Evaluation of Paver Slab Flexural Strength Testing

Conducted by:
NATIONAL
CONCRETE MASONRY Project No. 02-268
ASSOCIATION MR 20
Research and Development Laboratory
National Concrete Masonry Association
 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY

The Research and Development Laboratory is devoted to the scientific research and testing of
concrete masonry products and systems. Professional engineers and technicians with many years
of experience in the concrete masonry industry staff the Laboratory. The Laboratory is equipped
to perform nearly any physical research or testing of concrete masonry units and assemblages.
The Laboratory performs research and development work for both the Association and individual
companies.

NCMA Research and Development Laboratory Staff

Jeffrey H. Greenwald, P.E., Director of Research and Development
Donald L. Breeding, Laboratory Supervisor
Christopher C. Carter, Laboratory Technician
Joynul A. Khan, Engineering Research Assistant
Douglas H. Ross, Senior Laboratory Technician

NATIONAL CONCRETE MASONRY ASSOCIATION

The National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA) is a non-profit organization whose

mission is to support and advance the common interests of its members in the manufacture,
marketing, research, and application of concrete masonry products. The Association is an
industry leader in providing technical assistance and education, marketing, research and
development, and product and system innovation to its members and to the industry.

NCMA Technical Staff

Robert D. Thomas, Vice President of Engineering
R. Lance Carter, P.E., Manager of Engineered Landscape Products
Dennis W. Graber, P.E., Director of Technical Services
Jason J. Thompson, Structural Engineer

13750 Sunrise Valley Drive

Herndon, Virginia 20171-3499
(703) 713-1900 — fax (703) 713-1910
www.ncma.org

The following groups within NCMA provided technical assistance in the development of the
scope of work. These groups evaluated test results and conclusions were drawn based on that
evaluation.
 Concrete Paver Subcommittee
Richard M. Bodie Lisa M. Lackovic Greg Page
Joe Bowen Donald L. Lampus Joseph R. Russ
Dan Engel Theodore G. Light Fred B. Schultz
Alan D. Fendt Jeff Mattox Bobby L. Staten
Charles E. Hoover, Jr Keith T. May Billy J. Wauhop
Dean Jurik Rex Nealis Scott W. Weber
Joe E. Kahn W. Michael Oberfield Mark Wilhelms

Landscape Markets Committee

Angel Abelleira Mark K. Hoekstra David Orton
Lynn Barnhart Charles E. Hoover, Jr Greg Page
Richard M. Bodie Gregory T. Hunt Robert Race, PE
Timothy A. Bott Dean Jurik Ken Rupp
Robert D. Bowers Joe E. Kahn Joseph R. Russ
Marshall L. Brown, PhD Bruce A. Lacina Dean Sandri
Thomas W. Brown Lisa M. Lackovic William G. Schaab
James S. Browning Donald L. Lampus Sylvester Schmidt
Michael Carroll, CDT Chris J. Lechner Gary Schripsema
Eugene M. Chubb Jeff Mattox Robert Schuessler
Paul Croushore Keith T. May Fred B. Schultz
Mike Dolby Anthony Mazza Bobby L. Staten
Steven Eck Larry G. Moss Peter E. Stevenson
Dan Engel Rex Nealis Stephen N. Valero
Steven R. Fizzano Thomas E. Newton, Jr. Jeffrey Wallace
Robert Gravier James Nichols Robert L. Whitson
Robert A. Harlem, Jr Jon Nirnberger Mark Wilhelms
J. C. Henry, III W. Michael Oberfield Jeff Younginer
 Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 5
2.0 Materials ........................................................................................................................... 5
3.0 Flexural Testing Procedures ........................................................................................... 6
4.0 Results ................................................................................................................................ 6
5.0 Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 8
APPENDIX A – Draft Standard ..................................................................................................... 9
APPENDIX B – Test Reports....................................................................................................... 15
1.0 Introduction
Under development at ASTM are manufacturing requirements for paver slabs. These draft
requirements are found in the Standard Specification for Precast Concrete Paving Slabs. The
specification covers the requirements for precast concrete paving slabs manufactured for the
construction of paved surfaces. Methods of manufacture include molding low-slump (dry cast)
or high-slump (wet cast) concrete products. A copy of the draft standard is found in Appendix
A.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the flexural strength provision of the draft standard.
Furthermore, this study was conducted to review the testing procedures and to provide a
recommendation on its applicability to determine the flexural strength requirements. The
proposed flexural strength requirement is as follows.

At the time of delivery to the work site, the average flexural strength in the test specimens
shall be 650 psi, with no individual unit less that 580 psi.

Eight tests were performed on different pavers and the flexural strength determined from the
testing procedure found in the draft standard.

