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AUTHOlt OF
Narrative of a Journey to Tashi-lhunpo, in 1879.
A Journey to Lhasa and Central Tibet in 1881 1882. —
A Dictionary (if tlie 'i'ibetan Language with Sanskrit synonyms.
Indian Pandits in the Land of Snow.
Bodhisattvavadana Kalpalata (in Bengali). ,
Editor of
YiG-KUR Nam-shag, Tibetan Tjetter Wiiter.
Ksemendra's Sanskrit Poem " The Avadana Kalpalata" with its metrical translation by
Shonton Lotiava.
Ksemhndra's Darpadalan (in Sanikrit). jfA
<€>
iarieeling:
PRINTED AT THE DARJKELING BRANCH PRESS.
1915.
"Concerning the Dalai Lama Thub-tan Gya-tsho himself, I passed a week with him
during his residence at the Wut'ai Shan ( ^'^'l^'g in the Province of Shanei), and I saw
him repeatedly during his stay in Peking. He is a man of undoubted intelligence and
ability, of quick understanding and of force of character. He is broad-minded, possibly as a
result of his varied experiences during the last few years, and of great natural dignity. He
seemed deeply impressed with the great responsibilities of his office as Supreme Pontiff of his
faith, more so, perhaps, than those resulting from his temporal duties. He is quick tempered
and impulsive, but cheerful and kindly. At all times I found him a moat thoughtful host,
an agreeable talker and extremely courteous. He speaks rapidly and smoothly, but
in a very low voice. He is short in stature and of slight build. His complexion is rather
darker than that of the Chinese, and of a ruddier brown ; his face, which is not very broad,
is pitted with small-pox, but not deeply. It lights up most pleasantly when he smiles and
shows his teeth, which are sound and white. In repose his face is impressive, and rather
haughty and forbidding. His nose is small and slightly aquiltive, his ears large, but well set on
his head. His eyes are dark brown and rather large and with considerable obliquity, and
his eye-brows heavy and rising markedly towards the temples, giving him a very heavy
narquois and wordly expression, which is further emphasized by his moustache and the
small mouche under his lip. His hands are small and well shaped ; on his left wrist he
usually carried a rosary of " Red Sandalwood " beads with silver counters. When walking,
he moves quickly, but he does not hold himself erect, a result of passing most of his life
seated' cross-legged on cushions. His usual dress is the same dark red one worn by all Lamas,
with a waist-coat of gold brocade and a square of the same material covering his Chub-lu,
(badge of the Gelug-pa Yellow-Cap Sect of Tibet), and hanging down below his waist in
front."
I received theg^'l'^sic benediction from His Holiness on June 10th, in 1882, at a religious
service held on the topmost floor of Potala (see my description of it in page 17 Appendix VI.)
2024S65
Mr. Rockhill, in his letter to me, dated American Embassy, Constantinople, the 15th
My dear friend, * * * I see that the Dalai Lama has left Darjeeling for Lhasa. I hope
he only acted on good advice and that he will not regret the step he has taken. He is rather opinionated
and I can well imagine that he was getting very restless at the prolonged exile. As my relations with
him have always been most agreeable and cordial I am very heartily his well-wisher. It may be that
under the new regimi in China he will be able to secure for his country the autonomous Government all
It will give me much pleasure to send you my photograph as soon as I can get one for you. Send me
also yours. I have not seen you since 1885. What a long time !
W. W. IIOCKHILL.
The Dalai Lama is seated on a chair. On his right-behind and left stand my friends
Lon-chen Gung-thang-pa and Lon-chen Shol-khang-pa. The former, his Lama Minister wrote,
at my request, the |«j-q^ or §"ai^§'5J^e^^c«'''^q (Appendix VII) and the latter perhaps, the
most thoughtful among his councillors, used often to see me in 1911, at my residence
to
LHASA-VILLA, DARJEELING.
SARAT CHANDRA DAS.
April, 1914..
^•2q^'g'Jia^-^3^'q'^'C^q|3^| * «ff|2;'^q'g'^ro'ZT[|5J'3'qa;f
qi^i^CSjIqi'qy^'Si^l'^q'q'JIEq I
|'5J'^^$l'^:rj§I'q|^'q^':i]i^5j
| f
• ^-q^-jsiS The Pacifio Ocean, * ^'^'^ Chinese name for the American Legation at Peking.
^•^5-H<^^'iS-^«^e||
The Ghammar of Tibet, &c.
I bow to the feet Thon-rai Sam Bhota, (the father of Tibetan literature) who
of
at the dawn(-ing) of wouderful conception of Buddhism (in the Tibetan mind) mado
tiie
the religion of Buddha bright, as the day, in the vast country of Bhota (Tibet).
I honour (the memory of) Csoma de Koros, the great Hungarian scholar, who first
interpreted in English, the many difficult points of Tibetan grammar, arranged them
and published it (grammar) in Calcutta.
BOOK I.
BOOK II.
(Page 1-8)
BOOK IIL
Dag-je Salwai Melong
BOOK IV.
Situi Shal-Lung
Page.
On the use of the g*^ (additive particles) (see the corrigenda) ... 15
Gender 19
Case 20
Pronoun ... 25
Declension of Personal Pronouns, &c. 26
Adjective ... 30
Numeral Adjectives 82
Verb 36
Conjugation 46
Participles... 49
Adverbs ... 51
CONTENTS— (70NcW.
Page.
Prepositions 54
Conjunction 56
Interjection 57
Syntax 68
Prosody ... 60
Do. II ''I^V")^
(A Tibetan Marriage)
SITU-SUMTAG ^'5^'^*J'^^^
Soiae egregious mLstafeaa have occurred in the lower half of page 15 of the Introduction.
It is hero reproduced to enable the reader see what they are. He should read this
The particle 5 is used after 5|^ q and ^'«p| i.e., when a word cloaes with the letter
The ^«^ (partick>a) ^ and ^ are used after c^ «^, <^, 51, ^^ aj final letters in a word, ^ is used
For the use of aj and ^ one, has not to look to the nature of the closing letter in a wori.
They may be used after the ten |^*'a.^='l lettera such as %^,S,^,q,5»,'^,'s,aj, «» j for example: —
The use of § after words ending in «!, fl and '^'^''^ is in conformity with the rule 5«»'55 S)s.-5jq^-'i|Yi5$^ I
The use of 5 after words ending in ^, «, *, 1 conforms to the rale Ssi S-^qj-ti^^-q j
^ is used after words ending in S simply for easy pronunciation. Its use after words ending in 1, \ "i
The use of Q after words ending im, «5 and ^^M^; — of Rafter words ending in ^, « ;—of "^ and 5 after
words ending in * as in »<'^ or w^'% ;
—of g after words ending bx " and also of ^ after words ending in \ ^,
Thk first Grammar of the Tibetan language, in English, written by Alexander Csama de
Koros was published under the patronage of the Govern iient and the auspices of the
Asiatic; Society of Bangal, in ISS-t. The scholarship which that Hungarian Traveller
displayed in it, has not, in my humble opinion, been surpassed by any subsequent student
of Tibetan. In this Introduction to the Grammar of the Tibetan Language, I have
followed his work, supplementing it here and tliere with materials drawn from
SituSum-Tag, the exhaustive comvntntary on Thon-mi Sam Bhota's iSum-chu-pa and
Tagjuy-pa.
During ray second sojourn, in Tibet, in 18S1 and 1882, I found a manuscript copy of
I got it copied for ray use. In 18')4, its importance to studerits of Tibetan Literature
was explained by me to Sir Alfred Croft, then Director of Public Instruction in Bengal. He
obtained the sanCbion of the Government of Bengal to publish it at State expense. The
publication of the work was, however, indefinitely delayed for the want of a second copy to
collate the text. It was only, in 1911, that I could secure a block-print copy of Situ-Suji-Tao
from Ekai Kawaguchi,, the well-known Japanese Tibetan Scholar and Traveller. That good
Buddhist Monk has very kindly revised the book in proof which I was unable to do
owing to weak sight and the smallness of the type used in printing it.
" Tibet being considered as the headquarters of Buddhism in the present age, these
elementary works ( Tibetan Grammar and Dictionary ) may serve as keys to unlock tbe
immense volumes, (faithful translations of the Sanskrit text) which are still to be found in
tbat country, on the manners, customs, opinions, knowledge, ignorance, superstition, hopes,
and fears of the great part of Asia, especially India, in former ages."
What he hoped his two works would do, eighty years ago, has, in the meintime, been
partly fulfilled. Following his. footsteps, in the field of Tibetan literature, I have collected
a few barley corns which, in the form of this compendious compilation, I present to the
learned public. It may help the reader in his endeavour to study the literature of Tibet.
II
Orthography being the most difficult part of the Tibetan language, access to it from
any side, is as difficult as entrance to the country itself, owing to the stupendous snowy
barriers which encompass it.
Patiently crossing these when a traveller has entered the snow-girt tableland of Tibet,
he will love to sojourn in it, because it is the most difficult, yet delightful country to travel,
on the face of the earth.
The sportsman-traveller chases on its lofty plateau the finest games — the dong
(wild-yak), the kyanfj (wild-assj, the ovispolis ^'!)5^, the ovis amnon, and ibex, &c , animals
that are unknown in any other part of the globe.
In like manner, the student who has entered the field of Tibetan literature will find in
it new matters for study.
Government Officers, who choose to pass High Proficiency and Honours Examinations in
Tibetan.
Besides these, there are given several appendices containing specimens of composition in
chaste, idiomatic Tibetan.
* ^I'll^'^wili^ill (forms of correspondence) and Pagsam Jonzang, edited by Sarat Chandra Das, were
published by the Government of Bengal in 1901 ; Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta.
t '^Tl^'^*''^='^'*''5r-| Metrical Spelling-Book and Dictionary.
+ ^'S^'i^'i'^i-'I Commentary of the Sum-chu-pa and Tag-Jug-pa by Lama Dharma Bhadra of Nul-chu in
Tsang.
HI
Author's Introduction
TO .
Situ Sum-tag.
Reverence to Cakya Simha, who is adored by all perfected Bo'/hi'sattvas including the unerring
Manju gbosa and others, and whose very memory removes all fears from the minds of all
despondent sinners.
In accordance with the prophecy of our Teacher, in the Manju Cri rafila Tuntra, there reigned at
Lha-ldan (Lhasa) in Central Tibet, a succesion of Lharnia lidjds sprung
from the Li-tsa-bya
race.* Among them, the most illustrious was Mihiiha {Naradeva), surnamed Sron-btsan egam-po the
wise and just king. Among his many eminent ministers, Thu-mi SamBhcta % was distinguished
for his literary aptitude and attainments. In obedience to the command of his Kint^, impelled by the
earnest prayers (of a former life) for acquiring i/orf//?' (spiritual enlightenmont) he proceeded to ^r^a «?efa
(India). There he studied the Arts, both of the Braliraans and the Buddhists, under Pandita Deva-vid
Simha (in Tibetan, Lha-rigpahi Senge), the Brahman Lipikara (in Tibetan Libyin i.e., Lqn-datta
and other eminent teachers.
On his return to Tibet, he resided in the castle of Maru near Lhasa where ho shaped the Tibetan,
character after the model of the Nagari. * He wrote eight grammatical works, out of which, Sum-rtaga
only is extant to tliis day. This work comprises two books namely, bum-chu-pa and Etugs-kyi hjug-pa
which treat of the orthography and orthoepy of the Tibetan language.
The Sum-chu-pa is embodied in thirty verses and forms the basis of Tibetan grammar. Hence
its name, in Sanskrit, is Vya-karona muln trimsat nama, in Tibetan : Lun gton-pa rtsa-wa Sum-chu-pa.
After reverentially bowing to Buddha, the most rare One, the author Thu-mi SamBhota begins his
work with salutation to Manju ghosa, the lord of speech.
Who Manju ghosa was the commentator explains with a quotation fiora the work Mtshan
this
yan-dag-par bijyod-pa "The master of speech is t ha Jnawa kaya (ye-9as gku) of Buddha. That jnana.
kaya is self-exi&tent. Mai5ju ghosa is, therefore, a Jndtwsatti-a (Ytrces-semg-dpah). He is rot to be understood
as being an ordinary hodnisattm who has attained to the ten stages {Dai;a Bliu-mi) of Bodhisatita
spiritual perfection.
He exists in the heart of all the lidhdgtttna i.e., represents the spiritual wisdom of iJl the Buddhas.
Thu-mi then makes salutation to Sudd^.tva, the God Mahecvara of the Bialmrris, saying that he
it was who first taught the Arte to them.
* The Lirravi people of Ti''(;a!i in Ma: .Trlha, during tbe Buddia's time.
f The kengu/i, Hevari. and Tibetan charactPi's, cloely reseiuMe one another, all three havicf; had their origin in
MitLjla and having; bc-en thip;d aftoi- the model of the form of Divanagari that was current there in the seTenth certury
A. 1'. 'ihe ;:iitiint h'ait/nli chiuacter bears a stnkiug resemblance to the Lun-tsha (or ]iunjd,oi Nep»l) or the
orDamen;al Diva j.agari which was little known in India.
J In Bcme i,;r!inim3tical wo ks he is calkd '1 lion mi Scniihota Anuhi bu ie, Tbcn-mi, the son of Anu.
The nr.mc ligniijing the gnodlhcia (or liletan) was <;iver to him by his Jiidian Ti acliers.
S-'ii.iiJhoia
Anu Tvas hi lie wa.-> tailed Arnihi bii in the manner (he chief disciple of the Buddha was called Cdripuitra
iQoti.er.
(in Tibetan L'inhi-LiuJ the sou of Carl or CdnJcd or SdradhvuU,
IV
+ + + + + + + + 5)-^ ^'l^-q-q-^^-qV^ II
Tho above poiuts to Thu-mi SamBhota's having had his education in the TJnivorsity of Mithila
gcrya-gar lho-phyog§ (India in tho southern direction from Lhasa) and that under Brahmariieal professors.
It is a remarkable coincidence thatat Ibis period the famous Chinese pilgrim-traveller Tuan-chuang should
have been studying Sanskrit in the Buddhist University of Nalanda in Magadha having travelled to India
by the northern route under the auspices of Emperor Taitsung, King Sron-btsan's father-in-law. Had
Thu-mi SamBhota bam a student of Sanskrit at Nalanda at the time, he oould hardly have escaped
So grateful was the earliest Tibetan student of Sanskrit that he did not forget to reverence
his teacher and professors in the beginning of his grammar. Ha thus commences his work: —Having
made profound salutations to those most skilful in orthography etc., and also to my Guru and hold-
ing that letters are the basis of speech, of all learning * and teachings, f and "Iso of words and ex-
pressions, I should explain the method of their construction by the combination and collocation (of letters) §.
SUM-CHU-PA.
Letters are A-li and Kd-li. A-li includes the four vowels : u, i, e and o, which are based
on B<i a. The thirty letters of the alphabet ending in ^ a are all comprised in Kd-li. These aio
arranged into seven and half groups called s:le
(
Varga), each group consisting of four letters. They
are all consonants. These are again divided into three classes: rjts-hjug, snon-hjug and miii-gshi
letters. The" ten letters % '^, S, \ '=>, ^, '^, ^, '^, ^ are rjes hjn'j; out of these ''I, S, ''.. ", "^ are called
$non-hjiig. The remaining twenty letters of the alphabet ''ip-j-ae^'5 ?qiC^«'J'3j'i^'3U4-<j'^i?i | are called
tnin-g:shi. These, in any sort of combination of two, three or four letters among themselves or with the
four vowels never form a word, though individually they often are words themselves.
L3tter3 are combined together to form words when no inter-syllabic point or stop 2<i| (•) occurs
between them. The word '=11 is a combination of the two letters, °i and "1; "^"l^ is a combination
no words in the Tibetan language can be formed; for instance, ''15, pa?, et]^, ^^a, oi^'i, l-^jsq^ &o., are no words
at all, the Tibetan tongue being not capable of pronouncing such combinations.
» Ihis includes the Fei/os of the Brahmans. i TinB oompvisea ths Buddhist giksa i-e.. the teachings of the Buddka
'^'l^'lK'q y i-gehi byorwa (4isarayo;anu. §
Tag-jug-pa.
The letters of tlie alphabet are distinguished, in consideration of the nature of their
sounds, by assigning to thcra five genders, namely : ^5 masculine, sj'^c neuter, ?J feminine,
The four vowels called ig'^'q^ /, n, e, o are considered as being feminine in their nature,
and the thirty letters of the alphabet called 15'^ are conventionally regarded as masculine
for their combination with the vowels. It may be remembered that the thirty letters have
been arranged in seven and half ^ series. The first letters of the first four series such as
T|j
^, % and ^ are classed as "^ masculine ; the four second letters of the same series such as
p, *, ^ and si are classed as ^'^s: neuter ; the four third letters of the four series such as ^^ E^ '^
and ^ are classed as ^ feminine ; and the last four letters of the same four series such as ^,^,^
and ^ aie classed as -^^i'^^'Si very feminine. Out of the fourteen letters of the remaining three
and half series ^ being akin to 5 is taken asl^-i being like * is classed as sj'^c and ^ being
like E is taken as ?J feminine. The letter '^ being similar in sound to R is also classed with it
as ?I feminine. The six letters ^^3^0,^'^^ J=] and ^ are classed as feminine. Otthe remaining
four letters ^ QJ ^ are regarded as 5j'^-«]5} sub-feminine and i?? is said to p )SSoss no gender,
'J'his distinction ia gender ia said to have aiisen owing to the percsptible difference in
the tone or accent of the letters such as hard, soft or low, &o., which is due to the place of
their origin. Those that are sounded hard or stro igly i.e. with some es.ertion f ^^'?^'^^'®'£l) are
classed as 5 masculine, those that are sounded moderately (^^''^) are classed as sj'^c ueu'er.
Letters that are soun led low or with some ease (|z'3s^'^c'q'a,5j''^!;i are classed as ?J feminine.
Tnose possessing still lower or softer souid are classeJ as -^^j'^'^ very feminine. The very
sof.Jy sounded letters (^ai'j'f^ai'q''^Y^c'i^3i) are classed as SI'^-«^*J sub-feminine or barren.
Among the sl-'^'^ letters Tj'S'^'-^J'^ are ^5 n^asculine ; f\'^'^'^'i a'-e sj'lf- neuter letters •
'^'Z'-^'q't''y'f^'3''2,'wi'-^''5j are ?5 feminine; n'ij'oj'sj are -^Isj'^'l^ very feminine; ^''^"^ are Sj'=l|J^5<
sub-finiinine or barren.
VI
g3i'q,=
£i|'q]'j5!j]?j'|'q^«f]'q
I
Gender in the five g3j''a>^^ mxTERa.
There is also conventional distinction, in gender, among the five g3i'Q,=|ti| 'prefixes
1J, \ Q, 5j and Q,. The letter q (which as a Stc'q]^ letter is % feminine} should be regarded
as j5 masculine when used as a prefix. The letters ^ and ^ (which as Slc':j|^ letters were
classed as S^ feminine) should be regarded as xj'^c neuter when used as jore/^ares. The letter
o, is ?I feminine and 5) is •^^j'^'Xj very feminine. This distinction of sex in the five gsj'o.^'l)
^prefix letters is not due to the high, strong or low tone or accentuation in the letters them-
selves but simply for the purpose of I heir combination with the Sc'ji|^ letters for forming
The following rules are observed in attaching the five prefix letters to the thirty-
letters of the alphabet which being the basis of all words are called Scq]^ basics.
(1) ?J'^'J^'t;|C;'?J'ai'q=q] [
% masculine (letters' should be attached to ^and ?I (mascu-
line and feminine) letters.
are classed as ^ masculine among the seven and half series of the thirty ^^'^ letters for
1] as Si'^c is prefixed to ^^ ^ ^, ^, 3, '^^ -f], ^ when they are '^^"'^.^Ql used singly
i^^:ti^-q§a)j which are ^ among the slcq]^ letters, such as '^'^\ ^^^ ] "sl^J, ^"i^^, 'SS^ 1
«^ is prefixed to ^ aud q (when ^r:^ or q^=^5<-^^aj) * which are ^ among the Sr^V^tters,
prefixed to c and 5( ^whcn jcq) which are 35 among the Dc'^^^ letters, for example :
^ is
q
The letter q as a Prefix.
based on % -5, ^, ^ which are regarded as ^ among the thirty Dcq]^ letters ; q is also prefixed
the Hc'qi^ letters, q may be used before 1] and ^ when they are simply joined with any
of the vowels, t superscribed or subjoined, or both superscribed and subjoined J for example:
qT]c^^ ^^^ I
q'^, q^^, q^QJ, q^| § q|, qi]^, q^^, I ^^^ q|3i, ^%\ n|c^N, ^l^, qp^ 1
q is prefixed to c, E.. i}, sj, ^ when they are only q|''Jl^''5,^Qj superscribed, for example :
3\
The letter $J as -^as'^'?! very feminine among the five g5j'Q,^£i] letters is prefixed to
Pj *, ^> ^ which are 5)'^c^ neuter and to % E, ^, ^ which are classed as ^ feminine
Among the Jlc'q]^ letters, for example : sjpiR, 5J<S3), sj^c, sjlsj |
xjg, 5j|'>|, xj^q|, sj^s
VIII
The letter '=> as ?J feminine among the g3j''5,|,!il letters is prefixed to 2J]^ E, 1;^, q^ ^ (when
;gc 'q) which are classed as ?I among the slc'qj^ letters, for example : '3,^'^, '\€m^ 'i.^^^ '^^ai o.'^sj^j
Q, is prefixed to f^,
*, ^^ ^^ ^ (when ^c'Ai; being classed as sj'^c neuter among the
«, is prefixed to p, ^, z<t, q when they are ^'^=t]^''2,^q subjoined, for example : '^^s^
Hints on the use of certain Diaceitical Marks or Stops called -^^^ ,Cad)
The full-stop (.) is represented by two vertical lines (||) called |«J'-»=j^ or double-stops.
