ‘bsmlh rhmn rhmn...'. The
rock inscription has been dated to late 6th century to early 7th century.
For further study, read The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran by Christoph
Luxenberg (2007)
240
Muhammad copied this ritual from the pagans which was pre-Islamic. They used
to go around the Kaaba to please their moon God Hubal, the 360 deities and of
course Al-Illah. Before Muhammad founded Islam and removed Hubal and the
360 deities, it is known that even he used to do that.
"I asked Anas bin Malik: "Did you use to dislike to perform Tawaf between Safa
and Marwa?" He said, "Yes, as it was of the ceremonies of the days of the Pre-
lslamic period of ignorance, till Allah revealed: 'Verily! (The two mountains) As-
Safa and Al-Marwa are among the symbols of Allah. It is therefore no sin for him
who performs the pilgrimage to the Ka'ba, or performs 'Umra, to perform Tawaf
between them.' " (2.158)" - Sahih al-Bukhari 2:26:710
And then Muhammad banned the pagans from performing the Hajj:
"O you who have believed, indeed the polytheists are unclean, so let them
not approach al-Masjid al-Haram after this, their [final] year. And if you fear
privation, Allah will enrich you from His bounty if He wills. Indeed, Allah is
Knowing and Wise." - Quran 9:28
" On the Day of Nahr (10th of Dhul-Hijja, in the year prior to the last Hajj of the
Prophet when Abu Bakr was the leader of the pilgrims in that Hajj) Abu Bakr sent
me along with other announcers to Mina to make a public announcement: "No
pagan is allowed to perform Hajj after this year and no naked person is allowed to
perform the Tawaf around the Ka'ba. Then Allah's Apostle sent 'All to read out the
Surat Bara'a (At-Tauba) to the people; so he made the announcement along with
us on the day of Nahr in Mina: "No pagan is allowed to perform Hajj after this
year and no naked person is allowed to perform the Tawaf around the Ka'ba."" -
Sahih al-Bukhari - 1:8:365
“Narrated ‘Abdullah bin Masud: The Prophet entered Mecca and (at that time)
there were three hundred-and-sixty idols around the Ka’aba. He started stabbing
the idols with a stick he had in his hand and reciting: “Truth (Islam) has come and
Falsehood (disbelief) has vanished.” - Sahih al-Bukhari 2478
The ritual of going around the Kabaa seven times is called Tawaf. This is the
same number as the hindu marriages (rite of Satphere) where the married couple
goes around a fire seven times. In both Islam and India, religious phrases were
repeated during while circling around their objects.
241
Sa'ee between Safa and Marwa
“Narrated ‘Asim: I asked Anas bin Malik: “Did you use to dislike to perform
Tawaf between Safa and Marwa?” He said, “Yes, as it was of the ceremonies of the
days of the Pre-lslamic period of ignorance, till Allah revealed: ‘Verily! (The two
mountains) As-Safa and Al-Marwa are among the symbols of Allah. It is therefore
no sin for him who performs the pilgrimage to the Ka’ba, or performs ‘Umra, to
perform Tawaf between them.’ ” (2.158) – Sahih Bukhari 2:26:710
When doing the pilgrimage to Mecca, it is a duty doing the Sa'ee between Safa and
Marwa. Safa and Marwa are two small mountains very close to the Kaaba where
one must go back and forth seven times. This practice was originally from the pre-
Islamic pagan religion, and it was copied and proclaimed it to be another Quranic
revelation.
Ihram
"Narrated ‘Urwa: I asked ‘Aisha : …But in fact, this divine inspiration was revealed
concerning the Ansar who used to assume “Ihram” for worshipping an idol called
“Manat” which they used to worship at a place called Al-Mushallal before they
embraced Islam, and whoever assumed Ihram (for the idol), would consider it not
right to perform Tawaf between Safa and Marwa." - Sahih Bukhari 2:26:706
Ihram is a state a Muslim enters into for his pilgrimage to Mecca, and the
designation of the suit consisting of two pieces of white cloth worn by the men
during the pilgrimage.
Muhammad copied this ritual which was originally a pagan requirement for
worshipping their idols.
242
soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain
mankind entirely. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind
entirely." - Quran 5:32
The Quranic verse above is found to be copied from a jewish talmud. Keep in
mind that talmuds is not a part of the Torah or Bible, but is entirely written
by humans independently from God's influence. A good analogy is the hadith
or tafsir compared to the Quran, the same goes for talmuds compared for the
Torah. Below is the quote from the talmud. Keep in mind that there are different
wordings of it, two of them are mentioned.
“if any man has caused a single life to perish from Israel, he is deemed by
Scripture as if he had caused a whole world to perish; and anyone who saves
a single soul from Israel, he is deemed by Scripture as if he had saved a whole
world.” - Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5 - Sefaria
It was written hundreds of years before Muhammad copied it. What is really
special about this, it is not influenced by any Gods or prophets, but is 100% man
made by clerics.
"yet for us there is but one God, the Father, from whom all things came and for
whom we live; and there is but one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom all things
came and through whom we live." - Corinthians 8:6 (New Testament))
“See now that I myself am he! There is no god besides me. I put to death and I
bring to life, I have wounded and I will heal, and no one can deliver out of my
hand. - Deuteronomy 32:39 (Old Testament)
243
The lunar-based calendar predates Islam in Central Arabia.
The Sabians in pre-Islamic Arabia composed of two groups, the Mandaeans and
the Harranians. The arabic writer from Iraq, Abu Zanad (747 AD), concluded
in his book al-Fahrisit that at least one Mandaeans group performed ramadan.
He also mentions that they practiced fasting for thirty days, and in this period
they honored the god named Sin, which is the moon god. Furthermore he also
describes the sacrifices made for their deity.
Another historian, Ibn Al Jawzi (12h century AD), wrote in his Talbis Iblis, that
the Harranian fasted thirty days, and ended the month by sacrificing animals
and presenting alms to the poor, much of the same as Islam. What is interesting
about it that today's muslims eat large meals at sunset and and wake up early in
the morning for another big meal before sunrise. Instead of eating simple meals
during the days like in other months, they spend sometimes triple or more money
on food than normally to arrange elaborate meals.
The pagan tribe Quraish (which Muhammad belonged to) fasted on the 10th of
244
Muharram which is the first month of the moon calendar. Muhammad copied
this ritual to Islam but made it optional.
Dhul-Qarnayn
And they ask you, [O Muhammad], about Dhul-Qarnayn. Say, “I will recite to you
about him a report.” - Quran 18:83-101
The story in Quran 18:83-102 is very similar to the story of the Syriac Alexander
the Great. However there are different accounts of him, that is in Alexander
Romance, which is the traditional one, and in the first edition of the Syriac
work called Neshanâ dîlehd-Aleksandrôs, translated to The Glorious Deeds
of Alexander, but has recently been nicknamed to the Alexander Legend by
scholars. It is believed to have been written around 628-30 AD to boost the
reign of Heraclius after his victory in 628 AD, but before the Islamic conquest of
Mesopotamia in 636 AD. Below is a comparison of the two stories.
245
18:87: He said, "As for one who To test the potency of the poisonous
wrongs, we will punish him. Then water, Alexander tested it with the
he will be returned to his Lord, and prisoners who were condemned to
He will punish him with a terrible death. He asked that the evil-doers
punishment. (wrong-doers) be brought to him
18:88: But as for one who believes Those who were not condemned were
and does righteousness, he will have a not tested
reward of Paradise, and we will speak
to him from our command with ease."
18:89: Then he followed a way Alexander and his crew then followed
the course of the sun to the east
18:90: Until, when he came to the They reached to a place where the
rising of the sun, he found it rising on sun rises, it becomes so hot that the
a people for whom We had not made indigenous people flee the rising sun
against it any shield. to hide in the water of the sea and in
caves.
18:91: Thus. And We had encompassed
[all] that he had in knowledge.
18:92: Then he followed a way Alexander and his crew again sail
further, to the headwaters of the
Euphrates and the Tigris
18:93: Until, when he reached [a pass] They reached northwards into
between two mountains, he found mountains, with a narrow pass
beside them a people who could hardly
understand [his] speech.
18:94: They said, "O Dhul-Qarnayn, They complain about the Huns, in
indeed Gog and Magog are [great] which the name of the kings are Gog
corrupters in the land. So may we and Magog
assign for you an expenditure that you
might make between us and them a
barrier?"
18:95: He said, "That in which my Lord Alexander proposed to build a wall of
has established me is better [than what brass and iron to block the Huns from
you offer], but assist me with strength; entering.
I will make between you and them a
dam.
246
18:96: Bring me sheets of iron" - until, They build the wall together with the
when he had leveled [them] between Egyptian workers with brass and iron
the two mountain walls, he said, "Blow
[with bellows]," until when he had
made it [like] fire, he said, "Bring me,
that I may pour over it molten copper."
18:97: So Gog and Magog were unable
to pass over it, nor were they able [to
effect] in it any penetration.
18:98: [Dhul-Qarnayn] said, "This is
a mercy from my Lord; but when the
promise of my Lord comes, He will
make it level, and ever is the promise
of my Lord true."
18:99: And We will leave them that day Alexander puts an inscription on the
surging over each other, and [then] gate, saying that the Lord will gather
the Horn will be blown, and We will together the kings and their hosts
assemble them in [one] assembly.
18:100: And We will present Hell that
Day to the Disbelievers, on display -
18:101: Those whose eyes had been
within a cover [removed] from My
remembrance, and they were not able
to hear.
18:102: Then do those who disbelieve
think that they can take My servants
instead of Me as allies? Indeed, We
have prepared Hell for the disbelievers
as a lodging.
What is interesting is that they are both written in the same chronological
order. For the full explanation and comparison between Quran 18:83-102 and
Alexander Legend, read The Quran And Its Historical Context, edited by Gabriel
Said Reynolds (2007) and The Apocalypse of Empire: Imperial Eschatology in Late
Antiquity and Early Islam by Stephen J. Shoemaker (2018).
According to the first book mentioned, the probability of the Quran to be a copy
of the Alexander Legend is predominat rather than the opposite due to how the
quranic text is composed. The allusive quranic language presumes that the readers
247
already know the legend. In the second book, it is described that previous versions
of the Alexander Legend may have been circulating around already in the early
6th century.
The Jinns
The term jinn (or genies) predates Islamic era and is derived from the Aramaic
word ginnaya, which means tutelary deity, a deity or spirit who guards or protects
a person or a place. The latin term genii in ancient Rome, which is the plural form
of the latin word genius, was referred to a spirit that watched over every man.
The women also had a similar spirit, which was called juno. In ancient Rome,
some spirits were evil spirits, and those were called evil genius. It also influenced
Aladdin from One Thousand and One Nights (The Arabian Nights). The term
also has roots in ancient Mesopotamian legends.
The word genie itself is derived from the french word génie, which is again derived
from the latin word genius.
Jinns are also almost identically described as shedim in the talmudic Shedim, with
only slight differences.
Beads
Beads are among the earliest human ornaments and has been used known many
ancient civilizations. However, the first person to to use and recommand the
prayer rope was St. Pachomius (292-348 AD) in the 4th century, who was a monk
and one of the desert Fathers and founders of Monasticism. The prayer rope
consisted of 33 knots, which represented the 33 years of Jesus' life on Earth.
248
This page has been left intentionally blank.
249
Chapter 5: The truth about Golden Age
of Islam inventions
Introduction
This is the chapter that helps people not to believe in the claims about the
inventions and discoveries of the medieval Islam. The long story short is that
most of the inventions and discoveries actually existed in pre-Islamic eras, from
the Egyptians, Greeks, Hindus and Romans, Persians, and then made some small
modifications and thus it seemed like they were the genius. Although there is a
fraction which are original inventions and discoveries, probably around 90% of
them are not. Therefore there is nothing really Golden about the age, especially
when the Golden itself was the compiling and collecting all the knowledge from
different civilizations and made single books out of topics collected from different
regions. The medieval Islam was also the era of Jihad, which were spread to Spain
in the west, and India in the east. The truth is that these advancements, claimed by
many, are mainly knowledge of non-believers which were held enslaved or killed.
Furthermore many of the discoveries and inventions are mostly not because of the
Arabs, but the Persians. Arabians would probably had never came to their golden
age without the help of the persians. Persians were before, during and after, an
important civilization.
By looking at the list above, it is clear that the University by the Islamic age is not
the oldest university in the world, and the Arabs never invented the university.
One of the oldest universities ever is the Nalanda University, which was build
around 500 AD, about 100 years before the time of Muhammad. The only reason
251
why it does not longer exist, is simply because the muslims themselves destroyed
the university, specifically Mohammed Bakhtiyar Khilji, in which he destroyed it
in 1200 AD, and massacred the defenceless buddhist monks, Hindus scholars and
violated the nuns. The same fate also happened to Vikramshila University. The
Gondishapur University, built in 271 AD, about 400 years before Muhammad,
is the world's oldest existing university, and has also been recognized as the first
university in the world.
So one might ask himself, what exactly did the Arabs then invent? They simply
invented the diploma. As time passed, the world became more advanced from
different civilizations, from the earliest civilizations to the Egyptians, the Greeks,
the Persians, the Hindus, the Chinese, the Romans and then to the Arabs. At this
time knowledge and science became too wide and hard for a single person to
learn, so the solution was to invent a diploma for that specific area of knowledge.
It doesn’t require a leap of imagination when the university was already invented.
For further study, read The Encyclopedia of Islam by VB Lewis (Brill new Edition,
volume 6, 1997).
However, looking at the Mosques in India which had been destroyed by the
Muslims, they could have easily been the oldest continually running universities.
Aibak destroyed the Sanskrit College of Visaladeva in India, and he laid the
foundation of a wellknown mosque in 1199 AD, known as Adhai Din ka
Jhompada, and still stands today.
252
They invented modern chemistry
This can nothing be further from the real truth. The modern chemistry used
today in many fields, and not just chemistry, is only about 200-300 years old. It
comprises of organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, spectroscopy,
physical chemistry, quantum chemistry, environmental chemistry, organic
synthesis, medicinal natural products, medicinal chemistry and more.
Today even the Arabs call the numericals we have today for Raqam Al-Hind,
which is translated to Hindu numerical system, and not Hindu-Arabic. It was due
to the expansion of the trade-market and wars, these numericals from the Hindus
spread out to the Middle-East.