2.0 Materials
Eight paver sets were tested and labeled A through H. Out of the paver sets, three paver slabs
were selected to determine their physical dimensions and these were also used as the flexural
strength specimens.

Table 1 presents the physical dimensions of each of the paver slabs. The dimensions listed for
each paver test set are average dimensions of three paver slab specimens. The test reports
showing the physical dimensions for every specimen in each test set are found in Appendix B.

According to the draft standard, paver slab units are required to have a face area greater than 101
in2 and a length to thickness ratio (L/t) greater than 4. All the paver sets tested here met these
requirements as shown in Table 1.

Table 1—Paver Slab Physical Dimensions

Dimensions
Paver Density Face L/t
Width Thickness Length (1) 2
Designation (pcf) Area (in ) (in/in)
(in) (in) (in)
A 23.63 2.11 23.62 121.4 588.4 11.2
B 11.60 2.35 11.64 136.0 135.0 5.0
C 17.59 2.01 17.57 143.2 309.1 8.7
D 18.05 2.30 18.06 134.3 326.0 7.9
E 18.02 2.10 18.04 151.6 325.9 8.6
F 12.00 2.12 12.00 134.1 144.0 5.7
G 23.66 1.94 23.66 122.5 559.8 12.2
H 23.68 1.90 23.67 122.8 560.5 12.4
Note—density calculated as specimen weight divided by gross volume
3.0 Flexural Testing Procedures
Flexural strength testing was conducted in accordance with draft #5 of the Standard
Specification for Precast Concrete Paving Slabs found in Appendix A. In this test, the paver
slab spans simple supports and is uniformly loaded across its width. The peak load is recorded
and flexural strength is calculated using the formula found in the draft standard. Figure 1 shows
the laboratory test setup used in determining the peak load.

Figure 1—Flexural Test Setup

Figure 1 shows a paver slab positioned for loading. The load was applied using a 20,000 lbs
hydraulic load ram. A two-inch square steel load platen, centered on the paving slab, was used
to transfer the load to the paving slab. As required by the draft paver standard, a hardwood fillet
was placed directly under the load platen to further distribute the load. According to the draft
standard, the span length varies with specimen length as shown in Table 2.

Table 2—Span Length Requirements

Paver length (in) Span length (in)
L ≤ 10 8
10 < L ≤ 20 10
L > 20 12

4.0 Results
Eight sets of paver slabs were tested in flexure using the procedures described above and the
resulting average failure loads and flexural strengths are shown in Table 3. Based on the draft
standard criteria, one paver slab set failed to meet the proposed criterion. This was the only paver
long enough to require the longer span length of 12 inches. Additionally, Figure 2 shows a
typical failure crack along the length of the slab; all the paver slabs failed in this manner.
 Table 3—Results of Paver Slab Flexural Testing
Span Average Average
Paver L/t
Length Failing Flexural
Designation (in/in)
(in) Load (lbs) strength (psi)
A 12 11.2 3360 570
B 10 4.9 3360 780
C 10 8.7 4560 970
D 10 8.9 3480 700
E 10 9.0 4210 870
F 10 5.6 3120 860
G 12 12.2 2230 450
H 12 12.4 2330 490

Figure 2—Typical Failure

The flexural testing outlined in the draft standard requires the pavers be tested to differing span
lengths dependent on the paver length. These span length requirements were shown in Table 2.
It is presumed that the longer testing spans are required for the longer paver because an in-situ
condition may develop where the paver slab is not fully supported. If this is the case, the paver
slab may span between supports. For example, from the draft standard a 24-inch paver may be
required to span 12 inches, which then dictates the manufacturing requirements to meet the
required flexural strength.

Assuming a paver slab thickness of 2 inches, it is possible to determine the required failure load
to meet the flexural strength requirement of 650 psi. The failing load to meet flexural strength of
650 psi was found using the equation in Section 7.3.3 of the draft standard and is shown in
Figure 3. As shown in Figure 3, the relationship steps, or changes, depending on the span length.
Also shown in the Figure 3 are the actual failing loads that were observed during the testing.
Pavers A, G, and H were 24 inch pavers that failed to meet the flexural strength requirement.
 Failure Load Requirement

5000

Failure load (lbs)

4000
Span = 8 inches
3000 Span = 10 inches
2000 Span = 12 inches
Flexural test results
1000

0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Paver slab length (in)

Figure 3—Failing Load to Meet 650 psi Flexural Strength

5.0 Conclusions
Eight paver slab types were tested in flexural with 5 out of 6 pavers meeting the requirement of
650 psi flexural strength. These tests were conducted following the draft standard that varied the
span length depending on the paver length. This change in span length presumably arises
because longer length paver slabs may be spanning a certain percentage of its length in a field
installation.