In prose-writings the double vertical line-mark |^'-*j'^ is generally used at the end of a
sentence or passage.
* J=.'i or 5^'^S^ a letter in its simple form or when it is joined with any of the four vowel signs,
(representing i, u, e and 0) is called 5=.''^^i rKyanhphul or =iX,''l*)'«5il
§ q|-q]5^ciX,«ii5j55'2j a letter when it is both superscribed and subjoined, such as | (here the letter "I has
^^ on its head and *- at its foot.)
iV.C — When a letter in its simple or compound form is joined with any of the four vowel-signs called
^5 ( ).
'^='*''3
( ^ ), '^a=^'9 ( ),
^'5 (
^) representing i, u, e and 0, it is called 31'|S -^^ I for example:
The single line-mark ^^'-'^'^ alao called ^^'-^'^ is used at the end of an expression or
prose line which has not concluded but is continuing.
each lino (-fjCq or foot) in a verse. It is, however, usual to divide the '^^'^'^ into two
separate ones, putting one immediately at the end of the first foot and the other at the
beginning of the succeeding foot.
The ^''I'-^l'S
is also used at the end of au address or vocative expression, either in prose
or poetry.
necessary to put a ^^Tj inter-syllabic point (') to the left of the -^^ in a line with its top.
The use of the inter-syllabic point (') before i?, i^ and a.5) is optional for the purpose of
(5j5^'q^3j) in Mongolia (during the hierarchy of the fourth Talahi Lama ^'ai^'^'sj'^si'^^'s'sj^)
illustrate the use of the -*]'!( and a^^'^'^'aS^ (stops and inter-syllabic point.)
|^^21'|ai'^=)^'=^c'|3;'qi^'5
II
X
It is necessary to give here some hints on the method of writing dates, which is
peculiar to Tibet, as without a knowledge of it, the reader will find some difficulty in
reading Tibetan correspondence and historical works.
There are two methods of reckoning time in Tibet, namely, the cycle of twelve years,
called ^'Q,p5K'ci§''^^^ Lo-khor c/;Mm and the cycle of sixty years called ^'^f^'v^'^l'^ Lo-khor
dug-chu ; the former is generally used in estimating the age of kiclividuals, the latter in
calculating the dates of all important events.
The years of the cycle . of twelve years, are named after the names of the following
animals: |,'q mouse, gjc ox, ^^ tiger, ^^, hare, Q>g«ii dragon, |oi serpent, ft horse, ^^ sheep,
I ape, g, bird, g dog and Ji)^ hog. They are counted in the following order :
1,
|,'i^ (byi-lo ... chee-b) the mouse-year.
These Tibetan names correspond to the Chinese names of the twelve animals and are said
to have been first introduced in Tibet by Queen Wenohang, daughter of Emperor T'aitsung,
who was married to King Mihi Lha surnamed Srong-tsan Gampo, in about 635 A. D. About
a century later, the system of astrology then prevalent in China, which contained a
cycle of sixty years, was introduced in Tibet. At a later period, in about 1026 A. D., with
the introduction of Kdla Chakra Tantras, the Indian Cycle of sixty years called the Vrihaspati
Chakra was brought to Tibet from S'ridhanya Kataka ^^'^^aJ'^3j'qg5^'^c5^ Sanchi Topes ?),
This cycle had a distinct name for each year of the series, but the Chinese cycle was
made up by combining the names of the five elements, * namely : wood -^c, fire 5)^ earth
«4^ iron %^^^ water § with those of the cycle of twelve years. These are made ten by
affixing the signs of masculine and feminine genders i.e., ^ aud ?I to the elements.
The names of the years of the Indian Cycle of 60 years, in Tibetan, are as follows:
11. %'| ((jin-khyi) wood dog. 12. %'2iq| (9in phag) wood-hog.
21.
XIII
In tlie abovo serial enumeration of tlie namas of the years of the Vrihaspaii Chalcra
(Indian cycle), it will appear, that the name of each aniaial of the smaller cycle coupled
with the names of the elements, occurs five times, for instance : ^ mouse appears in the first
year with ^f tuood, 13th year with ^firo, 23th year with ^ carlh, 07th year with f^^ iron
anJ in the 49th year with § tvaler. Thus the twelve animals being joined with the fivo
1. ^'%'% wood ?K. mouse. 21. .?j"'^'| wood m, ape. 41. •?]-'i^'^g^ wood m. dragon
2. -^jc'^i'gjz wood /. ox. 22. .^c'?I'5 wood/, bird. 42. jPj:;'?l'gQl wood/, serpent.
3. Jl'^'f^ fire m. tiger. 2.3. &1'^'^ fire m. dog. 43. 5)'^'5 fire m. liorse.
4. ^'Si'S];s fire/, hare. 24, ^%'^-^ fire/, hog. 44. &l'?l'g^ fire/, sheep.
5. ^'^'^5^ earth m. dragon. 25. 5i'q'§ earth m. mouse. 45. «1'^'| earth m. ape.
6. 5<'?l'|°j earlh f. serpent. 26. 5<'Ji'3]z earth/, ox. 46. ^'%'^ earth/, bird.
8. ei:i]5)'?i'gq] iron/, sheep. 28. f='l^'?l'3i51 iron /. hare. 48. 3:il51'?J'£l^ iron/ hog.
9- §'^'1 water m. ape. 29. f 25''3.5^ water .-yi. dragon. 49. §'^'^ water m. mouse.
10. ^'"^'^ watei'/. bird. 30. ^'^'p water/, serpent. 00. §'?J'§I-' water/, ox.
•S3
11. -^jc^'l wood m. dog. 31. %'25'5 wood H2. hor.se. 51. ^F'^'l"^ wood m. tiger.
12. -^j^r'^'i^^ wood/, hog. 32. %'i^'g^ wood/, sheep. 52. .?jC'?i'S|;s wood/, hare.
13. Sl'^'l, fire m. mouse. 33. 5)'^'| fire m. ape. 53. s^'q'Q.gqj fire m. dragon.
U. 5)'^'g]= fire/, ox. 34. ^%'^ fire/, bird. 54. 5l'?l'|Qj fire/, serpent.
15. ^I'^^'f^ earth ?«. tiger. 35. «f'^'|l earth m. dog. 55. ^%'^ earth m. horse.
16. 5i'Sj'S]§j earth/, hare, 36. ^''Si'z^ earth/, hog. 56. ^'?J'g^ earth/, sheep.
17. f ^^'^''^^'l iron m. dragon. 37. f^<^'q| iron m. mouse 57. a^^'^'l iron m. ape.
18. gi^^l'^i'gQI iron/, serpent. 38. |i^^'?J'§I- iron/ ox. 58. 3:r]5<li-3 iron/, bird.
19. §'^'5 w^ter m. horse. 39. ^%'^^ water m. tiger. 59. §'^'9 water m. dog.
20. ^'?i'^^ water/, fcheep. 40. §'?l'S}5j water/ hare. 60, ^'?J'q^ water /. hog.
XIV
In the above list of the years of the Chinese cycle the introduction of 25 male and
% Jemale in six of the five elements such as -^cj^^ ^z'?! ; 5l-"4 5l'?J j
^'\ ^'Uj I'l]?^'"^ f ^5J'?I ;
^•2^ ^'^J differentiates it from the Indian cycle as Tibetauized. In this, the ten elements
(5 males and 5 females) coupled with the twelve animals of the smaller cycle, occur six
times; thus making up the number 60 of the cycle.
The Tibetans, in calculating dates, use either the Indian or the Chinese cycle ; when
using the Indian cycle they some times mention the individual name of the year, (in
In page 1, Appendix I, the date of the document is mentioned in the last line which
runs thus : i^5)'£|^'«)'^'f ^!l]'|'S«)'!;i^'q^ letter dated on an auspicious day of the month in the
yeox water-tiger. The Karma-pa Hierarch Lama Theg-pai Dorje ^^Tj'^^'lj'l who issued the ^^•'Riaj
the 36th year of that cycle. It may be computed thus: 24 years of the 12th cycle +60
years of the 13th cycle +60 years of the 14th cycle+48 years of the 15th cycle=192.
Deducting 192 from 1914, the present year, the year 1722 A.D. is obtained (see Appendix V).
In pao-e 2, Appendix II, the date of the document occurs in the follovving passage
5'qra^^'^ci'g,c*qlf'g'^^'3ir%^'3?2i]5j'i^5J'q^'§'25'5^''^ I
Then again, (to wit) here (at Lhasa) in the
present cycle, f ^'^'^ is the (.'hinese name of its 16th year which corresponds with the
taken out of 60, there remains 22. Add 60 of the Uth cycle and 48 of the
When 28 is
is obtained. __^
marriage of the present Maharaja of Sikkim, at Lhasa,
,^^—"^3 with Princess
the ocoasion of the
Lhading named Lha-chnm Tece D dma
^••^5^-|^'*'-
^ , . ^
written below | mouth and 2« date in the manner it is
t The numbers of the mouth and diy are
=)
done here.
XV
In page 11, Appendix VT, f^'I'q'^il-^si'^^'^&^'Ql en fan auspicious) day in the 3rd month,
of the year water -hor&e The Diary commenced in the month of April (the 3rd month of the
It will appear from Appendix V, where the Sanskrit names of the years of the Indian
cycle are given that the first year is called Prahhava, in Tibetan, ^q'|c ^ pronounced
Rab-joong). 'J'his was the year, according to the Buddhists of Tibet, when the Buddha
was bt>rn at Kapilavastu. From this name the Indian cycle is designated Rabjoong, in
Tibet. The present year 1914 called Ananda, in Sanskrit and ^^'^'^ [tvood-Hger) in Tibetan,
is the 48th year of the loth cycle ^q'^cq^'g, reckoning the beginning of the first cycle
from the year 1026 A.D., when it was introduced in Tibet by one Chilu-Pandita. The 15th
cycle. will terminate in the year 1926 and the sixteenth cycle ^^'|i^''^§'^''l will commence in
The Tibetans divide the year into lunar months calling them |'C)''^c'2f first month,
I'q'JIll^i'::^ second mouth, ... |'q'q§':r||5J'q twelfth month. |'q (zla-va) pronounced Dd-wa
signifies the moon, hence month. |'q'=^c'2j {^Dd-wa dangpo) the firdt month of the Tibetan
In page 193, of his Grammar, Alexander Csoma has the following passage:
" The Kdla chakra doctrine of Adi Buddha was delivered by S'akya, in his 80th
year, at S'ridhanya Kataka upon the request of Chandra Bhadra, a king of S'ambhala who
in his 99th year visited S'akya there. Upon his return home, he compiled the Mula Tantra,
in accordance with what he had heard from S'akya, and two years afterwards he died.
This work is the source of all the subsequent voluminous compilations, increased modifica-
tions and interpolations. In the Mula Tantra, S'akya foretells to Chandra Bhadra 25 kings,
who will reign at S'ambhala, each for 100 years. The six first of them are called Dharma
Rajds and the others are styled EuUka. He foretells also that after 600 years from that
date Kulika Kirti (Ya9okIrti or the Ephiphanes of the Greeks ?) will succeed to the throne of
S'ambhala, and that 800 years afterwards the Mleccha or Muhamadan religion will rise at
Makha (Mecca)."
XVI
He conjectured that S'ambhala must have been the capital of a kingdom ihat flourished
in the early centuries of Christ and that S'ridhdnya Kataica was the Cuttak of modern Orissa.
The last of tlic kings of S'ambhala is, however, njt mentioned in the 3Ju!a Tantra. It is
stated that a king named Samudra Vijaya arrived at S'ambhala in 618 A.D., and shortly
commenced. It is also stated that in 622 A.D., at Makha (Mecca) the Muhamadan religion
was established. From what can be gathered from Tibetan histories and works on Kdla
Chakrait may be conjectured that this S'ambhala, very probably, was the capital of the Bactrian
Emjiire of the Eastern Greeks who had embraced Buddhism. It is also conjectured that
the modern city of Balkh must have been the site of their latest capital. The name of King
Menander {in Sans. Minendra) whq erected a very lofty chaiti/a has been mentioned by
the Kashmirian poet Ksomendra, in^ha Avaddna Kalpalatd, a work that was finished iu about
1035 A.D.
King's arrival at S'ambhala in 622 A.D., has soma coincidence with Yczifjird, the Persian
King's taking refuge in tlie same country; for it is affirmed, that this prince, upon the fall of
Seleucia, and the conquest ot Persia by tho Arabs, in G86, retired to Tjans-Oxiana or
FeiKhana".
'ts*
possible to arrive at it, without a knowledge of the Indian method of expressing numerals in
eymbollcal names or terms. These are called 5j:5i'q5, (numerical signs}, for instance: the word
(s^f;'2.. Sans. Ounya voidity or sky is expressed by a zero (0). o]^ (Sans, hara), the hand is a
symbol for 2; so are {Netra or chaUu) 63-03, Palest (the white and the dark lunations in the
month), because there are two hands in man ; two eyes in all animals, two wings in birds
and two lunations, white and dark, in a month. In the same manner, the ^"5J or numeral,
Cone) is symbolically expressed by the terms Qirlra, (in Tibetan ^|=i]51) body, chandra f^'^)
tho moon, Oanddra q?l'^the rhinoceros, becauso all animals possess only one hoslt/, there is
only one moon, and the rhinoceros has only one horn.
xvn
ing to Plinda conoop'ion, are three in number, Gum \^5^'J^5^) qualities or attributes wbich are
three in humanity : Saiva, R ija, Tama, and also Ajni ( ^ ) fire wliich according to Hindu
mythology are also three in Ivind.
Tho ^"^'^s, numeral sign for 'Ji (four) are Samwha ^g'^)*) oc?an; Pada '^^) foot ; Veda
(^^'!l^) Hindu scriptures; because beasts are quadrupeds i.e., possessing four feet; there
are four great or;eans, accordhig to Hindu cosmogony, on the surface of the globe. These
four illustrations will enable the reader to understand what is signified by the expression
In tlic use of the 5jz5)'q5^ numeral-signs, it is usual to count or write the figures
indicited hy the symbolical terms from right to left. ^ (fire) expresses 3, ^J\'^ (s'ky)
o, and 3j'^^ oceans, 4. If the order is reversed in the three 3, 0, 4 by patting tliem as 403
Tlie period expressed by 403 years, according to tho Kdla chukra MA'.a T/ctitra
eoramenc-d at the rise of the Muhamjdan religion at Mecci z'.e., in 632 A. D. If 403
be added to G32, the first year of the Ilcjira, the year 1025 A.D., is obtained. With
the year c illcd Pra^jhaua in which S'akya is believed to have been born, the date of
introduction i/f the Tibetan Rihjoong GyoXo begins. Tibetan historians aflirm that Kdla cha/cra
Tantras and the Vrih ispati cycle were brought from Kashmir by an Indian Buddhist named
^''^'^jB'^'^ Tsi-lu Pdndita. At this time the Maiiayaua Buddhism greatly flourished in that
country. Tho Avadana Kalpalata gives abundant testimony on that point. A list of ^J-^J'qf
terms taken from Alex. Csoma's Grammar, is here attached. They may help the reader ia
his studies of Tibetan works on Astronomy, Astrology and Chronology.
The number 5 (five) is expressed by the following terms :
o,|z (q) Bkulam tho c'ements which, iu Sanskrit, are five in number: earth, air
The number 6 (six) is indicated by sii^^ [Dik) the four cardinal p infs: north, east,
^ {^Parvata) great mountains which are eight in number in the Hindu S'dstras
^oj'^f Ruhasa the cannibal goblins who are nine according to Hindu mythology.
The number 10 (ten) is expressed by only one word :
gq]^ (Z?«Va) quartets or points, which are ten: The four cardinal points, the
four corners and the two, zenith and nadir, make the daga-diga the ten
quarters.
The number 11 (eleven) is expressed by the names, '5.^=i]'|,'=^ {Eari), the destroyer ; ^^
{Rudra^, ^^''^%^ (Sambhu), ^^^'%^ {Ifvara) the all powerful One. The last name, in Lamaism,
is identified with that of '^^^'^=i''^^^'§^ or
Lokepara who is represented as possessing eleven
faces q§'qi?^'(^2j |
\^ {Surya) the sun, his chariot, according to Hindu mythology, being di*awn by
twelve horses.
05) [Griha) the Zodiacal signs or mansions which are twelve in number.
XIX
In Tibetan writings the intersjllttblc point () X^iq^'^ii is continuously used between every two
syllables, as also, between every two wor'is in an expression or sentence. Take for instance, the first
eenteuce in Appendix I : %^M ^^^ji^qi^gs)^- juq-rjjilc^^Ji-^N'qi.t^qE.-qg^-^c^-l
APPENDIX I. e'^N'R^aj *
SJam-gliU Yais'pahi khyon spyi-dafi [the general public of Daamling (Jambu dvipa).]
bye-brog sbas-yul JShnis-iiw Ijon-kyi [particularly, of the hidden land of Deinojuii (bikkim).]
Dge-hdun mi-dwan sa-skyoii bkah-blon MiA biu-dpon sogs [the clergy, King-liuler, minister, captains,
sergeants etc ]
Ser-skya mthah-dag gsan-ciii n-'s-gyur [priests and lay class, great and low, all hearing be sure.]
S.i-skyoii Mi-dwan Clws-rgy d Sras hdi bahin [whereas this son of the King-Iiuler Dhaniiaraja.'\
j^,lo-khams Kun-rnkhydi Silu Rinpo-cluhi dwon Kirma Rin-chcn neB don bslan hdiin-giji sprul-pnhi skiir
[nephew of Knn-khyen Situ Kin-po-che of Do-kham (Lower Kham Province) Karma liinchen ne-don
Tan-zin's inparnation.J
Edt-ga blag-nas fios hd4ii Khri-hdon mnah-g^ol bgyid cin [here from me having received indentification
consecration and enthronement.]
Misfian Knrma Sgruh-brgyud bstan-hdiin dir-rgyas Ihun-grub neS'doii dwari-po [name Karim Dub-gyu
tanzin dargye Ihun-dub ne-don Wang-po.]
Shi's gtol-shiti dge-tshid sloii-gi diios-po yan-dag-par sgrub cin[50 named having suooassfuUy passed through
the orders of Ge-tshul and Ge-lon.]
Gaan-smgs g.<ar-rnin-gi divaA rjes-gnail du~ma daH [having received initiation in many secrets of the new
and the older mysticism.]
Zab-khiid'bkah-iun sogs-kyi smin-par bgyis-nas [being turned an adept in the deeper mysteries, precepts, &c.
Ran-litgs-kyi dgon-S'le Kurina Rub-brtan ffliii [of his own sect the monasteries and religious institutions
(called) Kcrma Rabtanling.]
K'irifia Bkra-gis chos-hkhor-gliU, Karni,a hchi-mcd Yans-d'oen, Knrmt Sjrub brgyud b^tan-dar g.lin
iogS'kyi \_Karinti Tashichoi khor-liug, Kurmi Chi-me yaug wen, Kirma dub-gyu taudar ling of &o.]
Spyi-klujiib chos-rje-vo dam-par [as Lord spiritual and Director-General], dwan-gbkur-wa yin-pas [has
been consecrated.]
—
Bla-nn nl^-nas hchad rtsod brlsam §!?!«»/» [the Lama himself (will do) the three expounding, disiussing
and composing (religious matters).] t/ws bsam sg m
g.mm-gyi sgo-nas [from the three points hearing, think-
:
ing and meditation of (spiritual things). ] ris-n'i ma-chad- pahi [without iuchning to parti ilityj rijijai-icahi
bsian-pa m'liah-dig [the entire religion of Buddh.i] dar-rgy is-sti spel-w-ihi fJi-tbs Ukul gin zab dm [.idopting
what are best means and methods for its propagation and expansion] iye-i'^n/c/ Karma Bk ih b'-gynd-kyi
bitaii-pa [especially the doctrine of the Karnvi Kahgyu Si)hool] yir-zla liar spci-ivaht m/srud-hp/iriii [lika the
growing crescent of the moon service to religion] thugs-b^kyed slmm-pa-mcd-pa dan [will with thoightfullness
fearlessly exert himself].
Dye hdiin-gyi sle-ruams nas kyafl [the class of clergy also] Bla-mnci gsufi dvan^ len [should receive in
good spirit what the Lama says,] bsgrii/s khrtms bsran [keep discipline] sd'tms-tsknl bihin b/yid-pa dan [and
behave observing the vows and morals] dad-ldaii yon-gyi bdig-po rnams-kyis: kyan [the faithful dispensers of
gifts {Dauapatt) also] gu^-hdad bsnen-bkur dD:inS-kn bjyd dgos bcas [should with reverence make homage and
implicit obedience (to him.) ] t/iugs firs hl&hal [be sure (bear in miud as sure.)]
S/u'S-pahiyi-gccku-s/ag-giz!a ts/ies dge-imr [on an auspicious date (iu the year (tcater-tig'^r) letter so written]
Hog-mill mt^/iur-phuhi C/ios grva C/fii-po nas Spi-/ [is proclaimed from the great monastery of Hog-min Tshur phu.
* Tills S^".^^ nos-hdein ^letter of identification) of the Spirit of a deceased Lama oL' Lower Kiiam with
the soul of a Sikkim Maharaja's son was issued by Lama Theg-pahi Dorje the 14th in succession to the
Karma-pa hierarchy, iu 1722 A.D.
XX
APPENDIX II.
JT]'^'")^] Ciicn-yifj.
TJin-s'h'ns [lit. the eminence where gcds dwell; nnmo of (he residential house of Lhading Eku-»hab
(g'^^*i c-ollcquiaily Ewi/w) at Lhasa.]
