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The exam consists of 65 multiple choice questions followed by 4 free response parts. Each student must complete one question from each of the three parts. You must show your work on the free response to receive any credit.
The exam consists of 65 multiple choice questions followed by 4 free response parts. Each student must complete one question from each of the three parts. You must show your work on the free response to receive any credit.
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Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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The exam consists of 65 multiple choice questions followed by 4 free response parts. Each student must complete one question from each of the three parts. You must show your work on the free response to receive any credit.
Авторское право:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Доступные форматы
Скачайте в формате PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
The exam consists of 65 multiple choice questions followed by 4 free response parts. The first free response section is required for all students. The second, third, and fourth part of the free response have two choices for each part. Each student must complete one question from each of the three parts. Partial credit can and will be awarded on the free response. You must show your work on the free response to receive any credit.
Objectives
1) Chapter 11
a) Define and use in context the following terms Electromagnetic radiation Wavelength Frequency Speed of a wave Photon Excited state Ground state Quantize Orbital Principal energy level Sublevel Orbital shape Electron configuration Orbital diagram Valence electron Core electron Metal Nonmetal Metalloid Ionization energy b) Describe the three properties of waves (frequency, Wavelength, and speed) c) Explain the relationship between energy, frequency and wavelength of the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. d) Identify and locate the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum: Gamma rays, x-rays, UV, visible, infrared, microwaves, radio waves e) Define Photons. f) Describe the relationship between the Bohr model of the atom, fluorescence, ground state, excited state and the bright-line spectrum. g) Differentiate between orbits and orbitals. h) Understand and describe the shape of the s and p orbitals. i) Predict ground state electron configurations from the periodic table. j) Recognize and explain why exceptional electron configurations can occur. k) Draw and write the electron configurations of neutral atoms and ions using electron configuration notation and orbital diagrams. l) Determine the number of valance electrons for an element using the periodic table m) Distinguish between periods and groups on the periodic table. n) Describe the periodic nature of atomic radius, ionization energy and electron affinity and give an explanation for these trends.
2) Chapter 12
a) Define and use in context the following terms: Bond Bond energy Ionic bond Covalent bond Polar covalent bond Electronegativity Dipole moment Isoelectronic Bonding pair of electrons Lone (unshared) pair of electrons Formula Unit Single bond Double bond Triple bond Resonance Paramagnetism
b) Represent the polarity of a covalent bond between two atoms with the signs + and -. c) Predict whether the nature of a chemical bond between two given atoms is ionic, polar covalent or nonpolar covalent based on the relative locations of the atoms to each other in the periodic table. d) Use a properly drawn arrow to indicate the dipole moment of polar covalent diatomic and polyatomic molecules. e) Explain why and how water is capable of dissolving ionic compounds. f) Relate the bonding of atoms to electron configurations. g) Explain the changes in atomic radius as an atom loses or gains electrons to form ions. h) Describe the structure of ionic compounds and use this structure to explain why the formula for an ionic compound is really an empirical formula, called a formula unit and not a molecule. i) Recognize and identify the types of bonds in compounds that contain polyatomic ions. j) Draw Lewis structures for atoms and molecules. k) Draw resonance Lewis structures of molecules in which resonance occurs. l) Using the VSEPR model, identify molecular shapes as linear, trigonal planar (triangular), tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, or bent (v-shaped). m) Using the VSEPR model, classify given molecules as polar or nonpolar.
3) Chapter 13
a) Define and use in context the following terms: barometer atmospheric pressure mm Hg atmospheres torr pascal/kilopascals absolute zero constant partial pressure vapor pressure ideal gas temperature molar volume STP b) Explain the workings of a barometer and how changes in atmospheric pressure cause changes in barometric measurements. c) Make conversions between the various common pressure units of mm Hg, atm and kilopascals. d) ([SODLQDQGSHUIRUPFDOFXODWLRQVXVLQJ%R\OH¶V/DZ e) ([SODLQDQGSHUIRUPFDOFXODWLRQVXVLQJ&KDUOHV¶/DZ f) Use the absolute (or Kelvin) temperature scale and convert from C to Kelvin and vice versa. g) ([SODLQDQGSHUIRUPFDOFXODWLRQVXVLQJ$YRJDGUR¶V/DZ h) Explain and perform calculations using the Ideal Gas Law. i) ([SODLQDQGSHUIRUPFDOFXODWLRQVXVLQJ'DOWRQ¶V/DZRI3DUWLDO3UHVVXUH j) Explain the differences between laws and models. k) Explain the postulates of the kinetic molecular theory. l) Use the kinetic molecular theory to explain the term temperature as well as the various gas laws. m) Compare and contrast the properties of ideal gases with the properties of real gases. n) Perform stoichiometric calculations involving gases. This includes balancing chemical reactions and determining masses and volumes of gases produced. o) Describe the molar volume of any gas at STP (standard temperature and pressure).
4) Chapter 10
a) Define and use in context the following terms: Energy Temperature Heat System Surroundings Exothermic Endothermic Thermodynamics Calorie Joule Specific heat capacity Enthalpy Entropy b) Distinguish between potential energy and kinetic energy. c) Understand and apply the law of conservation of energy. d) Distinguish between energy, heat, and temperature. e) Convert between calories and joules and Calories. f) Calculate the quantity of heat absorbed or released when a substance changes temperature. g) Measure the specific heat of capacity of a substance using a calorimeter. h) Describe the energy changes that occur in the system and surroundings for an exothermic and endothermic reaction. i) $SSO\+HVV¶V/DZWRFDOFXODWHWKHHQWKDOS\FKDQJHIRUDUHDFWLRQXVLQJother reactions. j) Describe changes in enthalpy and entropy that indicate a tendency for a reaction to be spontaneous. k) Describe the ways that energy is a driving force in a reaction. (Matter spread vs. Energy spread l) Use a heating/cooling curve to determine the normal boiling point and normal freezing point of a pure substance. Also, be able to construct a heating/cooling curve when given the above information. m) Determine the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a substance by any amount, including from one state to another.