Testing methods will drive the manufacturing process and it appears that the intent of the draft
flexural requirement is to dictate the mix design of the pavers. A stronger paver mix is needed
for the longer pavers in case the paver has a field span condition not anticipated. In order to
reduce testing variability, it is recommended testing pavers at the same span length. This would
standardize the testing apparatus and would lead to more consistent results. To account for the
longer that anticipated field spans, the flexural strength requirement could be increased. For
example, to meet 650 psi flexural strength, the maximum load for a 24-inch paver (2 inches
thick) tested at 8-inch span is 5,200 lbs. If this same paver slab needs to carry this load for a 12-
inch span, the flexural strength requirement becomes 975 psi.

Flexural strength should be based on in-service load requirements, for example traffic and
pedestrian loads. Using these design loads, flexural strengths can be set for different paver slab
lengths for a constant paver slab testing span length. This way the only testing variables are the
maximum recorded load, paver slab length, and paver thickness.

This research only tested square paver slabs. Flexural testing on other paver shapes – round,
triangular, hexagon, etc. – should be done to see how the test span effects the resultant flexural
strength. The scope of this research should include testing whole pavers, cut rectangular
specimens, and compare the resulting flexural capacity. The results could lead to provisions for
the cutting and flexural testing of paver slab specimens.
APPENDIX A – Draft Standard
ASTM Designation: C XXXX - XX 7/01 DRAFT #5

Standard Specification for

Precast Concrete Paving Slabs1
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for precast concrete paving slabs manufactured for the construction
of paved surfaces. Methods of manufacture include molding low-slump (dry cast) or high-slump (wet cast) concrete.
Note-Specifiers are cautioned to evaluate loading requirements for vehicular traffic.
1.2 When particular features are desired, such as mass classification, higher flexural strength, surface textures,
finish, color, or other special features, such properties should be specified by the purchaser. However, local sellers
should be consulted as to availability of units having the desired features.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.

2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates2
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement3
C 207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes3
C 260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete2
C 331 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units2
C 494 Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete2
C 595/C 585M Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements3
C 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in
Portland Cement Concrete2
C 672 Test Method for Scaling Resistance of Concrete Surfaces Exposed to Deicing Chemicals2
C 979 Specification for Pigments of Integrally Colored Concrete2
C 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag for Use in Concrete and Mortars2
C 1157 Performance Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cement3
C 1213 Terminology Relating to Precast Concrete Products5
C 1240 Specification for Silica Fume for Use in Hydraulic-Cement Concrete and Mortar5
D 3665 Standard Practice for Random Sampling of Construction4
3. Materials
3.1 Cementitious Materials shall conform to the following applicable ASTM specifications:
3.1.1 Portland Cements - Specification C 150.
3.1.2 Blended Cements - Specification C 595/C 595 M, Types IS or IP.
3.1.3 Hydrated Lime, Type S - Specification C 207.
3.1.4 Fly Ash - Specification C 618.
3.1.5 Ground Slag - Specification C 989.
3.1.6 Silica Fume - Specification C 1240.
3.2 Aggregates shall conform to the following ASTM specifications, except that grading requirements shall not
necessarily apply:

1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-27 on
Precast Concrete Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C27.20
on Architectural and Structural Products.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.01.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.03.

5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.05.
 3.2.1 Normal Density - Specification C 33.
3.2.2 Lightweight - Specification C 331.
3.3 Chemical Admixtures shall conform to the following applicable ASTM specifications:
3.3.1 Air-entraining Admixtures - Specification C 260.
3.3.2 Water-reducing, Retarding, and Accelerating Admixtures - Specification C 494.
3.3.3 Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete - Specification C 979.
3.4 Other Constituents - Integral water repellents, fibers, and other materials for which no ASTM standards exist
shall be previously established as suitable for use in concrete or shall be shown by test or experience not to be
detrimental to the concrete.

4. Terminology
4.1 Architectural finish – A surface modified by mechanical means such as blasting, hammering, polishing,
tumbling, washing or other methods.