Lhn.lcam mchorj-ma Fcfrs sgrol-mala [Her Highness queen Yeie-doiraa.]
Glial s/iu/ii nku/js-ki/i Gncn-yi'g [maniage-lettar of the (auspicious) occasion of bringing her.]
Edra giis-hlc'irui-mce [mistake-less copy.]
A correct copy of the mariiage-letter executed on the occasion of giving away Her IIighn?s3 queen
Yese-doima in marriage.
Hail (lie Precious One !
Bzin-pohi fhil-pa kdi It (fa'D-chos-h-i/is. dbj/ar-ski/cs rnn-xnH sfon-dit h'jifiii-pa-/as. In this age of
bleEsoilnc'83 by 11 ily religion from tlie production oE sum'ner dmm-so ind (thuudar noise) in v.)il spaoa Isky).
Sii'!/ d'ls hgro-wah' g.'iod-gi/ur b'iiid-rl-,ihi char hbrhs mkfias Cxkyihi rj/al-pog dje ti'g^ sfy/icl.
King of Love who has brought the three worlds under hia power 0, Kuru hulle (Venus) the great
mother * of all the Euddhas !
Ma-pham hdod-dguhi f char hsnll nor-shyin Lha, Lhahi Iha-mchog-rnnm^-hyi ring-fu ikynns.
The unsubduable wealth-giving god that draws down rains of (rlslies) ye tho chief gods aniDng god",
protect (us) at all times !
Bi'an hgrohi mgon mhad dam-can tshogs spyi dm, h'lhnd-par ran rigi brj'/nd hgo-vohi lha-.
Andthe hosts of Dtin-caii, in gjneral, that support religion and living beings, aud the priuo'pal god»
of individual families, in particular.
Yul gs'(/s gnas-ski/oiiS: srun-mahi fi-liogR hcn^-hyi?. diiR-lun mi-gyel sriii ^Injol^ g.rlon-grog^mdfcd, {y% vi\\)
together with tho hosts of guardian demi-goiis who prelect the country, estates and holy place.-, at all times
do guard, protect, and befriend (us) with unflagging zeal !
Mdxam glin lle-wahi Bod yul chos-ldan shin, hdahs hhrel Iho phyogi Mhrss-mo sm'in-pahi Ij^Hs, the naral
(cantre) of Dsam-ling
Tibet, tho Province of Buddhism, is contermirious on the south, with Demo-jong, the land where rio*
ripens.
Bde sliyid g.>jnn-du chag?,-pahi mdun-sa na sa-spyod che bfsnn sde-ris mf!on-hp':ags-pa.
lu this frontier land of bounty and prosperity the king is great and strong being of sublime extmction.
Than tsh'in zib-^es g.nen-du hhrel-irahi mind nam ynn Ihod-pa med-pahi phyig rji/n-yi^t with mutual
good understanding, the marriage-tie will be kept ever unloosened by the Mudra (seal of solemnity).
Btah-pahi hris-yig bkra-^h re-ica-can srid-^siim kun-dgahi dpijid-gyur hdi nn9. pel.
It being fixed on this written letter it is hoped these (presents) (may) augment the spring (season of
prosperity) that is the joy of the three worlds.
S/fs ^is-par brjod-pa dm iie^-par brtan-pfihi tshig-gi hphrrn-wa rna-hl sgra dvyans-kyi dge-icns snow bsus-tt
welcoming with the auspicious drum-smnd in tho (above) string of benedictory and re-assuring words.
mystic sense she {Kuru kuHe) is the feniile energy or i8 r/.-^j of all the Buddhis in the Red-Oap
* In
School. is same with the goddess
Sue 1 aid in the Yellow-Cap School.
t Dciiio-jong formerly comprised the eastern valley of the Kosi, the entire valleys of the Te^fta and
the Mu-o'nu rivers. It was so called being the rice-growiag land, on this side of tho Himalayas. Qbras is
rice, !]' r.s. cultivation, field.
t Piiycg rgija (Sans. Mitdrd) ihb configuration on the thumb (^'^ thero) i.e., the thumb-in^ pr s-fion.
It has been always the practice iu Tibet, to put thumb- impressions on all important documeuls. The fiiinj
of the seal i^% or S'*i'n) was introduced in later times.
XXI
The following conventional system has been adopted for representing Tibetan and
Sanskrit letters (the equivalents of which do not exist in English) either in Roman or in
Italics
g will always represent the sound of g in the words go, give, get, but not that of g in
\i represents the sound of k in hour, honest, honour and the letter '^.
<> represents the Nagari letter isr or its Tibetan equivalent f>.
V and w represent the Ndgari letter ^ or its Tibetan equivalent ^ot 'V.
'^
XXII
In the Tibetan language, both written and colloquial, there are two methods of expres-
sion. The first is called ^'5<^'^^ and the second s^^j'^s^ the common or vulgar language.
Three words, namely, g signifying the person or body, g,^ hand and Bfm foot are generally
used before nouns and verbs to add a degree of politeness or respectability to them. When
so used, these words lose their literal signification and acquire a quite different sense. Of the
three words, g, ^|^^, ^''1 all signifying the bod^, the first i.e. | is honorific. The second
and third i.e. '^'^'^^ and ^^ can be made honorific by prefixing to them the word g, thus :
One, when speaking of one's own self, should not use an honorific word like ^ or g'^riisri?!
or 1'^^ I
Of the two words g^ and ^l^ signifying the hand, g^ is hcnoriUc. 55|'2J ^'|^'2j':i|S)^'i!fi^ |
there is gold in the King's hand, c^'QJ:I]'aJ'q]?^IL5l'^| there is no gold in my hand. |'i^q^'Qj'|!ii'
^c^Qj'D'^^sfl I
your honour has no silver (money.) c'aj'5|Caj'tfj^ I have money. The word ^st]
g'si'g^'Sq I
Lama come. s^ffai'sj^^'Qi'^zij'Q^lQj'i^ ]
Reverence be to the Eon-chog (Supreme
One.)
Of the two words (^^51 and ^c signifying the foot ^^^ is honorific. g5i'2J^'(^q5j'Q('^5j'aj^
there are shoes on the King's feet, c^'^cq'oj'^sj'jl'aj there are no shoes in my
feet.
The words ^^^ signifying foot and ^c, near are equivalents of Mr. or Esquire, in
English. With the honorific term | prefixed to them they, i.e. |'i^q^ and |'^c
signify your honour or your worship, ^'/^q^ is pronounced as Kiisho, in conver-
sation, '^^q^j'^c literally near the feet) is a title of dignity in Tibet. With
Rinpo-che attached to it, it froms the exalted title, assumed by the grand
?i*< mother, «
^'i son, S
g*j'iN daughter, S'Sl
Certain common terms are made polite by prefixing to them honorifics like g, &o. These may be
illustrated as follows ;
Honorific terms. Common terms. Meanings. Honorific terms. Common terms. Meaning.
^'^'^
XXV.
CONTENTS. Paffe.
to^
The Vowels.
The four vowels /, u, e and o ... ... .., ... ... 1-2
Compounds with the four consonants, "i, ^, "(, and 'a ... ... ... 4
The seven Ya-btags letters ... ... ... ... ... 4
The thirteen Ea-btags letters ... ... ... ... ... 4
The six La-btags letters ... ... ... ... ... 4
The sixteen Wa-sur ... ... ... ... ... 4.5
Pronounciation.
1. The simple letters i)E.-£ii^uiE,-3i-5)qli ,_^ .,. __^ n
2. Subjoined letters aV'^^'l*'! ... ... ... ... ... 12
3. Superscribed letters ^^'i^! ... ... ... ... 12
35flj (•) Inter-syllable stop ... ... ... ... ... ... 13
"^"I'^S Additive or deflective particle ... ... ' ... ... ... 13
Pag^e.
Pronoun.
The Personal Pronouns ... ... ... ... ... ... 25
Demonstrative Pronouns ... ... ... ... ... ... 26
Relative Pronouns ... ... ... ... ... ... 26
Interrogative Pronouns ... ... ... ... ... ... 26
Reciprocal Pronouns ... ... ... ... .„ ... 26
Mood.
The changes that occur in such verbal roots in the formation of the several tenses and
moods are illustrated in ten groups of examples No. I to X ... ... 38-42
The use of "l.S,'',*',^, (in the formation of the several tenses and moods) when they are
prefixed to verbal root as in 1)^, S=J1, "^S, "^ ^nd '^'^1 ... ... ... 42-43
Examples of neuter verbs from which active forms may be derived ... ... 43-45
Conjugation.
Conjugation of the verb <o ie ^^'1^ or its participial form ^^" ia«rt(/ ... ... 46
The verb <o Aooe '5'S'i^ or its participial form ^"S" A(J2'««^ ... ... ... 46
The verb ^0 6?o IS"^ or its participial form IS" (tos'n? ... ... ••• 47
Imparative "^
Hortative j
Participial form J
The verb -^i^^'w <o *wo2c or ^)« knowing ... ... ... ... 47
The verb "^^'fl^ to go or '^1" going ... ' ... ... ... 47
The verb »<?'='«)'^ <o see or **?=" seeing ... ... ... ••• 48
XXVII.
Page.
The verb'^g^''^^ to become or <^%K'^ becoming ... ... ... ... 48
Participial Expressions ... ... ... ... ... ... 49
Participal ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 49
On the use of ^"1, "^1, ^"l, with verbs in the Ituperative MooJ and Coajuuotive Present 49
On the use of \ f, ^, \ 9, S, \ X, \ 15, and ? ... ... ... 60
On the use of 5, %, \ in verbs ... ... ... ... ... 50
On the use of q*', ^»<, S^, ^\ 'i^, '»i*, <<»*, ^^, «!»<, ^^ and 5*'. ... ... 50
On the use of °^^, ^^, ^=., with verbs ... ... ... ... ... 51
On the use of "'' and "»', with verbs ... ... ... ... ... 51
Adverbs.
Prepositions.
Conjunction.
Disjunctive conjunctions 57
Interjection 57
Syntax 58
Prosody 60
fp.
INTRODUCTION
TO THE
GEAMMAR
3; 01 ^ ?}
I
^ (?j
I*
ra la fn sn. ha a.
§^ ^ ^ ^ \f
i u e 0.
These thirtyfour letters are divided into consonants ^^'I'l'S thirty in number, and
vowels '^^ which according to some Tibetan grammarians are only four.
The thirtieth letter ^ which is inherent in all the twentynine consonants and forms
the basis ^'=^'|*^ + of the four vowels ^,'11,^,^, is not considered as a distinct vowel
which could be joined with the twentynine consonants for forming a syllable or word because
it already exists in them. Without ^, it is said, the consonants would be %^'^'\ srog-med i.e.,
lifeless
•These thirty letters are called ^^ ("1 joined with the Sanskrit word bmSJ
ggf% si^nifviog ''|k.'i series
becomes \^' *m\^) kali meaning the series of letters commencing with'^ ka~ 'n'!|-^'j)5qcj5'»gi;qiIw|'^-3-^a|
tThese four letters based on ^ (whon put together with ^) form what are called %'^ dli ^f% i.e., the
The four vowels i, u, e ando in uniting with the consonants lose the basic portion of their
respective regular forms, for instance, ^l when joined with ^ becomes ^ ki the basic part
of the letter ^1 i.e., W being eliminated in the union. In the same manner, '^ with '^
becomes 'Q ku, with w) it becomes ^ ke and with w it becomes ^ ko.
Compounds formed by joining the initial consonants with the four vowels 2, u,
The vowel signs representing i, u, e, o that are fixed to the thirty ^^"I'l^ or their
compounds are called Gt-gu'^^ Shabs-kgu^, EgreMu "",
Naro *^ .
In this connection Tibetan Grammarians observe that in forming compounds of consonants with
the vowels the rules of Sandhi, as obtain in Sanskrit, are not applicable to Tibetan, where the vowel signs
Q,>^'^5|'53j I
Compounds with the four vowels /, «, e and o.
'H
|JS''2^^^^ Subjoined letters.
The letter «I when sub joined to the seven consonants % P, % ^, ^, Q, SJ, takes the form ^ !
'^'^^^^'^^'^ I
the seven ya-Uay? letters having a subjoined ^ y are \ p", ''I,
^, ^, ^, 5)
|
''1 with the ^ yu-btngs, Subjoined becomes ^ kya. Similarly ^ khya, ^ gya,
S PyC'y 3 P^a, S iya, S mya are formed. In these compounds both the letters are
pronounced.
'k-q^^Jl^j-q^-qj^jj-^l the thirteen ra-bJags letters:—"n, P, % % ^, «^, £J, ^, q, 5<, •«j, «, ^| When
the letter ^ is subjoined to the above thirteen letters it assumes the form ^ and is called
ra-htags ^'^Vj'^^
'H
Of the sixteen compounds with 'y'|^ only nine, namely t],
f', "ni ^ , i, ("|, ^ '^ and ^
are in general use in Tibetan. In these the initial and the subjoined letters are
both sounded.
II
1. ^^''^ Min-gshi* initial letters which generally form the roots of words.
2. f^'^ rhyan-pat These comprise the initial letters, hdogs-can and the compounds
formed with the Ij'S''^'^^^ signs representing:- % S'^j'^j^'i'') ^ Wj which are subjoined to them.
so called when it has any of the five letters ''1,'S,^,^,'^ fixed before it for forming a word.
The letters \^,^ are fixed on the heads of certain simple and compound letters. They
are then called nigo-can surmounted letters or I'^'l^j
=i]^5) r!a ss-ffsum, the triplepiled up
The superscribed letter which is seldom pronounced, will be represented by a line underneath it.
*
f
rka rga rHa rHa rta (da rna fba rma ptsa rdsa rla.
which then turns like the English g (hard) and also of cj which then sounds as b. In the
words t^t. and i5j'|3j the »; over the heads of E and i\ are sounded.
The ten basic consonants with the letter "I surmounting them: — ''1, \ ^, E,
«, 5,^ cj^
q^ ^|
Ika Iga lHa Icu Ija Itu Ida Ipa Iba Iha.
The surmounting letter ^i la, is silent except in the word ^ signifying a god.
In the last compound i.e., in ^ Iha both the letters are pronounced. The letters
1] Ej q with the surmounting "I are sounded harder than in their simple state.
«;|,
ska iga ;>3a tna tta sda tna ipa iba ima itsa.
^%'^'^]
Combination of letters to form words.
Out of the thirty letters called 3c'«i|^ mifi-gshi, inasmuch as they individuUy form
the basis of a syllable or word, the ten % =, S, ^j, «J, «, «., "^j "^j ^ I
are called l^''^^"]
affixes or closing letters, from their being affixed to the basis of a word or syllable.
Out of these ten final letters the two, ^ and 5f are called ^ic'R^i;] secondary affixes.
Again, out of the ten |5I'q,^!J| affixes the five letters ""I, \ ^, ^, '^ are used as g3i'«-^«»I
prefixes; so called from their being put before the basis of a syllable for forming a word.
The twenty remaining I15jaf'|«;| consonants—
^ ^'
% p, ^ ^ ^ % ^> % ^. ''. ^ ^» ^^ ^> ^' "^' "^' ^'
are called 5l'Si^til"5lc-q]^| mi-hjug miH-^^hi. These never occur a? final letters in words or
after any vowel. No compounds or combinations of these letters are made for forming words
in the Tibetan language. The ten consonants \ c, \ Sj,
q, xj, R, \ QJ, ?<, are
the only letters that close any syllable, or follow the vowel, whether inherent or expressed.
Accordingly, combinations like ^'Ti',c§s|[q','«3«l, form no words in Tibetan. These twenty
letters stand as initials in a syllable or word.
dsa, an earthen vessel for cooking or for heating; % iva fox; ^ sha lead; 3 sa food, or to eat;
**! ya, an equal or match, above, up; -^^ fa, flesh, meat; ^ ha, breath, yonder. These letters
form the basis Q.^^''^^ to which the g^j'-a^^^i] and |«4''5,^«il letters are prefixed and affixed.
The use of the ten letters % c, «^, 3j, q, x}, o., x^^ ai^ ^^ called t^^-V^ closing letters
are joined so as to form a syllable in consequence of which there is no ^'^ (') intersyllabic
point between them. By this combination '^ has lost its inherent ^ a. Accordingly, the word
°i'^ is pronounced lag and not la-ga in the same manner, in the words '^^' g<^^, ^*S nad,
;
c^i Hin, ai!J lab, 015) lam, ^^ mar, \^ ral, °i^ las, the letters c, \ ^, Q, «», ^, «/, ^, are
all |^'^^=i].
In the syllables c^, ^^, q^l the letter 5J is not strictly a l^''^^''] closing letter though
it is fixed after 1^'^'Q.^i]'^ for forming a grammatical termination and closes a word or
syllable.
In some words the letters ^ and ^ are affixed to the l^''^.^'') letters such as s^
q] when
words
they are called «JC-a|,q] In the and l"^*^ the letters and '^'^^ ''1 *^ are l^'^l^^ but «^ and ««,
are '^^'^-^^l Here ^ and ^ have lost the W that was inherent in them, in consequence
of their union with 51 and ^ which are seldom pronounced.
The combinations '^M, ^^, ^^^ 5)5< are infact double affixes. (l''2.^^'*^c'airQ,|,!?]) sj^ :^«;^
ai^ also occur as double affixes in older orthography, but though the use of ^ (called '^''^ ) is
the more correct form for designing the past tense yet in modern Tibetan this practice is
The g^'"^!"!, I*'''^!"!. and <«ici*|ii letters where silent will be represented by underlined italics.
8
in the expression g^'^^ sound softly. Sometimes they are silent as in s^^, ^^, °i^, '^^, ^^,
^54, ^^j ^§< yet in theirI
phouetical silence they slightly deflect tlie vowels that precede
them ^^ nad
;
is pronounced as neh, ^^ nug as nui, %^ lug as lui, 3f«l cZ/o?, as choi,
^^ fi's, is pronounced as sheh, ^^ dad is pronounced as deh, and •*]^ g/id is pronounced as
»fuh and so on.
This peculiarity is more marked in the colloqual of Lhasa, i. e. Central Tibet, thin in
that of Western ^I'ibet. In the following illustrations of the ten single affixes and four
double affixes the letters that are not prououned are underlined.
s in m k»n, K^ don, %^ rin, °i^ Ian, ^3j kn and so on, is fully pronounced.
q^jingq^ ihabs, ^q^ chibs, -^q^J cubs, ^^'^ ''/<ebs, ^q^ hobs, etc.
on.* This '^ is only a changed form of the basic inherent ^. '1
he use of (by fixing it at '=.
the foot) is generally made in transcribing Sanskrit terms, to lengthen or incroase the pownr of
the vowel tern)ination of a word, in the manner the Sanskrit ^ is made long, when
necessary, by the addition of a stroke after it such as igr, for instance the word Acarija will
be written in Tibetan as ^'5 Sjl Icvara, as |) '-^'^ I
In words formed with |^"=^|,=ij and «lc-Q,= i.e.^ secondary affixes the^ l^''^^^ letters :t|
are pronounced, but the «I!^"'=^%=tI letters are not pronounced. In ''"^^^ >'/'«/«. ^^^ ^'^ilh ^^^ ^''^^s
the letter ^ s is seldom heard. l
The g^''^^^ letters \ \ q, *J, «,t are put before a syllable or a nidical letter to form
words. They are also used to modify the meaning of a and for forming the present,
wi)rd,
fiast and future tenses of a verb. These five letters are called ^"i^ or prepositive letters
when they are used as goi''2,^=i]|
It is to be noted here that the prefix ^ is not used before any ^^'^5^ or 1}=^"=^^^^ com-
pound letters formed by surmounting or subjoining one consonant with another.
:^^-q,|Qj'<S)'q]-»5j5j[ 'flie letter «;, is prefixed to the following fifteen 7^^"-i\ and
S is never prefixed to si^'^a^ letters. Its use in some verbs indicates that they are
in the future tense.
q54-q§aia)-q|-^5,5<| The letters with the prefix c]:— ^lis put before jg^-q and ^^ ^ letters
in a syllable to form words and also to form the preterite and future tenses m some verbs.
10
The twenty ^c'q letters to which the letter q may be prefixed are as follows: T|^
^^
% ^\ ^. 3- 5) I
«, ^, S ^, ^, 3, I, §,
-f].
^, $1, §J ]
The twenty-five sj^'s^ letters to
•which the letter q may also be prefixed are as follows : ^, ^. if. g, 9, '^, §, ^> |, |, c, g, ^,
h ?. 9, ?. i?*'
% ^' ^' ^- ^' ^, f, ^\ For example: qT]^, q;^, qi], q^] qT]^^ q^, qg |
qs^, q^^, q^q, q-^^, qa^, q-^^, q«J^ | q|, q§, qij, qg |
qf|, q^, q^, qg, q^ I
q*|,
The above forty-five simple and compound letters may also be Q-sS^^^J'^sj z.e,, joined
3;i5i'Q,^q'")'ql'd55j«) I
The letter 5) is prefixed to the following fifteen ^rq letters :
p, g,
0, % % % ^> *. ^> =). ^. % ^. ^, ^1 For instance: ^I^^, Jjg^ 5j^, 5j:i]^^ sjg^ 5J5], xjc^^ sj«^^
^5<'Q,^Q]'u)'q|'j^5j^
I
The letter Q- is prefixed to the following nineteen ;^c'q letters :
f^
The proper method of spelling Tibetan words is illustrated in the work called «^ti)§>|ilN'2i-q5'5)'!St|
(In this language) though words sound alike, in expressing there is distinction in the meanings
conveyed by them ; therefore, correctness in spelling is essential. The orthoepy of this peculiar language
of monosyllabic origin is of little help to its orthography. In the above quotation there are two
Both are pronounced as "da". In their spelling they are so different, one is sgra and the other
>5i'^''i'5«^'««^''^^^'«^'5jaii
?i^ ^^•^l3J•«^Jq5J*^•q
I
a5<;^-q-qj)*jj^'s^q] .5^-5)ai [| explaining how the
thirty letters of the alphabet beginning with "H are joined with the five vowels a, i, u, e, o — subjoined
•with y, r, I, w — Burmounted by r, I, s and combined with the '^9'^ prefixes "l g, "^ d, 5 i, »< « and "^ h.
