Name: Register Number: Class: Date:

Nan Chiau High School

Secondary 1 E-learning Quiz

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the most suitable answer.

1. *Refer to Mr Goh’s October 2008 utility bill, what will the total bill be if the water consumption
is increased to 50.0 m3?
(Hint : When water usage increases, the waterborne fee increases too. Please also do not
forget the water conservation charge and then finally the GST.)
[For example, if water usage increases by 1 cubic m, water fee increases by $1.17,
waterborne fee increases by $0.28, water conservation charge increases by ($1.17X30%) =
$0.35 and GST increases by $1.8X7% = $0.126.]

A $624.98
B $629.51
C $630.88
D $639.90

2. Which of the following usage is the worst absorber of heat transferred via radiation?

A black, rough and dull

B black, smooth and shiny
C white, rough and dull
D white, smooth and shiny

3. A room with high ceiling feels cooler in summer because:-

A high ceiling allows hot air to rise higher

B high ceiling contains more fresh air
C high ceiling allows lights to be mounted higher
D high ceiling reflects heat away from the sun

4. Why are olden village houses built in attap or zinc roof?

I Zinc is a good reflector of heat

II Zinc is resistant to corrosion
III Zinc is environmental friendly

A I and II only
B II and III only
C I and III only
D I, II and III

5. Still air is a ________________ heat.

A good conductor
B poor conductor

Sec 1 Express Science Class Test page 1 of 12

 C good absorber
D bad absorber

6. In a vacuum, heat can be transferred through

A conduction only
B convection and radiation
C radiation only
D conduction, convection and radiation

7. *Read the following passage below about air change rate and answer the questions which
follow:-

Air change rate is a measure of how quickly the air in an interior space is replaced by
outside (or conditioned) air by ventilation and infiltration. Air change rate is measured in
appropriate units such as cubic meters per hour divided by the volume of air in the room,
or by the number of times the home's air changes over with outside air. For example, if the
amount of air that enters and exits in one hour equals the total volume of the heated part
of the house, the house is said to undergo one air change per hour.

Air change rate is an indication of the air-tightness of a home, but it is difficult to pin down
because it depends significantly on how the house is used, as well as the wind and
temperature differentials it experiences during the year. Even if the rate were determined
with some precision, which is established with a blower-door test, there is no assurance
that value would apply under other conditions. For this reason, rough estimates are
generally used when referring to a home's air tightness.

The US national average of air change rates, for existing homes, is between one and two
per hour, and is dropping with tighter building practices and more stringent building codes.
Standard homes built today usually have air change rates from 0.5 to 1.0. Extremely tight
new construction can achieve air change rates of 0.35 or less. Most homes with such low
air change rates have some form of mechanical ventilation to bring in fresh outside air and
exchange heat between the two air streams.

To get an idea of what your home's air change rate might be, consider that a tight, well
sealed newly constructed home usually achieves 0.6 air changes per hour or less. A
reasonably tight, well constructed older home typically has an air change rate of about 1
per hour. A somewhat loose older home with no storm windows and caulk missing in
spots has an air change rate of about 2. A fairly loose, drafty house with no caulk or
weatherstripping and entrances used might have an air change rate as high as 4, and a
very drafty, dilapidated house might have an air change rate of as high as 8.

Using the US as a standard, how long would you expect all the air in Mr Goh’s newly renovated
house to be exchanged with fresh air?

A About 1 minute 40 seconds

B About 1 hour 40 minutes
C About 10.4 hours
D About 14 hours

Sec 1 Express Science Class Test page 2 of 12

8. Convection current in fluids arises due to change of __________

A force
B weight
C mass
D density

9. You see an air-conditioner drips water, where does the water come from?

A from the air in the room

B from the rain outside
C from the leakage of the air-conditioner refrigerant
D from the leakage of the water pipe

10. *Why does an air-conditioner become less efficient (not cold) when it is dirty?

A dust prevents the cold air to emerge

B dust causes air to flow at high velocity which affects the air-conditioner’s thermostat
C dust is warmer
D dirt hinders the flow of air-conditioner refrigerant

11. *Why are the thermometers in our metrological station placed under shades?

A To protect the thermometers from rain and shine

B To prevent the radiation from the sun from affecting the temperature measured
C To prevent the convection current due to air from affecting the temperature measured
D To prevent heat conducted from the ground to affect the temperature measured

12. Singapore is a place with plenty of sunlight, what do you think is the reason that solar
power/cells are still not widely used in Singapore?