5. Physical Requirements
5.1 Units shall have an exposed face area greater than 0.065 m2 (101 in.2) and their overall length divided by
thickness shall be greater than 4. The minimum thickness shall be 30 mm (1.2 in.). The maximum length and width
dimensions shall be 915 mm (36 in.) See Fig. 1.
5.2 Concrete units covered by this specification shall be made from lightweight or normal weight aggregates or
mixed lightweight and normal weight aggregates.
5.3 Flexural Strength - At the time of delivery to the work site, the average flexural strength of the test specimens
shall be 4.5 MPa (650 psi) with no individual unit less than 4.0 MPa (580 psi) as determined in 7.3.
5.4 Resistance to Scaling - The manufacturer shall satisfy the purchaser using one of the following methods based
on the anticipated exposure of the slabs:
(a) No freeze-thaw exposure: no scaling test required.
(b) Freeze-thaw exposure with no use of deicing salts: Proven field performance in a similar application for a
minimum of three years.
(c) Freeze-thaw exposure with use o f deicing salts: The average loss of mass of
three test specimens shall not be greater than:
(i) 300 g/m2 of the total inundated surface of each paving slab after 28 cycles of freezing and thawing; or
(ii) 800 g/m2 of the total inundated surface of each paving slab after 49 cycles of freezing and thawing.
Specimens with an architectural finish, except polished surfaces, shall not have an average loss of mass greater than:
(i) 500 g/m2 of the total inundated area of each paving slab after 28 cycles of freezing and thawing; or
(ii) 1,200 g/m2 of the total inundated surface of each paving slab after 49 cycles of freezing and thawing.
Tests shall be conducted in accordance with Section 7.4 on representative units not more than 12 months prior to
delivery of units.
5.5 Dimensional Tolerances – Dimensions and concave or convex warpage shall not differ from those agreed upon
by the purchaser and the supplier by more than the following amounts:
a) length or width: -1.0 mm to +2.0 mm (0.04 in. to 0.08 in.).
b) height: ±3 mm (0.12 in.).
c) concave or convex warpage in one dimension: up to 450 mm (18 in.), 2.0 mm (0.08 in); or over 450 mm
(18 in.), 3.0 mm (0.12 in.).
5.5.1 Dimensions are based on manufacturer’s drawings for the particular shape identified. Dimensional testing shall be
conducted on the same paving slabs used for flexural strength testing. Samples shall meet tolerances prior to the application
of architectural finishes.

6. Visual Inspection
6.1 All units shall be sound and free of defects that would interfere with the proper placing of the units or impair the
strength or performance of the construction. Minor cracks incidental to the usual methods of manufacture or minor chipping
resulting from customary methods of handling in shipment and delivery shall not be deemed grounds for rejection.

7. Sampling and Testing

7.1 The purchaser or his authorized representative shall be accorded proper facilities to inspect and sample the units at the
place of manufacture from the lots ready for delivery.
7.2 Twelve paving slabs shall be randomly sampled from different packages according to ASTM D 3665.
7.2.1 One set of six paving slabs shall be checked for dimensional variations. Three samples from the six shall be tested for
flexural strength and, when required, three shall be tested for resistance to scaling. The remaining six slabs shall be cured
with the first, labeled with the date of manufacture and retained either at the place of manufacture or at the testing facility
until such time as the test results from the first set of specimens become available.
 7.3 Flexural strength - Tests shall be conducted on full-size specimens in accordance with following procedure:
7.3.1 Each specimen shall span two steel supporting rollers each 38 mm ±3 mm (1.5 in. ±0.12 in.) in diameter. See Fig. 2.
The span length (spacing of the rollers) shall be 200 mm (8 in.) for units having a maximum length of 250 mm (10 in.). The
span length of the rollers shall be 250 mm (10 in.) for units having a length between 250 mm (10 in.) and 500 mm (20 in.).
The span length shall be 300 mm (12 in.) for units having a length of greater than 500 mm (20 in.). A pivot shall be required
at the center of one of the rollers to counteract any twisting in the slab during the test. The rollers shall be level in all
directions and shall support the slab throughout its entire width during testing. The load shall be applied axially through a
spherical seating in the testing machine without inducing torsion on the specimen. A 50 mm (2 in.) wide by a minimum 50
mm (2 in.) thick steel platen and a hardwood fillet 50 mm (2 in.) wide shall be placed under the spherical seating and parallel
to the bearers. Both shall be centered in span of the slab and extend the entire width of the slab.
7.3.2 Each specimen shall be tested with the wearing surface facing upwards in the testing machine. The load shall be
uniformly applied without shock starting from zero to a rate not exceeding 18 N (4 lbf) per second for each 100 mm (4 in.) of
width tested until the specimen fails. The accuracy of the applied load shall be ±2%.
7.3.3 Calculation of flexural strength - Flexural (transverse) strength of a concrete paving slab shall be defined by the
following formula:

3 Pl
R = ------
2 bd2

where;
R = flexural strength, MPa (psi)
P = failing load, N (lb)
l = span length between rollers, mm (in.)
b = width of the slab along the fracture, mm (in.)
d = thickness of the slab, mm (in.)