11
Pronunciation
of t.he
1. 5lc'Ji|^'w)'q]
I
The simple letters :—
3^
CO ^ (')
Between the two syllables of a dissyllabic word a triangular point called 2ii (inter-syllabio stop)
intervenes being placed on the top, as in the words 'S'*''^ 1 'ST'' I
^1'^ I This point is also use 1 in si^paratiag ono
word from another in an expression or sentence ; as for instance, in the exprssslon S'*'^ ^M^'m [ (to the holy
ones), there are three suoh stops; between the words S^f'tand ^*<^ there is a ^"1 and between ^*i*« and "J there
is another ; but no X-ji should be placed after '='
no matter whether a-^S (.1) the perpendicular stroke re])re3enting
a comma, is pnt or not after the expression. In 'S^'siS-aj?^ (a pious deed), there are two; in iTsj'J^'I'S'q (a
sinner's doings), there are five 2"] I No ^"1 should be placed after the closing letter of a monosyllabic word
when ending an expression or sentence. In a dissyllabic word the closing letter of the second syllable,
unless it be ^, should not be followed by a Si) ( "When at the end of an expression or sentence, a word
terminates in = the 2^ must be placed in the event a -^'S (1) has been put. If no ^"I llutervenes between
"i and the -^S the two placed in close proximity of each other, would form the letter 1 1 Ilenoe the necessity
of putting a Si] between =. and I. The use of the ^'^ between words as well, in an expressien or sentence, i.e.,
These additive particles chiefly indicate the different parts of speech. They are generally used
iu the formation of cases and in the' declension of verbs and pronouns.
The first part of a dissyllabic word or ^^^ is the root-word. It is called ^^'^] The word itself is
called ^"I, *)c or ^^'^"l when it is grammatically formed. The second part of it called g=\ or '^^S independ-
ently is never a word.
Words apparently trisyllabic are not rare in this language: It^J'^s; [ «j3jq .5J|
f
£;,'5j'''^^y ( etc. those
which occur largely in the sacred books are generally from the Sanskrit, such as "iC'^T
literal translations
^ {Samyak) J ^^ti^ ]
«jc^g5q-q (
£it»c^^|^'^^| These are but e-xpressions rather than words.
Sound.
I
Sounds f are ^^'1 2.5., articulate and ^'^^'^ inarticulate. An articulate sound when represented by
a letter or by a grammatical combination of twa or more letters is called ^"1 The particle which is added to 1
a monosyllabic '^"I to form a complete word is called ^'S'g | Either of the syllables in a dissyllabio word or
^"I or a postpositive particle like 5, ^, 5,. 'y or g etc., is also sometimes called f signifying a term.
* Ihe Tibetan tongue is incapable of pronouncing m >nosyllabic words like soliooi; full, rule, fame, etc. A Tibetan will
read the word " school " as coo-U " " rule" as ru-le
i-si ; full " as ful-li ; ; " fame" aa fa-me, etc
14
Examples of ^^'^"^ ||
«)
J,
5l'») ?l'w| J^'w)|
% ^, S, ^, ^> ^, ^, X, ^, ^, ^!
^^^=1% ^^'^j ^VS ^^% ^^'^, w?i, ?)'5, '5-|VX, =Il«)2J-TSi^ otqj^J'Sj^
^^^Y?
• ^Tl i.e., ^'H in the words P'S"!, ^^jSq]^ gq5^-5«i|, ajajlq] is not to be considered as an additire
particle ^'T3=\I In these it form^ a part of the word itself.
The seven '^'^'^S viz., %S%%%'^, and also 5 used after '^^"I or not are called °''''^^'§'^« ^ll Their ubo
ia forming cases after nouns and pronouns is illustrated as follows :
In the expression gq^Jj'wSt I take refuge (in Buddha), the 'SS (particle) 3 is called '"I'l'l'g and shows
that the word %'^^ is in the objective case.
In the expression =^5'2^^5=.*1•'J||ai•q•1l^c•( Give alms to the indigent, and helpless. The use of the
g'^ (particle) '^ puts '^g'^i'Sc.^ in the dative case. Here °) is called S^*i'*«\|'g «. e., the term expressing
necessity.
In the expression •<l*>'f''l'5j-»}ts5;^ signifying is or exists in the East, tlie use of the gs (particle) ^ points
to (eastward) -^^'fl^ wuioh is put in the locative case, g is here called 5*i'''I'i^'|'g tho term
showing location.
In the expression '?'S'^'!I^'J| illuminates or brightens in or with light, the gs particle ^ signifies
in or with Here though tlie word '^S (light) is in the objective case the g^
. particle '^ is called
^''^'^'l'§ the term signifying state of that or "that itself".
In the expression °^*<'-^^'5i'^'S^'|3i I Ejaculate religions formulas at sun-rise «,«., when the sun rises,
the g'^ particle, ^ signifying "at " or "when" puts °^**'-^^'i in the locative case. Being indicative of time
it is also called Ssil=i*^-|| I
In tikis manner the g'^ (particles) 9,^,5,^,5,^ and ''i all go under the name of '^'gl and are used
for ^^'^^'g five purposes.*
The particle § is used after "I,'' and '\'?,il i.e., when a word closes with the letter "I or =i or \^% such
as »(^«,«^-5l
The g^ (particles) g and ^ are used after ^,'^,^ *',*',°i final letters in a word. ?1 5, ^=1'5, !5^V5, '<'^'^V5,
g is used after words ending in '^. such as ^'l^g, il«i^*J I The %S (particle) "n is used after "^
For the use of "i and «i one has not to loot to tho nature of the losing letter in a word. They
may be used after the ten l*'''^E''I letters such as ''I,S'i,,^,'',^,S'^,°',^ I
for example :
'qt^-^, i)=;-ai; ^'^'^•s^-'^, ^mi^oi; '^5«i'^, i!5^'0J; S^'^'%, S^'^''^; ^»''^, ^jjcoi;
The use of 5 after words ending in "1,1 and «\'?;''I is in conformity with the rule 5?^if5's>£;-N?vi^3i'q5'^Q) |
of ^ afterword sending in =-,**; after words ending in "^ as in ^i^'^'S ; of Rafter words ending in
«^ and also of ^ after words ending in '^,^,'^ is according to the rule 5)c•J^q«^R1a^^q 1
tlie following illustrations all express "i'Mi •^'^gil*)'?i'''?- fl^f'^*<'>i'>5 ! go towards East. ^i^'»II'^*«'
«i|^'|=\ 1 make imag on stone, ^q'5"?ici gone to excelleuoe i.e., become excellent.
«ilR.'qiN'^^'8'«^'i'^'i3'5i I by whom piety has been carried to the limit, g"!^^'^?! proceed to India.
When the closing consonant of a monosyllabic word (noun, pronoun or adjective), is reduplicated and the
two letteis are separatud by a ^^I Ouiid the vowel o ( ) isplaied on the duplicate letter, the second
syllable so formed is c.dled ^"^"g I''? or r")^ '^"11* It does the function of the verb to be. For instance:
^^T^ lam, '^^|i=^'^ this is medieiue; ^''^^I'S'i that is road or way; '^*i'^ is the meaning or sense
Words closing wiih the vowels a, i, u, e and o being supposed to be isj^'ijai i.e., those that have gr^t
the letter '^ after thorn, expressed or understood, do not undergo the process of reduplication of the final *
In dissyllabic words when the second syllable consists of a single letter with tlie vowel termination
(simple or '=^'^«Il*^^«i) the letter '< with the vowel o (^) is joined to it. The '^
also then acts as the verb to be.
/I'fl/cs.fs? ;
^'^5'^ is long, QT- distant, 5=.'^'^ is short. If the sec( nd syllable, in a word of two syllables, be
formed of two or three letters the closing consonant in it is re luplicated as with mouosyllabio words.
When words ending in '^,'^,'^ close with ^ according to i^ |=. ( old orthography) the gs, particle
T should usjd : as in ''^^^iS'?', '^§«>'S ?. il54ii=;,-^, This practice is now seldom followed.*
The reduplication of the closing letter in a verb indicates that it is in the indicative m^od present,
future or perfect tense. '^'^S'^ wishes, ^'J' 3 got or has got; '^%^'^ Doco.ne, ^^'X has brcume; '^*^'=S
1 seek or wish.
17
Article.
There are three definite articles and three indefinite articles in the Tibetan language,
The letter 1] signifying "the" is used after words ending in %«\, '',«'; for instance ^I'll, the six;
«l[ is used after =•,»<; and '^ (expressed or understood) or after any vowel ; as in l^-'") the grove;
"igs'l the three; ^'"1 the grassy plain or green; ''l^'i! the estate.
The indefiuite article ?q| is attached to words ending in "I. '^j "^ ; and also after the inherent ^
thus: 'S*!'^"^"! a war; -^'S"! a vessel; i^i'?"! anight. ^"I is different from "l?''! signifying "one".
'I in ^=-'^, =. in 'S'^, ^ in %<^'^, ^ in ^\ "in T", *i in 5« or ^'w ^^fsj-q-j) or '^W'"*' and 35 in «-a,
afq S or SV^ are '^''I'gs additive particles; they are not to be taken as Articles. The word ^s.'l is
a corrupt form of the Sanskrit siinha signifying "lion". « « is the Tibetan for Sanskrit MdlrikS.
^ in ^''^ is a particle of emphasis like "the"' in the expression 'he is the man for such a work'. It is equivalent
to Sanskrit hi.
Substantive nouns are generally monosyllabic words though they may be formed of one or
more letters ; for instance, P mouth, e tea, ? fish, '» father, f* mother, i cow, «) fox, ^ goat
"« a high mountain, ^ flesh, *< earth, etc., § water, 5 horse, * salt, <^ a hat or cap, ^ a horn
^ male, 9 son, ^ female, ^ man, 3 life, ^ curds, ^ kiss, ^ hill, ^ corpse, taste ; a> bell-metal, ^
tooth, »^il eve, ^^ sky, '^*< way, T?« discourse, e.^ speech, ^'i meaning, ^««i mind, ^«i heart, ^'^ tree or
wood ; a song.
Nouns formed with ^''igS i. "•, additive particles are as follows: i"!'^ hand, f\'^'^ foot, 'Ij'q skin
hide-boat; P^^'^J house; pf^cell; »<^"9 thumb; |'g child or young one; P'^snow; T^pillar, ^'^I'^i king,
"^N sun, ^"q^i drop, ^T" hog, a^^^ ox, 3c-9 donkey, ^^i^i minister. In the foregoing words the
particles 5, ". 5, q, 3 5 do' not act the part of an Article. They u.ake the full word of a monosyllabic
term. In composition, they are sometimes omitted. The expression f^'^^ is same as 5^ q ting
and g^'5 minister; f^c'siij is same as *|5.''J foot and o«T^ hand; '^'^^'^'^^ is same as "ST^'S white and
*('^» black.
When attached to some monosyllabio terms they' Hg^ sometimes make difference in the meaning.
18
The word ^ signifies "self" but joined with the particle 5 i.e., ^'3 signifies "nature." *\C means
"and" but S^'^ signifies "first." ^'f means "wool," Qaici signifies a Nepalese.
Adjective nouns are also formed with ^g^ attached to the adjective monosyllabic terms, such as
ustEj the good, c,^'i the wicked or the evil one. The expression iwc^ signifies good and bad and also
The use of ^"I^S additive particles with some nouns causes distinction in their slgnificatioa as to size, &o.
*] antelope, -*i'3 big antelope, -^ ^ small antelope; i. drum, £'3 large drum, i.'% drumlet; ^•\'^
arrow, *i'\'^'5 large and long arrow, *>^'% small arrow; ^ stone, ^i huge stone, boulder or rock,
s,'^ small boulder or pebble; f earthen vessel or pot, f^ large earthen pot or vessel, e'% small
earthen pot or vessel.
In the above examples, the substantives (sX*''^) such as ^, ?, *) etc., when unaccompanied by
^"1 3S express the ordinary meaning, man, fish, antelope etc*. When joined with ^ they convey a mag-
nifying sense; with % they become diminutives.
In the following examples the use of the '^"I'^S additive particles % and 5 with some nouns expresses
"the young one"t but nothing diminutive :
5'^=, camel, i'% young camel ; 5 horse or pony, f'i colt;
>] antelope, ^''^ young antelope, (']'% meaning small size antelope); i cow, ^'% calf; *i goat, ^4
kid; B dog, U'^ V^V, '^'^ sbeep, ^"l^ lamb.
The ^"I gs (additive particles) *, ^*<«', S"}, ^ are used as plural terminations. They are attached
to nouns and pronouns in the singular number to express plurality. ^ is seldom attached to nouns.
Its use is confined to pronouns. S*") is attached to both nouns and pronouus. ^*<'' is seldom attached
to pronouns. Though there is no dual in the Tibetan language, yet the Sanskrit duals have been
generally rendered by the termination S"! in Tibetan. = is the personal pronoun signifying I
=-'^ signifies "we". It is not usual to express the meaning "we" by the word ^-'^^i*' I
^'=' means "he" ; f^"^'^ signifies "they". 5s or ^S means "you" or "thou"; SS'-*"! or S'^* signifies
«>isman; S'^*)*' signifies "men". ^»)^-5^ animal; ^w-5^'3;»»5i animals. 5^, SJ, "f, **«'^'S'l,
^««'''»«\,
«^E,«j^ ^qjN, ^'>\^ are but words signifying many, all, collection, etc. They are never used as plural
terminations in the manner the additive particles ^, ^*'*', S"] and ^l are used. The two words
^'Wi signify "all men". The expression ^'S^ '^^ "^3 comprising of four words signifies "many hills
and many valleys". If it was divided into two parts ^'"S^ and ^^-'^^i ^''^'3, would mean nine hills and
^^^5 nine valleys, ^'^st'^ signifying "hills" is only one word; the expression ^'^^t^iiS comprising of the
two words, ^ and ^*<*''«'\ signifies "all hills".
!J»i^^ is masculine gender; ^'*>^ feminine gender, and »<^^'»)'> signifies the neuter or no gender.
5 signifies male, ^ female. Monosyllabic nouns in the masculine gender generally take the ^"I'^S
(additive particles),*' and 55 as feminine terminations; such as, 9 son or boy, ^'^ daughter or girl; dog,
B'35 bitch ;
^*) son, 5i^'35 daughter ; 'a fox, V^ vixen ; f1 tiger, fl't^ tigress ; % god, ^ S5 goddess ; J younger
The feminine of some monosyllabic nouns is expressed by difierent words : such as, *^ man, 9'\*''>
woman "^g yak-cow, yak-bull of Tibet ; it is incorrect to say * 'fll"i«i| «iti"iii (father-yak) i.e., yak that is
; "l""! ;
kept for breeding purpose. 5 is horse, f? stallion, ^'\ « mare ; it is incorrect to say 5'? or 5'5?; the use of "?
before or after 5 being redundant. 31=- signifies a bull, so it is incorret to say "5 g^ or SJ^*? I
"^ signifies cow ;
80 it is incorrect to say *i'35i To dissyllabic words i or 5 is added to signify the masculine; such as ^i^i^l^'^
In dissyllabic nouns the ^igS (additive particles) ", 3 or i, 3 are used as masculine terminations. These
are changed into ** and 35 for feminine terminations, such as, l^*)' 5 host, "ll*) '35 hostess; fTi hog, '""I' 35 sow,
swine ;
^^-'i trader, ^c,*) female seller; '5^'^i monk, ^C^* nun ; «^£)cS ever-lord, S^^'^ lady ;
J'^i'S king, 5''i'3*
queen ; S^-" guard, g^'*) female guard ; «i53iq chief, «\9^ 35 chief's wife or lady-chief; "l^^'
5 lord, ''I<f'35 lady;
Guru) is used in both the genders; so also 'f^'**, a superior; ^ and 35 are sometimes used as female terminations
and as such are attached to dissyllabic nouns, such as, SS^*''^^ he with (good) voice, Sgtsjj^sj she with good
voice (Svara-svati), '\^'^^ ordained monk (Sans.) B/ti!iSu),['^^'^^'f* ordained nun, (Bhiksuni) ;
g^'^^ elephant,
Nouns having no gender also terminate with the ^"I'gs additive particles ", 5, 3 , »i and 35, such as
9ai*)-cj^ ^^^\^nn^ ?q|!S-3, Sii^jg all signifying drop; ^^'^, door or gate; fll*i^q or'^w*.*', new or novel
I"**,
Some words with *< or 35, termination are used in both neuter and feminine genders : V-'^, inner also
the inner one i.e., wife. |*i the outer or the later one; '^«I»i, the lower or subodinate. f^'35 banquet, show.
Some adjective nouns ending in *< are used only in the feminine gender; such as, ^^.s, wife, ^Sn »i,
a beauty (Sans. Sundarl), handsome woman ; things inanimate (except lakes, rivers and mountains) are
put in the neuter gender. They terminate irregularly and also in ", 5 ; «, 35 ; such as ^^'f a bridge, ^''If rope
i*f» the accomplished (one ; ) i*i« printed (thiug) ;
'"I?*."*' oblation; |^'35 the (Indian) i?Mj9ee ;
|t« (Sans.
Bhiksd) alms, begging.
20
(^s)'*^! Case.
Sans, Vihhahti)
There are eight cases in the Tibetan language. They are arranged in the following order :
•
notion of hy or tcith).
by to or for.
time.
person.
In the dcolension of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, numerals, and participles, several secondary ^"igs
(additive particles) are used. ' They are attached to monosyllabic words or to the ^""Igs, such as
« in Bisq'i or »i in g'«, in dissyllabic words or to the plural signs or postpositive particles like ^, ^^^i, S"! &c.
In the Nominative and Vocative cases, singular or plural, no secondary particles indicative of case, are
attached.
5 and S^ (V'^f'^'l^'S'^ or S^) are attached to words ending in S, S or'JrSs'Sof you; '^'\'%^ by
father ; ^'^'l of body, ^'^'I's by time.
3| and ^^ (i|''^E.c.'^|5qg'3i or ^i??) are attached to words terminating in "I or S siioh as Ql'^ of sheep,
»^t.'3i of name. ^"I'^i^ by or with poison ; ^^'^l^ by or with conch-shell trumpet.
% and 1^ (3iiN»;'!|-5|?jg'| or %^) are attached to words ending in \ *, ^, or «!, such^as ^^"1 of meaning
^N-|*i by heaven; ^^'3^ by wealth ;
^'^'3 of country.
21
spelling of ^H^'S'S, •^S'^'5, 'I'^'^S'S etc., words ending in «^ called '>'^'n is correct. In modern Tibetan, these
are written as 3^'5, -ff^'^, '<'^«i'5, the '>'5'1 being understood, though not expressed after ^, ^ and °i,
<? is the general sign of Accusative and Dative cases ; signifying to. It is applied to any Nominative
g is attached to words terminating in *< : «il"ra'g to (the) right : ''i^g in (the) work, f "I'lg in friendship.
3 signifying 0, (Sans. £!io); %'^S (Sans. Ahovata) &c., are words, (not particles) that are placed before
""j 5) ^ ^> 5 ^^^ 3 signifying to, on, upon, into, unto, with regard or respect to, for, &o., are attached
to the Nominative for forming the Accusative and Dative cases. The use of the above particles after the
Nominative, according to its final letter, also indicate motion or progression to, into, or change, turn into
promotion, &c.
§^, ^^, 3^, ^''j °^'') or *» signifying by, with, is attached to the Nominative for forming the Agentive
or Instrumentive case.
% % % ^> or "i signifying of, pertaining, relating, belonging to, and also the possessive sign 'i ia
^5» or 1'' signifying of, out of, from, is attached to the Nominative for forming the Ablative case.
^ or °i signifying rest in, at, on, a place, also motion to, or towards a place, ia attached to tha
Accusative .
«e.«j'soi- (q|^),
(Attained) to Buddha (hood) for (the (Propitiated) Buddhas for... (Propitiated both the) Buddhas
good of animate beings). for ...
From Buddhas (come From (both the) Buddhas come ... From Buddhas come ...
the scriptures).
Vocative* g-«ic.*)-|!s|
* In this case, as in the Nominative, no case-sign is attached. The use of Vocative terms ^•\'J'^f like 3
3'? signifying 0, Oh ! (Sans. B/io or Aho) generally at the beginning of an expression, differentiates the
Vocative case from the Nominative, but in general address such terms are often omitted.
Examples of Declension.
1. Now. gc.s)'^ the woman, 5'S'*''S'S'n (both)* women, gS'^'S'^*"' the women.
2. Accus. 9S'**S''^ woman,
to the SS'^^S'l "^ to (both) women, gc;,x)«^j|»j54-oi to the women.
3. Agent. 5S ^'S'S*' by the woman, 9S *'"> S"! ^^ by (both) women, SS*''\''i***^'S*' by the women,
4. Dat. 5';(-5)'\-q to or for the woman,
9S**SS''l'^ to or for (both) women, g';,*)^'^^?^^) to or for the women.
g^s)t^-^*)*i oi^ from the women.