So the question is, what exactly did the muslims in the medieval Islam then
invent? In the next page, an illustration has been made to answer this question. As
it is seen all numericals were invented by the Hindus. The numerical 5 is not listed
here, but it can be seen from the hindu scripture called Bakhshali manuscript
from about the 3rd century, which stood for number 8. Furthermore they just
253
254
rearranged some of the numbers, and adjusted the appearance very little, and
thus the numericals came to. It is important to note that the Europeans further
modified it later, so basically the muslims were only an intermediate for the
development of the numericals.
400 BC: Mo-ti, who was the founder of Mohism, is generally attributed to have
been the first to mention the basic concept of a pinhole camera.
350 BC: The first experiments with the camera obscura and optics in general were
made by the ancient Greeks around 400 BC (1000 years before Islam). Aristotle
used the pinhole camera to observe the sun during a partial solar eclipse, using
gaps between leaves of trees and holes in a sieve. He also was the first to introduce
optic laws, who observed that the sun made circular images when it shined
through a square hole.
300 BC: Euclid noticed the passing of light in a straight line.
300 AD: Theon of Alexandria also noticed the passing of light in a straight line.
500 AD: Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments.
255
mathematically, that light travels the shortest distance which is the reason why
it becomes and upside down image. This is of course a fine achievement, but
definetely not the most important in the camera development.
What is more important is the development of the camera after the Islamic age,
which is the very hard part of the evolution. This means that an 8K RED camera
today was definitely not a result of Alhazan, where he used a screen so an image
from one side of a hole in the surface could be projected at the screen on the
other. The explanation of the camera obscura mathematically would sooner
or later had been explained by another scientist, as it is an obvious scientific
discovery. Shortly, the hard part of the camera development began after 1600.
Another aspect that has not been covered is the TV or a monitor to show the
digital images or frames in a video (with binary, 0's and 1's). For example how
does a QLED work? The answer is that it is needed to have a career in software
technology, electrical engineering or similar to have an understanding of a QLED
and how to reconstruct it. By reading about a QLED on the World Wide Web,
won’t make people being able to reproduce a QLED from scratch, but on the other
hand it is possible for anyone to reproduce a projecting of light by using a screen
so an image from one side of a hole in the surface could be projected at the screen
on the other side, even by 12 years old. Now what is fascinating these days is that
is not neccesary to have a camera to make a cinematic movie, simply because one
can make 3D animated movies with the help of different 3D software. Below is the
list of the camera development.
256
keep the image from disappearing afterwards.
• 1835: William Henry Fox Talbot invented the photographic negative process,
and took the first ever negative image
• 1839: Louis Daguerre invented the photos on silver plates that became known
as daguerreotypes.
• 1839: Mungo Ponton presented his discovery of the light-sensitive quality of
sodium dichromate to be used as a method of permanent photography.
• 1841: William Henry Fox Talbot introduced the calotype photographic
process
• 1842: John Herschel invented the cyanotype process
• 1850: Levi Hill invented heliochromy, a color photography process capable of
basic rendering of reds and blues.
• 1851: Frederick Scott Archer developed a method to take pin-sharp photos
onto wet glass plates, the wet plate collodion photographic process, which
only needed 2-3 seconds of light exposure.
• 1854: James Ambrose Cutting received three patents for improvements of the
Ambrotype photography, a wet plate collodion process
• 1855: James Clerk Maxwell invented the modern three-color photography,
by proposing that if three black-and-white photographs were shot through
red, green and blue filters and transparent prints of the images were projected
onto a screen using three projectors equipped with similar filters, when
superimposed on the screen the result would be complete reproduction of all
the colours in the scene. This method was neither chemical or electronic. The
graphic design industry today uses his three color method, called the RGB-
color.
• 1856: Alphonse Louis Poitevin invented the collotype photographic
• process.
• 1856: Hamilton Smith patented the tintypes.
• 1859: Thomas Sutton patented the panoramic camera.
• 1861: Coleman Sellers invented the kinematoscope, an early cinema camera
• Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron invented a new method of color photography,
using both additive and subtractive methods. The discovery of dye
sensitization helped him to achieve it.
• 1861: Oliver Wendell Holmes invented the stereoscope viewer.
• 1870s: Richard Maddox invented a technique to take photos using dry plates
and gelatin.
• 1877: George R. Carey invented a selenium telectroscope, which is a camera
projecting moving images to a distant point. It is the
• precursor of television.
• 1878: Eadweard Muybridge used multiple cameras to capture motion in stop-
257
motion photographs.
• 1878: Frederick Charles Luther Wratten invented the noodling process of
silver-bromide gelatin emulsions before washing.
• 1881: David Houston invented the roll film for cameras.
• 1882: Étienne-Jules Marey invented a chronophotographic photography gun
• 1884. George Eastman invented the paper-strip photographic film, the
modern photographic film.
• 1888: George Eastman launched his easy-to-use Kodak camera. His slogan
was: “You push the button and we do the rest.”
• 1894: Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the portable motion picture
camera, the cinematographe, which is a combination of a
• movie camera and a projector.
• 1894: John Joly devised an additive colour photographic process for producing
images from a single photographic plate, called the Joly colour screen
• 1898: Hannibal Goodwin patented the celluloid photographic film.
• 1899: Joshua Cohen invented the electric flash-lamp for photography
• 1900: Eastman Kodak invented their first Brownie camera
• 1904: Lucien Bull developed the field of chronophotography
• 1905: Pathé Frères invented the first commercially successful stencil color
photography process, which became one of the most accurate and reliable
stencil coloring systems
• 1907: Lumière brothers invented the Autochrome Lumière, the first color
photography process
• 1910: Robert W. Wood first published infrared photographs
• 1913: Oskar Barnack invented the first 35 mm film miniature still camera.
• 1923: Samuel Shlafrock invented the instant camera
• Philo Farnsworth transmitted the first image at his laboratory with his
electronic image dissector television camera tube
• 1929: Arthur C. Pillsbury invented the first X-Ray motion picture camera
• 1929: Unknown invented the twin-lens-reflex camera.
• 1930: Arthur C. Pillsbury invented the Underwater Motion Picture Camera
• 1930: Bernhard Schmidt invented the Schmidt Camera
• 1930: Paul Vierkotter invented the photoflash bulb, by using magnesium-
coated wire in an evacuated glass globe.
• 1933: Ub Iwerks invented multiplane camera
• 1933: Vladimir K. Zworykin and his group launched the first practical cathode
ray tube television camera, called the iconoscope
• 1934: Kodak invented the 135 film cartridge with the Kodak Retina camera. It
made 35mm film easier to handle
• 1939: Semyon Kirlian invented the Kirlian photography
258
• 1947: Edwin Land invented the polaroid camera, the Land Camera. It is the
first practical instant camera.
• 1957: Hal Anger developed the gamma camera (scintillation camera)
• 1959: Agfa invented the Optima, which was the first fully automatic camera
• Pentax Spotmatic invented single-lens reflex (SLR) camera. With this
invention they pioneered through-the-lens metering
• 1960: EG&G invented extreme depth underwater camera for the U.S. Navy.
• 1963: Edwin Land invented the color polaroid camera.
• 1964: Fernando Alves Martins became the first person to build a gastrocamera
• 1966: NASA took the first ever image of Earth behind the moon
• 1969: AT&T Bell Lab invented the CCD, which is used as the electronic
imager in photo cameras and video cameras
• 1975: Steven Sasson invented the digital camera, a self-contained, portable
digital camera, with the first electronic based on CCD.
• 1980: Fujio Masuoka invented flash memory (both NOR and NAND types),
which is found in USB flash drives, MP3 players, digital cameras and solid-
state drives
• 1981: Sony developed the world’s first digital electronic still camera.
• 1985: Pixar demonstrates digital imaging processor.
• 1986: Fuji developed the first disposable camera.
• 2000s: Cell phones with built-in digital cameras
• 2003: Kodak released the first digital camera with an organic light-emitting
diode (OLED) display
• 2008: Germany developed the camera pill (capsule endoscopy)
• 2010: Sony developed the Alpha A55 Camera, the first camera that does not
blink when taking a photograph, which increases its shooting speed
• 2012: Engineers developed 50-gigapixel camera, by constructing it with 98
small cameras into one device
• 2013: Heriot-Watt University scientists developed a new camera system that
can create high resolution 3D-photographs, as far as up to one km away
• 2014: Researchers demonstrated the fastest receive-only 2D camera in the
world, with 100 billion frames per second
• 2015: Researchers used quantum dots to produce a 0,0092 mm^2 photograph
at a resolution of 25.000 dpi.
• 2018: INRS invented the world's fastest camera, T-CUP, which is able to
capture 10 trillion frames per second
So let's recap again what Alhazan did: He used used a screen so an image from
one side of a hole in the surface could be projected at the screen on the other side
This is clearly a sarcastic statement, meaning that not is it not used to capture light
259
in modern cameras, but even if it were, it would not have been very significant.
He also mathematically explained why the image is upside down, which is a fine
achievement, but really not the most important, or even not the most difficult.
It is clear that all these photographic techniques, which are the more important
inventions in the camera development, are the main topics of the camera. For
example the camera hardware and techniques are too essential, like the image
sensor, processor chip, shutter speed, ISO, aperture, turning it to RAW files
and JPEG files, flash capacitor, battery compartment, and others. To answer the
main question of this section, no, Alhazan did not discover pin-hole camera and
camera obscura.
This basically means that an active ingredient in the pharmaceutical field is based
on modern chemistry, modern physics, and modern medicinal chemistry. The
modern pharmacopoeia was not known before the 16th century since it was not
known about molecules, g/mol or similar.
The question is, did the medieval Islam create the first pharmacopoeia? The
answer is no. There were actually others that existed before to the medieval
Islamic age, and those were:
260
precursor to all modern pharmacopoeias today
• 200 AD: Shen-nung Pen-tsao Ching (Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica),
the first known Chinese pharmacopoeia. It describes 365 pharmaceuticals
derived from plants, animals, and minerals.
The three above pharmacopoeias were all written before the medieval age of
Islam, where Ibn Baytar from Malaga wrote his pharmacopeia around 1200 AD,
which is about 1000 years after the pharmacopeia by Pedanius Dioscorides, where
his pharmacopoeia is the basis of modern pharmacopoeias. It is worth noting that
none of them are modern in themselves since it is necessary to know the chemical
formula and modern chemistry to understand pharmaceuticals.
In short the medieval Islam did not invent the modern pharmacy, simply because
modern pharmacy is about modern chemistry, immunology, biochemistry,
pharmacology, toxicology and others. All these fields are only 200-300 years old,
a maximum of 400 years old. On the next page an illustration has been made,
demonstrating how modern medicine works.
261
262
The Arabs made the first hospital
The statement that the medieval Islamic age created the first hospital, is not true.
The earliest documented examples of ancient institutions to provide healthcare
came from the ancient Egyptians and the ancient Greeks. The chinese buddhist
monk, Fa Xian (400 AD) who travelled across India, wrote the following:
“The heads of the Vaishya [merchant] families in them [all the kingdoms of
north India] establish in the cities houses for dispensing charity and medicine.
All the poor and destitute in the country, orphans, widowers, and childless men,
maimed people and cripples, and all who are diseased, go to those houses, and are
provided with every kind of help, and doctors examine their diseases. They get the
food and medicines which their cases require, and are made to feel at ease; and
when they are better, they go away of themselves.”.
In short, the Arabs did not invent the hospital, but they are credited to make the
first general hospital.
600 BC: Anaximander wrote On Nature, which was a poem that has been lost
during history. The complete work is lost, however other people had quoted parts
263
of the book. He postulated that animals evolved into what they are today due to
environmental adaptation from other animals, and originally all life began in the
sea.
400 BC: Empedocles postulated that the first living beings were some type of
disembodied organs, which were evolved into the creatures we observe today,
caused by the ongoing process of attraction and repulsion.
50 BC: Lucretius wrote On the Nature of Things where he described his
evolutionary theory. He described that life began through a combination of
elements (which is true in the molecular sense). He described that chance was
responsible for life's creation, which is also one of the modern statement about
evolution. He claimed that monster-like creatures were extinct due to natural-
selection, and those who survived, had strength, speed or intelligence.
Lucretius failed in the field where he claimed that animals from the land could not
evolve from the sea, and he neither believed that one animal could evolve from
another one.
Even though the ancient Greeks or any other ancient civilization hypothesized
the theory of evolution, it is absolutely not the same as the modern theory, and
interestingly enough, it is not even the same as the theory as Charles Darwin.
What it specifically means is that Charles Darwin only based it on observations,
and not on experiments and facts.
The modern way of proving the theory are through many different pathways.
Firstly, archaeologists, palaeontologists and scientists discover the bones of a
species, whether it is human or an animal. Then the bones are dated with the
help of carbon-isotope dating or uranium-lead dating, depending on how old
the bones are. The carbon-isotope dating only goes up to 60.000 years, and
uranium-lead dating goes up in billions, but they both confirm each other in their
intersection.
With the dating techniques, scientists have given an age of the bones. The second
way is to collect the DNA from the bones, analyse them and register dem in a
database. This way the scientists have the age of all ancient bones in a timeline
with their age, together with their DNA. This way they can see the change
of the DNA through time, from generation to generation. For each of these
generations, the next one has for the first time ever emerged out of nowhere, and
the other previous ones has died off. The DNA confirms exactly their similarity
264
and difference for each generation of species, together with their appearances.
Furthermore geneticist today observe mutations on their daily basis, for example
bacteria who became resistant to antibiotics in the laboratories, where they are
able to precisely find the mutated gene with the nucleic acids. The below points
are the important ways to confirm the evolution:
• Dating the bones how old they are (carbon- or uranium-lead dating)
• DNA to confirm similarities that they are indeed on the same family
• Appearance (Charles Darwin method)
• One human species has died off, while another emerges (with the help of
carbon- and uranium-lead dating)
• Geneticist today see mutation on a daily basis on humans and animals by
analysing their DNA and proteins.
In the next page, a figure with all the fields that confirm evolution is illustrated.
All these factors and scientific fields contributed so the theory of evolution
became a fact. Therefore in the ancient times, even though there were people
who proposed the theory, they had no evidence to support it, not even Darwin.