7.3.4 Flexural strength tests shall be performed at least once every 80,000 40,000 m2 (800,000 400,000 ft2) of slabs
produced or every six three months or when a change occurs in manufacturing process, curing method, mixture proportions,
cement, aggregate, admixtures, or other material.
7.4 Scaling test – Prepare and test slabs in accordance with ASTM C 672, Sections 7 through 9, with the following
modifications:
7.4.1 The solution shall have 3 g of anhydrous calcium chloride per 100 mL of water.
7.4.2 The dike shall be covered to prevent evaporation of the solution.
7.4.3 The lowest temperature of the specimen for the freezing cycle shall be –15° ±3° C (5° ±3° F).
7.4.4 After 28, and 49 (if necessary) cycles, all surfaces of the specimens shall be washed with deionized water to remove
all loose particles. These particles and spalled material collected at the bottom of the containers shall be washed, filtered
using an 80 µm filter paper, and dried at 105° C ±3° (220° ±3° F) to a constant mass. This residue shall be defined as mass
loss, and expressed in grams. The residue shall be cumulatively weighed after 28 and 49 (if necessary) cycles. A new
solution of 3 g of anhydrous calcium chloride per 100 mL of water shall be used following each determination of loss of
mass.
7.4.5 The loss of mass shall be calculated in grams per square meter of surface area within the dike to the nearest 0.1 g/m2.
7.4.6 Complete 28 freeze-thaw cycles unless the surface of the test specimens have disintegrated or lost more than 300 g/m²
(or 500 g/m2 for specimens with architectural finishes). If the loss of mass exceeds 300 g/m2 (or 500 g/m2), the test shall
continue until 49 freeze-thaw cycles have been completed. If losses exceed 800 g/m2 (or 1,200 g/m2 for specimens with
architectural finishes), or disintegration necessitates termination of testing prematurely, the loss of mass shall be determined
and added to the previously lost mass.
7.4.7 Scaling tests shall be performed at least once every 40,000 m2 (400,000 ft2) of production or every six three months
or when a change occurs in manufacturing process, curing method, mixture proportions, cement, aggregate, admixtures, or
other material.

8. Rejection
8.1 If a sample fails to conform to the specified requirements, the seller shall be permitted to remove units from the
shipment. A new sample shall be selected by the purchaser from remaining units from the shipment and tested at the expense
of the seller. If the second sample meets the specified requirements, the remaining portion of the shipment represented by the
sample meets the specified requirements. If the second sample fails to meet the specified requirements, the remaining portion
of the shipment represented by the sample fails to meet the specified requirements.
 Figure 1
Overall Length

Figure 2 Flexural (Transverse) Strength Test

 Figure 3
Scaling Resistance Test
APPENDIX B – Test Reports
ASTMC XXXX - XX 7/01 DRAFT #5 Test Report
Sampling and Testing Precast Concrete Paving Slabs
Flexural Strength Test: Job No: 02-268-01
Report Date: 05/16/02

Client: NCMAEng. Department / Paving Slab Research Testing Agency: National Concrete Masonry Assoc.
13750 Sunrise Valley Drive Research and Development Laboratory
Herndon, VA20171-4662 Address: 13750 Sunrise Valley Drive
Herndon VA, 20171-4662

Unit Specification: ASTMC xxxx Draft #5 Sampling Party: Oberfield's InPaver

c. Concrete
A Products
Name/Description of Unit: 24x24" Precast Concrete Paving Slabs.
Specified Height (mm): 54

Summary of Test Results Required Actual

Average Flexural Strength of Concrete Paving Slab 650 min 570 psi
2
Net Cross Sectional Area ------------------------------------- 101 min 558 in
Overall Length to Thickness Ratio ------------------------ 4 min 11.2
Variation in Width Dimensions ------------------- -0.04 in. to +0.08 in. 0.040 in.
Variation from Specified Height Dimensions ----------- +-0.12 in. max 0.050 in.
Variation in Length Dimensions ------------------ -0.04 in. to +0.08 in. 0.005 in.

Individual Unit Test Results

Avg. Avg. Avg. Sample Span length Failing Flexural

Width (b) Height (d) Length (L) Weight between rollers Load (P) Strength (R)
(in.) (in.) (in.) (lb) (in.) (lb) (psi)
Unit #1 23.64 2.13 23.62 83.86 12 2578 430
Unit #2 23.65 2.13 23.62 81.86 12 3072 510
Unit #3 23.61 2.08 23.62 82.40 12 4440 780
Average 23.63 2.11 23.62 82.71 12.00 3360 570

*N t dt i d th d t f th l th d idth f th it

Comments: These tested units fail to comply with the flexural strength
requirements of ASTMC XXXX - XX 7/10 DRAFT #5
ASTM C XXXX - XX 7/01 DRAFT #5 Test Report
Sampling and Testing Precast Concrete Paving Slabs
Flexural Strength Test: Job No: 02-268-02
Report Date: 05/15/02

Client: NCMA Eng. Department / Paving Slab Research Testing Agency: National Concrete Masonry Assoc.
13750 Sunrise Valley Drive Research and Development Laboratory
Herndon, VA 20171-4662 Address: 13750 Sunrise Valley Drive
Herdon VA, 20171-4662

Unit Specification: ASTM C xxxx Draft #5 Sampling Party: Anchor WPaver B s, Inc.
all System

Name/Description of Unit: 12x12" Precast Concrete Paving Slabs.