5. Ablat. gi^jlt^ from the woman,
iji«j
9S ^t^S"! '''^ from (both) women,
6. Genit. Q^'^'S'^ of the woman, 9S'*>S'S'T'loE (both) women, 5'^*''^^'<^ 3 of the women.
7. Loc. SS'*''^'^ in the woman, a'>*^S'^T5 in (both) women, 9'^»>•^^*'*l'g in the women.
8, Voc. 9'^*l'^ or ffl'SS*''i 0, woman 3S»JS'\'1 or ^9'^'»>'^''^'^ 0, (both)] 9^»)\^«*i or S3S'»>«^'^w 0, women!
women!
«jq
to both the fathers, "iq'^*)"!! the fathers.
1. Nora, "iq the father, "'q'S'^
2. Acou^. "'=i'«l to father, uiqc^c|ai l,oth fathers, mqj^jjNoi to fathers.
by both u(q-^»)*j|?^ by
3. Ageut. "JO 1*1 by father, "15 ^=11 Sj^ father.s fathers.
4.- "fq "I to or for father,
ujqi^qj i;j
to or for b'jth fathers, uiq-^54»)q to or for fathers.
ujq-^»)*)i5j5^
5. Ablat. "iq-'Ji^J from father, u(q t^o] Qj^q from both the fathers, from fathers.
u(q-^qj-5| of botli the fathers, ujq-SiSJ^^I of fathers.
6. G-.mit. "iq % of father,
7. LoQ, "iqg in father, ""I'SiI 5 in both the fathers, u)qji»)*j g in fathers.
Voo. uiq or gujq Q, father! "iq''^il or 3"'='''\1 0, both the fathers "iq-^w«^ or 3 "J^'^***! 0, fathers!
NO
1. Nnm. ^*J the time, ^'N-e^"! both the times, ^'^^w?' the times.
2. Aoous. ^^J''^! to or at time, ^S'l'^^to or at both times, ^isj-iiW^t'Ji at or to times.
3. Agent. =^*j'5^ by time, ^^^-^ij^lN by both times, ^?)-^*i*j 3?t by times.
^N'ui =^i^j;j£i)Qj to or for both times, to or for times.
4. Dat. to or for time, ^«j 1,54*) 01
5. Ablat. ^«j'^5q from time, ^«i£^il^5^ from both the times, ^«i-Si»(fj-3i«^ from times.
^^j't^'q S] of both ^si-^sj^
6. Genit. ^*J-| of time, times, I of times.
7. Loc. ^*)»j at the time, ^^t'^tilg at both the times. =i*j-^»)«)g at the times.
3. Agent. q-r]*! or q''l^a^*) by the command, q'»i'^t^5i7i«q by both the commands, q'']=^^s<*i'^*t by the
commands.
4. Dat. q''l'=('«i to or for the commands ^'^^'S"!'"' for both the commands, l''l'^'^«»''0J for the commands.
Ablat. qi)=^aiN from the commands, qiji^t^ijq^^ from both the commands, q-n^-^si^^m^ from tha
5.
commands.
Genit. Q'n^ of the commad, niiv^ifSi of both the commands, q^i'^'^*)^'! of the commands.
Ljc. ^'']'^'h in the command, "'H^^'nIS in both the commands, qT^'^w^jg ia the commands.
2. Aoous. 3j'oi to the year, f^'q^'isi to both the years, 5 i.m-ai to the years.
Agent. 3j^ or 3i'5)*( by or with the year, Bi!^a|-5i«j by both the years, tS'^»i*) gsq by or with the years.
3.
4. Dat. ^'^ to or for the year, iS'^^lot to both the years. c5'^w)"q to the years.
5. Ablat. JS'isi^ or ^'^^ from the year, gi-t^qfai^^ or aie^ija;*! from both the years, Jfi'^w^^'m^^ or J3'^««»'ai«»
All words ending in "^ or any of the five vowels may be declined in manner of i'^^ and 5.
* The woid " both " may or may not be used to signify the " dual ".
26
Tlie first person singular ^ signifying I is in general use, in Central Tibet. In Tsang, =I'^'^
is used in the plane of ^. In book language and correspondence, the use of 'i^"] is more general
than that of =-. J5s signifies thou, and p^ he.
c
26
Demonstrative Pronouns.
They are "^^ signifying " this " and ^, " that" i^^ with the ^igs ailitive particle «, i.e., "^^'i signifies
" of this place," "^^'^t. or '^^''^"> signifies " this itself." '<\'^ or '^^ 'fj also sigaify " this " with emphasis
^% ^'^, ^'li or ^-^ signifies that (very); %M, ^'J^^ or ^'^^i'^S signifi.js "that itself."
Relative Pronouns.
woman ; SV^'S'"!'^ which woman. ^ or ^ signifies what. Tiiey are usei alone or with "l^, sach as "^^"^ that
Intebrogative Pronouns.
These are : 55, who ? "]=- which ? ? what ? To these the undeterminate particle ^"J is attached
Heciprocal Peokouns
The reciprocals are ^=-, i^l, *-=-°^S, '^ST'^'S signifying self, one's self.
Singular.
1. I,
to me,
by me,
to me or from me
from me,
of me or mine
in me.
The nominative plural of the first person is seldom formed by attaching to it the plural particles ^^
and ^**^. In the second and third persons they are often used. S"! is seldom attached to the second
person plural.
honorific terms. In Tibet, a person either in conversation or writing, never applies a respectful term
to himself. The use of these terms, however, indicates a degree of civility or politeness in the
speaker, in consequence of which, they are preferred to =, =-*'^ or '^'^'^ which are of common use.
27
(Sane. Vijesana).
Adjectives resemble nouns in their formation. It is from their meaning or context that they can be
distinguished from each other. The Adjectives, generally follow singular nouns and precede the verbs in
an expression or sentence : *l'=-^ or «)'t^£j bad man ; here taj, or M" is an Adjective qualifying the noun »>
man. sf'Q^'^' or sp=)3=.'3 (Sans. Sttmati) good heart ; here sf is heart, '^^ or iac,Hj signifies good. The
particles =< and 5 in the words ^^'J and tucQ are not Articles. The sentence " snow is white" will be
rendered in Tibetan: P'i'S''I*.S'")^ (snow white is). In some words which are, mostly, translations of
period after the new-moon to the full-moon; ^iT^"!'' {Krisna Paksa) the dark lunation i.e., the period after
the full-moon to the new-moon ; Si*'''' dry-land ; "l^s^'ps. holy or pure house or sanctuary; "I^^'P^, prison-
house ; when an Adjective is so placed it indicates relation rather than the qualification of the substantive it
precedes: "l^^T^ is same as «i|?^cj5f!cci the house of prisoners or of imprisonment ; "l^tpt is same as
«i]ic'£i5-pc'q the house of purity; 5|^«'«' is same as Sfsf'J^w the land of dryness; ^1'^''1*^ is same as ^''i'55-|'ii*i
the side or period of darkness ; S''!*''^''!*' is same as «;''pcj5fii?i the side or period of light.
Some Adjectives, though derived from adjective roots are also used as substantives; fi" former or prior
may mean the former or the prior ; I" latter, posterior, outer ; for example :
'^|isi|«;,g»j'^*j«4 the former
commentators ; '^5'»ii'^'^'*<'^*'*' the later commentators ; here g'" and |*< are Adjectives qualifying ''J^ilS
commentators, g'*''^*!'^ and ^'*''^*'^ would mean the former and the later ones. ^=-'*< inner or interior;
the inner one; '^"l'" inferior, subordinate ; the inferior or subordinate; ^^'^ or g'»< upper or superior, senior
When Adjectives are placed before substantives they are invariable in both singular and pluarl numbers.
Though an Adjective follows.the noun (in the singular number) which it qualifies, yet in the plural it precedes
»^£)3fHi and
In declining the espressions s)'ei3=,'q'^»)*i the case-signs such as °-, |, %^, %, % §«) &c., are
attached to the Adjectives in the case of singular nouns and to the plural signs only in the case of plural
nouns : »>'C3=.'Ei5 of good man, 5)£!3cq'^»i?i| of good men ; also »)ii3c,i^ij]-5| or 5)qaE,q-^5 of good men.
When numerals are used to qualify nouns, |they follow them in both singular and plural numbers ;
There are some adjective ^"I'^'S, (additive particles) such as «^ and |f^ sigaifying possessed of, full of.
These resemble, in their use, the Eaglish particles or signs suoh as ed, ful, eom, ous, //, which are attached
to monosyllabic nouns : "l^'*'*^ [Sgnis. Himavata) Buowivd or snowy; 'S'^^'^^ powerful ;
^^'^^ wealthy; ^^'«^
precious ;
^'g;^ * possessing god.
The words is's, *i=.'^, '5=^ siguifying with, possessing or having are also placed after substantives to
qualify them in the manner of «^ and ?J^, suoh as: "l^^i'qs'^ (Sans. Sdkela) with habitations; ^^Nstc^ same as
^^'g;^, possessing riches ; W'^S (Sans. Qrdvasti) having listners. f
gisj
and "*«( signifying less, or without, are Adjectives of negatiou, for example: ^^g^ meaningless, g'^g''
defectless ; »<9=^"i»i limitless or boundless; l^'C"'*! (Sans. Vmana) immeasurable, (a name for the sky).
q5j«ui«) inconceivable. +
^^ and *)'^ signifying less, not or not having,!are formed of the Adverbs of n-^gation »i anl *> with the
dis, il, im, ill, ir, and un, with the difference that they are affixed to nouns instead of being prefixed to them
as in Eaglish: M'**^ unmeaning or without meaning ; ^^'*'S is the opposite of ^T^S (meaningful) and
signifies meaningless ; '^^'*''^ immortal or deathless; '^1^'*>'S unchangeable or changeless; ^^''^^ unfit or
qas'n Comparison.
The ^"igs (additive particles) "^^i, "^^ or "^^ signifying t/tan or more;'than is put after the name of the
person or pronoun or thing to which comparlsou is made: 'i^iT'^^'S'^'^ thou art greater than myself
c-q^ifsJcqac. he is better than I ;
"^^iJi*!'^*!? that is higher than this.
The word ^^ attached to an Adjective expresses the superlative degree. It is equivalent to (Sins, tama)
signifying the superlative degree: 1^=^^ good, i^l^'Jf^ best; ""l9 fine, ""l'^^ finest; ^^ small, ^'^'^^
smallest.
t Name of a City in Kocala, Ancient India, where the Buddha had resided for twentythree years and
preached his dootrine to an immense number of listners (Ordvaka).
+ q^«-ui?5«^^^q (Sans. Acintya Vthdta) name of the oldest Buddhist Monastery in Tibet.
32
Numeral Adjectives.
73 -0=^
74 1/M 75
85 *.-^ 86 \^ 87
88 srt. 89 ^c 90
91 ^^ 9^ ^? 93
94 95 n-' 96
97 n\ 98 f'f* 99
After |''I'§'^*<'i one has to count as §'^ or simply ^"HS"!, ^'^^, ^"[V*, ^'=i^ and so on to-
I'H 'H^'l
After q^l'S'^N'^J one usually counts as ''^'iS'^^'n^'^, or simply ^'i'lsi, '^VI^^, ^^'^5'<, ^^''^
After njS'S'^*^''' it is usual to count as ''3V§'3'''|5'n or simply %''^'^, S'^"^"^ S'"!^**, S'''^ and so on
to express 81, S2, 83, 84, &c.
After ^5'fl§'«»<') one has to count as '^5"«i§'^''n'^'1, ^^'^'S'^'H'^^ or simply ^11?% ^''^^, ^^'^%'» and so
In counting 101 5 = ^, lOj Po^, 103 5o?, and so on, it is usual to say ie., «i§^e.'ii?«1 one
hundred and one, one hundred and two, one hundred and three, and so on. To express one hundred,
two hundred, three hundred, and so on, it is usual to say ij'^wq or "^f'^T"!?"!, "f^*'"! cr ij^l"!^*!, I^J'^ig or
fi; or ^^-^^ i,s 1000 5ooo ; iu counting 1001 Po->?, 1 02 ?oo^, 1003 i»oo?, and so on, one sliould say
|i;i^!^q|^j,|, |i;£;,fflf^^_ ^:;-.;,tiJ)SJ*J and 60 On.
'^^^'^ or Ji] ^'^ or ^C£i[^q] or f'i-gT'^^'n signifies one thoumnd Pooo, 0* ten thousand ^=,<.oo, «3«
| or
or Rgsi'" is one hundred thousand ?ooooo. It is, however, n'ifc uausaal to count as 0^1 and S5*i'g=^
'^'"', a million ; 31, ten millions; '^'^l^ a hundred millions; ^'^''^S*), a thousand millions.
p
36
The words "l^l, "f^*' and "m^ when used as qualifying adjectives of nouns, of numerals or of any
high number like «2- f'^i H or «^3*< and as such are placed before them, lose the g^ "I"! prefix letter "1. The
« of the word "1^1 is also changed into *.
Thus it is usual to write ^"I'iS to signify binglo line-mark or stop (I) ; '^'^''IS double stops (|l) ; ^"l'^^
{^oo),'^N£Jj (^oo), J}»<£ig (?oo), ?ii'«i^ once or one time ;'^*^''2i^ twice or two times; iig»<'«i^ thrice or three
times; Sfljf:; (1000), '^^t'^ (2000), ^'»-^'^ (3000), also »i*<-§ (30), g«§-?i-iis<ii (31), ^i^f-J-li'ii^ (32) »i« «« A,3
(39).
No change, however, takes place in them when they follow any noun or which they may qualify, thus
signifying with is introduced between two numbers it becomes equivalent to plus : ''IS''1'^e.'''1o1] is equivalent
to 1 + 1 and expresses the sum of two; 'l?T^=''il'^^=l + 2=3, ti|«i=.''1?'q= 100 + 1 = 101, f'i'^=.'a5 1100,.
l-^'^ng 10,100.
Numeral adjectives are formed by attaching to such words the "^"{'^S (additive particles) «, Q, «:
il?<i]ti signifies single or singly, "I'^Nci, both or the two ; "I^^'S the three, Q!^'q^'*< signifies (the book of)
three chapters ; ^i^'S'^J signifies (the book of) thirty verses or Oloka or simply " of thirty."
'JJ'^'f'^''' (Asia snhnsrika) the book of eight thousand verses. The word f=- whea used as a numeral
signifies one thousand, hut its ordiuary meaning, whether it is used with or without 'i is empty or void, hence
fc'i when used alone does not siguify one thousaudeth. The word ordinarily signifies chair, and
as a numeral means ten thousand. The word g"i one in the chair, i.e., chairman or president is
3'q Vekb,
Sans. Kriyd.
A Tibetan verb is always a dissyllable word consisting of a monosyllabic veibal root and an additive
particle i or ^. lu its simple form which is invariably participle present, it is a verbal noun. Take for
instance, the words, S'=i, ^igq; signifying doing; ^S^, ^^S'^ action or acting ; "^W a, R^S'^''^ going. In these
S) ^% ^\ "^^ or '^M'^ are verbal roots or root-verbs. In verbs the roots are only affected by the
addition of the T^''!''! i"!, \ =1, '», ^) and the "'=.'i|''I [S, '^) letters in the formation of certain tenses and moods.
A verbal root with the auxiliary 3 attached to it is generally put in the infinitive mool. The infinitive present
conveys the idea of futurity, hence 3 is attached also to the verbal roots, in the future tense.
gq or =i§ q hon. as a verbal noun signifies action, deed ; as a verb (participle present) signifies
la the expression Ist^g^-Slc. (the) tree to cut (or to be cat) '55'^'3 is in the infinitive prcsant. It is called
«i*i'Sg the term for work, because cutting is the work conveyed by is'^'SI
Tibetan verbs are generally expressed in three tenses: the present tense called S''^''^, past or preterite
called i^Si^'y and future called W'^s.q. Tibetan Grammarians inulule tlie completive or perfect tense in the
past tense. There is mention of two moods in Tibetan grammars : the indicative and the hortative or imperative.
In the sentence ^=.•*^p^|^1I^V''^S''^^''5'^'''^'3^I ^'^P^ is the agent CS"!), '^'^''^'S and 'isv^'S'' are
verbs. ''I5'>'^^'S will cut, (or must or should out), is iu the future tense. ^is'S'y^ g,») signifying done cutting or
In the sentence ^=.*)p3i§^'f^*!-^2i-ill?';,-c( (by carpenter with axe tree (is) cut, ^=.'»<p^ carpenter is the
principal agent or doer (l\y'3'''i?'5] ; f^ axe ia the minor or secondary agent or doer (IV'^'*'^") ; both
%5ifi3i and f^ are agents. They are, therefore, put in the ^gentive case by the use of the secondary particle
or case-signs 3^ af^er %'^p3i and ^sj after f^ According
I to Tibetan Grammarians ^^tree which is acted upon
by both (the) carpenter and (the) axe is the objeot called l^'i I
'^t^^ is the verb (in the indicative present)
signifying cut. %'*'P^|*''?'^^'%'n'i?=,'i sbouU be translate 1 iu English thus : {the) carpenter onts tree
In the passage »)'T3|*)'ill''l*)''2C^'q eye with body to seeing. Here *t«n is l^'''^'''''''' the secondary agent,
(the person seeing being the principal agent ^''^) |^ sign of the Instrumental case, "ll"!'^ is the ohject
(11^^) ;
(^j is the sign of the Acousative case ;
^"^ seeing or to sea is the verb. 2ti]?[*;ii|ii^i2C|i'q should be
translated as seeing body tcith {the) eyea. In the above two passages "I^^'^ and ^''5 being verbs are called
°i^"|g terms of action or work, i.e. cutting and seeing, i.e. =i|'' action indicated by them.
The verb (,3'=') when the action (''3'=i or "i^) is being done (IS'^'^I''') is put in the present tense (=^f 'i) ;
when the action has been done (§^ '^V) it is in the preterite or past tense C^S^'i) ; when the action, it is
The roots of the verbs like "^5 in '^W =>, l=^ in lv^, V\ iu gT^J, ^ in f '=1 &c , are always in the Indicative
present.
When in the root-verb the terminating letter is reduplicated and the vowel o is put on the duplicate
letter, the verb so formed is also put in the Indicative present, for example : |=^'^ (he) does, '^%^ (he) goes,
"^^T^ (he) is or sits, ^V^ (there) is, 5)3^-1^ (it) is, g^ (he) speaks. The verb to be when expressed in
the above manner i.e., as =i,5i^'5|£) (reduplication of the final latter in a noun, pronoun, adjective or verb, and
the vowel being fixed on the duplicate letter), is always p'lt in the Indicative mood, present tense: *)'?
root verb in the Indicative present, for example: ls in '^?§^ or in '^5'''^§'^ signifying moves or does
*) is generally afBxed to the veibal root in the Indicative, present terse for forming the preterite or past
tense. The word il»i=- signifying say or tell is in the Indicative present ; "l^j^w is in the preterite or past tense.
pres. 1^ pret.
The perfect tense is formed by adding tlie auxiliaries -^,', §^, "5^, *'^, §=, '^%''\, ^=- to the verbal
roots in the preterite ; '^Xs spdke is ju't-L ^"Ks'"^^ has spoken is in the perf. FS speak, is in the 2)res. It would be
incorrect to write Is'^^ I The verbal roat "^fl meaning deprive or snatch away is in the^res.; ^"1*1 pret.
In the formation of the preterite and perfect tenses, in some verbs, the g^'^11 (prefix letter) ^ is put
at the beginning of the root and in most cases tlie t*'''*^''! letter *) is affixed at the end : ^"^ngq*) gained or
acquired wealth ;
l^^ogq*)!^')' has acquired wealth or ^i,ti|q^£)^g,?^c) wealth has been acquired.
Verbal roots that are bas-ed on the ten s^^^'il^ letters P, "1, *, E, s, S, ", ^, *, ^ are preceded by tho I'^'^EI
ju>v^'«: '^ in tlie Indicative present, for example: ''g^'i carrying; "•^^''J constructing or directing; ^^'^
telling or explaining; RI^Ii putting; "^S^-'^i drinking; '^^c.q spreading; '(^"l'^ depriving or taking
away by force; '^9'Ji'fl giving or offering; "^S'si'y sewing; '^^^'^ holding. The changes that occur in
such verbal roots in tlie formation of the several tenses and moods are illustrated in the following ten
groups of examples.
No. I.
Indicative mood.
40
No. IV.
Tndicativ mood.
The preterite of nf *)«» is q?*) subdued. This word, in a eabatautive form, i-s found in the name
Qlfw^^jR'^?!' the accepted Tibetan equivalent of the Sanskrit word Bharjavan. The preterite of '^ is o^w
milohed. This word in an adjective iorm i.e., q^*i'*f is commonly applied to cows or yaks such as q'q^»i«
miloh-oow or i^gi^^'*), milch- j/ (/A.
No. V.
«.9!ilN'cj grinding or weaving, ".^^im or '^^i!*i''5^^i q?'!]*) Qjij or "^^"J^'^l^ ^"1 T^l^^'i
In the above examples the ^e:"]^ letter ^ of the Indicative present changes into 5 in the preterite and
future, the'^ [jrcjlx being changed into '^ and "] respectively.
No. VI.
'^^s.'q spreading, "^^"^ or 'i^c^-q'^aiq ti^c. t^^ or '^^=.-i|^ S:;
In the above examples the ^^'-^^ letter S changes into 5 oaly in the preterite. It is retained in tha
In the Imperative and Hortative, the "> of the Indicative present changes into '.
41
»
43
No. X.
I'articipial form.
Fret.
45
46
Certain root- verbs are used both in oonTersation and writing to express a degree of politeness in address
to inferiors, equals, or superiors. Being the various forms of the verb to be i.e., ^^ and ^'\ ;
they
generally signify am, art, is, are; there is, tliore are &c., and are as follows :
a<~^m ^
ms^n^m^ s^i^j oin]*!, at^a. ««^, }^^, R^m, •!\^'n, ^'^, q^^'ti | when used with the negatives * and *> they
stand thus: «)«i' (for «'")^), »''\ (for sJi^S) »>''^^% *'''='91«^, *<'*<^*',
*'''^'l*^ , »)»i=.s *''l'^'^- '^'^'*^^,
These root-verbs have no variation in inflection in the several tenses, and also in respect of person and
number.