Richard Dawkins made a statement about this:
Dawkins mentions the other fields, and those other fields are basically those
illustrated on the next page, and possibly more. These fields are the very essence
of science and is the core of any science, health and even some engineering, like
environmental engineering or chemical engineering. Thus it is important to know
and understand those fields in order for them to understand the core of science
and evolution. Books to read in order to only have the fundamentals of evolution:
265
10. Immunology: 1000 pages
11. Natural product chemistry: 500 pages
12. Toxicology: 1000 pages
After you have read all these books and solved the problems and made the
experiments, then you are not even half way to understand evolution fully. It
would probably take up to 10 years with these books, together with solving the
problems and performing the experiments, and then there are more.
Some may wonder why astronomy is on the list, but in fact, astronomy is one of
the most important fields to confirm evolution. Firstly, the uranium-lead dating of
dinosaurs are determined to be around 100-400 million years ago, and the Earth
itself has been determined to be around 4,5 billion years with this technique. Now
astronomers determined the age of the universe to be about 13 billion years, by
measuring the rate of expansion of the universe, called the Hubble Constant.
266
Putting these three together, where the universe is 13 billion years old (with
math), the earth is 4,5 billion years (with chemistry), and the dinosaurs are
around 300 million years old (with chemistry), it is easy to tell that there is a
timeline in a correct manner.
The other ways to determine evolution through astronomy are the discoveries
in outer space. For example it was announced in 2014 that the complex
molecule iso-propyl cyanide has been discovered near the galactic core in an
abundant quantity. This molecule is similar to an amino-acid which is basically
the building block for proteins and crucial for all cells. Back in 2009 several
different amino acids were found on a comet called Comet Wild 2. In the year
of 2012, astronomers detected glycolaldehyde, a sugar molecule, in a star very
far away about 400 light years away. What is interesting about this molecule is
that it is needed to form RNA, which is the macromolecule needed to produce
DNA. The discovery may hint that complex molecules arrived on young planets
early in their formation. In 2012 NASA experimented with polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the interstellar medium (environment similar to
space), and with hydrogenation, oxygenation and hydroxylation, they managed
to produce complex organic molecules, which is a step closer to DNA. What is
important about PAHs is that astronomers constantly find them in outer space,
whether it is on a planet, on space, or on comets. In 2017, astronomers discovered
acrylonitrile on Saturn's moon, Titan (vinyl cyanide, C2H3CN), an organic
compound essential for life, cell membranes and vesicles. In 2019 astronomers
detected ribose in meteorites, which is the molecule for building DNA and ATP.
This discovery could hint that life came from space. Finally in 2019, scientists
identified 6331 groups of genes that are the same in all living animals today. This
hints that the living animals today may have risen from a common ancestor, and
with the help of uranium-lead dating, the researchers could postulate that the
single ancestor lived around 650 million years ago.
267
the world maps that were created before.
200 BC: Eratosthenes was called the Father of Geography. When he was the chief
librarian at the Library of Alexandria, he wrote a three-volume geographical
treatise, which included a world map. The world map itself has been lost in the
course of history, possibly due to the arabs burning 700.000 books, but the treatise
only exists in fragments preserved by different authors, where the most important
was Strabo. In the year of 1883 a reconstruction of his world map was made.
100 BC: Posidonius' ideas about the positioning of the continents were
reconstructed in the year 1628.
10 AD: Strabo's Geographica contains a map of Europe. Later the written text of
Strabos were used to construct a world map.
50 AD: Pomponius Melas' ideas of the world map were reconstructed into a world
map.
150 AD: Ptolemy's world maps have been lost, however the oldest surviving
Ptolemaic world map was redrawn around the year 1300.
The problem with all the ancient maps, before Al-Idrisi’s map and Ibn Hawqals
map, is that they have been lost. The only one that has survived is the redrawn
version of Ptolemy from around 1300. It is furthermore worth noting that Al-
Idrisi and Ibn Hawqals used methods to draw their maps that belonged to earlier
civilizations, for example from the works of Ptolemy.
268
0,96% difference from the currently accepted circumference of the Earth. That is
extremely close considering he did that for 2200 years ago! Posidonius (135-51
BC) also calculated the circumference of the Earth before Islam, by measureing
the elevation of the star Canopus, on the Island of Rhodes and Alexandra. He
calculated it to be 38,647 km, which is a difference of 1361 km, or 3,4% from the
currently accepted circumference of the Earth.
Basically Jamshīd al-Kāshī jumped a minor step with only 4 decimals, which is
not a large step compared to the others before him, and after him.
269
The Arabs invented the Guitar
Some claim that the medieval age of Islam invented the guitar. This is not the case.
Archaeologists have discovered bowl harps and tanburs which dates around 1500-
2000 BC. The oldest preserved instrument that resembles a guitar is 3500 years
old, which belonged to Har-Mose, an Egyptian singer. The ancient Greeks used
the instrument called kithara. The oldest known iconographic representation of a
guitar is carved at Alaca Huyuk in Turkey, dated to be around 1300 BC, which is
a representation of an old Hittite "guitar". The Persians invented the four-stringed
persian chartar (tar), and the persian setar, which are considered to be the
forerunner of modern day guitars. The short-necked lutes called barbat or barbud
was invented in Bactria and Gandhara of the Sasanian Empire (224–651 AD),
which reminds of the one made by the muslims. Now the Gilt bronze sculpture
known as Kneeling Apsaras Playing a Lute, made in the first half of 6th century in
China, is a short short-necked lute with five strings, and is amost identical as the
one muslims claimed they invented. At around 7th century the chinese invented
the four-stringed lute called pipa, which is depicted in a terracotta pipa-player in a
suit of armor from the Sui Dynasty (581–618 AD). The new four-stringed short-
necked lute called Biwa, arrived in Japan in the 7th century from China. Then
in the medieval age, the muslims got credited for developing the four-stringed
Lute (Al'ud, Oud). By the early 16th century medieval Spain, the Guitarra latina
was invented. In the 17th century, the Italians invented the chitarra battente. The
modern guitar as it is known today, was invented by Antonio Torres in 1850, and
since then it hasn't changed a lot.
So the question is, did the muslims in medieval Islam invent the short-necked
four string oud? Although the Islamic oud has some special characteristics, the
answer is no. It was greatly inspired by the barbat from the Sassanian Empire , the
6th century Kneeling Apsaras Playing a Lute gilt bronze sculpture, the chinese
pipa from around 7th century, and the chinese biwa from 7th century.
270
Ethanol, or alcohol as it is known, was not invented or synthesized by anyone
until the modern chemistry began from 1600 and thereafter. Muhammad ibn
Zakariya al-Razi did not invent alcohol nor synthesized it chemically, it was via
a process called alcohol distillation he separated it. What this means is simply
letting the wine be open, in which the alcohol will evaporate out into the air, and
trapping it into another container. This technique known as distillation has been
used for thousands of year before the muslims in medieval age, in the process
called solar distillation. In this technique people filled a container with sea water,
and the water evaporated due to the rays of the sun. The evaporating water was
trapped into another container, and this way clean water was produced. This
technique is especially easy with sea water, where salt has a boiling point of about
800 degrees and water only 100 degrees. This way it is easy to boil the water out of
the salt, and separate it, just as it is easy to separate ethanol from water, because
it has a boiling point of 69 degrees. Today it is possible to separate millions of
chemicals from each other, even when their boiling point difference is only 1
degree - or less.
In short, he did not synthesized alcohol, he only separated it with a technique that
was known before, called distillation. It is especially easy with alcohol, because
it is generally known to everyone that leaving a bottle of wine opened will make
the alcohol evaporate. Although he is credited for being the first person to do so,
it is actually not a hard task to do it. If he didn't do it, millions of other chemists
would have done it after him. Below are examples where distillation was already
known before the medieval times.
271
stuff, the admixture of which makes the water salt, being separated off as it were
by a filter. It is this stuff which make salt water heavy (it weighs more than fresh
water) and thick. The difference in consistency is such that ships with the same
cargo very nearly sink in a river when they are quite fit to navigate in the sea. This
circumstance has before now caused loss to shippers freighting their ships in a
river." - Aristotle, Meteorologica
One of the earliest evidence for distillation by Maria Prophetissima (200 AD)
One of the earliest evidence of distillation devices is attributed to Maria
Prophetissima, which is described in the Alexandrian text called The Gold
Making of Cleopatra.The distillation apparatus was used to distil aromatic
and medicinal oils and capture the chemical called phenol-ethyl-alcohol from
lavender water and rose water, an important ingredient for the preparation of
unguents and skin ointments.
Zosimos of Panopolis credited her for the invention of the tribikos, which is an
alembic with three arms, and still used today in chemistry laboratories. She is
also credited for the invention of the Kerotakis alembic. Furthermore she is also
attributed to the invention of the bain-marie (Mary's bath), which can be found in
the chemistry labs and in the kitchen.
272
Conclusion
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi did not invent distillation, and neither was
the first to invent alembics used today in modern chemistry. He did not invent
alcohol, he just used separated alcohol from wine by heating it, a technique
known by many civilizations in the ancient world. Furthermore it is important to
note that he was not a muslim, describing prophet Muhammad as a fraud, and the
Quran did not contain any useful information or explanations. Beneath is a quote
from him.
“You claim that the evidentiary miracle is present and available, namely, the
Koran. You say: 'Whoever denies it, let him produce a similar one.' Indeed,
we shall produce a thousand similar, from the works of rhetoricians, eloquent
speakers and valiant poets, which are more appropriately phrased and state the
issues more succinctly. They convey the meaning better and their rhymed prose
is in better meter. … By God what you say astonishes us! You are talking about
a work which recounts ancient myths, and which at the same time is full of
contradictions and does not contain any useful information or explanation. Then
you say: 'Produce something like it"?! - Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
For further study about distillation and alembics, read Handbook of Essential
Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications by K. Husnu Can Baser and Gerhard
Buchbauer, Aromatherapy: A Complete Guide to the Healing Art by Kathi Keville
and Mindy Green, and Ormus: The Secret Alchemy of Mary Magdalene - Revealed
(Part A) by William Hearth.
273
carefully documented their perfume-making processes. Ancient India and ancient
China also used perfumes before medieval Islam.
The field of pharmacology is only about 200 years old. Organic chemistry,
molecular biology, medicinal chemistry, natural product chemistry, toxicology
and other fields are directly tied to pharmacology, and none of them existed
before 1600 AD. In pharmacology, it is essential to know about receptors, where
the focus is on how a medicine works in the cells, and not just what kind of
subjective effects it produces to a person. One major and essential factor is
knowing the concentration of the medicine in the blood during time, and this
can only be known with spectroscopy and blood samples. Neither of them were
invented before 1600 CE.
The conclusion is that “what effects does a plant give”-pharmacology is the easy
part and is not modern pharmacology or pharmacy, rather much of it is subjective
The hard part is “how the drug interacts in the cells of our body and the receptors”,
which is basically modern pharmacology and can be observed on cells that have
been cultured in the laboratories. These two are two very different things.
274
Some give statements that the Arabs were the first to discover that the sun is in
the center, and the earth orbiting it, which is called heliocentrism. This is not true,
it was discovered by many ancient greeks. It was specifically Aristarchus of Samos,
who lived between 310–230 BC. What he observed, calculated and discovered was
that the Earth is smaller than the sun, and was the first to place the sun is in the
center of the solar system. The Greeks and Chinese further calculated the axial tilt,
and found out that the earth orbits itself. What is interesting is that Aristarchus
had an idea that the stars were actually other suns.
In medieval Islam, Ibn al-Shatir made developed the heliocentrism further, and
developed also the lunar model, but heliocentrism was definitely known before.
• Democritus (450–370 BC) first proposed that the Milky Way might consist of
distant stars.
• Aristarchus of Samos (310 BC to 230 BC) proposed that the galaxy of the
Milky Way consists of a large collection of stars, so small that it is impossible
to see the individual stars. He further speculated that the Milky Way is very
far away, and therefore has no parallax.
• Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048 AD) was a persian astronomer, and he
proposed the same as the ancient Greeks, that it is a collection of countless
fragments of the nature of nebulous stars
• Ibn Bajjah (1138 AD) proposed much of the same as the ancient Greeks, that
it was made up of many stars which almost touched one another
• Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya (1292–1350 AD) proposed that it is a myriad of tiny
stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars, much the same as the
ancient greeks.
• Alhazen (965–1037) determined that there is no parallax of the Milky Way
by observing and measure it, and therefore it is very far away from Earth.
Determining a parallax is a technique from the ancient greeks.
275
It is clear that Democritus and Aristarchus of Samos were the first to notice that
the Milky Way galaxy consists of a vast collection of stars, and even postulated
that it has no parallax, which is movement of the stars relative to each other as the
Earth moves around the Sun. He did not calculate it since he had no instrument
to achieve the precise observations, but Alhazen did it with two different locations
of the sun. Alhazen used the technique from ancient Greeks to determine the
parallax of the galaxy. This means that he started to measure the position of the
Milky Way one day, and waited for half a year to determine the position again,
since the Earth is on the opposite side of the sun as it was before. He observed
the position was the same, which means that the Milky Way is very far away. The
actual proof came, as mentioned before, by Galileo Galilei, where he used his
microscope prove the parallax.
The truth is that Al-Biruni was born in 973, and he wrote his book called Codex
Masudicus in 1037 AD. A captain named Leif Erikson sailed around Greenland
and landed in a strange land he named Vinland around 1000 AD or a couple of
years earlier. Vinland is today known as North America. Notice that Al-Biruni
276
was a maximum of 27 years old when Leif discovered America, and possibly as
young as 20 years old, depending on when Leif sailed around North America. Leif
died in 1003 AD.
Below is a comparison between the libraries. The Library of Congress includes the
books and manuscripts, which is a total of 110 million.
Some people state that the library of Baghdad was larger than most libraries
today. As per 2019, the 22nd largest library has a total of 15 million items, which
is 30 times bigger than Baghdad Library in 1258 AD. What is true is that possibly
around 99% of all libraries in the world do not compete to be the biggest in the
world, their mission is only to have an appropriate size to fulfill the need of their
local cities. It is mostly the libraries of the capitals in the world that do compete
277
with each other, and possibly all libraries in all capitals in today's world are larger
than the library of Baghdad.