Specified Height (mm): 60

Summary of Test Results Required Actual

Average Flexural Strength of Concrete Paving Slab 650 min 780 psi
2
Net Cross Sectional Area ------------------------------------- 101 min 134.9 in
Overall Length to Thickness Ratio ------------------------ 4 min 4.9
Variation in Width Dimensions ------------------- -0.04 in. to +0.08 in. 0.070 in.
Variation from Specified Height Dimensions ----------- +-0.12 in. max 0.023 in.
Variation in Length Dimensions ------------------ -0.04 in. to +0.08 in. 0.015 in.

Individual Unit Test Results

Avg. Avg. Avg. Sample Span length Failing Flexural

Width (b) Height (d) Length (L) Weight between rollers Load (P) Strength (R)
(in.) (in.) (in.) (lb) (in.) (lb) (psi)
Unit #1 11.64 2.34 11.63 25.00 10 3550 830
Unit #2 11.57 2.34 11.64 24.56 10 3092 730
Unit #3 11.58 2.38 11.64 25.38 10 3436 790
Average 11.60 2.35 11.64 24.98 10.00 3360 780

*N t dt i d th d t f th l th d idth f th it

Comments: These tested units comply with the flexural strength and dimensional
requirements of ASTM C XXXX - XX 7/10 DRAFT #5
ASTMCXXXX- XX7/01 DRAFT#5 Test Report
Sampling andTesting Precast Concrete Paving Slabs
Flexural Strength Test: Job No: 02-268-03
Report Date: 05/16/02

Client: NCMAEng. Department / Paving Slab Research Testing Agency: National Concrete Masonry Assoc.
13750 Sunrise Valley Drive Research and Development Laboratory
Herndon, VA20171-4662 Address: 13750 Sunrise Valley Drive
Herndon VA, 20171-4662

Unit Specification: ASTMCxxxx Draft #5 Sampling Party: PavestoPaver C ny

ne Compa

Name/Description of Unit: 18x18" Precast Concrete Paving Slabs.

Specified Height (mm): 50

Summary of Test Results Required Actual

Average Flexural Strength of Concrete Paving Slab 650 min 970 psi
Net Cross Sectional Area ------------------------------------- 101 min 308.9 in2
Overall Length to Thickness Ratio ------------------------ 4 min 8.7
Variation in Width Dimensions ------------------- -0.04 in. to +0.08 in. 0.025 in.
Variation fromSpecified Height Dimensions ----------- +-0.12 in. max 0.094 in.
Variation in Length Dimensions ------------------ -0.04 in. to +0.08 in. 0.040 in.

Individual Unit Test Results

Avg. Avg. Avg. Sample Span length Failing Flexural

Width (b) Height (d) Length (L) Weight between rollers Load (P) Strength (R)
(in.) (in.) (in.) (lb) (in.) (lb) (psi)
Unit #1 17.60 2.00 17.58 52.20 10 4326 920
Unit #2 17.59 2.06 17.58 52.68 10 4451 890
Unit #3 17.58 1.96 17.54 49.56 10 4909 1090
Average 17.59 2.01 17.57 51.48 10.00 4560 970

*N t dt i d th d t f th l th d idth f th it

Comments: These tested units comply with the flexural strength and dimensional
requirements of ASTMCXXXX- XX7/10 DRAFT #5
ASTMCXXXX- XX7/01 DRAFT#5 Test Report
Sampling andTesting Precast Concrete Paving Slabs
Flexural Strength Test: Job No: 02-268-04
Report Date: 05/15/02

Client: NCMAEng. Department / Paving Slab Research Testing Agency: National Concrete Masonry Assoc.
13750 Sunrise Valley Drive Research and Development Laboratory
Herndon, VA20171-4662 Address: 13750 Sunrise Valley Drive
Herndon VA, 20171-4662
Paver D
Unit Specification: ASTMCxxxx Draft #5 Sampling Party: Nitterhouse Masonry Products, LLC

Name/Description of Unit: 18x18" Precast Concrete Paving Slabs (Supr Mat)

Specified Height (mm): 50

Summary of Test Results Required Actual

Average Flexural Strength of Concrete Paving Slab 650 min 700 psi
2
Net Cross Sectional Area ------------------------------------- 101 min 326.0 in
Overall Length to Thickness Ratio ------------------------ 4 min 8.9
Variation in Width Dimensions ------------------- -0.04 in. to +0.08 in. 0.040 in.
Variation fromSpecified Height Dimensions ----------- +-0.12 in. max 0.078 in.
Variation in Length Dimensions ------------------ -0.04 in. to +0.08 in. 0.025 in.