They are invariable in tlio Indicative present, after every person of both numbers.
there ? ^'^*»''^^'^ how much is there; »<=.' 3' s.^"! there are many; gqHjqic-ai £:i|«ii*i where is the
iig'iwwt?!'^ there are about one hundred; e,'^'jui'^''l*i'«J«il5^ ?i I am of the royal race; J^^''^'^'\'
even so ; q^'^iSi^gMqiSi l do beg or entreat ; SC'q^i^i?? there is not ; g»<*)'ffl''I'^^'^^ the Lama is
Conjugation.
The conjugation of Tibetan verbs is simply a participial variation.
All the tenses of the verbal roots cr of verbs, in general, may be formed and conjugated by the aid
of the root-verbs "5 3^ and '^'^ or their equivalents : "^^il, ^Q"!^, »j^n, oi-jj*?, s^'^^'t, sj«;, 13=;, r^ui, uiaj^^ ^c.^ i^^'i;
Present lenne.
'
Singular. Plural.
Past tense.
Future tense.
3. „ p or ]^^-^S^'^-'>~W< ^-^-^ or
p-^'^l^-l or ^S'i^'o-W^ they shall do.
§^ do or let him do, S"*^'^"! pray do, or let him do, I'S"'^ if I do, or he does.
Conditional j^as^ S^'^ if I did or he did. luture s^^qjs'i^g^^ if I or he shall have done.
Participial form: §=>'?=- or U\%, when doing; 3'^'5, S^'^i^, S^'^N having done; §^'«i after having done.
Present tense,
Fast ienee.
Future iense.
Indicative.
Present.
Past.
Paeticipial Espeessions.
Present and future. "I'^'^k when becoming, changing.
Past. §^'5, ^^'^^, §*''^*' or i'^'si having become.
The verb *^*\" (when used as a respectful term for BS'^) has only one variation : in the Imperative and
Hortative it is "^"^ I
The verb ''IS", honorific also for §">" is used by a person speaking for himself, or of others, before a
superior.
Indicative Present. 1%'^ he does, Fret. l|«i he did. Future. 5| shall or will do.
Paeticiples.
Among verbs the participles form the roots of the Indicative present, past and future tenses ; as g, g*i,
gS I As'nouns they may all be used substantively, such as g'=i speaking or speech ;
g'^'^ spoken, a spoken
The participles terminating in " or =1 according to their final letter in the roots, take the genitive forni
(£i3, q5) when used before a noun : «I«J|«^y working, doing work; -si^Jl^y^*) a working man; «e."3'g'ti or
When, in the participle present, the 'i or =' termination is dropped, and 1"^ or *f^^, or §'^*f^ is attached
to it, it becomes a noun signifying an actor or agent, an instrument or organ ; as g |=^I | *JP^ I I'ls^il^ ( a
speaker ; ^^'%S, that does beat, the beater ; »)?t|S or «?=.'*4p^ that does seeing or makes one see, the eye.
The following participial terminations ?=., %'^ ^=. I I, % %'^,^\ %^, ^% 31, ^1, "^^i ( f , % f put after the
root of the present participle, correspond to the English termination inj : ^^g'^^ so saying, thus saying;
^^'^^S'lit being so; S'l^^'^^"! (he) is reading; s'§'*>g, (he) does not speak when eating.
The participle future terminates in S or S'l (taken absolutely, or after a substantive), and in §5 or 3=i5
(taken conjunctively, or before a substantive) such as, 3 g edible, anything to be eaten ; ^'S^'-^ flesh to be eaten;
5iJ]i!«^'S'J to bo read over, that must be read over; qjifljci^ g£i5qf3i£i?*i a literary wiovk {Gd-ttra) to be perused.
The past participle is expressed by any of the following secondary particles or case— signs (put after
the root in the preterite, having regard to 1^ l*i, ^*^, ^*' or or 5}s Sc, ^s., ^i;
its final letter) 'J*', I
«^ | ^, f ^, i
and "I
I they are used like '
having '
'ed '
or ' being — ed '
in English (for joining two or more members of
On the use of '^% ^% -^^ with veebs in the Imperative Mood and Conjunctive Peesent.
%<f\,
^"i, and ^1 are all of the same power and signification.
?^ is attached to verbal roots, terminating in "?, S. =! I for instance: aT'^l read, let him read, he may
read; fS'^'^ explain, tell, let him explain ;
g=!^'? make ready, prepare, let him accomplish.
50
"^q] is attached to verbal roots ending iu =-, «i, ^, •», '^, "^ thus : ^^^ '^"I beg or ask for, let him beg ;
"l^^'^"! (for "l^^S^I) (please) hear, let him hear; 3»<'^''I let him die, perish ;
»* g^"! say not, let
^^\ is attached'to verbal roots ending in " thus: ^i*)'^'^''! think, let him mind; «ii^ii»i'^<i| please see.
£ig(!)i6<i]q q*)q^'5jsl'^'%c-uiE.-i*|ii|'^'^q 1 1 The ^ P>-^^/^ is not put before Verbal roots in the Imperative
and Hortative Moods, but they receive the "it-"^!"! secondary affix "»! at the end, as in S««'^«q|
These are, likewise all of the same power and signification, and are formed of the preceding word, by the
reduplication of its finul letter, and adding the vowel sign o. Thoy have the power of the verbs ")*i and ''^*^
signifying am, art, is, are ; do, have. They are frequently used with the present, perfect, and future
tenses. '^^"I^ is, there is; ?i=. ^Tisgooe; ^=-'^ it is long, distant ; '^S'^ there is, is ; ^^^ it is ;
'?'i'9 has got
or found ;
5*1'^ has killed; '^^'^ go or am going; '^^vX will become ; "i^n'^ I beg, I request ; "i"}^'^ it is so
(yes, sir,). The particle ^should be used only in the perfect tense, after «i, *>, ''i (for the S'^l in ^'^, *>S, «is) :
for example: "j"^'? (for 'H^'^'^'? ) I have beard ; l"^? (for l^STj has become ;
•q^'^i?' (for "I'^'^S'^) has begged.
^ is used after verbal roots ending in ^, ^, «i, ^ I for example: "1^^^ hearing ; '^S'^^ carrying ;
^i'?
^'''l meditating, g'§ saying ; »)^'^'^«=.'^'5ii having shot (the arrow) it hit.
On the use of '^^, ^^, '\^, ^^, P^, *J5j, ^^j and 5» |
These terminations are all of the some power and signification. They are formed of the preceding word
or root-verb by reduplicating its final letter, and affixing the letter » to it. They are interfogative signs, or
'
The particle 5** is used only in the perfect tense after verbal roots ending in ^, *<, i (for ^Si ^S "^S);
as for example :
"^^"I"!** is there ? ?itc»< is (he) gone ? ^\S^ is there ? "iaj ajw is it f ^qq« have you found ?
ci^l'i^*) shall I go or should I go or whether I go ? ii?t«-^»<«^^«i whether it is gold or silver ? '^%'A-aii>-3c,^
it is silver or copper ? -^^n*) do you know ? ii»)^'5») (for 1]*)^^ 5**) have you heard ? iI?i'2i'5N for ''1^'>I'>'5*')
has he askd ?
On the use of ?c, ^c, ^^ wiih Verbs.
These particles are all of the same power and signification and express the participial termination iiig,
in English. They are used after such letters as have been stated under ^"1, ^"l and ^1! for example:
gil^c, reading; '5Il''I*'% having read over; g^=- or g'^'^ having spoken or faid.
These are comparative signs signifying: than, more than, but they are often used with verbs in their
perfect participial form, for example :
^»)'g*fy^ thus having said ; g'T^'^^'^^^ having given or placed in his
hand or having presented to him.
Adverbs.
In Tibetan, the Adverbs generally precede the verbs and adjectives which they qualify, for example :
S«j|^ S (he) said so, or said thus: ^^'^'oiil's^ so (it) is; ^i'i'5''''^ very good.
There are three premitive adverbial roots in the Tibetan language, namely : 5, ^, -^ I which are all
of the same power and meaning. "Whether us d alone or with the a//?x' ( l^'^ll ) *) affixed to them or with the
additive particles ^, '^, °-^, ^ attached to them, tliey signify so, Ihtt". They ore the following : — S^j ;
^-aj ; .^-^ .
There are also certain additive terms which are ufied botli, as Adverbs and Postpositions (Prepositions
in Erglish). When used adverbially they are put before the verb. Some of these words are :
'i'^'% ^'^'^, ^'^^*'; 1'^, l'^*". 1"^; '^'^'5, S^'^, 5'^; »'^^'^: »'=^'^'C9'n'5^ sit forward; gei'S,
S'''5'f'n*'
move backward; 'q"i*i«i, «iiu)*jfjR|sj ^juri to the right; g^^' ?i towards; Ssifoj^iss-^Tic^-qit^f
remuneration if he works ;
^^if;-^ if certain* certainly.
^g the term ^ (equivalent of f^ fii, in Sanskrit) expresses emphasis : it also separates the S'^*' (subject)
The ^"igs additive particles ^J^ and 'J^ are some times attached to certain adjectives to give them an
adverbial sense in the manner hj does in English, for example: »'3'n«'«)^'»§ go quickly, fli«J'»ia';QE^ showed
(1) *<, *i are used before the verb or adjective which they qualify, as in «''^'n»» fear not ; «<«|5i=. (please)
(2) »)% ^\ are used after the verb or adjective, as in ^^^S (there is) nothing above.
s^-3{% uifs)";, there is nothing inside ; ^'^Vl'^'i not that, another.
Adveers of Place,
"1^'^ "1^'^ where? Whether? "I^-'^'^'^ everywhere, "is-'^^c'S^ where-so-ever. "ie.'^N whence?
"I^'^'S^'S^ whither-so-ever;''I«^'^'^'3s.-5,c, whence-so-ever. ''^^, '^, "^^'S.here; '^^'^ from here, hence.
^'^, ^S ^'5 there ; S^^, from there, then, thence. ^^'% ^^'^, within, into ;
|'^, %'%, 'i^, outside.
"^^^^ **'^^ fore, before ; '^^^'' from the fore, from the presence of.
c^'^F^'"' before; 5^5, f^i^i backward, afterwards; ^'^^, from behind, from the back. ''fS''^, ^s'^, ^cuj
on, up, upon, over ; above. ^=.'^*i from above 1=^'^, %^'\ %^''^ above, on high, f s.'^*) from above.
;
5'^ above, on high. 1^'^ upwards, uphill. S^''5i, l^'*" downwards, down-hill.
^, V^*^ near ;S'^ or ^ linear, at; V^'^*^ from near. ^l^s^'^.^T^^'^.^l'^^-'", far, remotely, atadistanoe;
Advekbs of Time.
T^'^*^, "^^^ when ? ^*", when ? ^'^•"'e. whenever. '^"^'5^*', '^^'^ this time, at such time.
^•^'s, ^'^ at that time. t\ ^^'%^, S^'^, t^"^'^'^ formerly, of old, anciently.
1^'^ V^^, "^1^% '^'^% continually, always, perpetually, ever. ^«"if5)«^ never.
^'^e. this day, today; *<St or sf^f yesterday; P*^^ day before yesterday, "t tomorrow; ^i^*!'
«l^e.*i day after tomorrow ; "l^'^ after three days or three days hence.
SS*" four days hence; ^^ five days hence. ^lS'^''^'n every day, day after day.
IS^ I every month. '6'^, ^ 'S^'^, '5^^ evci-y year, year by year.
"S'*"! every second year. '^'^ this year, current year. ^'^s. last year; ^'^^ year before last. S3'^^
three years ago. $«^'^^ four years ago.
"^^ y^ by day, in the day time. °^^'^ by day, «i3?^?i^ by night, at night. '^^'^'^^'^ day and night.
g'X in the morning : %'% in the afternoon.
gS in the morning, early. ^c,S tomorrow morning. °^^''S5S-''=J at midday, when the sun is on tha
meridian.
jq S'lsi in the evening, at sunset. '^'^Q this evening. P'i'i last evening.
''^'^'**S
'^^'*'^''5, niany times ;
"i^Rija. sometime, "J^'^l^'^"? sometimes; ^^''^'q^ cr'^"!''^*' some
time, other time ;
'3i^i^«ii'5,«is.- ^s>«i) not a single time, never. *J9^"l5^q'^ infinitely.
Adverbs of quantity.
fo< how much? How many? '^^'^ this much ;
\^« that much; ^'i^ what much. ^t|« many,
much about.
»)E,q^ sic-^j many, much, in large quantity, gs^'^ little, few 2e.'^« in a small quantity.
;
%'\ half, a half, '*'«= to much, too many. ^S enough ; ^"1, Sq]il<i) it is enough, sufficient.
Adverbs of quality.
5^'& entirely, altogether; P'^'Tg silently, mutely; SS''^^ specially, particularly; '^5*' *•'=>
^,
amply, copiously; '*|'^'^ walking; S'iS'^'^l*) naturally; f*)*} openly, on the face; "S^T^csi
5i2r3^y»^ conspicuosly ; »<^*i'51»<'5i evidently; ^1"% "I'^^w at once; ?gS S'^"! how? la what manner?
^m-u^ alike; ^^f^ viciously, faultily; ij^s^'l^^^'^^ indiiTerently ; awq^ vulgarly ; 5^»i'*>s i^
undoubtedly
w«'«^'^ wholly, in every way; V^% ^'^1 so, in that manner; '^^Cf, '^^§*^ thus, so, in this manner ;
S«J"«5«N, «\'»9'« gently, by degrees; '^«i'^-5^, brightly; «,s,ti^ straightly, rightly, honestly ;
«i|»''^ shortly, briefly; »''^*>"|»)'^ concisely, abridgedly; ^'f')*; especially; «i^'5^'^ earnestly;
§«. generally ini'S";, «bc35'S^ mostly, for the most part; ^'^'^ egregiously, exceedingly
; ; "^I'S
secretly, privately ;
^i"^ quickly jtiijiiQ'^')^ modestly, chastely ;
«iii»l'^£i^, immodestly ;
*l'^1N£j^ unreasonably, unjustly ; "l?^^ principally ; »<f t») w^ equally, like wise ;
«?«)''<^
beautifully; C^'^, "g^'^ falsely; "I^^^ otherwise, else; cstqs, well; 'f^Jti^ worthily
becomingly; '^^^''g wholely, entirely; <^^'^%»^ thorougldy ; ""^ ngain ;
"ifuic.^ w^.-'^tuit,
^c'ti^ decently ;
^f\^^ reasonably, justly ; ^"l'^*^ amiss ;
ol«ii*i-cj^ well, elegantly ; ^^5 very ;
^*''«i^^'^
knowingly, designedly ;
"Jj^JflJcJ^, i)?;aiq^ clearly, lucidly; ?i'^^, asunder; S"^ Qga.n;
nj^fq^ confidentially, secretly ;
S'l^S';'^, infallibly ;
^I'J^ in access, beyond, in a high degree.
Pkepositions.
There are no Prepositions in the Tibetan language. Certain postpositive particles or Postpositions,
do the function of the English Preposition. They are §, ^, ^i, *•, 5. «!, 9 I I, §1 &c. I^s, ^i^n &c. ^^, "!« &c.
The use of these particles has been partly explained in page 15. The Postpositions, however, do not
form a part of speech. They are, but, parts of words under declension.
The simple ones are : 1st. %, ^, 3, 5 or "i signifying : o/,'s; these are genitive case-signs. 2ndly S'Nj ^n^ j^q
•**», "}«i, " signifying li/, with. These are the signs of the Agentive or Instrumentive case, "i is the sign
both of the Accusative and the Dative eases and signifies to, for.
^ is the sign bolh of the Nominative and the Ablative cases; and "i*" is the sign of the Ablative,
As Ablative signs they signify from of, out of; J^^'^?^'f«;'^E.'^ni*)|t»:i Light shone from the
east ;
(he) fell from the hill;
The additive particles 5, '^, % 5, ?i (put after the Nominative with respect to its final letter) denote
motiou, progression to, or towards a place ; or change, tarn, promotion, transformation into another state.
The compound postpositions generally require the genitive case before them. The terms 1*^ or %'>%
behind; 5"! till, as for as; *'^'=>''^ to the limit; ^"I or^^Tg on, on above.
Some Poaipositions illustrated tcith examples :
1'^''^: ^^§=-'^ above that; §=• si : ^^^=^'1 on or above that; §=-*i«i: ^5-§=.-3i*j from on that.
|«?'^^ or ^^'^'^ from behind: ='^'1*'^*' from behind me; 1'^'^ behind: =-^1*^'^ behind me.
'5'n''5^ between the two; ^i^^'^, *'^^'^ before: S'S^ *'^^'^ before thee, or in your presence.
|*i'g'^ in the sight of: g*!^'!^ g^ before the Lama or in the Lama's presence, ^W% with, together
with: g»'''\=-*i?»<''^ with the Lama ; 5'^'3s=.'^^'?'n in the company of the king.
ij-flj^ji^qq-q descending from the horse; oi'^/yo?;*. "i^i'^'^^s-'^'^ to beat with the hand; "''signifying (ri<^.
Ifit.-jl^.ai'S from the town; ^i?' signifying from. 5=-'S^'^ to the town ; ^ signifying to.
The foUowicg Tibetan equivalents of the Sanskrit prepositive particles are generallyused with or before
highly; S»'"*>
f^ njsurely ; »'«^'i"^ ^f^ aWi, fully ; l^g a;m after ;V*'^ gqwp" near; »<?«i5g^tt< up ; 5r«"%,
=5t«^ qfc ?«z''» fully, round; "icsq] q« ^ jt_ sew with ; ^^'Slg P^n forth, well; ^^^v/^prati re, sepa-
Conjunction.
S^ signifying and is used in five different senses ; |S''|S as conjunction, for example :
^Se-*) god and
There are three primitive conjunctions namely : jc, Q,c and «jc which are all of the same power and
signification. They are called '^I'^g^'i t oontinutive terms or words expressive of continuity.
T]C signifying too, also ; though, although ; even, is used after words ending in "I, \ ", "i and also
after ^•^'^ 1 for example : 5'1'5«-I «i«SS=-'I «)'n«i'3e.I S'sse.l •'l^'S'Se'l "^I^sa^-'l ^"SiS'-I ^^1'3«' though
QC is used after any vowel and after words ending in =i either expressed or understood. In being bo
used "^t is rather joined with than attached to the words or syllable it follows :
t'^c I also ;
*)^^, man also ;
5^"=., the son also ; »^^S fire too; °-%'<^, though he goes, '"^^S the order
even or also ; s, with "^s- forms one syllable, otj^B, (formed of 'JT and i^) is also one syllable.
^ "When it becomes necessary (in poetry for the sake of metre) to divide this one syllable into
(there) is even no village) «i^S'''i'H'«it'<^$ '»l'S»<« though wrathful to the devil, yet hifid to all.
H higher measure or degree. i]*)^<»Jt-5]«5';j clear and clearer still; »i?«J'3s.'*jtj5j handsome and still more handsome.
When S^, ^=. or ""c is used between two adjectives of opposite meanings, it shows the contrast or
wivqg though friendly yet deceptive ; ^^'S'S^.g though respectful yet furious.
»i?«i-^E,-i('^-3c,R^I graceful, it also sheds lustre. tQ^'niuja^nc^e^-tji^cuJaj being lily, it was also blue.
wjC'S signifying or, or or else is the only disjunctive, in this language, which is in general use.
^'^S nay, rather ; what is more ; moreover, yet more, *^*^»i'a'S'^*''S'=> "S'S man's (not to speak of man) what
is more, gods even bowed.
K^'gCj !?^-5E. or M'^^ signifies, though, although, albeit, notwithstanding.
^S'S^ or *i«\'3^ signifies, though, although. ^S'lS.^'S'i^^, although—yet, "S'^c- yet, as yet, but yet.
^•^cuic now too, still. M'^ or M'f^,, siguifies if, hut if. "I'^i'^ or '!\'^'^S but or if but ;
^g'^ or ^'^then, so.
^§ signifies if; ^'^ if then. ^'^ not even, not-even so much as, i'^, ^'l, ^'^ for, because.
q|5|j CS4, "^sj, ajSI, qsi S|5j q,5j^ ^si oi^ ^Si ^5J are interrogative signs, expressing a doubt,
whether, or ? They may be formed of any word, by reduplicating its final letter, and adding a « ; as in
J«is), ^i^N or ^ "^^i signifies or, or so. ^'^, i?'^'^ or '^'^u'c signifies then, therefore, nevertheless, j
Inteejection.
5 K>/e is the polite vocative particle signifying o or oh which is, in general use, both colloquially and in
writing. It is equivalent to Sanskrit Sho (in Tibetau ^^ bod to address or call) from which the Hindi name
Bhota signifying Tibet, has been derived. S is generally used at the beginning of an expression or sentence
*
for example : 3'^^'^ I 0, the god of gods ! sp'^i'i^q O, charioteer !
S is also used in the middle or at the end of a sentence, for example : '^S5^''^i=.^'«^3i5«i"^''|'5i"§f5*^|f-'^ 1
Patron Jamyang, grant unto me intellect ! ^•gii^c'a^St'?*)^ i Q son, to ren-ounce is improper! q«;|''|'3i'5]=.N
t "^S"*, IJ^or "5 are vocative particles used in addressing inferior persons. Their use is general in dramatic
a ^ and *< "* are vulgar vocative expressions or interjections used bafore the name of the person
addressed f
58
Wj w s (or 'a) and |« are the three mystical interjections used in addressing the Buddhist Triad or in
invoking the Lamaic chiefs of the Vajra-ydna mystic cult.