I they are relatively expensive

II there is not much land to mount the solar panels
III the solar panel/power equipment is not reliable

A I only
B I and II only
C II and III only
D I, II and III

13. On which dates of a year is/are the sun exactly above the equator?

I 1 January
II 21 March
III 22 June
IV 21 October
V 22 December
VI 25 December

A I and III only

B II and IV only
C III and V only
D IV and VI only

Sec 1 Express Science Class Test page 3 of 12

14. On an average clear day in Singapore, how many daylight hours are there?

A 10 hours
B 11 hours
C 12 hours
D 13 hours

15. *What is the cost of installing solar panels to generate enough electricity for Mr Goh’s
house in October 2008, given the following information.
Power received from Sun per day per piece of solar panel = 1000 W
Power loss when converting solar energy to electrical energy = 30%
Cost of each piece of solar panel (including installation cost) = $45

A $67.50
B $1,500
C $5,625
D $18,750

16. *Using the information on question 3, what is the area needed for the solar panels, given
that each solar panel is 2 m long by 1 m wide?

A 734 m2
B 834 m2
C 934 m2
D 1034 m2

17. The table below shows the inhaled and exhaled air of human beings, which one is correct?

Inhaled gas Exhaled gas

A Lower temperature Higher temperature
B Less oxygen More oxygen
C more carbon dioxide Less carbon dioxide
D more water vapour less water vapour

18. Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water

A In green plants only.

B In animals only.
C In plants and animals.
D In all living cells.

19. What are the uses of trees?

I to provide shade
II to protect soil
III to attract precipitation
IV to give out oxygen

A I and II only
B II and III only
C III and IV only
D I, II, III and IV only

Sec 1 Express Science Class Test page 4 of 12

20. What is reverse osmosis?

A using evaporation to obtain pure water from sea water

B using membrane to obtain clean, drinking water from soiled water
C using chemicals to treat soiled water to obtain clean, drinking water
D using decanting to obtain clean, drinking water from soiled water

21. Which of the following is one of our 4 national taps?

A water from Johor, Malaysia

B water from Batam, Indonesia
C Water from sea (after desalination)
D Water from wells

22. Why is Newater only produced recently (in 2000)?

A the technology of water desalination was only developed recently

B we had enough water only until recently
C the threat of insufficient water was only realized recently
D the cost of reverse osmosis was very expensive only until recently

23. *How is the cost of Newater compared to other sources of water?

A higher than cost of getting water from our local catchment area
B higher than distilling pure water from seawater
C lower than buying raw water from Malaysia
D higher than buying mineral water from Indonesia

24. Why is it safe to drink Newater?

A Because the government encourages us to drink it

B Because it is clean enough to be drunk
C Because so many people are drinking it
D Because it is tasty

Sec 1 Express Science Class Test page 5 of 12

Refrigeration And Air Conditioning
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Speaker Notes on slide 1

TO THE TRAINER This PowerPoint presentation can be used to train people about the basics of
refrigeration and air condonditioning. The information on the slides is the minimum information that
should be explained. The trainer notes for each slide provide more detailed information, but it is up to the
trainer to decide if and how much of this information is presented also. Additional materials that can be
used for the training session are available on www.energyefficiencyasia.org under “Energy Equipment”
and include: Textbook chapter on this energy equipment that forms the basis of this PowerPoint
presentation but has more detailed information Quiz – ten multiple choice questions that trainees can
answer after the training session Option checklist – a list of the most important options to improve energy
efficiency of this equipment

1 Group

• Saurabh Jain, Mechanical engineer , MBA oil and gas management at UPES, Spicy Flavours , mechanical
engineering community forum, added to the group Mechanical Engineering community forum

Refrigeration And Air Conditioning - Presentation Transcript

1. Training Session on Energy Equipment Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Presentation from the “ Energy Efficiency
Guide for Industry in Asia” www.energyefficiencyasia.org © UNEP 2006 Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC
2. © UNEP 2006 Training Agenda: Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Introduction Type of refrigeration Assessment of
refrigeration and AC Energy efficiency opportunities Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC
3. © UNEP 2006 Introduction How does it work? Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC High Temperature
Reservoir Low Temperature Reservoir R Work Input Heat Absorbed Heat Rejected