Individual Unit Test Results

Avg. Avg. Avg. Sample Span length Failing Flexural

Width (b) Height (d) Length (L) Weight between rollers Load (P) Strength (R)
(in.) (in.) (in.) (lb) (in.) (lb) (psi)
Unit #1 18.07 2.05 18.05 52.64 10 3843 760
Unit #2 18.03 2.02 18.06 50.98 10 3401 690
Unit #3 18.05 2.02 18.08 50.66 10 3205 650
Average 18.05 2.03 18.06 51.43 10.00 3480 700

*N t dt i d th d t f th l th d idth f th it

Comments: These tested units comply with the flexural strength and dimensional
requirements of ASTMCXXXX- XX7/10 DRAFT #5
ASTMCXXXX- XX7/01 DRAFT#5 Test Report
Sampling and Testing Precast Concrete Paving Slabs
Flexural Strength Test: Job No: 02-268-05
Report Date: 05/15/02

Client: NCMAEng. Department / Paving Slab Research Testing Agency: National Concrete Masonry Assoc.
13750 Sunrise Valley Drive Research and Development Laboratory
Herndon, VA20171-4662 Address: 13750 Sunrise Valley Drive
Herdon VA, 20171-4662

Unit Specification: ASTMCxxxx Draft #5 Paver Pro

Sampling Party: Nitterhouse Masonry E ducts, LLC

Name/Description of Unit: 18x18" Precast Concrete Paving Slabs (Pewter Mat)

Specified Height (mm): 50

Summary of Test Results Required Actual

Average Flexural Strength of Concrete Paving Slab 650 min 870 psi
2
Net Cross Sectional Area ------------------------------------- 101 min 325.0 in
Overall Length to Thickness Ratio ------------------------ 4 min 9.0
Variation in Width Dimensions ------------------- -0.04 in. to +0.08 in. 0.010 in.
Variation fromSpecified Height Dimensions ----------- +-0.12 in. max 0.060 in.
Variation in Length Dimensions ------------------ -0.04 in. to +0.08 in. 0.015 in.

Individual Unit Test Results

Avg. Avg. Avg. Sample Span length Failing Flexural

Width (b) Height (d) Length (L) Weight between rollers Load (P) Strength (R)
(in.) (in.) (in.) (lb) (in.) (lb) (psi)
Unit #1 18.03 2.00 18.04 57.52 10 4341 900
Unit #2 18.02 2.03 18.03 57.60 10 3781 760
Unit #3 18.02 2.00 18.05 56.90 10 4507 940
Average 18.02 2.01 18.04 57.34 10.00 4210 870

*N t dt i d th d t f th l th d idth f th it

Comments: These tested units comply with the flexural strength and dimensional
requirements of ASTMCXXXX- XX7/10 DRAFT #5
ASTMCXXXX- XX7/01 DRAFT #5 Test Report
Sampling and Testing Precast Concrete Paving Slabs
Flexural Strength Test: Job No: 02-268-06
Report Date: 06/04/02

Client: NCMAEng. Department / Paving Slab Research Testing Agency: National Concrete Masonry Assoc.
13750 Sunrise Valley Drive Research and Development Laboratory
Herndon, VA20171-4662 Address: 13750 Sunrise Valley Drive
Herdon VA, 20171-4662

Unit Specification: ASTMCxxxx Draft #5 Sampling Party: Anchor WalPaver G Inc.

l Systems,

Name/Description of Unit: 12x12" Precast Concrete Paving Slabs.

Specified Height (mm): 55

Summary of Test Results Required Actual

Average Flexural Strength of Concrete Paving Slab 650 min 860 psi
Net Cross Sectional Area ------------------------------------- 101 min 144.0 in2
Overall Length to Thickness Ratio ------------------------ 4 min 5.6
Variation in Width Dimensions ------------------- -0.04 in. to +0.08 in. 0.005 in.
Variation fromSpecified Height Dimensions ----------- +-0.12 in. max 0.045 in.
Variation in Length Dimensions ------------------ -0.04 in. to +0.08 in. 0.015 in.