From 120.000 volumes in the 5th century AD to 400.000 volumes in the 13th
century AD is a step, but not a miraculous step. They managed to build a library
that had 280.000 more books than the previous library in a span of 800 years.
Comparing it to 800 years later from 1258 AD to 21th century today, the largest
library, which is in Washington, consists of 120.000.000 books and manuscripts
combined. Baghdad jumped about 3,3 times larger than the previous in 800 years,
Washington jumped 300 times larger than the previous in 800 years.
Another excuse is that today’s population is 7,7 billion people compared to only
about 350 million in 1250 AD. A comparison of books per world capita can be
achieved:
This means that the Library of Congress has 14 times more books per world capita
278
than the muslims did in Baghdad - and this doesn't include the other 58 million
items. Another factor to remember is that the library of Baghdad did not only
contain arabic books, but books from other civilizations too:
The Baghdad Library must've contained books from earlier civilizations in their
own languages (greek, roman, hindu, chinese, spanish, persian). How many books
were actual the works of the muslims is unknown. Another aspect that has not
been covered is that the secret of making paper was obtained from the Chinese
prisoners of war in the 8th century. Paper is much cheaper than papyrus, vellum
and parchment, therefore the muslims could make manuscripts at relativively
affordable costs compared to earlier civilizations.
279
for diabetes. Around 300 BC, Apollonius of Memphis made the first reference
to the word "diabetes". The greeks also were able to distinguish between diabetes
mellitus and diabetes insipidus. The people in India and China in 500 AD knew
that there is a difference between diabetes 1 and diabetes 2.
In Mawangdui China, additional texts were recovered in 1973 (from 168 BC)
from a tomb, which provides detailed information about the Chinese blood vessel
theory. Another text includes the Zhangjiashan Han bamboo texts which were
discovered at Zhangjiashan, and are dated back to 150 BC. The are the first texts
to provide the universal model of pathology based on the blood vessel theory.
Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic, also called Huangdi Neijing or simply Nei Jing
(Chinese Book of Medicine) is a chinese medical text dated to be around 200-100
BC, which is 1600 years before Ibn Nafis. It is the first comprehensive chinese
medical text. For example it provides a full description of 12 longitudinal blood
281
vessels either supplying (arterial) or draining (venous) each side of the body.
1 The Lord said to Moses and Aaron, 2 “When anyone has a swelling or a rash
or a shiny spot on their skin that may be a defiling skin disease,[a] they must be
brought to Aaron the priest or to one of his sons[b] who is a priest. 3 The priest is
to examine the sore on the skin, and if the hair in the sore has turned white and
the sore appears to be more than skin deep, it is a defiling skin disease. When the
priest examines that person, he shall pronounce them ceremonially unclean. 4 If
the shiny spot on the skin is white but does not appear to be more than skin deep
and the hair in it has not turned white, the priest is to isolate the affected person
for seven days. - Leviticus 13 (see also Leviticus 14)
In medieval Islam Ibn Sina (980-1037 AD), also called Avicenna, introduced
the 40 days of quarantine in his five-volume medical encyclopedia The Canon of
Medicine. However, he was not a muslim, and was called the imam of atheists. He
made many statements contradicting Islam.
Scholars at his time and after them declared him to be an apostate. One of them
was Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya who declared him a non-believer, who supported
shirk and kufr. Another one was Ibn Taymiyyah who wrote "
282
What those such as Ibn Sina say are worse than the statements of the Jews, the
Christians, and the mushkrikeen". - Ibn Taymiyyah
The word quarantine is derived from the Italian words quaranta giorni which
means 40 days.
"Then We sent following their footsteps Our messengers and followed [them] with
Jesus, the son of Mary, and gave him the Gospel. And We placed in the hearts of
those who followed him compassion and mercy and monasticism, which they
innovated; We did not prescribe it for them except [that they did so] seeking the
approval of Allah . But they did not observe it with due observance. So We gave
the ones who believed among them their reward, but many of them are defiantly
disobedient." - Quran 57:27
The word coffee is believed to originate from different places, which one of it
from the Kaffa region of Ethiopia. The first person to mention coffee in print
was Rhazes (865-925 AD), and then Avicenna (980-1037 AD) also mentioned
it about one century later. However the earliest evidence of coffee being roasted
and brewed as they are today is from the mid 15th century. Except for those
misleading claims, it would be correct that coffee originates from the Arabian
peninsula, if the story of Khalid is apocryphal. A good question would be, which
is more important: coffee beans from Arabia to produce coffee, or cacao beans
from America to make chocolate?
For further study about the origin of coffee, read Uncommon Grounds: The History
of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World by Mark Pendergrast (2019), and All
About Coffee by William H. Ukers (2011).
283
The arabs invented the toothbrush
Some people claim that the Muhammad, invented the first toothbrush by using a
twig from the Miswak tree, and therefore the they invented the first toothbrush.
This is not correct. The ancient civilizations dated all the way back to 3000 BC
used a chew stick, which was a thin twig with a frayed end. Ancient China also
used toothbrushes made of bronze, bones or wood are dated back to 2000 BC.
Furthermore the modern bristle toothbrush was invented in China in 1498 AD.
“Asclepiades to Kleitarchos the banker – please pay the sums below from my
account to the weavers”. - Papyrus 1830
The Ancient Rome is also believed to be one of the first to use cheques, which
were called praescriptiones. Banks in the Sassanid Empire issued letters of credit
known as chakks during the 3rd century AD. The modern word cheque is derived
from chakk, saqq or sakk.
284
The arabs modified the water-clock (weight-driven clock) and much of the
invention of the mercury clock was influenced by medieval Islam. One of the
features in their water clock by medieval Islam is the mechanical bird singing,
but this already invented by Heron of Alexandria 1000 years before. However
today the clocks works entirely different, and the most accurate clock today is the
atomic clock, invented in 1949 AD, which measures time using the microwave
signal emitted by electrons in atoms when they change energy levels. It has only
an error of 1 second during a span of 100 million years.
Acids
The first civilization to describe acids were the ancient Egyptians and Greeks,
where they described them as sour tasting and oxein in greek. These words
mutated into the latin words and were called acetum, in which the anglicized
word acid originates from. It was the romans who began to refer to sour
substances, such as vinegar or lemon juice, as acids.
The ancient Greeks and Egyptians had discovered a particular substance which
was especially sour, which later became known as vinegar, and a result from
fermentation of fruits to produce wine.
285
Bases
The Greeks also discovered three other substances which had another
characteristic than the category of acids. Those were potash, soda and lime.
Potash, which is made of potassium salts, is produced fro burning of wood
ashes. By letting the water evaporate, the film let behind was soda. By burning
seashells, lime was produced. The word alkaline, which is another word for bases,
is derived from the Arabic language and means roasting, because the first bases
characterized was due to roasting ashes and treating them with water and slaked
lime, to produce soap.
The bases which counteracts the acid comes from medieval Islam.
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (854–925) was the person in medieval Islam
who invented hard soap, but he was not a muslim. His statement about the Quran
was:
“You claim that the evidentiary miracle is present and available, namely, the
Koran. You say: “Whoever denies it, let him produce a similar one.” Indeed,
we shall produce a thousand similar, from the works of rhetoricians, eloquent
speakers and valiant poets, which are more appropriately phrased and state the
issues more succinctly. They convey the meaning better and their rhymed prose
is in better meter. … By God what you say astonishes us! You are talking about
a work which recounts ancient myths, and which at the same time is full of
286
contradictions and does not contain any useful information or explanation.” -
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (854-925 AD)
"If the people of Islam are asked about the proof for the soundness of their
religion, they flare up, get angry and spill blood of whoever confronts them with
this question. They forbid rational speculation, and strive to kill their adversaries.
This is why truth became thoroughly silenced and concealed" - Muhammad ibn
Zakariya al-Razi (854-925 AD)
287
in the Bakhshali manuscript. In the work Brāhma Sphuta Siddhānta by
Brahmagupta, it includes cube roots, fractions, ratio and proportion, and
barter, mixture, mathematical series, plane figures, stacking bricks, sawing of
timber, and piling of grain. It also includes the theorem on the diagonals of a
cyclic quadrilateral
• The Ancient Chinese advanced geometry in much greater detail. One of
the greatest books on geometry from the time is The Nine Chapters on
the Mathematical Art, edited and commented by Liu Hui about 250 AD.
It includes area for: square, rectangle, circle, isosceles triangle, rhomboid,
trapezoid, double trapezium, segment of a circle, and annulus ('ring' between
two concentric circles). Furthermore it includes volume for parallelepiped
with two square surfaces, parallelepiped with no square surfaces, Pyramid,
Frustum of pyramid with square base, frustum of pyramid with rectangular
base of unequal sides, cube, prism, wedge with rectangular base and both
sides sloping, wedge with trapezoid base and both sides sloping, tetrahedral
wedge, frustum of a wedge of the second type (used for applications in
engineering), cylinder, cone with circular base, frustum of a cone, and the
sphere. He was also the first to mention the Sea Island survey diagram, a
geomtry problem.
Although this is not the complete list, it can be seen that geometry was not
invented by medieval Islam.
Conclusion
Geometry was not invented by medieval Islam. They developed it further, but
many, if not all, of the geometry was based on earlier civilizations.
288
This is not true. The first person to discover the formula for the summation of a
series of cubes was Arybhatta (476-550 AD) in 499 AD, which is over 100 years
before Islam. However, the first person to prove it was Abu Bakr al-Karaji (953-
1029 AD).
"He surpassed in velocity the flight of the ostrich, but he neglected to arm his
body with the strength of the vulture. "- Mu'min ibn Said, 886 AD
The Algerian historian Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari (d. 1632) wrote 700 years
later:
"Among other very curious experiments which he made, one is his trying to fly.
He covered himself with feathers for the purpose, attached a couple of wings to
his body, and, getting on an eminence, flung himself down into the air, when
according to the testimony of several trustworthy writers who witnessed the
performance, he flew a considerable distance, as if he had been a bird, but, in
alighting again on the place whence he had started, his back was very much hurt,
for not knowing that birds when they alight come down upon their tails, he forgot
to provide himself with one." - Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari, 1632 AD
The authenticity of the written text above cannot be determined since there are no
other evidence to support his claims.
289
with bird feathers, who had two giant wings strapped to his back and covered
with bird feathers all over his body. It is claimed he glided around 100 meters.
Another chinese emperor, Gao Yang, used prisoners in 559 AD as test people to
achieve flying. One of the prisoners named Yuan Huangtou is claimed to have
landed safely from a tower jump. Furthermore Kites have been invented by the
Chinese since around 400 BC. Archytas (428 - 347 BC) invented the first flying
machine, which has a shape of a bird, and is alleged to have flown 200 meters. He
nicknamed it ‘the pigeon’.
Another person Leonardo da Vinci might have got the idea of flying is from
a man in the 12th century England, William of Malmesbury, who stated that
between 1000-1010 AD, Benedictine monk Eilmer of Malmesbury attached wings
to his hands and feet and flew a short distance. There is no evidence to support
the theory that he got the inspiration from Abbas ibn Firna, rather he actually
received the inspiration when he was in his younger years where he read and
believed the Greek fable of Daedalus. Other people during the course of history
also got the idea from other greek mythologies, like Pegasus, but it has always
been clear that humans wanted to fly like birds since the earliest times.
Today's planes
The statement that the flight of Abbas ibn Firnas was the founding of flying,
is simply not true. Today's flying machines are based significantly in physics,
aerodynamics, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering and different
inventions. What ibn Firnas did was basically only making wings and crash
down, with no success or control. The planes, rockets and jets today are much
more advanced than meets the eye. For example there are ramjets and scramjets.
The aerodynamics of the wings and plane body, the electronic systems, how the
chemical fuel is converted to mechanical energy - nothing of it was known to
mankind in the medieval ages. In 1979 NASA improved the efficiency of fixed-
290
wing aircraft by reducing drag, with their new invention called winglet. In the
1970s NASA developed the supercritical airfoil, which lead to the invention of
supercritical wings (SCW), used by almost every plane on the planet.
Now there are other types of flying machines, and not just wing inspired from the
birds. This includes space shuttles, missiles, helicopters and air balloons. Scientists
around the world are researching in a technology called anti-gravitational
propulsion system, which is completely unrelated to wings and air.
Conclusion
The chinese were the first people who made the first flights with wings before
Abbas ibn Firnas in the 9th century, and today's space shuttles, missiles, planes,
rockets and air balloons are much more advanced and works entirely different.
Regarding Ibn Al- Haytham's book which is called The Book of Optics, translated
in english by A. I. Sabra (1989), it is clear that much of what has been written
down by him cannot be used for anything in science or engineering. One must
only compare the translated book above and those two following books:
• Physics of Light and Optics by Justin Peatross and Michael Ware (2015)
• Optics by M.P. Vaughan (2014)
There is a significantly huge difference between the modern optics and Ibn Al-
Haytham's book. It is clear that the difference of those two optics are the formulas
which are essential in optics, without them optics is not optics.
291
1. The vision of focus can be drawn in a straight line to an object
2. The form of the space which our eyes look at is shaped in a cone
3. Those objects which are in the space of the cone can be seen, and those who
are not cannot be seen
4. Objects with smaller angles appear smaller, objects with larger angles appear
largers, and those with the same angles appear the same size, even though
they are at different distance and size
5. Those things within a higher range appear higher and vise versa
6. Right and left visual rays appear right and left
7. Objects that are seen within several angles appear clearer
Euclid in his book Optics focused his analysis to simple direct vision, in which
he used geometry drawings. Hero of Alexandria (AD 10–70) further developed
geometrical optics to include catoptrics, which is the branch of optics that deals
with the problems of reflection. He formulated the principle of the shortest path
of light, one of the most important principles in the field of optics. With the
principle of the shortest path of light, Hero was able to define the fixed relation
between an object and its image in a plane mirror.
Ptolemy (100-170 AD) not only focused on direct and reflected vision, but
further developed the study into vision by refracted rays (dioptrics), that is the
observation of light from objects through two media of different density. This
includes air to water, air to glass, water to glass. He also tabulated the relationship
between the incident and refracted rays.