The following vocative terms or expressions signifying sir, yes ; o, holla are in general use colloquially,
niflisi or S'"!"!*' (sir oh! or o, sir) is used in addressing or in responding to a call in polite language ; \ Tl^
or '5'"! is used in addressing inferiors. ^ ; V\ ^'^ in addressing some one of out of scorn.
wBij la^ "aol are expresbions of wonder, f^^ expression used in threat or anger.
B'" I S'S! ^'\'\\ S'S signifying Oh ! Alas! Woe! are expressions of grief and sorrow.
5)»i| ^'ii'"^ HTQ interjec Horn oi airairnXion.. si'^i'^i] waiai^^ are expressions of wonder,
wai'si'wraim expresses great joy. SS is an interjicUon of joy and admiration, i?^ ^ 1
"i"' signifying ho !,
yes are inierjcctims of recollection. bm[s| BM'p'p disapprobation, displeasure; expressive of loss.
^'^\ B^'^'ig are expressions of pain from cold, bs'^i mii are expressions of pain from heat,
w^ 1
wi'2 are expressions of fright, horror or dread.
"J^'^l yes. «i^^'5^ (rue, truth ! £n-« yes, certainly. ^il«i?5 well done ! i?S'''> be praised !
Syntax.
The arrangement of the words of the several parts of speech, in Tibetan expressions and sentences, does
not resemble that of the same in English or Sanskrit. It is rather the reverse of the English. The nouns
and pronouns including the Nominative, precede their attributes, and the verbs stand at the end of the
sentence. In the sentence -f]^V^'i'^'^'^'l^^f^«^'g'Ti'N«i«VR;g-^q«)-q i on the occasion of going, on pilgrimage,
towards Lha-ldaa (Lhasa) by Sarat Chandra, ^'l^^'Saici • ^q f ^i^gsiq^-sjiq^^^^j^jj^iai i
+ qc.-^^^;^-
receiving this kind requ'st qT'''^*i''53i.5'^?q| I preceded to Rgyal-rtse (Gyan-tse) gil-^ Q^*) I on the 21st
day of tho above month ^=."|5'2«i-°?y3i|
*^^'5 and ^'f^^i*) are adjectives qualifying the nouns in the Nominative case ^Ir*«. and ^'f** respectively.
tT*fee Ablative case-sign ^»i //-ow /.«'„ signifying origination, is generally used, in modern idiomatic
Tibetan, after the Nominative. In these two instances 3^1 "^it mni ^-^n are Nominatives, c!3=.*)'j»i and '=^'^''3'
% are verba.
X '^^'^ the term "!«. is generally used with the pronouns %, \ °^, and adverbs ^^, S and the conjunction
"1^ it being placed before them, such as 'H'^-'^"!; "1^'^; "I"^'"*^; "I^'g^j "I"^'^'; ''l'i'"'=.'l
59
that to you ;
«)=.N-g^-ai-§"Jl-a,ii5ci5i ( make reverence to Buddha; g'(a|ei^'^'^E.'^'|^*'q^§^'S<'I your honour may
live long or have long life
The auxiliaries which follow the principial verb are only conjugated in tho several tenses and moods,
tlie root verb being invariable : as in §VS''^^''I'J*> to cause (one) make ;
|*\'^*i'^^ to make (one) can, able ;
Nouns generally precede their attributes, and then it is only the last of them that is declined in the
A noun denoting possession, is placed in the genitive and alway precedes the thing possessei :
»)5'^^'3
man's body. Such genitives are also expressed adjectively, as in English : *1'5*^ the human body ;
^=.'^»^
The genitive case-sign is sometimes dropt, in nouns, denoting possession: *ie.N-g>)q^3i'q for ?^E.*i|!5j'|'q§'^'q |
When several nouns in the agentive or genitive case are placed together' with or without the word
nj ?jq]?q
signifying et cetera at the end, the case-sign is attached to the last noun or to ^"l"^, for example :
^ ;]'*)'5!'?;il«^'§N-«;c«-g5)-ai-gqi-g*)-Sl the gods, i\''(f(/a men etcetera, paid reverence to Buddha. |'>i'g'v=^5s.'9'
5Sf«j-«>^||q?i':i3i5j, the place of refuge of the king, ministers, and of all the subjects. s,=.-5[s<'*f'^c»)il^^:!l^sj
When the adjectives precede the nouns they are intended to qualify, they are invariable in all the
The case denoting the agent, by whom, or the instrument, with which, any action is produced, is called
the Instrumentive. This occurs very frequently, since it is used both before the active and passive verbs,
Active and passive verbs ending I'S or Iv^l can be discriminated only by the instrumentive and the
nominative cases expressed before them.
Active and Causal verbs require before them, the lustrumentive case i.e. the Nominative with any of
these case-eigns l'^, Sjis, |*i,— « or ^"s or ")«, according to the final letter of the word in the Nominative case,
and the neuters and passives, in like manner, require the Nomiuativo or Objective case. But, when the
active verb is intransitive, the Nominative is used ; as in f?c-(^q^i^««i| |t^
| ]xo wall;s; c^^'^j'si I do not walk or
go. Instead of tho Instrumentive case, the Nominative is also used with the emphatical I (s.'^) ; as in
c'^»f^?j?i I have not said that. As also, when the Objective case takes the 'v particle, the Nominative (or
Accusative) is used, instead of the Instrumentive ; as in ^^Si) a'\''^^'^ I have told you, for ^i^"! ^l^'if'^'^S^ by
me it has been said to you. (See Csoma's Grammar;.
Prosody.
Tibetan verses are free from the fetters of rhj'^me and metro. All the poetical pieces in Tibetan, originals
or translations from Sanskrit, are in a sort of blank verse or prose in flowing motion. There is no distinc-
tion of vowels into long and short, accented or emphatical, in Tibetan versification. Ail poetical compositions
differ from one another only in tho number of syllables. There are feet bat not metrical ones, measured by
short and long vowels or syllables. The several poetical pieces occurring in the Kah-gyur and Stangijur, all
of which are faithful translations from the Sanskrit Buddhist works of India, have been rendered in blank
verse, consisting of two or four Hues, each of seven, nine, eleven, thirteen, fifteen, seventeen, nineteen or
twentyone syllables.
The Avadma KaljHilata, in Tibetan and Sanskrit, which has been published in the BiblMlieca Indiea
series by the Asiatic Society of Bengal, contains numero us examples of such poetical compositions.
In the repartee songs of Tibet which generally consist of verses of two liaes of six syllables each, there
is rhythm (see Appendix IX) but poetry (^^'Vtis^) i.e., versification is seldom dona in lines of six syllables.
;
In lyric songs the distinetiou of number in the syllables of a line is, however, seldom observed. They
are composites, sometimes irregularly done, of lines of sis, seven aud two syllables. These are, at the time of
singing, lengthened by the intevsyllabio addition of "i, ^ (for 3"^) &3., such as in |^« (P=.''?i«}; olq]5qq^a)uiisja(q)
INDEX.
(Eeferences are to the pages and lines).
Pages. Lines.
% '5'^and "^^ ... ... ... ... 58 4
I'S), Tg=. or -^m-^s (the consonants) ... ... 4, 5, 7, 16 4, 5, 15
S«i-«<:^ and '^'^
(S^|S) ... ... ... 57, 19 1, 3
3-Tl'^ and'Ji-S) (S-sg) ... ... ... ... 57,22,24 23,3
S'w and 35 ... ... ... ... 58 7
P'^l and P'-fj*', «ii=;"ic and T^ some one ; a few ; either j each 29 19
or what each.
Pages.
^ conditiouality ...
"aofand »i'^
a, 5, 3 Diminutive form
'^•^, '5-3i-^and'5'ai"J'^ ...
'f^ 3«^
and '^^i'?^
'y'J, 'J*) and =!*) particles used in comparison like thun or more
-^S Diacritical marks or stops ...
*« and w*i-^
BOOK I.
APPENDIX ... 1
... 2
... 4
... 6
... 9
... 11
... 18
... 28
... 33
... 36
... 37
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Facsimile of — Facing page.
The original letter — official order of Lozan Faldan Yesh^ ... ... 4
The original letter of the present Tashi Lama, Panchen Choi-kyi Nima 6
|,q]-S)qi_Official Order
s|5C«)q|_Road.Bill ...
Appendix IX ...
f
The Tibetan Song of the Precious Reed, Appendix X ...
0J^''5#'n—=I'T^'^^—Appendix XI ...
Subject-Analysis
Appendix XII
APPENDIX I.
q«^^-3j.N-^.S'q='^'|'^?;3i'5JC^-:^^Tq|'^'?C'5jl^''TlS^-|q'q|Yq^^'Rt'3,'^3;'|^-|3j'^q'£«l'?;3j'^^^
qTirgc-^qi5^-|^-|5j'qVq|?<'3j^'^!:'^=^-N'|'^^^'^'Tljj-^q'q5aj'|E-l]^-q^-5^-$^'^^v|c'T]S;j'^^
';,qi-::,==^'J«)-^iQJ'q^'gq«J'|q'2I1c-2q'=^!:-| S'gTl^'^'n^'^|S'|'=I^5,-q-wj^'|'^:^iQj-q^'5;iE^--:;|3j'
^5|«)-|cji'q^3j'q|=^'q'^c-5;,';,'^3j'3i3j-|-q';)Jtl-2j'^5,'^-§«J'2r[ g^''^^'^'q|^'q'r|^-'5C«j'^^-q|:^-^qj«j'qj«)'
APPENDIX II.
q^SI'Ic'I'q^'qs^l't^Qj-a^^'^aj'^C'l Q,^q§j'qgaj-^-|q|^--^g^'gj-|jaj-q^'^c§4
[
^|s;i'm'q^3i'^'^«i'5N^3j'«.&,=r^«j'q
^^'l'S'^'^^'V*^^'^^'^Yi'^'^ I |
s|3i-|3i'3q'-^51 :i|^5i-^-c{|aj'q^'5j^«^ |
5j5;j'«Nr'1'^'-:j'5)=^'q^3!il'J'«)«) |
«^g*j-il|^C-'£*^-|'Sai-p-«^fq^qi:igra|-q5-^'X=.'ag?^-S5-^aiq5-R^^3i-«j g«l-qi3i5(-'^ll^-35-|'t«l'g-5^-ni|5,-q5-2i3i-5j*i-»(^-|fS|-«q-i]«q-
Hi5-g5-Rc,ai-u(q-»)«j'iqc,-54''?^3i-^q I«^qc,-3i*i-g-|^-l|-^q]-5|ffiiq«lR§iv-aiq^3i'q5-«~iai-3i-q^ai|-^^
q|:^-gt-|uiV-q*l-5)^aj-l)-"Nq-qfc.-»|-^«-«^-^^-'^-g5'q=^'aic.-»iq-i:i^-aS3ig-siq54-|-"^«-«^-3«?>*t,qq«?j§5^*|-3;i | aiicic-lcgc^q-iii^*!-
+ A correct copy of the Marriage Deed of the M.ahaiaui of Sikkim, late Lha-cham Yece Dolma
||»c^ .?|*)|Bi-») I executed at Lhata, in 1882.
«'^-*il6i|-q5'^-q-^-q«j-gfi^q'^-S)q«;,-pc«i-*|-^c-'^c-Bi>k'«;^C5j-|-<:|§c-iS'e.*i-^q*j-g^-R|^'^«i|«4 ^c-^!ji'j^c«j-q^-5*i-ailai*i-iii?i»»-
i^c,Ag'si'q'q«>s'§'2|-crg-|c«)-jj5j-si^q-qat'y«S-iS-S-q?i^-3i»^-iq-»<-4~^N'§ga^'«s=^-|-3j^''?qi-<5)-^^ •*i«^-a'g5'
^N'|3i'^f^'s*^-ii|'3)-rs.gqi«q-cr^3i-^c,-sq-^q]-'j£;|-q|3ic,-»)it^-«-'g'zqsE.-|3^-q]*)ij|-q^ai-^ 5iS''i*)''«^'C^'*<='S'|'5'^'^'OJI
[5^-R2t^-S-q5'5q?j-5^tqi51-qq-ijjrjjq^?^Ql'^^tf[t5^-^-^jj-7[j3i-i^-s)c,-^egqj-ili^-3-gfj5^-q|-5jv|1i«,q sil^'i^l^-iiai-Sgiil^j-lQluisj-
u|-^q-qjc.'|^-§-tt-^7||=^'q^«^-^t-'?||J|q5^a)N-^*)-W5^q|'i)-5|'*l^^-qac.-|-J}-«^s|-qa-^s)-?vqac.-qq-t^£)iv-^N-g-^
(lll5,-|^*j-^5^-gQ)-q'^3|-^jj-nj^-Rgs,-|iq-s)5^-q-i'^^'3ijj-q]3i*j-qi^-i^-?5sa]iisj-|3i-qVt!S-^^*jq53i-«^^
APPENDIX in.
q^jj-poj q3^'g^'?JzT]«l'5i^'?f:tl5)'«j'^irR|-|';,'t^^§)'q^'|'q|3jYq3C'J^qQI'g:3i'«J--^«)'s^qQj'q=c'2^
I
zi]|q]^'q|c§j'|^'q'T]Q.'^^'q^5i''^5l^§J'^5^i^'q^'>^^c$<'i^3i'q'?^';'zr^3j^'«:)£|j«j'q^''^^
q§^'5^q]-Sj3i'«r5j'3j§<'jjc'^c'3ic'q'|^ .^c'|q'|'5&«j's^^'q-c2j
|
APPENDIX III
2j]yc'i;|£f]«('q^ Q.?,'q^'=tl?^c'^::'gc'dl3i'2J-3j5j-'T|'ai'T]'^^'«)'^q'Tf-<2J'§^'q'r]Q,'|':t|3jC'^^'q5«j'^r'[3t:,'
I
q5|-q,i?5'!;,'^c'q|^^'t;|5j::^'q3$j'3i5l'q:fjs;'q|,c«4'g-^'.^s;j-5ls^'q':^t|]«j'|!;,
^?j'y^'q'3|Y^^^''='l-^5j I j
qiQj'a&V[35^5J'|^'^=il5<'5'5f>'^^'-^'^'^3,'3,5j'3'^-qg:f]^'Wj;|-q^;'jj-|:iai-^'!tl^c'|gi^'Q,i^^^
iri^3i'q]^c'c:§j'q55j'=;'^a)'gc'gn«i'i£ic'q-=^c-[ ^•*^a)-=r-q|5^:T|-acg'«j'3j^'qTj^-|3i-|Vq:il-^'q^-(Jl':i;:';'|^'
A letter from His Holiness the Dalai Lama to His Majesty the King-Emperor
Edwahd VII.*
^q|5J's;,C'Q,|:ri5J'S^'|r'^V|Q)'iq'S5j'?J'k'f'^'Sq'Si!;,'q-q^3j'c^^a|-§q]'$i;^'^^-X^I«^'Y^^
^^'q^5)'|c-q^C5i'3?q]'q',|'|^ I
';)'5jj;j'|'q;s'gaj'|'':^aQj'Q,|Vfc*5la)'.^5|'^'^'g5j'5,rs;i"^^-^r| 5jr^'
^5)'|':i]3:r]«)'q|3j'd55J^'q55<'|5)'33j ||3;v'|'21'S'«C'q-|9}i:>-qS,ai'j;j'^'|^'q=rsfj^'[^''|-i'§<'i'£r|5J'i^:r|'ic'g
j I
* This, with its translation in English, and accompanying presents, was sent direct to King
Edward VII, Irom Calcutta.
A letter from His Serene Holiness the Tashi Lama to the Japanese Lama,
Ekai Kawa-guchi.
SS'^'^'I'^'^Y^'^'^II
qrc^^^'Q,!:,q'q|'^-3^^- |'v|'B^'':ig'^|5i'q%aj'q-oj5< I
5l^r|T^'Tl'QJ-'T]-;^^^sS-ai'g'5J'|=;,-^5J'|5<'5J'q^^-q^-SsS'^r^-q"^^-5;5,-Ss;,'|-i>^-|^5j'^r:;,rq^^-^
gaj'^^'^'l'^ I
^^^ro.'^'q'isj^-^c'i ^^J-Sl^'ql'Qi'gsi'q^'S^tl'q^jsj-^ql'qi^-SI^^JI ^'ajsj j
I'fa;^'
qi5'3f>oj'^Y^'^'i''^5^'^^'§'?'^'^^'^'^^'§'^'*5^''^^''fl''il'^'^"«J'«r|3|C'q^'qT]'5,'^q|'q
lUi'S^A'^^^^"'^'^'^
A LETTER KROM HIS SERENE H0UNS3S THE TASHl WMA •
/
TO THE JAPANESE LAM/^ , EKAl XATVA-GUCMI ,
\D\\ *^ i'V;<T^An\<»VO5^<*»iy^,((^-:yA0in<?a'i«>.VM"t<\«"^
^., \?>v'^vAU\<jiV'yjM; v.*- V
*SH*N«\J/*t^«^-^\°'M«6s«((y;^«v(^tti^^2^a,\(5n<»^\<^VjiVjo^ oi^il^uv^^^r^lW^^Sj^^i^.
'-<ni«'(->«*«r\v«"»"^^^(a.aJi;A\»»W)\'fe(^\D4\V«p)\^'>(2^<^''V'^ '~
;^ ^V2)^^l^o^^•'V
'n*<n^"^v>*^*'»\'*'»^'^"«^\i^'H'j<iM~w^^^/^-W<u^^ (s^^tf^i), ^
»l('nW«^<o'^\^(j'>j;;«\t .
f<»H^«5~t^^'^ a(a(,^M^aV.u\ -ng^^^,
i; ~~^"^v^-Jl^^w,-^„-.
Xii)-<-^-^v^-^~..^ ^^ <,v^<»,^.v"^^n
\>^^^^-'\G>\Mvi^-\v" <-• <" <^>."^->- ->^<.- ^'Vi'^ M^- >J?^'-'V5> vv^ W— -y^vs-y^i^j^-^- >,j.^;j<^vi;<^a^-^^P^\- v.-^.« v-'l«\^^^^--^-^vj,S^^
M\«\vv^-v:>'\Q>v -<,^^4ri ~^" "-^ ^ i^^^ <-^^^^^^^^-ii53-^y '^^^ ^^ ^~ * ^"^-^ >•-- •'v^s:?\^-^^<V--^?\M^
- (
^^^v-^ ^-\},.r,.^.^Xi-'V.vv,^V.-^y A-^a-^j^v-^-^i^-v-- i_ax ^-v---^*-- " <o^- ~ ^ -"o 3^v- V " •" -:^-\-^«<^- V ^A"- ^ *-= A -"s- V ^?iV AKoX^j,"
near Darjeeling.
^c'S|^q]'^S)'qs,'q§q|54-5j'q|BfQj'5^'^3|'(5i'3;jIt^''^'^3j'2!i'-3l'S3i'"vC'l3j'qi;'q3^'^
q^!;,'5i$)54'| I
'^^vS'|'|'Q.3J'Q,|q]-|l5j-|C'3j'^-g:i]5^'^3j'J5C$l-|-3C'iJ^^'|q'5l'^5i3g''5}'a]^i^'3jC'i^^^^
IS'S^'I SiSl'§'£|^'^=ri^'ir'^'a5'^^'|^'flc't'':^^:n«)'q55j'^3j'c^q^'S-fc-f|q'j^'^^'^-|zr^'(i|'PC§<'
-so NO
|jr|?j'«('qT|'R'5'5)'q§'g:t]'q^§l I S^'q3r2J'Qj ]|
* Lama Sherab Gya-tsho, Head Lama of Goom Monastery, near Darjeeling, was tutor to the Tashi
Lama Lo zan CLoikyi Wangchug, for some years. At Tashi-lhunpo he was known by the name of Thub-tan
Gya-tsho.
A letter from Kusho Tung-chen La, Chief Secretary to Lama Rinpoche Seng-chen
Dorje-chang to Sri Sarat Chandra Das.
NgSI ^^Jl^'JJl^^J'TISj'^'sjpi^J'sqc-qi^'q'qp^'^-l'-fl-^'^'^aj'^j'l^c-^l
S'n^'^'^'|''^C'Q,3^'q'<^ik'f ^'|'q'|3^'^C'J«<-^'«5';,'q'g3j'|«J-|'rqvf5J'g5I-Sl':tl^«j'q^'!^2TlQ,'q'^^
f^'^^^l ^c'g5j'I«i'5j^';^'3j?)'^ra3j'';,^§l'a;^EQ|'|'5^-|3j'Q.gq-5E«l'J^3^3j'^'p'q^!il^'P'[^'S5<-s
^j^'Jkr§c'q|Y5l'5^'5)'^3jrq-§ [[
A TIBETAN DIPLOMA
Conferring the dignity of Doii-nfr f^^^'"]^^] nn Lama XJgyen Gya.-tsho, Rai Bahadur.
t'f^'^B'^'=J'3i^'qic«J-^r&l^'q'E'^-i55J^-§'^q<J-'^T|-^5j'qT]'^,«J%'?^'|'^'^^'^'I2C'Ri'3i'^^^
5'^c'|-^'q'^:il'!ril^-^q]^'g'»5^;^i::'«J-^«<'/Jiq^'^S'T|^'^'!r|'q5<5J'|«J-s.^^l'q''^C'] q^Sj-q^X^^i^l'^^qc']
5)-^^'pq'|'^'^''5C''T|5j-q^:rfq-q^^''^C^-^^^'jJ-qs;'^'I:r|§J-§-f-5l';2^'!T,3i^-«J'S('Qp^^
|c':[]^«l-^'f(q^-';,rg'|i;'^'5ai'5-5jS-R^'q^'s;|Zj3,'qqc«j'i:,5^'«^5j'Q.|V51«^'|$<'^|q«)'§'|iT|'q5<^
|§)-Qj'q^aij'q^Y'=-^'^'=f|3^^'§^''^^'r^?V¥/^'^^''^-^'^'^i^i^''^'^i^
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APPENDIX V.