Individual Unit Test Results

Avg. Avg. Avg. Sample Span length Failing Flexural

Width (b) Height (d) Length (L) Weight between rollers Load (P) Strength (R)
(in.) (in.) (in.) (lb) (in.) (lb) (psi)
Unit #1 12.00 2.13 12.01 23.84 10 3097 860
Unit #2 12.01 2.13 11.99 23.68 10 3138 870
Unit #3 12.01 2.12 12.00 23.54 10 3114 860
Average 12.00 2.12 12.00 23.69 10.00 3120 860

*N t dt i d th d t f th l th d idth f th it

Comments: These tested units comply with the flexural strength and dimensional
requirements of ASTMCXXXX- XX7/10 DRAFT #5
ASTMCXXXX- XX7/01 DRAFT#5 Test Report
Sampling andTesting Precast Concrete Paving Slabs
Flexural Strength Test: Job No: 02-327-01
Report Date: 06/17/02

Client: Matt Stone Company, Inc. Testing Agency: National Concrete Masonry Assoc.
POBox 261239 Research and Development Laboratory
Tampa, FL33685 Address: 13750 Sunrise ValleyDrive
Herdon VA, 20171-4662

Unit Specification: ASTMCxxxx Draft #5 Plant: ZyphePaver H t

r Hills Plan

Name/Description of Unit: 24x24" Precast Concrete Paving Slabs.

Specified Height (mm): 50

Summary of Test Results Required Actual

Average Flexural Strength of Concrete Paving Slab 650 min 450 psi
Net Cross Sectional Area ------------------------------------- 101 min 559.8 in2
Overall Length to Thickness Ratio ------------------------ 4 min 12.2
Variation in Width Dimensions ------------------- -0.04 in. to +0.08 in. 0.020 in.
Variation fromSpecified Height Dimensions ----------- +-0.12 in. max 0.059 in.
Variation in Length Dimensions ------------------ -0.04 in. to +0.08 in. 0.050 in.

Individual Unit Test Results

Avg. Avg. Avg. Sample Span length Failing Flexural

Width (b) Height (d) Length (L) Weight between rollers Load (P) Strength (R)
(in.) (in.) (in.) (lb) (in.) (lb) (psi)
Unit #1 23.65 1.95 23.68 75.94 12 2166 430
Unit #2 23.65 1.91 23.63 77.24 12 2281 480
Unit #3 23.67 1.95 23.68 77.76 12 2245 450
Average 23.66 1.94 23.66 76.98 12.00 2230 450

*N t dt i d th d t f th l th d idth f th it

Comments: These tested units fail to comply with the flexural strength
requirements of ASTMCXXXX- XX7/10 DRAFT #5
ASTMCXXXX- XX7/01DRAFT#5Test Report
SamplingandTestingPrecast Concrete PavingSlabs
Flexural StrengthTest: JobNo: 02-327-02
Report Date: 06/17/02

Client: Matt Stone Company, Inc. TestingAgency: National Concrete MasonryAssoc.

POBox261239 ResearchandDevelopment Laboratory
Tampa, FL33685 Address: 13750Sunrise ValleyDrive
HerdonVA, 20171-4662

Unit Specification: ASTMCxxxxDraft #5 Plant: Fort PiPaver I

erce Plant

Name/Descriptionof Unit: 24x24"Precast Concrete PavingSlabs.

SpecifiedHeight (mm): 50

Summaryof Test Results Required Actual

Average Flexural Strengthof Concrete PavingSlab 650min 490 psi

2
Net Cross Sectional Area ------------------------------------- 101min 560.4 in
Overall LengthtoThickness Ratio ------------------------ 4min 12.4
VariationinWidthDimensions ------------------- -0.04in. to+0.08in. 0.015 in.
VariationfromSpecifiedHeight Dimensions ----------- +-0.12in. max 0.073 in.
VariationinLengthDimensions ------------------ -0.04in. to+0.08in. 0.010 in.

Individual Unit Test Results

Avg. Avg. Avg. Sample Spanlength Failing Flexural

Width(b) Height (d) Length(L) Weight betweenrollers Load(P) Strength(R)
(in.) (in.) (in.) (lb) (in.) (lb) (psi)
Unit #1 23.69 1.90 23.67 75.38 12 2280 480
Unit #2 23.67 1.91 23.67 75.50 12 2274 480
Unit #3 23.68 1.90 23.68 76.14 12 2439 520
Average 23.68 1.90 23.67 75.67 12.00 2330 490

*N t dt i d th d t f th l th d idth f th it

Comments: These testedunits fail tocomplywiththe flexural strength

requirements of ASTMCXXXX- XX7/10DRAFT#5