Sec 1 Express Science Class Test page 6 of 12

 4. © UNEP 2006 Introduction Thermal energy moves from left to right through five loops of heat transfer: How does it
work? Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC (Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 2004) 1) Indoor air loop 2) Chilled
water loop 3) Refrigerant loop 4) Condenser water loop 5) Cooling water loop
5. © UNEP 2006 Introduction AC options / combinations: AC Systems Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC
o Air Conditioning (for comfort / machine)
o Split air conditioners
o Fan coil units in a larger system
o Air handling units in a larger system
6. © UNEP 2006 Introduction
o Small capacity modular units of direct expansion type (50 Tons of Refrigeration)
o Centralized chilled water plants with chilled water as a secondary coolant (50 – 250 TR)
o Brine plants with brines as lower temperature, secondary coolant (>250 TR)

Refrigeration systems for industrial processes Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC

7. © UNEP 2006 Introduction

o Bank of units off-site with common
 Chilled water pumps
 Condenser water pumps
 Cooling towers
o More levels of refrigeration/AC, e.g.
 Comfort air conditioning (20-25 o C)
 Chilled water system (8 – 10 o C)
 Brine system (< 0 o C)

Refrigeration at large companies Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC

8. © UNEP 2006 Training Agenda: Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Introduction Type of refrigeration Assessment of
refrigeration and AC Energy efficiency opportunities Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC
9. © UNEP 2006 Types of Refrigeration
o Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR): uses mechanical energy
o Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR): uses thermal energy

Refrigeration systems Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC

10. © UNEP 2006 Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC
o Highly compressed fluids tend to get colder when allowed to expand
o If pressure high enough
 Compressed air hotter than source of cooling
 Expanded gas cooler than desired cold temperature
11. © UNEP 2006 Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC
o Two advantages
o Lot of heat can be removed (lot of thermal energy to change liquid to vapour)
o Heat transfer rate remains high (temperature of working fluid much lower than what is being cooled)
12. Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC © UNEP 2006
Refrigeration cycle Condenser Evaporator High Pressure Side Low Pressure Side Compressor Expansion Device 1 2
34
13. Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC © UNEP 2006
Refrigeration cycle Low pressure liquid refrigerant in evaporator absorbs heat and changes to a gas Condenser
Evaporator High Pressure Side Low Pressure Side Compressor Expansion Device 1 2 3 4
14. Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC © UNEP 2006
Refrigeration cycle The superheated vapour enters the compressor where its pressure is raised Condenser Evaporator
High Pressure Side Low Pressure Side Compressor Expansion Device 1 2 3 4
15. Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC © UNEP 2006
Refrigeration cycle The high pressure superheated gas is cooled in several stages in the condenser Condenser
Evaporator High Pressure Side Low Pressure Side Compressor Expansion Device 1 2 3 4
16. Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC © UNEP 2006
Refrigeration cycle Liquid passes through expansion device, which reduces its pressure and controls the flow into the
evaporator Condenser Evaporator High Pressure Side Low Pressure Side Compressor Expansion Device 1 2 3 4
17. © UNEP 2006 Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC
o Type of refrigerant
o Refrigerant determined by the required cooling temperature

Sec 1 Express Science Class Test page 7 of 12

 o Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) or freons: R-11, R-12, R-21, R-22 and R-502
18. © UNEP 2006 Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC
o Choice of compressor, design of condenser, evaporator determined by
 Refrigerant
 Required cooling
 Load
 Ease of maintenance
 Physical space requirements
 Availability of utilities (water, power)
19. © UNEP 2006 Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC
Condenser Generator Evaporator Absorber Cold Side Hot Side
20. © UNEP 2006 Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC
Evaporator
21. © UNEP 2006 Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC
Absorber
22. © UNEP 2006 Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC
High pressure generator
23. © UNEP 2006 Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC
Condenser
24. © UNEP 2006 Type of Refrigeration Evaporative Cooling Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC (Adapted from
Munters, 2001)
o Air in contact with water to cool it close to ‘wet bulb temperature’
o Advantage: efficient cooling at low cost
o Disadvantage: air is rich in moisture

Cold Air Hot Air Sprinkling Water

25. © UNEP 2006 Training Agenda: Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Introduction Type of refrigeration Assessment of
refrigeration and AC Energy efficiency opportunities Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC
26. Assessment of Refrigeration and AC
o Cooling effect: Tons of Refrigeration
o TR is assessed as:

Assessment of Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & ⋅ AC TR = Q x Cp ⋅ x (Ti – To) / 3024 Q = mass
flow rate of coolant in kg/hr Cp = is coolant specific heat in kCal /kg deg C Ti = inlet, temperature of coolant to
evaporator (chiller) in 0C To = outlet temperature of coolant from evaporator (chiller) in 0C © UNEP 2006 1 TR =
3024 kCal/hr heat rejected