292
The muslims invented robotics
Some people state that robotics was invented in medieval Islam. This is however
not true. Philo of Byzantium (280-220 BC) had nine known books which fell
under Philon's Mechanics. He invented the first automatic humanoid robot
called The Robot Servant of Philon. The earliest written proof for the existence
of a watermill is attributed to him as part of a washstand automaton, although
a earlier watermills are dated back to as early as 1500 BC in modern Cyprus.
The watermill later inspired the gristmill of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (80-10
BC), and the Roman Janiculum watermill complex at Rome and the Barbegal
watermill complex. Furthermore the earliest known escapement mechanism is
attributed to Philo. However the most important part of his treaties regarding
robotics - Automatiopoeica, didn't manage to survive to the present time for more
detailed description of his robotic inventions. One can only speculate if more of
the automatic mechanic inventions by the muslims in medieval Islam, could be
attributed to Philo.
293
that much of a knowledge back than, neither in the ancient world, or in medieval
Islam. It was therefore relatively easy to have at least two to three professions, if
not more. Regardless of what, there were actually many people in ancient Greece
who had multiple professions and were polymaths.
Plato (429 BC) is another example who was a greek philosopher and polymath.
He covered subjects in physics, biology, zoology, economics, metaphysics, logic,
ethics, music, poetry, theatre, rhetoric, aesthetics, psychology, linguistics, politics
and government.
There are more examples from other civilizations, like Varāhamihira (500 AD),
who covered architecture, mathematics, temples, astronomy, timekeeping,
astrology, meteorology, agriculture, gemology, perfumes and others.
Horseshoe arch
A popular Islamic feature in architecture is the horseshoe arch, but this was
already being used by the Visigoths in Spain, and by the Byzantines in Syria and
Persia, who used it as early as the 5th century. They are known in the Baptistery
of Mar Ya'qub (St. Jacob) at Nisibin (4th century AD) and Qasr Ibn Wardan (564
AD)
294
Arg-e Bam, built around 500 BC in the city of Bam, Iran. Another place where the
arch already was built was in the Temple of Bel in Dura Europos, Syria.
There are two other sites where the arch could have been originated from, but
since they were rebuilt, it is not known if the arch was part of the original plan.
The first example is the Old Bridge of Dezful, built in the Sassanid dynasty (224-
651 AD) in the city of Dezful, Iran. The second example is Rayen Castle in
Kerman, Iran, where the arabs could not invade it during the reign of the Sasanid
King, Yazdgerd III (632-651 AD) due to the high walls.
Square plan
The square plan of a building, in which the Kaaba is planned on, is borrowed from
the Persians.
Molding (art)
The glamorous moldings and pargetings, the protruded type of moldings, has
been borrowed from the Sassanid period (224-651 AD). An example is the art
of Taq-i Kisra in the city of Ctesiphon, which resembles the later molding in
medieval Islam's Fahraj Great mosque with tendril decorations. Furthermore the
art on the walls and pillars in Islamic mosques resembles the Sassanid molding.
The islamic architecture as it is know today can also be much attributed to the
Hagia Sophia, a church of Constantinople built by the Byzantine empire in 537
AD. After the muslims conqured the region in 1453 AD, they turned it into a
mosque, but much of the interior remained the same.
The Gabri Dome (also called Jabalieh), is believed to be constructed before the
Islamic era due to having many of the 120 pieces of stone carvings being related
to different historical periods. It is located in Kerman, Iran, and has many of the
same characteristics as the Islamic mosque.
Another inspiration to the architecture of the mosques today comes from the
mausoleum called Dome of Soltaniyeh, built in the city of Soltaniyeh, Iran, by the
mongolian ruler Ilkhanate between 1302 and 1312 AD. Although he actually dit
convert to Islam.
295
The minaret
Minaret means tower, and the first known minaret appeared under the Abbasid
rule in 9th century.
However, they are not the first to come up with the design. Many different pottery
designs of watchtowers already was created under the Han dynasty (206 BC - 220
AD), and reminds a lot of the minaret, especially the square minaret. The chinese
also invented the pagoda tower between 5th-10th century. The oldest existent
stone pagoda in China is the Songyue Pagoda, constructed in 523 AD at the
Songyue Monastery on Mount Song, in Henan province, China. Another example
is the Xumi Pagoda, built in the year 636 AD, located west of Zhengding, Hebei
province, China. An example of a circular pagoda is the Daqin Pagoda, built in
640 AD, located in Zhouzhi County of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. Now the
pagoda that reminds the most of the Islamic minaret are the Three Pagodas, built
around 9th and 10th centuries, and are located near the old town of Dali, Yunnan
province, China.
The three poets Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri (868-909 AD), Ibn Hamdis
(1053-1133 AD), and Ibn Quzman (1080-1160 AD) all had sexual relationship
with men. Shaiykh Muhammad ibn Umar al-Nafwazi wrote the book The
296
Perfumed Garden (al-Rawd al-Atir fi Nuzhat al-Khatir) between 1410 and 1434,
which contains lovemaking manuals. Al-Jahiz (777-869 AD) also wrote the book
called The Book of Respective Merits of Maids and Young Men (Kitab Mafaharat
al-Jawari wa al-Ghilman), which also contains lovemaking manuals. The persian
poet, Sa’di of Shiraz (1184-1291 AD) also described his love of young men. Omar
Khayyam (1048-1131 AD) wrote Quartets (Ruba’iyyat) where he described the tone
for sexuality. The persian poet, Jalal al-Din Rumi (1207-1273 AD) writes about his
desires of a man named Shams al-Din Tabriz in his works. A male caliphs of Cordaba
made his wife dress as a boy and use the male name Djafar to keep the sexual life
going, and additionally he also kept a male harem.
Of rulers there can be mentioned Sultan Mahmud (971-1030 AD) of Ghazni; texts
describes his relationship with his lover Malik Ayaz. Mughal Emperor Babur (1483-
1530 AD) wrote in his 16th century biography of his attraction to a boy in the camp
bazaar. The ruler of Damascus, Al-Malik al-Ashraf (1262-1293 AD) had a strong love
for his young Turkish soldiers, in which he describes:
“May I be the ransom for a full moon whom description is at a loss to encompass,
One who is liberal with my blood, despite being honest and trustworthy.
Should I marvel? He keeps my wealth safe,
But sees my soul destroyed by him and pays it no mind!”
Ibn al-Muqaffa’, Muhammad al Warraq, Ibn al-Rawandi, and Ibn al-Rāwandī were
not muslims. The persian scientist Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, who separated
alcohol and developed some alembics in chemistry was not a muslim. His statement
about the Quran was:
297
“You claim that the evidentiary miracle is present and available, namely, the
Koran. You say: “Whoever denies it, let him produce a similar one.” Indeed,
we shall produce a thousand similar, from the works of rhetoricians, eloquent
speakers and valiant poets, which are more appropriately phrased and state the
issues more succinctly. They convey the meaning better and their rhymed prose
is in better meter. … By God what you say astonishes us! You are talking about
a work which recounts ancient myths, and which at the same time is full of
contradictions and does not contain any useful information or explanation.” -
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
Ibn al-Haytham (965-1040 AD) drew the optic chiasm. The problem is that the
teachings of Islam forbade the drawing of humans in both Sahih al-Bukhari and
Sahih Muslim.
"We were with Masruq at the house of Yasar bin Numair. Masruq saw pictures
on his terrace and said, "I heard `Abdullah saying that he heard the Prophet ()ﷺ
saying, "The people who will receive the severest punishment from Allah will be
the picture makers.'" - Sahih al-Bukhari 5950
"Verity the most grievously tormented people on the Day of Resurrection would
be the painters of pictures. Ashajj (one of the narrators) in the hadith narrated by
him did not make mention of the word" verity". - Sahih Muslim 2109 a
"The Prophet ( )ﷺcursed the lady who practices tattooing and the one who
gets herself tattooed, and one who eats (takes) Riba' (usury) and the one who
gives it. And he prohibited taking the price of a dog, and the money earned by
prostitution, and cursed the makers of pictures." - Sahih al-Bukhari 5347
Al-Adli ar-Rumi (800–870) who was a renowned Arab chess player, wrote a chess
manual in Arabic which is dated to around 840-850 AD, titled Kitab ash-shatranj
(Book of Chess). The problem is that chess is not allowed in Islam:
"Buraida reported on the authority of his father that Allah's Apostle ﷺsaid: He
who played Nardashir (a game similar to backgammon) is like one who dyed his
hand with the flesh and blood of swine." - Sahih Muslim, 5:5612
They also developed the lute from previous guitars, and yet music is not allowed
in Islam, according to the hadith below.
“Narrated Abu ‘Amir or Abu Malik Al-Ash’ari: that he heard the Prophet saying,
298
“From among my followers there will be some people who will consider illegal
sexual intercourse, the wearing of silk, the drinking of alcoholic drinks and the
use of musical instruments, as lawful. And there will be some people who will stay
near the side of a mountain and in the evening their shepherd will come to them
with their sheep and ask them for something, but they will say to him, ‘Return to
us tomorrow.’ Allah will destroy them during the night and will let the mountain
fall on them, and He will transform the rest of them into monkeys and pigs and
they will remain so till the Day of Resurrection.” - Sahih al-Bukhari 7:69:494v
Evolution was proposed by people in medieval Islam (although there were others
who proposed it before). Al-Jahiz wrote:
"Animals engage in a struggle for existence, and for resources, to avoid being
eaten, and to breed. Environmental factors influence organisms to develop new
characteristics to ensure survival, thus transforming them into new species.
Animals that survive to breed can pass on their successful characteristics to their
offspring." - Al-Jahiz (776-868 AD)
299
known in Europe as Alhazen. He began his career as a civil service worker but
switched careers and started carrying out scientific studies in Baghdad and Persia.
One day, al-Haytham caught the attention of the counter-caliph in Cairo. When
he mentioned that it was possible to dam up the Nile River and provide irrigation
for the fields all year around, he was called to Egypt and assigned to the project.
With a large team and a lot of devices at his disposal, he went up the Nile River
in order to start the project, but when he saw all the impressive old Egyptian
buildings along the Nile River, he began having doubts about the whole idea. If
not even those people who were capable of creating such buildings were able to
build a dam, how could someone like him succeed? Nevertheless, he kept on and
found a suitable spot in Aswan, at the site of today’s Aswan Dam. But soon he
would realize that this project couldn’t be carried out."
For further study, read Freethinkers of Medieval Islam: Ibn Al-Rāwandī, Abū Bakr
Al-Rāzī, and Their Impact on Islamic Thought (2016) by Sarah Stroumsa.
Scholars at his time and after them declared him to be an apostate. One of them
was Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya who declared him a non-believer, who supported
shirk and kufr. Another one was Ibn Taymiyyah who wrote "
What those such as Ibn Sina say are worse than the statements of the Jews, the
Christians, and the mushkrikeen". - Ibn Taymiyyah
Al-Ghazali (1058-1111 AD), and Al-Dhahabi (1274-1348 AD) also labelled him
as an atheist.
Al Razi
He was called the heretic, and was told that he should be executed.
300
Al Kindi
He disagreed with the Quran
Ibn Moukaffaa
His limps were cut off and was forced to eat them
Ibn Rishd
He was an atheist whose books were burned. He was also called a traitor of Islam
and he was publicly humiliated.
Ibn Hayan
He was accused of being a magician
Al Farabi
An atheist who called all prophets liars
Ibn Al Haytham
He was called the biggest heretic
Ibn Battutaa
He was accused of slandering religous leaders.
Al Tusi
He was an allied to blasphemy and atheism
Ibn Firnas
He was accused of being a magician and a heretic
Ibn Tufail
He was one of ahteists imams
Ibn Bajjah
He was an atheist and was fought by the muslims
Al Ma'arri
He was accused of heresy. He statement regarding Muhammad:
"Do not suppose the statements of the prophets to be true; they are all
fabrications. Men lived comfortably till they came and spoiled life. The sacred
books are only such a set of idle tales as any age could have and indeed did
actually produce" - Abul' Ala Al-Ma'arrri
Al Khatib
He was accused of blasphemy, and was jailed and strangled
Al Hallaj
His limps were cut off first and after that his neck
Al Jahiz
He was told that he should be executed
Al Batani
He was an apostate
The peak of Islam was during the Islamic Golden age, which was roughly between
the 8th and 14th century, everything went downhill from there. But even then, the
scientists and philosophers of that time who often had controversial viewpoints
and ideas that opposed to what Islam stood for, they were persecuted, deemed
as heretics and some of them were convicted of treason and sentenced to death,
or worse tortured to death. While others chose to live their lives in seclusion and
kept to themselves.
You can find out about the heinous crimes and how the Islamic Golden age
philosophers, scientists, poets, mathematicians, chemists, and doctors such as
Alrazi, Alfarabi, Ibn Alhaytham, Ibn Rushed, Bashar ibn Burd, Mansur Alhallaj,
Ibn Almuqaffa, Ibn Alkhatib, Alkindi, were persecuted, tortured and even killed
in heinous ways in Islamic history books such as Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya by Ibn
Kathir, Munqidh min aldalal by Abu Hamid Alghazali, Almontathim by Ibn
Aljawzi, Dara' altaearud by Ibn Taymiyyah, and Lisan Almizan by Ibn Hajar
Alasqalani. There are more but those are just a few examples you could check out
for yourself.
Many scientists in that age were called Kafirs. Prominent mainstream figures
were like Abu-Hanifa and most of the head of Mu’tazila school were called Kafirs
and Shi’is were commonly called Kafirs. The worst offenders are the Ahlu-Al-
Hadith or Hanbalis (the modern day salafis), who had a the most literalist reading
of scripture and whore vehemently opposed to Greek influences (Anti logic,
philosophy and astronomy). The famous Sunni exegete and historian Al-Tabari
(mainstream Sunni) was besieged by the Hanbali mob and his house was stoned.
The presence of a large force from the Baghdad police prevented them from
reaching him. He died under siege in six months (320H). Most philosophers were
called heretics by the Ahlu-Al-Hadith: Al-Kind, Ibn-Rushd, Ibn-Sina, etc.
Modern day
The Pakistani nobel laureate, Abdus Salam, had his grave desecrated because he
wasn't a practicing muslim and his child converted to Hinduism.
