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В любом случае свободные экономические зоны требуют вложения крупных бюджетных средств для
их организации и создания необходимой инфраструктуры.
656 резидентов;
По данным на июль 2006 года., в мире насчитывается, по различным экспертным источникам, 1200 —
2000 свободных экономических зон различных типов: от беспошлинных зон и свободных портов до
зон свободного предпринимательства, офшорных зон и технополисов.
18. Foreign investments in the Russian Federation. Volumes, dynamics, sectoral and
regional structure, main countries-investors, the role in national economy
Объем аккумулированных российских ПИИ к концу 2017 г., по данным ЮНКТАД (ЦБ –470,8
млрд), составил 382,3 млрд. долл. (превысив на 5% уровень 2007 г. и достигнув 99,2% от
показателя конца 2013 г.) – 19 место.
По текущему притоку ППИ в 2017 Россия на 15 месте (после США, КНР, специального
административного района Китая Сянган (Гонконг), Сингапура, Бразилии, Нидерландов,
Франции и тд.). По экспорту – в числе лидеров, 12-е место в мире – после США, Японии,
Китая, Великобритании, Гонконга, Германии, Канады, Виргинских (Брит.) островов, Франции,
Испании и Люксембурга
4) main investors:
офшоры - Кипр
отдельные территорий как «перевалочные базы» для ПИИ (Бермуды)
за время «войны санкций» выросла роль Украины, Казахстана и Белоруссии как
источников ПИИ в России
Кипр (36,6%), Нидерланды (9,5), Бермуды (7,2), Багамы (5,8), Люксембург (4,3),
Великобритания (4,2), Германия (4,0), Сингапур (3,6), Франция (3,4), Швейцария (2,9),
Виргинские (Брит.) о-ва (2,7)… Украина (0,8) Казахстан (0,7) США (0,7)…
The economic rationale for the increase of trade between member states of economic
unions rests on the supposed productivity gains from integration. This is one of the
reasons for creation of ASEAN, NAFTA, SACN, the European Union.
Comparative advantage refers to the ability of a person or a country to produce a
particular good or service at a lower marginal and opportunity cost over another. The
conclusion drawn is that each country can gain by specializing in the good where it
has comparative advantage, and trading that good for the other.
Economies of scale refers to the cost advantages that an enterprise obtains due to
expansion. Economies of scale is a long run concept and refers to reductions in unit
cost as the size of a facility and the usage levels of other inputs increase.
Political reasons. The Zollverein or German Customs Union of 1867 paved the way
for partial German unification under Prussian leadership in 1871. "Imperial free
trade" was (unsuccessfully) proposed in the late 19th century to strengthen the
loosening ties within the British Empire. The European Economic Community was
created to integrate France and Germany's economies to the point that they would
find it impossible to go to war with each other.
▫ Only Mongolia and few countries from Oceania are not involved
Nearly all of WTO s members participate in one or more Regional trade agreements.
1. Free trade area (all barriers to trade in goods, services are removed. But each country
determines its trade policy with regard to none member country)
2.Custom union (eliminates trade barriers and adopts a common external trade policy)
5. Political Union
[A "free trade area" (FTA) is formed when at least two states partially or fully abolish custom
tariffs on their inner border. To exclude regional exploitation of zero tariffs within the FTA
there is a rule of certificate of origin for the goods originating from the territory of a member
state of an FTA.
A "customs union" introduces unified tariffs on the exterior borders of the union (CET,
common external tariffs). A "monetary union" introduces a shared currency. A "common
market" add to a FTA the free movement of services, capital and labor.
An "economic union" combines customs union with a common market. A "fiscal union"
introduces a shared fiscal and budgetary policy. In order to be successful the more
advanced integration steps are typically accompanied by unification of economic policies
(tax, social welfare benefits, etc.), reductions in the rest of the trade barriers, introduction of
supranational bodies, and gradual moves towards the final stage, a "political union".]