27. © UNEP 2006

o Specific Power Consumption (kW/TR)
o Indicator of refrigeration system’s performance
o kW/TR of centralized chilled water system is sum of
 Compressor kW/TR
 Chilled water pump kW/TR
 Condenser water pump kW/TR
 Cooling tower fan kW/TR

Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC Assessment of Refrigeration and AC Assessment of Refrigeration

28. © UNEP 2006

o Coefficient of Performance (COP Carnot )
o Standard measure of refrigeration efficiency
o Depends on evaporator temperature Te and condensing temperature Tc:
o COP in industry calculated for type of compressor:

Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC Assessment of Refrigeration and AC Assessment of Refrigeration COP
Carnot = Te / (Tc - Te)

29. © UNEP 2006 Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC COP increases with rising evaporator temperature (Te)
COP increases with decreasing condensing temperature (Tc) Assessment of Refrigeration and AC Assessment of
Refrigeration

Sec 1 Express Science Class Test page 8 of 12

 30. © UNEP 2006
o Measure
o Airflow Q (m3/s) at Fan Coil Units (FCU) or Air Handling Units (AHU): anemometer
o Air density ρ (kg/m3)
o Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature: psychrometer
o Enthalpy (kCal/kg) of inlet air (h in ) and outlet air (H out ): psychrometric charts
o Calculate TR

Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC Assessment of Refrigeration and AC Assessment of Air Conditioning

31. © UNEP 2006

o Indicative TR load profile
o Small office cabins : 0.1 TR/m2
o Medium size office (10 – 30 people occupancy) with central A/C: 0.06 TR/m2
o Large multistoried office complexes with central A/C: 0.04 TR/m2

Assessment of Air Conditioning Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC Assessment of Refrigeration and AC

32. © UNEP 2006

o Accuracy of measurements
 Inlet/outlet temp of chilled and condenser water
 Flow of chilled and condenser water
o Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV)
 kW/TR for 100% load but most equipment operate between 50-75% of full load
 IPLV calculates kW/TR with partial loads
 Four points in cycle: 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%

Considerations for Assessment Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC Assessment of Refrigeration and AC

33. © UNEP 2006 Training Agenda: Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Introduction Type of refrigeration Assessment of
refrigeration and AC Energy efficiency opportunities Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC
34. © UNEP 2006
o Optimize process heat exchange
o Maintain heat exchanger surfaces
o Multi-staging systems
o Matching capacity to system load
o Capacity control of compressors
o Multi-level refrigeration for plant needs
o Chilled water storage
o System design features

Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC Energy Efficiency Opportunities

35. © UNEP 2006 Energy Efficiency Opportunities

o High compressor safety margins: energy loss
o Proper sizing heat transfer areas of heat exchangers and evaporators
 Heat transfer coefficient on refrigerant side: 1400 – 2800 Watt/m2K
 Heat transfer area refrigerant side: >0.5 m2/TR
o Optimum driving force (difference Te and Tc): 1 o C raise in Te = 3% power savings

1. Optimize Process Heat Exchange Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC

36. © UNEP 2006 Energy Efficiency Opportunities Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC (National Productivity
Council) Condenser temperature 40 ◦ C 1. Optimize Process Heat Exchange *Reciprocating compressor using R-22
refrigerant. Evaporator temperature.-10 ◦ C 106.0 1.67 23.12 -20.0 54.0 1.25 37.20 -10.0 33.0 1.08 45.98 -5.0 16.0
0.94 56.07 0.0 - 0.81 67.58 5.0 Increase kW/TR (%) Specific Power Consumption (kW/TR) Refrigeration Capacity *
(tons) Evaporator Temperature ( 0 C) 20.5 1.41 20.0 40.0 8.5 1.27 21.4 35.0 - 1.17 31.5 26.7 Increase kW/TR (%)
Specific Power Consumption (kW /TR) Refrigeration Capacity (tons) Condensing Temperature ( 0 C)
37. © UNEP 2006 Energy Efficiency Opportunities
o 3. Selection of condensers
o Options:

Sec 1 Express Science Class Test page 9 of 12

  Air cooled condensers
 Air-cooled with water spray condensers
 Shell & tube condensers with water-cooling
o Water-cooled shell & tube condenser
 Lower discharge pressure
 Higher TR
 Lower power consumption

1. Optimize Process Heat Exchange Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC

38. © UNEP 2006 Energy Efficiency Opportunities

o Poor maintenance = increased power consumption
o Maintain condensers and evaporators
 Separation of lubricating oil and refrigerant
 Timely defrosting of coils
 Increased velocity of secondary coolant
o Maintain cooling towers
 0.55 ◦ C reduction in returning water from cooling tower = 3.0 % reduced power