Non-muslims are only presented about inventions and discoveries, and never
really taught about what happened regarding the conquests. John J. O'Neill wrote
"..the muslim conquest of Spain produced, instead of a Golden Age of science and
learning, a bloodbath and an interminable war of attrition"
- from the book Holy Warriors by John J. O'Neill (2009) pp. 116
Los Alamos NL: They created computational algorithms with Monte Carlo
method.
The list
The list does not include all inventions and certainly only a minor part of a
scientific discoveries. If one includes all scientific discoveries, it definitely would
reach at least 5000-10.000 pages, if not much more than that. For this reason only
major ones are listed.
1601
1602 Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie invented the first stock
market.
Galileo Galilei described isochronism
Vincenzio Cascarido discovers barium sulfide
1607 Frenchmen invented the howitzers Johannes Kepler observes and records the appearance and motion of a
comet which later became known as Comet Halley.
307
1610 German silversmith invented tinsel, who used real silver for the
metal strands
Galileo Galilei discovered that the moon is not a perfect sphere but has
craters.
Poland created bagels and gave them as gifts to women after Galileo Galilei discovered the moons of Jupiter.
childbirth Nicolas de Peirecs discovered orion nebula
Thomas Harriot became the first to view sunspots through a telescope
Jean Beguin publishes Tyrocinium Chymicum, the first book of chemistry
lectures in the world
1614 Antonio Zara invented the index for books John Napier invented the logarithms for calculation and incorporation of
decimal mark
Santorio Santorio became the first person to study metabolism which leads
to carbondioxid
1615 Salomon de Caus invented the first known solar activated device,
a water pumping machine
Jean Beguin discoveres the first-ever chemical equation in his chemistry
textbook Tyrocinium Chymicum
1616 Giuliano Bossi invented a double-barreled gun. Fortunio Liceti is the first person to begin the field which studies the
malformations of the embryo.
Robert Bylot and William Baffin make a detailed exploration of Baffin
Bay, they discover Smith Sound, Lancaster Sound and Devon Island, and
furthermore also reach latitude 77° 45' North which became the world
record for 236 years.
1618 Scotland invented the featherie ball, a precursor to a golf ball Johannes Kepler formulates the third law of planetary motion.
Johann Baptist Cysat becomes the first person to study a comet through the
telescope and gives the first description of the nucleus and coma of a comet.
Fortunio Liceti first to support the theory of spontaneous generation of
organisms.
microscope.
America celebrates the first Thanksgiving Day
1622 Dud Dudley recieves a patent for the process for smelting iron
ore with coke.
William Oughtred invented the first slide rule
Gaspare Aselli is the first to discover the lacteal vessels of the lymphatic
system
1625 Jean-Baptiste Denys invented a method for blood transfusion. Johann Rudolf Glauber discovers sodium sulfate (sal mirabilis or
"Glauber's salt", which is used as a laxative)
Johann Baptista van Helmont gives the first description of hydrogen and is
the first to use the word "gas".
1626 Adriaan van den Spiegel's work De formato feotu is published which
includes the first observation of milk in female breasts at birth.
1627
308
1628 William Harvey is the first to come with the correct description of
circulation of the blood in his De Motu Cordis
1631 Hieronymus de Zentis made the earliest known bentside spinet William Oughtred is the first to devise the "x" symbol for multiplication
and the abbreviations "sin" and "cos" for the sine and cosine functions
Thomas Harriot is the first to devise the symbols for "is less than" and "is
greater than", along with other innovations
1633 Giovanni Baptista Ferrari is the first to pioneer the field of floriculture.
Fabrizio Bartoletti makes the first, crude, isolation of lactose
1634 Gilles de Roberval is the first to show that the area under a cycloid is three
times the area of its generating circle.
Louise Bourgeois Boursier is the first to propose the podalic version
technique in the first of obstetrics
1635
1636 William Gascoigne invented the micrometer. Pierre de Fermat discovered the field of analytic geometry, adequality and
the Fermat numbers.
Marin Mersenne is the first to devise Mersenne's laws which describs the
frequency of oscillation of a stretched string.
1638 Galileo Galilei devises the laws of falling body (motion of objects)
Galileo Galilei is the first to come with the field of strength of materials
1639 Jeremiah Horrocks and William Crabtree are the first and only scientific
observers of a transit of Venus, which was predicted by Horrocks.
Girard Desargues is the first to introduce the concept of infinity into
geometry.
Giovanni Battista Zupi is the first to observe that the planet Mercury has
orbital phases.
1641 Italy invented the the sealed thermometer Samuel Winslow is granted the first patent for a new saltmaking process.
1642 Blaise Pascal starts to build the Pascaline which is the first
practical mechanical calculator intended to help with the
recording of taxes
Ludwig von Siegen invented mezzotint engraving
1644 Pietro Mengoli proposes The Basel problem which puzzled mathematicians
until it was solved by Leonhard Euler in 1735.
1645 Giacomo Torelli invented the revovling stage Michael Florent van Langren is the first to publish a map of the Moon.
Daniel Whistler presented the first printed pediatric text on rickets
1647 France's military is the first to use the bayonet Johannes Hevelius is the first to publish the first comparatively detailed
map of the Moon
1648 Zaya Pandita developed clear script which was used by the
Torgut Mongols of Sinkiang
Jan Baptista van Helmont is the first to discover that air has different gases,
including carbon dioxide and nitrix oxide.
Jean Laurent Palmer developed the first micrometer Johannes Hevelius discovered the longitudinal libration of the Moon.
Semyon Dezhnyov is the first recorded person to voyage through the
Bering Strait.
Florin Périer is the first to demonstrate that atmospheric pressure varies
with height
Mercurius van Helmont create an early version of the law of conservation
of mass.
309
1650 Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump Giambattista Riccioli discoveres the first binary star named Mizar
1651 William Harvey is the first to describe organ formation in the developing
embryo in De Generatione.
1652 Thomas Bartholin is the first to discover the lymphatic system and also
determined its relation to the circulatory system.
1653 Blaise Pascal is the first to describe a convenient tabular presentation for
binomial coefficients which is now called Pascal's triangle.
Blaise Pascal explains his law of pressure in Treatise on the Equilibrium
of Liquids
1654 Otto von Guericke is the first ever person to demonstrate the strenght of
vacuum with the magdeburg hemispheres
Blaise Pascal corresponds with Pierre de Fermat on gambling problems,
which created the field of the theory of probability.
William Petty is the first to carry out the first large scale attempt at a
scientific survey.
1656 Christiaan Huygens invented Pendulum clock Christiaan Huygens discovered that the planetary rings of Saturn consist
of rocks.
1660 Germany invented the cuckoo clocks in the Black Forest region.
England banks invented the Cheque Book
Robert Hooke proposed Hooke's Law, an equation describing elasticity
1661 Melchisédech Thévenot invented the spirit level Marcello Malpighi discovered capillaries
John Evelyn makes a pamphlet called Fumifugium which includes the
earliest descriptions of air pollution.
Robert Boyle invented the modern chemistry by separating chemistry as
corpucles, from alchemy, as qualities, and gave the first precise definitions
of a chemical element, a chemical reaction, chemical analysis. He also made
studies of acids and bases. Only after this event scientists abandoned the
notion of ancient times that matter was compounded of fire, earth, air and
water.
1662 Blaise Pascal launches the first City Bus Service Robert Boyle devised the Boyle's Law of ideal gas.
Robert Boyle determined that sound doesn't travel in a vacuum.
John Graunt invented life tables which are now used by life insurance.
1664 Robert Hooke is the first to discover Jupiter's Great Red Spot.
Thomas Willis is the first to identify the corpus striatum, now called the
basal ganglia that initiats motor acts as well as being the receiver of sensory
data. He also distinguished the cortical gray matter from the deeper white
matter.
1665 Robert Hooke is the world's first ever to discover the cell
Royal Society published the first ever peer reviewed scientific journal called
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented calculus
Robert Hooke is the first to outline the correct theory of combustion in
Micrographia
310
1668 Sir Isaac Newton invented the Newtonian telescope Francesco Redi disproved the idea of spontaneous generation.
John Wilkins proposed the earliest concept of a metric system
Nicholas Mercator and William Brouncker discovered an infinite series for
the logarithm while calculating the area under a hyperbolic segment.
1669 Gilles de Roberval invented the shop scales. Nicholas Steno is the first to propose that fossils are organic remains
embedded in layers of sediment, which is the basis of stratigraphy
Henning Brand discovered phosphorus
Geminiano Montanari detected the variability of the eclipsing binary Algol.
Jan Swammerdam is the first to explain the process of epigenesis and
metamorphosis in insects.
Rasmus Bartholin observed the birefringence of a light ray by calcite
(Iceland spar)
1672 Sir Isaac Newton publishes his discovery that white light is a spectrum of a
mixture of distinct coloured rays
Robert Hooke discovered the diffraction of light
John Flamsteed determined the solar parallax from observations of Mars.
Giovanni Cassini discovered a satellite of Saturn called Rhea.
Georg Mohr published the Mohr–Mascheroni theorem
1673 Christiaan Huygens is the first to study oscillating systems, and also
analyzed the design of pendulum clocks
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz devised the Leibniz formula for π
1675 Christian Huygens patented the pocket watch. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Isaac Newton discovered infinitesimal
calculus, and for the first time to find the area under the graph of the
function y=f(x).
Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed microorganisms with a microscope
Anthony de la Roché is the first to cross the Antarctic Convergence who
then lands on South Georgia.
1678 Martin Lister publishes the first book ever devoted to spiders,
called English Spiders
Edmund Halley publishes the first systematic southern sky survey, a
catalogue of 341 southern stars.
Robert Hooke discovered the fundamental law of elasticity; stress (force)
exerted is proportional to the strain (elongation) produced.
Denis Papin is the first to ever demonstrate the influence of atmospheric
pressure on boiling points. He did that by devising a vessel in which the
boiling point of water is raised by an increase in steam pressure.
1679 Denis Papin invented the Pressure Cooker Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz popularized binary system from the ancient
China.
1681 John Mayow provides the first known description of mitral stenosis.
1682 Edmond Halley observed a comet which later became known as Comet
Halley, after Edmund Halley successfully predicts its return in 1758.
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek discovered the banded pattern of muscle fibers.
311
1683 Seki Takakazu developed the elimination theory based on his discovery
of the resultant. To express the resultant, he develops the notion of the
determinant.
1886 Edmund Halley is the first to establish the relationship between barometric
pressure and height above sea level.
John Ray is the first to use the biological definition of the term species in his
Historia Plantarum.
Edmund Halley presented a systematic study of the trade winds and
monsoons. He also identified solar heating as the cause of atmospheric
motions.
Isaac Newton was the first to use a fixed length of pendulum with weights
of different composition to test the weak equivalence principle to 1 part in
1000.
1690 Denis Papin invented the first steam engine. Giovanni Cassini observed differential rotation within atmosphere of
Jupiter.
John Flamsteed recorded the earliest sighting of the planet Uranus, which
he mistakenly catalogues it as the star 34 Tauri.
Izeki Tomotoki provides the resultant and the Laplace expansion of the
determinant for the n×n case.
1692 Christiaan Huygens was the first to study the tractrix, sometimes called a
tractory or equitangential curve
1693 Philip Verheyen is the first to record the name of the Achilles tendon.
1694 Rudolph Jakob Camerarious is the first to report the existence of sex in
flowering plants.
1695
1696 Guillaume de l'Hôpital published the first textbook on differential calculus
Jakob Bernoulli and Johann Bernoulli solved the brachistochrone curve
problem which was the first result in the calculus of variations.
1697
1698 Thomas Savery patented an early steam engine, Savery Engine
Bartolomeo Cristofori invented the piano which was originally
Christiaan Huygens is the first to argue in his published book
Kosmotheoros, that other planets in the solar system could contain
named the "piano et forte" extraterrestrial life.
Edmond Halley sets sail with the HMS Paramour to investigate magnetic
declination
1699 Sir Isaac Newton developed a reflecting quadrant. Abraham Sharp calculated π to 72 digits by using an arctan sequence. Only
the last decimal was incorrect
1700 Johann Christoph Denner invented the Clarinet Edmond Halley observed the Antarctic Convergence from HMS Paramour.
Nicolas Andry is the first to pioneer the germ theory of disease.
Bernardino Ramazzini is the first to pioneer the occupational medicine.
312
1702 Frenchman M. Bion developed a fountain pen
Pierre Varignon applied calculus to spring-driven clocks.
David Gregory publishes the first astronomy textbook specifically based
on Isaac Newton's principles of motions and theory of gravitation. It's an
important book because physics and engineering fields today uses these
laws and principles to build planes, cars, buildings and developing games.
1703 Abbé Jean de Hautefeuille developed an early crude seismograph Georg Ernst Stahl proposed the phlogiston theory.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is the first to publish a description of binary
numbers in the West.
1704 George Graham and Thomas Tompion build the first modern
orrery.
Sir Isaac Newton proposed theories on optics in his Opticks
Pierre Varignon invented the U-tube manometer. It is a device that is
Heinrich Diesbach accidentally invented the pigment Prussian capable of measuring rarefaction in gases.
blue, which is used in oil painting.
1706 William Talbot and Sir Thomas Allen founded the world's first
life insurance company, the Amicable Society
William Jones proposed using the symbol π to represent the ratio of
the circumference of a circle to its diameter. The Greek letter pi is an an
Francis Hauksbee produced the 'Influence machine' to generate abbreviation for perimeter.
static electricity.
1707 Sir Isaac Newton published Arithmetica universalis, the collected works of
his discoveries on algebra.
Abraham de Moivre derives de Moivre's formula.
John Floyer is the first to introduce counting of pulse rate during one
minute.
Giovanni Maria Lancisi published De Subitaneis Mortibus (On Sudden
Death), which is an early work in cardiology.
1711 John Shore invented the tuning fork. Stephen Hales is the first to perform blood pressure measurement and first
cardiac catheterisation
Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli demonstrated that coral is actually an animal
and not a plant as previously thought.
Giovanni Ceva published De Re Nummeraria (Concerning Money
Matters), which may be the first book on mathematical economics.
1714 Henry Mill recieves a patent for inventing the first typewriter. Roger Cotes provided the first proof of what is now known as Euler's
formula and also constructed the logarithmic spiral.
