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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

(QAM)
Transmitting Information … (Analog or
Digital)
Modify a Signal
“Modulate”

Detect the
Modifications
“Demodulate”
Any reliably detectable change in signal
characteristics can carry information

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Signal Properties

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Analog Modulation
π f(t)φ +
V= A(t) sin[2
(t)]
Amplitude Phase - M
(AM)
Frequency -
FM

V= A(t) sin[
θ
QAM
(t)]
Date
Analog-to-Digital … Discrete States
1 0 1 0

Amplitude ASK

Frequency FSK

Phase PSK

Both Amplitude and

Phase
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Concept of I-Q … “Q” - Quadrature

Q value ag
M
Phase
0 deg
(ref.)
“I” – In Phase
I value

Polar Notation: I-Q Notation:

Magnitude & In Phase &
Phase Quadrature
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Signal Changes or Modifications

ag
M

Phase
0 deg Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change Phase Change

0 deg
0 deg
Both Change
Frequency Change

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I-Q Modulation

Receiver

Transmitter

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I-Q Modulation Examples
Q Q
Q 01 00 0011 0000

1 0
I I I

Symbol
11 10 111 1100
BPSK QPSK 1 16-QAM
1bit/sym 2bits/sym 4bits/sym
Symbol rate = bit rate Symbol rate = ½ bit rate Symbol rate =1/4 bit rate

Constellation Diagrams

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Bit Rate and Symbol Rate
BIT RATE is the frequency of the system bit stream

SYMBOL RATE is the bit rate divided by the number of

bits that can be transmitted with each symbol (also
known as the BAUD RATE)

Signal Bandwidth depends on the Symbol Rate

More complicated modulation formats use less

(narrower) spectrum to provide the same
transmission capacity
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Spectral Efficiency

Trade-Off: as the complexity of the modulation increases,

the radio becomes more spectrally efficient. However, it also
becomes more susceptible to errors caused by noise and
distortion.
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256-QAM

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Error Vector Magnitude
average error magnitude
EVM (%) =
(
peak symbol magnitude
x 100

Q Magnitude Error (IQ error mag) )

{
Error Vector
Test
Signal
EVM is a
measure of the
φ quality of
Ideal (Reference) Signal
modulation.
Phase Error (IQ error phase)
I

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Some QAM Applications

WLAN – 16/64 qam

Point-to-Point – 16/32/64/128/256
qam

Digital Video – 16/32/64 qam

Cable TV – 16/64/256 qam

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 Lets look at some pre-recorded QAM
signals …

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256-QAM Recorded Signal

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