2. Maintain Heat Exchanger Surfaces Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC

39. © UNEP 2006 Energy Efficiency Opportunities Effect of poor maintenance on compressor power consumption 2.
Maintain Heat Exchanger Surfaces Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC (National Productivity Council) 38.7
0.96 12.7 46.1 1.7 Dirty condenser and evaporator 18.3 0.82 13.8 40.5 1.7 Dirty evaporator 20.4 0.84 15.6 46.1 7.2
Dirty condenser - 0.69 17.0 40.5 7.2 Normal Increase kW/TR (%) Specific Power Consumption (kW/TR)
Refrigeration Capacity * (TR) Tc ( 0 C) Te ( 0 C) Condition
40. © UNEP 2006 Energy Efficiency Opportunities
o Suited for
 Low temp applications with high compression
 Wide temperature range
o Two types for all compressor types
 Compound
 Cascade

3. Multi-Staging Systems Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC

41. © UNEP 2006 Energy Efficiency Opportunities

o a. Compound
o Two low compression ratios = 1 high
o First stage compressor meets cooling load
o Second stage compressor meets load evaporator and flash gas
o Single refrigerant
o b. Cascade
o Preferred for -46 oC to -101oC
o Two systems with different refrigerants

3. Multi-Stage Systems Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC

42. © UNEP 2006 Energy Efficiency Opportunities

o Most applications have varying loads
o Consequence of part-load operation
 COP increases
 but lower efficiency
o Match refrigeration capacity to load requires knowledge of
 Compressor performance
 Variations in ambient conditions
 Cooling load

4. Matching Capacity to Load System Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC

Sec 1 Express Science Class Test page 10 of 12

 43. © UNEP 2006 Energy Efficiency Opportunities 5. Capacity Control of Compressors Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
o Cylinder unloading, vanes, valves
 Reciprocating compressors: step-by-step through cylinder unloading:
 Centrifugal compressors: c ontinuous modulation through vane control
 Screw compressors: sliding valves
o Speed control
 Reciprocating compressors: ensure lubrication system is not affected
 Centrifugal compressors: >50% of capacity
44. © UNEP 2006 Energy Efficiency Opportunities 5. Capacity Control of Compressors Electrical Equipment/
Refrigeration & AC
o Temperature monitoring
 Reciprocating compressors: return water (if varying loads), water leaving chiller (constant loads)
 Centrifugal compressors: outgoing water temperature
 Screw compressors: outgoing water temperature
o Part load applications: screw compressors more efficient
45. © UNEP 2006 Energy Efficiency Opportunities
o Bank of compressors at central plant
o Monitor cooling and chiller load: 1 chiller full load more efficient than 2 chillers at part-load
o Distribution system: individual chillers feed all branch lines; Isolation valves; Valves to isolate sections
o Load individual compressors to full capacity before operating second compressor
o Provide smaller capacity chiller to meet peak demands

6. Multi-Level Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC

46. © UNEP 2006 Energy Efficiency Opportunities

o Packaged units (instead of central plant)
 Diverse applications with wide temp range and long distance
 Benefits: economical, flexible and reliable
 Disadvantage: central plants use less power
o Flow control
 Reduced flow
 Operation at normal flow with shut-off periods

6. Multi-Level Refrigeration Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC

47. © UNEP 2006 Energy Efficiency Opportunities

o Chilled water storage facility with insulation
o Suited only if temp variations are acceptable
o Economical because
 Chillers operate during low peak demand hours: reduced peak demand charges
 Chillers operate at nighttime: reduced tariffs and improved COP

7. Chilled Water Storage Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC

48. © UNEP 2006 Energy Efficiency Opportunities

o FRP impellers, film fills, PVC drift eliminators
o Softened water for condensers
o Economic insulation thickness
o Roof coatings and false ceilings
o Energy efficient heat recovery devices
o Variable air volume systems
o Sun film application for heat reflection
o Optimizing lighting loads

8. System Design Features Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC

49. Training Session on Energy Equipment Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Systems THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION © UNEP 2006 Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC
50. © UNEP 2006 Disclaimer and References Electrical Equipment/ Refrigeration & AC

Sec 1 Express Science Class Test page 11 of 12

 o This PowerPoint training session was prepared as part of the project “Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction
from Industry in Asia and the Pacific” (GERIAP). While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that
the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept
responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage
that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this
publication. © UNEP, 2006.
o The GERIAP project was funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)
o Full references are included in the textbook chapter that is available on www.energyefficiencyasia.org

Sec 1 Express Science Class Test page 12 of 12