Brook Taylor described his solution to the center of oscillation problem.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz delivers the harmonic triangle.
Dominique Anel is the first to use fine-pointed syringe in surgery which
later became known as "Anel's syringe".
1715 Thomas Doggett invents the first rowing race in the world called
Doggett's Coat and Badge
Edmond Halley proposed that nebulae are clouds of interstellar gas.
Brook Taylor discovered a new branch in the higher mathematics, which
Unknown inventer invented the first recognised fire extinguisher is now called "calculus of finite differences". He also introduced Taylor's
theorem and the Taylor series. Taylor also discussed the principles of
perspective and the vanishing point.
Raymond Vieussens gave the first description of valvular disease of the
heart.
313
1716
1717 Edmond Halley constructed the diving bell.
Benjamin Franklin invented swim fins
Thomas Fairchild produced the first artificial hybrid plant.
1718 James Puckle patented the Puckle Gun Edmond Halley discovered the proper motion of stars.
Étienne François Geoffroy introduces the first ever table of chemical
affinity, which was based on displacement reactions
1719
1720 Jonathan Sisson developed a theodolite Abraham Vater discovered the Ampulla of Vater
1722 French C. Hopffer patented the fire extinguisher. René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur published his work on metallurgy
Abraham de Moivre states de Moivre's formula which connects complex
numbers and trigonometry.
Willem 's Gravesande discovered for the first time, with the help of
experimental proof, the formula for kinetic energy of a body in motion
which is used a lot in physics.
Jacob Roggeveen first lands on Easter Island.
1727 Edward Scarlett invented eyeglasses, with side pieces that rest
on the ears
Stephen Hales made the first measurement of blood pressure.
George Graham and Anders Celcius independently determined that a
Thomas Rawlinson invented the modern kilt which is associated disturbance on the sun was a magnetic storm.
since the 19th century with Scottish culture
point.
Joseph Foljambe of Rotherham invented the iron-clad
Rotherham swing plough.
Europe invented the harpoon gun and used for throwing the it
into the body of whales.
1732 Henri Pitot invented the Pitot tube which is used for measuring
flow velocity under the Seine bridges.
Mikhail Gvozdev and Ivan Fyodorov are the first known to cross the
Bering Strait which they did with the Sviatoi Gavriil. They sail from Cape
England moored the world's first lightship named Nore, in the Dezhnev to Cape Prince of Wales, and explore the coast of Alaska.
Thames Estuary
314
1733 John Kay invented a flying shuttle, enabling only one person to
operate a loom
Abraham de Moivre presents the normal distribution to approximate the
binomial distribution in the field of probability.
William Kent developed the perambulator
Chester Moore Hall invented the achromatic refracting lens
1735 Carl Linnaeus introduced a new system for classifying plants in his
published Systema Naturae
Georg Brandt discovered and isolated cobalt. This makes it the first metal
discovered since the ancient times.
France sats sail in the French Geodesic Mission, for the purpose of
measuring Earth's roundness, and calculating the lenght of a degree of
latitude at the equator.
Leonhard Euler solved the Basel problem, almost 100 years after it was
posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1644. He also solved the Seven Bridges of
Königsberg problem.
George Hadley is the first to publish the explanation of the trade winds.
1736 John Harrison tested the newly invented Sea Clock, called H1. Charles Marie de La Condamine and François Fresneau Gataudière made
the first scientific observations of rubber in Ecuador
Leonhard Euler described the Euler–Maclaurin formula in a letter to James
Stirling, providing a connection between integrals and calculus.
Leonhard Euler produced the first proof of Fermat's "little theorem".
1737 Francesco Serao became the first to use the word lava in connection with
extruded magma
1738 Lewis Paul and John Wyatt invented the first mechanized roller
cotton spinning machine.
Pierre Louis Maupertuis confirms Isaac Newton's view that the earth is an
oblate spheroid which is slightly flattened at the poles.
William Champion patented a new process to distill zinc from
calamine by using charcoal in a smelter.
Jacques de Vaucanson invented the world's first automaton.
Franz Ketterer constructed the earliest cuckoo clocks.
1739 Leonhard Euler is the first to solve the general homogeneous linear
ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients.
Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier discovered Bouvet Island in the
South Atlantic Ocean.
Leonhard Euler invented the tonnetz
1742 Benjamin Franklin invented the Franklin stove Christian Goldbach produced the Goldbach's conjecture.
1745 Pieter van Musschenbroek and Ewald Jürgen Georg von Kleist
independently invented the first capacitor ever, called The Leyden
Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn gave the first description of Crypts of
Lieberkühn
jar. It is the first-ever device for storing electric charge César-François Cassini de Thury presented the Cassini projection, a map
Dr. Watson demonstrated the first blasting cap (detonator) projection
Roger Joseph Boscovich tries to find a middle way between Isaac Newton's
gravitational theory and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's monadology. By doing
this he developed a concept of "impenetrability" as a property of hard bodies
which explains their behavior in terms of force rather than matter.
315
1746 John Roebuck invented the lead-chamber process for the manufacturing
of sulfuric acid.
Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited to be the first person to describe
zinc as a separate metal.
Eva Ekeblad was the first to discover how to make flour and alcohol out of
potatoes.
Jean le Rond d'Alembert developed the theory of complex numbers.
Patrick d'Arcy discovered the principle of angular momentum in what is
known as "the principle of areas" (areal velocity).
1747 London Lock Hospital opened the first venereal diseases clinic Bernhard Siegfried Albinus and Jan Wandelaar produced the most exact
account of the bones and muscles of the human body. It resulted to the
published work Tabulae Sceleti et Musculorum Corporis Humani.
Jean le Rond d'Alembert became the first to use partial differential
equations in mathematical physics.
Benjamin Robins described the physics of a spinning projectile after his
investigation of rifle barrels.
escapements
1749 Leonhard Euler produced the first proof of Fermat's theorem on sums of
two squares. The proof is based on infinite descent.
1750 John Canton discovered how to make artificial magnets. Joseph Black invented the analytical balance which was based on a light-
weight beam balanced on a wedge-shaped fulcrum. It became the best
accurate weight measuring tool, and is used scientific instrument in most
chemistry laboratories.
Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli originated the Euler–Bernoulli beam
equation.
1757 John Bird invented the first navigational sextant. Leonhard Euler discovered the equations for inviscid flow.
1758 John Dollond patented the achromatic doublet lens John Champion discovered the process of calcining zinc sulphide into an
oxide usable in the process of retort.
Angélique du Coudray invented the first obstetric mannequin.
Francis Home was the first to attempt to deliver a measles vaccine.
Carl Linnaeus applied his discovered binomial system to animal
classification
316
1760 John Spilsbury invented and commercialised the jigsaw puzzle Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt synthesised the first organometalic
compound, and thereby pioneering the field of organometallic chemistry.
He did that by investigating inks based on cobalt salts and isolated cacodyl
from cobalt mineral containing arsenic.
John Michell is the first to suggest earthquakes are caused by one layer of
rocks rubbing against another.
Johann Heinrich Lambert published Photometria which invented the field
of photometry. The book includes a formulation of the Beer–Lambert law
on light absorption and the albedo as a reflection coefficient.
1763 Thomas Bayes published the first version of Bayes' theorem. It became the
foundation of Bayesian probability
Edward Stone discovered Aspirin's active ingredient
1764 James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny. Joseph-Louis Lagrange presents an explanation as to why the same face of
the moon is always turned to the Earth. It was a problem he treated with
the help of virtual work, containing the germ of his idea of generalized
equations of motion.
Joseph Black described specific and latent heats
1767 Joseph Priestley invented a method to produce carbonated water. Royal Nevil Maskelyne provided ship navigators the opportunity to find
longitude at sea using tables of lunar distance
1770 Richard Salter invented the first known design for a weighing
scale.
William Hewson first isolated fibrin which is a key protein in the blood
coagulation process. He also investigated the structure of the lymphatic
Jean-Charles de Borda formulates the ranked preferential system, and described the red blood cells. He became known as father of
electoral system. This later becomes known as the Borda count. haematology.
Richard Salter created the spring scale. Captain Cook and together with his ship crew became the first Europeans
to encounter the coastline of the Australian continent.
Joseph-Louis Lagrange proves Bachet's theorem that every positive integer
is the sum of four squares. He produces a tract on elimination theory. In
his published paper on general process, he solved an algebraic equation of
any degree via Lagrange resolvents. Lastly he discusses representations of
integers by general algebraic forms.
317
1772 England established the oldest arts festival
Andrew Meikle invented spring sails for the windmills.
Johann Heinrich Lambert creates seven new map projections. They include
the transverse Mercator, Lambert conformal conic, and Lambert azimuthal
equal area.
Daniel Rutherford is the first to isolate nitrogen.
Leonhard Euler confirms that the number 31 is a Mersenne prime
Nicolas de Condorcet published a significant paper on integral calculus.
Joseph Priestley synthesized nitrous oxide (laughing gas). He called it
phlogisticated nitrous air
Joseph-Louis Lagrange found the special-case solution to the three-body
problem. It later became known as the Lagrangian points.
1778 Joseph Bramah patented an improved design of the flush toilet Joseph-Louis Lagrange presents his treatise on cometary perturbations
Antoine Lavoisier identified oxygen and gave its name. He also recognizes
its importance role in combustion.
Samuel-Auguste Tissot is the first to desribe a classical account of
migraine.
Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring described the organization of the cranial
nerves.
Petrus Camper published an early work of comparative anatomy.
318
1783 Claude de Jouffroy built the first steamboat with the Newcomen
steam engine.
John Michell is the first to propose the existence of black holes
Antoine Lavoisier demonstrated that the phlogiston theory is conflicting,
The Montgolfier brothers invented the Montgolfière-style hot air and thereby proposing chemical reaction as an alternative theory. He
balloon, globe aérostatique. Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and demonstrates that water is a compound and not an element, and gives the
François Laurent d'Arlandes were the first in the world to test it. name hydrogen for the atom.
Louis-Sébastien Lenormand invented the first modern José and Fausto Elhuyar discovered tungsten by finding an acid in
parachute and was the first ever to make a public demonstration wolframite which they reduce with charcoal to isolate the element.
Benjamin Hanks patented the self-winding clock.
Henry Cort invented the steel roller for the production of steel.
Thomas Bell patented a method of printing on fabric based on
engraved cylinders.
Horace-Bénédict built the first hair tension hygrometer.
Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers built and launched the
first hydrogen balloon
1785 Martinus van Marum is the first person ever to use the
electrolysis technique. It is used in many field of science today.
William Withering is the first ever to present an definitive account of the
use of foxglove, also called digitalis, for treating dropsy
Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom.
Claude Berthollet invented chemical bleaching.
Charles Augustus Coulomb invented the torsion balance.
Jean-Pierre Blanchard invented a working parachute.
David Rittenhouse invented the first man-made diffraction
grating
Lionel Lukin patented the first rescue lifeboat
1790 Thomas Saint invented the sewing machine. Samuel Hopkins recieves a patent for a potash production technique
319
1792 Claude Chappe invented the modern semaphore telegraph.
William Murdoch invented gas lighting.
Kurt Sprengel presented the first chronologically complete work on the
history of medicine in his published book.
John Pearson invented the first cracker François Chopart performed the first plastic surgery on the lip using a flap
from the neck.
1800 Louis Robert invented the Fourdrinier Machine which is used for
making large quantities of sheet papers.
Alessandro Volta invented the first chemical battery, thus making him the
founding father of the discipline of electrochemistry.
Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the Jacquard Loom. Humphry Davy discovered the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide
Long Island brewery created beer ferment using yeast. Prior to (laughing gas)
that the beer was made with lambic (wild yeast and bacteria) William Herschel discovered infrared rays
Henry Maudslay invented the first industrially practical screw- Friedrich von Hahn discovered the central star of the Ring Nebula
cutting lathe. For the first time this allowed standardisation of Edward Howard discovered fulminates
screw thread sizes. Xavier Bichat published pioneering texts in histology and pathology.
Ralph Walker produced the first design of a cast iron twin leaf
swing bridge
320
1801 Frederick Graff Sr. invented the first fire hydrant
James Finley built the first iron (chain) suspension bridge
Charles Hatchett FRS discovered the element niobium.
Andrés Manuel del Río discovered vanadium, a transition metal
Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed the Jacquard Loom Johann Wilhelm Ritter discovered ultraviolet
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck pioneered the classification of the group of animals.
He is also the first to describe invertebrates, and the firs to separate the
classes of arachnids and crustaceans from insects.
William Playfair is the first person to use pie chart and circle graph, using it
to show part-whole relations
Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring discovered and described the macula in
the retina of the human eye.
John Dalton discovered Dalton's law by observing that the total pressure
exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of
each individual component in a gas mixture.
Thomas Young discovered the interference between light beams in optics,
showing the wave nature of light.
1802 Humphry Davy invented the first electric light, the arc lamp.
It produces light by maintaining an electric arc across a gap
Johann Wilhelm Ritter built the first electrochemical cell.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck pioneered teleological evolution
between two conductors. Thomas Young proposed the theory on physiological basis of colour vision
Richard Trevithick built the first full-scale railway steam Luke Howard developed nomenclature system for clouds
locomotive Sir William Herschel is the first to use the term binary star which refers
George Bodley patented the first enclosed kitchen stove. to a star that revovles around another star. He furthermore coins the term
asteroid.
William Hyde Wollaston discovered the noble metal palladium.
France by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac discovered Charles's law(law of
volumes), which desribes how gases tend to expand when heated
James Sowerby published the first comprehensive illustrated reference work
in the field of mineralogy, called British Mineralogy. The coloured figures
intended to elucidate the mineralogy of Great Britain.
France opened the first pediatric hospital, the Hôpital des Enfants Malades
321
1807 Claude and Nicéphore Niépce recieved a patent for the
Pyréolophore, an early internal combustion engine
Sir Humphry Davy isolated sodium and potassium, one of the most
important elements in living organism.
Lionel Lukin launched the world's first sailing self-righting England founded The Geological Society
rescue life-boat William Wallace published his prove that any two simple polygons of equal
François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first internal combustion area are equidecomposable. This became later known as the Bolyai–Gerwien
engine powered automobile, fuelled by hydrogen. theorem.