Examples:
FTA (free trade area):
- NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement
- AFTA - ASEAN Free Trade Area
- EFTA - European Free Trade Area
Customs Union
- since 2010 (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan)
- CACM (Central American Common Market) since 1961 (Guatemala, Honduras, Costa-
Rica, Nicaragua, Salvador)
- Arabian common market since 1964 (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen, Libya, Mauritania,
Syria)
Political union
- Coordination of Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) Economic interdependence
creates incentives for political cooperation.
BUT a common policy does not exclude national policies, which continue to exist in
all areas not covered by the decisions and rules agreed by the common institutions
21. Eurasian Economic Union (EEU): reasons and aims of creation, stages of integration
process, problems and perspectives of development.
• The Eurasian Economic Union has an integrated single market of 183 million
people and a GDP of over 4 trillion dollars (PPP).
• The economy of three first member countries strikingly differs by the sizes: Russia
87,9% of GDP , the share of Kazakhstan – 9,2%, Belarus – only 2,9%.
• According to Euroasian economic commission data, ЕАEU occupies the first place
in the world on reserves of natural gas (20,7 percent from a world share), the first
place on oil reserves, including gas condensate (14,6 percent from a world share),
the third place in the world on electricity generation (9 percent from a world share)
and the fourth place in the world on coal reserves (5,9 percent from a world share)
• The Union introduces the free movement of goods, capital, services and people
• provides for common policies in the macroeconomic sphere, transport, industry
and agriculture, energy, foreign trade and investment, customs, technical
regulation, competition and antitrust regulation.
• The Union introduces the free movement of goods, capital, services and people
• provides for common policies in the macroeconomic sphere, transport, industry
and agriculture, energy, foreign trade and investment, customs, technical
regulation, competition and antitrust regulation.
• Provisions for a single currency and greater integration
• Union determined mainly by the geopolitical and security interests
• the main raw material orientation of the economy of the participating countries
(Russia, Kazakhstan);
• predominance national interests over the interest of the Union;
• because of the vast territory, a large number of population, economic potential,
powerful army and etc, the natural elevation of the status of Russia among the
allies, reinforcing its influence;
• multi-speed pace of development of the countries participating in the EAEC
External trade
In 1950, the concept of a European trade area was first established. The European
Coal and Steel Community had six founding members: Belgium, France, Germany,
Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
In 1973, the ECSC added Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. It created its
first Parliament in 1979. Greece joined in 1981, followed by Spain and Portugal in
1986.
- lays the foundations for economic and monetary union and the criteria for its use;
Maastricht Tr Criteria:
- State must within two years participate in the exchange rate mechanism and maintain
the national currency in a given range.
- Inflation rate must not exceed by more than 1.5% of the average values of the three
EU members with the most stable prices.
- Long-term interest rates on government bonds must not exceed by more than 2% of
the average value of the corresponding rates in the countries with the lowest inflation.
Institutions:
- European parliament
- European council
- European commission
- Court of Justice
On the whole, the last stage – common market is not yet completed. Not all EU countries
observe the criteria.
• wellbeing disparities
• the UK vote to exit the EU
• low potential growth
• an ageing population
• technological development+ innovation
• the confidence of all citizens. EU needs to focus on policies that support a stronger
and more inclusive growth.
Andora, Monaco , San Marino, Vatican City have formal agreements with the EU
to use the euro as their official currency and issue their own coins. Kosovo ,
Sixty other countries and territories around the world(175 million people) have
chosen to use the euro as their currency or to peg their own currency to it.
the euro area is amongst the most open of large economies in the world.
The euro area is the world’s largest trading partner, after the European Union
itself, accounting for about 14% of global exports and imports in 2010.
Economic and Monetary Union has fostered trade. Not only inside the euro area
(+50% increase in trade volumes over the first years of the euro), but even
more so with the European Union as a whole and the rest of the world (+80%
over the same period).
For instance, the euro accounted in 2010 for about one-quarter of disclosed
foreign exchange reserves globally (against around 60% for the US dollar and
4% for the yen). It also accounted for about one-quarter of the stock of
international debt securities and for roughly 20% of foreign exchange turnover.
As such, the euro area does not contribute to global imbalances, one of the
main challenges facing the global economy and the world community.
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