5) Chapter 14 & 15
a) Define and use in context the following terms: Intermolecular forces intramolecular forces dipole-dipole attraction hydrogen bonding London dispersion forces normal boiling point normal freezing point phase diagram triple point sublimation molar heat of fusion molar heat of vaporization evaporation condensation vapor pressure solution solvent solute aqueous solubility dissolve miscible saturated unsaturated supersaturated concentrated dilute molarity standard solution neutralization equivalent colligative property b) Compare and contrast the three types of intermolecular forces (sometimes called van der Waals forces): dipole-dipole attraction, hydrogen bonding and London dispersion forces. c) Given a pure substance, classify its intermolecular forces as dipole-dipole attraction, hydrogen bonding or London dispersion forces. d) Describe how these three forces (dipole-dipole attraction, hydrogen bonding and London dispersion forces) affect the melting points, boiling points, densities and other properties of solids and liquids. e) Use a heating/cooling curve to determine the normal boiling point and normal freezing point of a pure substance. Also, be able to construct a heating/cooling curve when given the above information. f) Interpret a phase diagram. Identify the triple point, critical point and describe phase changes for a given change in temperature and pressure. g) Determine the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a substance by any amount, including from one state to another. (Recall the topic of specific heat capacity from chapter 10.) h) Describe vapor pressure and how it relates to evaporation and condensation. i) Be able to predict relative vapor pressures of substances based on their chemical structure. j) Define boiling point in terms of vapor pressure and describe the difference between boiling and evaporation. k) Be able to relate the solubility of a solute in a particular solvent to the molecular polarity of the two substances. l) Describe solutions as being saturated, unsaturated or supersaturated. m) Read a solubility curve and determine quantities of solute or solvent needed at a particular temperature to make a saturated solution. n) Describe the differences between solid solubility and gas solubility as energy is added to a solution. o) Given the amount of solute and solvent present in a solution (in mass or moles) calculate mass percent of a solution. p) Given the amount of solute and solvent present in a solution (in mass or moles) calculate the molarity of a solution. q) Given the molarity of a solution calculate both the amount of solute and solvent (in mass or moles). r) Describe, with calculations, the procedure for making a certain dilution of a given standard solution. s) Given amounts of reactants or products in molarity, use stoichiometric calculations to determine quantities of substances needed or produced. t) Describe, descriptively, the change in properties of a solvent when a solute is added.
6) Chapter 16
a) Define and use in context the following terms: Arrhenius acid Arrhenius base Bronsted-Lowry acid Bronsted-Lowry base conjugate acid conjugate base hydronium ion strong acid weak acid strong base weak base dissociation diprotic acid amphoteric pH scale indicator neutralization titration standard solution buret equivalence point titration curve buffered solution b) Classify a given solution into one (or more) of four categories: Arrhenius acid, Arrhenius base, Bronsted-Lowry acid, Bronsted-Lowry base. c) Recognize and identify conjugate acids and conjugate bases in an acid ± base reaction. d) Classify given acids as either weak or strong and describe the difference between the two. e) Classify given bases as either weak or strong and describe the difference between the two. f) Identify acids as being mono-, di-, or tri- protic. g) Write the equation for the dissociation of water. Derive the ion-product constant for water (Kw). h) Classify solutions as acidic, basic or neutral when give the pH or pOH. i) Calculate the [H+] and [OH ] when give either the pH or pOH. j) Calculate the pH and pOH when given the [H +] or [OH ]. k) Given the [H+] or [OH ] and a table of indicators, make an appropriate indicator selection and predict the final color of the solution. l) Describe the titration process for determining the concentration of an acid when working with a base of a known concentration, or vice versa. This includes explaining the types of equipment needed and the proper techniques of preparing and using the equipment. m) Manipulate given titration data in order to determine the molarities of the acid and base, the equivalence point, and construct a graph labeling all important points. n) Describe and identify the characteristics and uses of buffers.
7) Chapter 17
a) Define and use in context the following terms: Equilibrium Right shift Reaction mechanism Reaction rate Left shift Ka Activation energy Keq Activated complex Ksp Forward reaction Enzyme /H&KDWHOLHU¶V3ULQFLSOH Reverse reaction Collision model Catalyst b) Use Collision theory to explain activation energy and the effects of concentration, temperature, and surface area on the rate of a reaction. c) Draw and interpret energy diagrams that represent the activation energy and show the effect of a catalyst. d) Explain the significance of the rate-determining step on the overall rate of a reaction mechanism. e) Write both forward and reverse reaction equations and describe what is happening in each. f) State the necessary conditions for equilibrium. g) Generate the Keq, Ksp, or Ka expression for equilibrium reactions. h) Make calculations involving Keq, Ksp, & Ka and interpret the results. i) State LeChatelier's Principle and be able to apply it to systems in equilibrium with changes in concentration, pressure, temperature, and/or the addition of a catalyst.
8) Chapter 18
a) Define and use in context the following terms: redox reactions reduction oxidation oxidation states (numbers) oxidizing agent reducing agent electrochemistry galvanic cell anode cathode potential corrosion b) Given a redox reaction, identify which reactant is oxidized and which reactant is reduced. c) Given an ion or molecule, assign the oxidation state (number) to each atom present. d) Given a redox reaction, identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent. e) Given a redox reaction, write an oxidation half reaction and a reduction half reaction. f) Balance redox reactions. g) Identify two types of processes involved in electrochemistry.