Robert Fulton invented a workable steamboat, thereby
expanding water transportation and trade
Alexander John Forsyth patented the use of fulminate in
firearms
William Cubitt patented self-regulating sails for windmills.
William Hyde Wollaston patented the camera lucida.
1809 Mary Kies recieved a patent for a technique of weaving straw hats
with silk and thread.
Carl Friedrich Gauss introduces the Gaussian gravitational constant. The
also invented the method of least squares.
Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring invented a water voltameter Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link is the first describe penicillium.
electrical telegraph. Louis Poinsot described the two remaining Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra.
William Hyde Wollaston invented the reflecting goniometer. Ephraim McDowell performed the world's first ovariotomy, which is the
removal of an ovarian tumor.
Philippe Pinel is the first to describe schizophrenia.
Charles Julien Brianchon proved the Brianchon's theorem.
1813 Tabitha Babbitt invented the circular saw which is still used
substantially in the wooding industry
Carl Friedrich Gauss improved the Gauss's law.
Mathieu Orfila published Traité des poisons, a groundbreaking book that
Edward Howard invented the enclosed vacuum pan for refining formalized the field of toxicology.
sugar. Siméon Denis Poisson corrected Laplace's second order partial differential
Charles Waterton begins the process of turning his estate into equation for potential.
the world's first nature reserve. Peter Ewart supported the idea of the conservation of energy
322
1815 Humphry Davy invented the Davy lamp as a coal mining safety
lamp.
William Prout introduced the Prout's hypothesis, saying that the atomic
weight of every element is an integer multiple of that of hydrogen.
Levi Spear Parmly invented the dental floss Jean Baptist Biot discovered polarimetry in the polarization of light
in liquids. This means polarized light could be rotated clockwise or
counterclockwise, dependent upon the optical axis of the material. In
modern chemistry it is known that an R-isomere of a molecule will rotate
one way and an S-isomere will rotate the other way equally.
Jöns Jakob Berzelius discovered atomic decay in gadolinite, a radioactive
mineral which gets damaged by alpha particles released in its own activity.
Atomic decays are used to date fossils (uranium-lead dating) or modern
archeology (C-14 dating)
1817 Baron Karl von Drais invented the dandy horse which was an
early velocipede and also precursor to the modern bicycle.
James Parkinson gave the first description of Parkinson's disease in "An
Essay on the Shaking Palsy"
Georg Lankensperger invented the Ackermann steering Johann Arfvedson discovered lithium. Today the world's primary batteries
geometry are based on lithion, including the electric cars and laptops.
Diedrich Uhlhorn invented the tachometer
David Brewster patented the kaleidoscope
323
1823 Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner invented the first lighter.
Charles Mackintosh invented the Mackintosh (raincoat)
William Webb Ellis invented Rugby football
Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner inventred the Döbereiner's lamp
Charles Macintosh invented a method of rubberizing fabric,
which made them waterproof. An invention that plays a crucial
role in today's world
Henri-Joseph Paixhans developed the Paixhans gun. It is the first
naval artillery to fire explosive shells.
1825 Michael Faraday isolated benzene, the first known aromatic hydrocarbon.
It is one of the most important compounds in chemical and pharmaceutical
manufacturing.
Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring discovered
the rhamphorhynchus
Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that by reducing aluminium chloride
which is an inorganic compound, it produced metallic aluminium in an
impure form.
Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig were the world's first to discover
and explains isomers. They experimented with cyanic acid and fulminic
acid, and found out that isomerism is caused by differing arrangements
of atoms within a molecular structure. This is one of the most important
discoveries in chemistry.
George Julius Poulett Scrope published the first systematic work on
volcanology, called Considerations on Volcanoes,
Augustin-Louis Cauchy presented the theory of residues in complex
analysis.
André-Marie Ampère discovered the Stokes' theorem.
Benjamin Gompertz formulated the Gompertz function.
Georges Cuvier is the first person in history to propose the catastrophe
theory as the cause of extinctions of large groups of animals.
1828 James Beaumont Neilson patented the hot blast process for
ironmaking.
Friedrich Wöhler is the first to ever synthesised a chemical compound,
destroying vitalism. He synthesised urea.
Patrick Bell invented the reaping machine. Carl Reichenbach discovered creosote
Ányos Jedlik produced the world's first electric motor. Karl Ernst von Baer pionered the science of comparative embryology
John and Charles Deane produced the first diving helmet by Jöns Jakob Berzelius produces a table of atomic weights. He also discovered
adapting Augustus Siebe's smoke helmet thorium.
Peter Nicholson creates a method of preparing stones for George Green published the first mathematical theory of electricity and
construction of a helicoidal skew arch. magnetism. He also introduced the concept Green's functions, the idea of
potential theory and a form of divergence theorem, which is a version of
Green's theorem.
324
1829 William Mann invented the compound air compressor.
Louis Braille invented braille printing.
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky presents his work on hyperbolic non-
Euclidean geometry.
William Burt invented a form of typewriter, the typographer. Benjamin Guy Babington is the first to use a laryngoscope.
Sylvester Graham invented graham cracker Jules Desnoyers gives the name Quaternary period.
Charles Wheatstone invented the concertina Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet introduced the Dirichlet conditions,
Isaac Holden produced a form of friction match. Dirichlet's test, Dirichlet function, Dirichlet kernel, Dirichlet integral and
Cyrill Demian patented a version of the accordion the modern concept of a function
Henry Robinson Palmer files patent for the application of
corrugated iron for use in buildings.
1834 Moritz von Jacobi invented the first practical electric motor.
Henry Blair patented a corn planter
Friedrich Engelhardt discovered plateosaurus
Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovered phenol which is a key compound in
Jacob Perkins invented an early refrigerator organic chemistry.
Charles Babbage beings designing a a mechanical forerunner of Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi discovered the uniformly rotating self-gravitating
the modern computer called "analytical engine", ellipsoids.
Leonard Norcross made the first diving-suit for under water use. John Scott Russell is the first to observe a nondecaying solitary wave
Joseph Hansom patented the Hansom cab. Émile Clapeyron introduced a formulation of the second law of
Joseph Chaley's design of the Grand Pont Suspendu bridge thermodynamics.
is inaugurated. It is the first suspension bridge with cables William Whewell is the first to introduce term scientist in the Quarterly
assembled in mid-air. Review
Justus von Liebig invented Melamine Hermann Helmholtz proposed gravitational contraction as the energy
source for the Sun.
Johann Heinrich von Mädler and Wilhelm Beer published the most
complete map of the moon up to this time, called Mappa Selenographica
James Paget discovered the parasitic worm that caused trichinosis in
human muscle
Félix Dujardin is the first to state that single-cell animals should be
classified in an individual group
Heinrich Lenz discovered Lenz's law.
Jean-Charles-Athanase Peltier discovered the Peltier effect.
325
1835 Henry Fox Talbot took the world's first negative photograph
Solymon Merrick patented the wrench.
Hugo von Mohl is the first in human history to observe cell division
(mitosis) as he works over green algae Cladophora glomerata.
Francis Pettit Smith invented the propeller. Justus von Liebig and Henri Victor Regnault first produced vinyl chloride
Charles Babbage invented a mechanical calculator. Adolphe Quetelet presented his theory of social physics. He also described
Austin Burt invented the solar compass his concept of the average man who is characterized by the mean values of
Hiram Moore built the first combine harvester measured variables that follow a normal distribution.
Wilhelm Friedrich Wieprecht and Johann Gottfried Moritz George Biddell Airy presnted the first and full explanation of the Airy disk
invented the tuba. phenomenon.
Samuel Colt invented the revolver. Robert James Graves is the first to describe the symptoms of Graves'
Joseph Henry invented the electric relay. disease.
Samuel Morse developed the Morse code.
326
1840 John Herschel invented the blueprint.
William Howe patented the design of Howe truss for bridges
John William Draper invented astronomical photography
Justus von Liebig is the first to emphasise the importance of agricultural
Robert Bunsen invented the Bunsen cell. chemistry in crop production. Today almost the whole world's agricultural
is based on chemistry.
Hugh Lee Pattinson takes the first known photograph of Niagara Falls, a
daguerreotype
Joseph Whitworth presented his precision called "end measurements"
Carl Friedrich Gauss gives the first systematic analysis of the formation of
images under a paraxial approximation, later known as Gaussian optics
John Gould publicated The Birds of Australia.
Louis Agassiz presented the first major scientific work to propose that the
Earth has seen an ice age.
Captain Charles Wilkes is the first to provide evidence that Antarctica is a
complete continent.
Germain Hess introduced Hess's law which states the change in energy in
a chemical reaction depends only on the states of the reactants and product
and not on the specific pathway taken between the two states. This is a
major scientific finding in enthalpy and Gibbs energy, which is also an early
statement of the law of conservation of energy
George Richards Elkington patented the electroplating process. It was
invented by John Wright.
327
1845 Isaac Charles Johnson invented the modern Portland cement
Elias Howe invented the modern lockstitch sewing machine
Michael Faraday discovered the Faraday effect, by seeing that an intense
magnetic field can rotate the plane of polarized light
Robert William Thomson patented the first vulcanised rubber Christophorus Buys Ballot confirmed the Doppler effect
pneumatic tire. William Parsons discovered the nature of spiral galaxies
Alexander Cartwright invented baseball Gustav Kirchhoff is first to describe the Kirchhoff 's circuit laws
Edward Maynard invented the Maynard tape primer Baron Carl von Reichenbach introduced the Odic force
Horace Day invented the pressure-sensitive tape Crawford Long is the first person to perform a childbirth using anesthesia
Stephen Perry patented the rubber band Edmond Frémy discovered the oxidizing agent Frémy's salt (potassium
nitrosodisulfonate)
328
1851 Isaac Singer invented a new sewing machine.
John Nelson Gamewell invented the fire alarm box
William Lassell discovered Ariel and Umbriel, the moons of Uranus
Johann Julius Friedrich Berkowski took the first ever correctly exposed
Allen Benjamin Wilson invented the rotary hook, a design that photograph (daguerrotype) of the solar corona is made during the total
would eventually prevail over all other lockstitch bobbin driver phase of the eclipse. Robert Grant, William Swan and Karl Ludwig von
designs. Littrow observed this eclipse and determined that solar prominences are
Samuel Fox developed the steel-ribbed umbrella part of the Sun.
Hermann von Helmholtz invented the keratometer Julius Pintsch producesd Pintsch gas.
England laid the first protected submarine telegraph cable across Charles-Adolphe Wurtz produced compound ureas with cyanic ethers
the English Channel. Eugène Prouhet is the first to apply the Thue–Morse sequence to number
William Armstrong invented the weight-loaded hydraulic theory.
accumulator. Bernhard Riemann presented his proof of Green's theorem
Frederick Scott Archer presented the wet plate collodion James Joseph Sylvester coined the term term "discriminant", a key
photographic process. component in solving second degree eqautions
William Marsden established the world's first specialist cancer hospital, The
Royal Marsden as the Free Cancer Hospital
Hippolyte Fizeau is the first to measure the relative speeds of light in
moving water by carrying out the Fizeau experiment
329
1855 James Clerk Maxwell invented the modern color photography,
by proposing that if three black-and-white photographs were
Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge invented chromatography, one of the most
important analytical technique in chemistry.
shot through red, green and blue filters and transparent prints of Robert Bunsen and Peter Desaga invented the Bunsen burner, one of the
the images were projected onto a screen using three projectors most important instruments in chemistry
equipped with similar filters, when superimposed on the screen Friedrich Gaedcke is the first to isolate the cocaine alkaloid. He gives the
the result would be complete reproduction of all the colours in name "erythroxyline".
the scene. This method was neither chemical or electronic. The William Odling proposed that carbon is tetravalent.
graphic design industry today uses his three color method, called Charles-Adolphe Wurtz discovered the Wurtz reaction, an important
the RGB-color. organic chemistry reaction to produce chemicals and medicine.
Sir. Henry Bessemer patented the Bessemer process for making Benjamin Silliman, Jr. disovered the methods of petroleum cracking. It is
steel. Improvements of this process were made by others during one of the most important discovery in the modern world, that makes the
later years. entire modern petrochemical industry possible.
Isaac Singer patented the sewing machine motor. James Clerk Maxwell showed that light is an electromagnetic wave by
Georges Audemars invented rayon unifying electricity and magnetism into a single theory, the classical
Joshua C. Stoddard patented the calliope electromagnetism
Wolfgang Franz von Kobell invented the stauroscope
James Patterson introduced the Gall orthographic projection for
celestial and terrestrial equal-area cartography
William Armstrong invented the rifled breech-loading
Armstrong Gun.
Heinrich Geißler designed a mercury pump, which was a better
pump to produce a vacuum than anything before
330
1859 Gaston Planté invented the lead acid battery, which is the first
rechargeable battery in history
Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, the earliest and most
influental book on the theory of evolution by natural selection
USA invented the escalator Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig discovered the Pinacol coupling by producing
George B. Simpson invented the electric stove Pinacol
Harry Gem and Augurio Perera invented tennis Bernhard Riemann introduced Riemann hypothesis
France launched the first ocean-going ironclad battleship, the Joseph Prestwich and John Evans extended human history back to is now
French ironclad Gloire known as the Paleolithic Era, from the results of their investigations of
Thomas Aveling invented the first traction engine gravel-pits in the Somme valley and other places
Étienne Lenoir invented the first single-cylinder two-stroke Marian Albertovich Kowalski introduced the method to deduce the
Lenoir cycle gas engine with an electric ignition system. rotation of the Milky Way.
Charles Harrison Blackley identified pollen as the cause of allergic rhinitis
by.
Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire introduced the term ethology.
Rudolf Virchow published a major textbook on cellular pathology.
Benjamin Collins Brodie discovered the lamellar structure of thermally
reduced graphite oxide.
Aleksandr Butlerov discovered hexamine.
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff invented an improved
spectroscope.
John Tyndall discovered that some gases block infrared radiation, thus
considering that if the concentrationen of those specific gases rises in the
atmosphere, it would bring climate change.
Arthur Cayley produced the first Cayley–Klein metric
Bernhard Riemann published his number theory paper, including the
Riemann zeta function and Riemann hypothesis.
Gustav Kirchhoff introduced the Kirchhoff 's law of thermal radiation