1 Prabhava
!9 Mada
APPENDIX VI.
Diary of a Journey
to
Lhasa in 1882*
By Sarat Chandha Das.
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* Origin of the name Dalai Lama: —Lama Sonam Gyanitsho, High Priest of the great monastery
of DapuQg near Lhasa, was invited Uy Althan Khan to preach Buddhism in Mongolia. The Lama's
name translated, in Mongolian, being Tdhii Poyon (rgya-mfslio signifying ocean, and bso-naras virtue.
Sanskrit Puny a Sagara, (Ocean of Virtue) The Mongol Chief addressed him as Talai Lama (or Ocean Lama).
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APPENDIX VIII
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appendix x.
*
The Song of the Precious Reed.
As. READ OK WRITTEN.
^:^':j'3;i^'q?,3j'^2)3i'2l^| _
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As Sung.
* The slender Bamboo Reed, about a foot long^ by means of lohieh Murwa beer is drunk in
SiKJcim and Bhutan.
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*
APPENDIX XL
aj5<'lYdf5|^'^«<'aj^'Q,!l^'|^'='l^^'fvX^5<''^5j'='13j5^''5^'|'ai^'^^^'^l i'l'l'^^'aj |
Seal of the Talai_Laina.
Translation.
DIPLOMA.
When I, Talai Laraa with my Court, sojourned in India, to whatever place of
pilgrimage I went, Legs-ldan, Head Police Officer, being especially deputed by the British
Government as a guide, rendered satisfactory service, from the first to the last. He knows
(his work) fully. That he may, for the good name of the (British) Government do better
services, the Tibetan Government has complimented him with the Ith class title and
(military) rank like that of Mdah-dpou. That British Officials may know from this his
fitness to deserve their kind help, this diploma, dated the 1st of the 6th month, year water-
• W '^%^'\ or *i«iI3=.| Cd^ dhyin stands for English, and *< for Sarkar) British Government,
t "13^1 literally signifies centre or central, but is ordinarily used to signify Government.
This letter-patent, bearing the red round seal of the Talai Lama, was granted to Mr. S. W. Laden La,
of the Bengal Police. He assisted me in the Press, when my Tibetan-English Dictionary was in the
course of being printed. Sarat Chandra Das.
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x-^s^
7%>e^ /i^^( poZd rn^^ial njjtd&
Zhasn a^d cizt'OU-dfi/thi/
<*o v^^/^o
'A3 ^**^^ i.'" fl ^5 at
J91Z io m
thf Da/ai La^)u7 , .
APPENDIX I.
Identification
By command of the Emperor of China, the 14th Hierarch of the Karma-pa (Buddhist Sect of Tibet)
waa entitled Shuhi Td-pau-wa Wang-Zi-then tsi-lsd hu-o Lord over the monasteries of Szi-then western
country (Tibet). He bore the religious name of Theg-pa Mohog-gi Rdorje (in Sanskrit, Farama Vajra
Jnaiuij . His rescript runs thus :—
Hear and be sure, ye the general public of Jambu dvipa and particularly the clergy and the laity,
great and low, the Lamas and the priests, the Ruling King, the ministers, captains and
lieutenants, &o. (of Sikkim). Whereas this son of the Ruling King Dharma-Baja (of Sikkim)
being identified by me as the embodiment of the soul of Karma Rin-chen neg-don bstan hdsiu
(the deceased) nephew of Kun-Mkhyen Situ Riu-poche of Mdo-Khamg, and also installed as
High-Priest, has been placed on his seat and given (the religious) name of Karma sgrub brgyud
bstan hdsiu dar rgyas Ihun-grub nes-don dvan-po. He having duly graduated himself in the
(holy) Orders of dge-tshul {Oramanera) and dge-glon {Cramana) and having received consecra-
tion and initiation in the deep training of the new and older forms of mysticism, to turn an
adept thereunto, has been appointed bishop over the following moaasteriea of his owa
sect :
The (new) incarnate Lama, by adopting the best means and methods of work, should with unflagging
seal, exert himself to the propagation of the religion of Buddha and work impartially and without prejudice.
The religious classes should obey the Lama's behests, observe the customary laws and canonical refrulations
and act according to the established methods. The faithful believers and alms-givers should a!so pny him due
respect, venerate and obey him.
40
This letter was issued on an auspicious date in the year tcaler-tiger from the great Buddhist College of
Hog-min in Tshor-phu.
gq|»,-^»qi abbreviation of s'^j^'^^T^lf'^*'! S'n^^'f'H'^ and ^"''^g*'! present, past and future.
^^ clergy, priest.
I laymen, laity.
"^s^I explaining, f-SI disputation, religious controversy; «5?«I mis-spelt for ?« composition, writing
books.
f,c?i'o)ai taking one's order or wish in the spirit it is delivered ; obeying implicitly and cheerfully,
APPENDIX II.
(Marriage of Lha-ding Princess Yeceg ggrol-ma with the Sikkim Maharaja Thu-tob Namgyal and
In the beginning of the year tcaier m. horse, 1882, the marriage of Maharaja Thu-tob Namgayal and
bis half-brother Thin-leh Namgal with Ye-ceDol ma, Princess Lhading of Lhasa, was definitely arranged for.
All preliminaries, according to the customs of Tibet, having been gone through, the marriage took place in
the autumn of the same year. The geneology of the Lhading family, on the father's side is given, tracing
its origin to the Cakya race of ancient India. This is followed by the account of several ancestors of the
bride on the mother's side, and the services the ancestors of the two lines had rendered to Government. Then
comes the presentation of what is called the proposal-wine (slon-chan) and the bride's price-wine (Ein-chaff) ;
these being ceremonially performed on auspicious dates, the bride-groom's party was received in pomp and
Then comes a description of the jewellery, ornaments, clothes, dresses, &o.[(to be given to the bride)i
in a separate list.
41
Then followa an enumeration of tlie duties, both of the bride-groom and the bride, towarda each other,
and also to their respective fathere-in-law and mothers-iTi-law, the paying of due respect to them being
strictly enjoined on them. Here the name of the Maharaja's half-brother has been specially mentioned as
the bride's joiut-husband (thereby legalizing her marriage with him as well, according to the custom of
polyandry pTOvailiiig in Tibet.) The parents of the bride here exhort their daughter to be equally faithful
to her chief and jdint-husband. The marriage deed concludes with the signatures and seals of the Maharaja's
mother, half-brother, and also those of Lhading Kusho and his sous, and the marriage witnesses, &o.
^1=.*) a particular family name, ^'f^ princess, a nobleman's wife ; equivalent to Ranee or Maharanee.
•^JiS*) holy religion, Buddhism; in Sanskrit, (SV«(;-(W.jr;;i<. "SS^'I^J't'i^-'l summer-produced drum-
sound, i.e., the rattling thunder of summer. '^'^S'^^'J''' king of love i.e. Cupid, Kdma-deva.
j'j|q5'y*< lit. the mother of all Buddhas ; the Goddess Tara, delivereuce or Nirvana personified.
In the Sin-ma or Karnmpa Tantrik School she is called the goddess Kuru Kulle. The later
Tantrihs make her the G-^ikli of the Buddhas. i^'n' |^'f the god who dispenses wealth ; he is
called ^''is^ the conquerable one. '^^'>''S5''''*'^ the rain of wished for things '^3 signifies, '
many '.
S*i'«^ fearful spirits who used to do mischief to the Buddhist were bound down under solemn
oaths to defend Buddhism. "S*)*^ lit. under vow or oath.
STS ('S. mudrd) mystic configuration, represented by thumb-impression on deeds and contracts of a
solemn nature. ^'''§='1 the Cycle of 60 years introduced, in Tibet, in A.D. 1026, from Sanchi
{Oridhdnya Kataka in Southern India. Its first year being designated Prabhava Rab-byun the
Cycle itself came to be known by tlie name R^b-byun. ^'^"[^^ chitra the variegated one, it is
the 16th year of the Cycle, in Tibetan ^'^'^'i? Water-va^\Q-liorse year. (See Appendix V).
^»s''^'»l«4 according to the Calendar that was introduced in China by the early members of Ta-Tuan
ti;(q]?ja^-§q]?j|5qi^^ the most holy mine of mercy, i.e. Boddhisaltva Mahd Kdrunika or Avalokitec7ara.
fl]i^q-^c| the sphere of Avalokiteovara's work of converting people into Buddhism. S-ypiigK
S^^^-^'Jifi the Province (where Buddhism flourished) comprised ''li*^ and '^^^ (U and Tsang).
^^"^ the name signifying the Southern country of defiles or ravines, was given to Sikkim and its
Rice, ripening, lovely land, hidden place, white, cultivated field or cultivation is the full name
by which Sikkim is known to the learned of Tibet. Its abbreviation is ng^gc-Jsi land of rice-
cultivation.
42
«'Ji|'vy5«i;iq lit. the King •who Eubsifits on land produce (Bhu-lhvja). The Tibetone addreBB the
HjUji^qqa tijC'^'a^cjiJ gcy^a; 5 is the pedantic name of the present Lhasa Government, Its common and
simple designation is ^'''^"IS^'I Deba-shimg the Government under a religious sect i.e., of the
Gelug-pa or Yellow-Cap Sect ; on coins its name is inscribed as "^ii^giai-Sg!^ f-Jj^ aiis)!,^ j-^ I
The
palace of {Tu&ita) victorious in all quarters. Tusita is the name of the Buddhist Paradise
^il5i^ official rank or dignity, fl§'^'i^'^the 8th (Dalai Lima) in succession from i^'>'^*"''5'*'^Sonam
Gyatsho.
^^^ civil or spiritual aud military. <^'5 title or order. ^c'»j'?'2I««'^^ confidential officer of state.
3«s)'«'^q uninierruptedly ; without break. ^"S^^ a chief or district officer, c'^t^i name of family.
5-^aqf»)c. a Chinese title ;39i''5'^'^il'«\C.'|s)ij| decoration of sapphire or ruby button on caps, with peacock's
feather thereon.
^i.^'^'^ iiai^ the war between the Gurkhas and the Tibetans. Gor stands for Gurkha, Bod for Tibet;
'^q=^'5l, Ilbah for Bathang and Li for Lithang (two provinces'' in Eastern Tibet "J'v'^^c-^l si^j^'^Sfcii-q
^q^-gi,R|5,-Rii]^ those who were in Government Service. Ej^"*|^'^ brothers and sisters. ^^'f*^ (5^'
proposal or asking for giving in marriage) ^^ (promise) to give away (in marriage).
^^^ for S"!*'''^''!^''^, to be of service, or help. *q'Sl for ^'i'^"!, together with, in company with,
gc-gc.*^l uc'that which is to be avoided or left ofi; ^^.^J that is to be taken in earnest, or done or
accepted.
flj^aj-i^q^-I marriage witness, ?S also sometimes 5^, seal or seal impression. o)fl[|^-q.f]^'^^- g-S5'fli5=?j
Subhasita Ratna nidhi name of a book containing moral sayings, by Cakya Panchen Kungah
Gyal-tshan. "i'^q|''\'i| noble deed or conduct; behaviour of the great; high character.
w^q|p;i'i mean or sordid action or behaviour. ^^'I'i**! g*i'|^'^'^''^^ as in former custom or procedure,
I^R^cisl at all times, ^Ti'^'i^^ji D-Sjoj cannot be broken. the knot or tie of
'q'^'^'^'^'5i'*<'^'>
APPENDIX in.
This Acbarya Paron-giri was sent oq a mission for increasing baneScence. During the war
between Bhutan and India he saved many souls from untimely death and thereby accomplished a great
object. lie is hereby granted a life-allowance. "Whenever he comes to Tashilhunpo with as many servants
as he likes, (he is to get it consisting of) tea, butter, rice, meat, barley-flour, corn-flour, (food for) riding
horse, and lade animals he may have with him, all in sufficient quantity. When going to any quarters, he
should be furnished with tents, accommodation in houses, ponies or mules for conveyance, beasts of burden
and guides, &c., to help him in his journey to any place. His Holiness Blo-bzan Dpal-ldan Yecea dpal
bzan-po taking a personal interest in his welfare, grants him this letter-patent for his protection and safety,
That His Holiness' wish may be honoured by all he has fixed his own seal on it. Accordingly all people
great and humble should observe the rule (^'^'^=.''^=.'5) of "avoiding and doing ". (This letter) is dated.
(Tashilhunpo) the 1st of the 9th month, year Tree-serpent in the 13th cycle (^'J'^^') 1774 A. D.
If.B. — It may be remembered that, at this time, this Tashi Lama was the Supreme Ruler of Tibet.
Conformably to the wish expressed in his holy general order by Kyab-gon (Lord-protector) in
respect of Acharya Purnagiri, he will get from the Oovernment Stores personal allowance every month in
barley flour— 3 Klials of full br4 measure ; corn-flour 2 Khals ; one and a ha!f good carcase of sheep (dry or
cured in cold air) ; for his personal attendants, should there be any, 2 Khah of barley-flour and 1 Khal of
corn-flour and one sheep carcase per head. If he has any horse for his personal use, one hre measure of bran,
for use with water. All these provisions should be of the best (and not of inferior) quality. This order-
voucher is dated year Tree-horse, the 25th of the 11th month, in the 13th Oyole, 1763 A. D.
Acharya Dharjirgir and his servants bringing letters of the Shahehs from Calcutta, while travelling back (to
India) at whatever place they may halt or stage, should be supplied with provision for journey, food, fuel,
two saddled yaks, 5 riding ponies for their conveyance, and ten lade animals with two attendants or eoolies
at every stage.
The letters with enclosures, silk scarves, &c., from Tung-thang Chenpo to the Shnhebs of Calcutta
being forwarded by the hand of this (messenger) to a great distance, there should be not the least
detention or delay in the transit on the way by the Jong-Pons, Shi-Pons, Gan-po and the common people.
44
It is important that nothing ncours lite rambling about on throwing off (of the letler). The date
of the starting of this (messengor) being noted in the liegiater of the Yamun of the Resident Anapa,
Iftzinoss (on the part of the authorities on the way) will surely necessitate subsequent inquiry. For this
The guide and his servant should be supplied with two through relay ponies from Lhasa I'ia
Tashilhunpho to Pnagri and back, besides food and fuel at the halting stages. These should be collected
and supplied.
Carry out the above ofScsial order of Pass-port and Road-bill issued by the Qyal-wang-chog (Dalai Lama).
9\^ for Gambu head man {Panchayit man). '>!«=.*' common people ;
5fcs) q>,i|gl^ cj the Emperor of China.
f s»j- for '<%'S'^ same as |^») *n' provisions &o. for a journey ; road-provisions.
§'«q*j "^c'lai relays at every stage; "J'^"! ponies supplied by village people, free of
cost. ^^p"'i'*< ladeo animals such as donkeys, yaks, ponies carrying lo ids ;
*'^'')'< fixed staging or halting
places ^'^^ oooly without load on his back ; '^g ''iT'^I collect man and conveyances for despatching ;
"itEjC = w^^f
gS^'^s) the least, slightest. IS*^*' for '^S^'^, rambling about;, throwing off.
g^ losing; S'^ in the event of doing; M'^ time of starting or issuing; Ampa Chinese Imperial Resident.
^'1^''. He protected of Heaven. The name by which Emperor Kuenlung was known to the Tibetans,
45
APPENDIX IV.
TURNING THK WhEEL OF GOVERNMENT WITH THE STRENGTH OF HiS MoRAL MeRITS {Punynlalo).
The TALAI LAMA, presents his best compliments. Himself and Court, journeying pleasantly, have
arrived. Thanks for the excellent arrangements made by the British Government for their residence here. A
statement of their difference with the Chinese Ministers has been sent to the Viceroy. Should the Govern-
ment, taking up the cause in earnest, provide for the present and future (state exigencies) and extend help
and protection accordingly, he btgs to say that these kindnesses will afterwards be gratefully borne in mind.
At present, in the hurry of business, this letter to avoid being sent empty, is accompanied by a long silk-
scarf containing holy inscriptions, an image of Buddha of great sanctity, one bell and Dorje, gold-dust
EfRfS'^ (^tfaelf and "^f^^ Court or Official retinue) ; '^ist'q^'S journey or travelling; '3^'i(5i-'?'a| besides being
pleasant; l'"!!^'! British Government arrangement for residence; Sja^^-aqq^^ -^ygll furnished;
; %S''%'^
n|u[5^s)^ disagreement ; help and protection ; '^*|^^'*^^'^ espousing the cause earnestly;
^"l^'l^-'l
q^a, ^qii^'^si) kindness; Isi'qsc^^'SiI'y maybe permitted to bear in mind e'.e. will remember ; ^'gf^
In the year Tree-serpent, while at Calcutta, you made me present of a sacred conch-shell encased in a
small box. This time you have sent to me the book of the Essence of Buddhist Scriptures in Chinese, through
one Buchung of Kabng (Kalimpong). This having reached here undamaged has pleased me as a medicinal
gift. Being in good health, I remain absorbed in the thought about the welfare of all living beings.
Now, agreeably to your request, one complete set of Kahgyur, cleanly printed will soon be ready for
e'^1^ Japan; ^^i lit. by me, here used as 'myself'; *<M| aceorapanimeut; ^'> should be |s case or
vessel ; '=i'<?il5|^=.'3 the essence or pith which is most delicious. ^^i^J lately ; T^"! (for Kalimpong)
9'$c.'| name of an individual ; '^^''i constitution, body ; '^5'^ to all living beings, or moving ones
|i*i£) for W\^= f^i'i to be useful ; S'ssi-^^^g (should be e?<q«;-§'2ja*)-g for certainly presenting; ^^g'1*<*<^^ for
presentation to the Buddhist Church of Japan). Please lot me know soon when you will come (to take
delivery of the same.) Lastly, (I wigh) you take care of your health and make progress in doing religious
works. You may send me news and topics by and by. This 'letter of auspicious date is sent with
enclosures of a scarf and silken-charmed knot and with several sacred articles together with sanctified relics.
Lately this year in the 7th month our Lord Protector Dorjechnfi, whose kindness to us all was
unrivalled, has passed away. That moral merits may accrue to all living beings, we should offer our prayers
for his residence in the holy mansion of Sakhdvati, a new sacred Mausolia should be erected to enshrine his
relics with other like objects, after former precedents. If arrangements for its construction and supply of
materials cannot be made here, we shall send orders to that direction for copper sheets &c., where these
come from. There, it is hoped, you will, remembering the kindnesses you had received while here, earnestly
exert yourself to render assistance, as one knowing the place and the market rate of things.
First (of all) the price per seir of copper-sheet which will easily take gold-gilding, should be ascertained
then the price of quick-silver of superior quality in weight, how many ounces or what quantity, in
measure, per rupee should be ascertained, before purchasing the same. What is the market-price there ; how
^I'l^ici Vajradhara, the supreme deity of the Lamaic school ; his spirit like the Holy Ghost of the
Christians is said to descend for inspiring the incarnate Lamas. Hence they are all designated DorJi-chaSi
or Vajradhara.
and with what profit these can be purchase! ? In ascertaining these less talk and more secrecy and quiet
Please to seud sure and correct information (on these points) by the hand
observation should be maintained.
»(S'^'|c.-^3i'g-S the precious holy MausoHa, the grand three-storeyed lofty edifices of stone masonry
Toofed with gold-gilt copper domes, constructed in Chinese style, at Tashi-lhunpo, for enshrining the relics,
Presenting special compliments ; on hearing that you are in the enjoyment of good health at that place,
over the monastery of Tashi-lhunpo. We all are happy as heretofore. I Tung Choi-dsad, herewith
present, in the auspicious conjunction of events, a light-yellow Khatag (silk-scarf) called Khalkha-choidar as
a sign of my meeting you in no distant time. The details (about here) fit for communication will be
conveyed to you by Phurchung. If you happen to send me any letter, I beg you will kindly do so by the
^ special ;
'^31 offering I'.e., compliments ; ^'f*' there, in that place; °^S'g your person ;
«iver3| the
increasing moon, crescent. ^^I'?^'' having come to the knowledge of my humble self.
•^^'P here :
"H"!^' for «i!l'^*c|^3 ;
|q«j| * is same as g'^'^'st^f^ one who grants refuge in danger ; «\9^'if S'''
interview ;
»««i'«^^ token of meeting or visit such aa a Khatag, presentation silk-scarf &c.
48
Subject- Analysis.
OF
APPENDICES IV-XI,
is generally applied to an official of the rank of Private Secretary to a great Lama or Chief.
Lama Urgyen Gya-tsho, llai Bahadur, while holding the position of Deputy Magistrate at
Kalimpong, was appointed to this Honorary Office by His Highness Thutob Namgyal, k.c.i.e.
Maharaja of Sikkim. The Lama belonged to the Gonsag-pa sect of Kham which coming from
the Do-med District of Mi-fiag, in Ulterior Tibet, had resided for some years at Lhasa
and Sakya before finally settling in Sikkim. Several of the Lama's ancestors had rendered
good, loyal services to the state for which they were raised to distinction. The Lama
had very faithfully served the Maharaja and his family during the time they were
kept as state prisoners at Darjeeling and Kurseong.
APPENDIX V.
Here is an enumeration, in Sanskrit, of the names of the cycle of sixty years that was
current in Southern India, i.e., in the regions to the south of the River Narmada. The cycle
is called Vrikuspati Chakra. It is stated in the Kala Ohakra Tantra that itwas introduced in
Uttara Oambhala being taken there from Cridlianya Kataka in very early times. According
to Tibetan historians, Chilu Fandita introduced the cycle, in Tibet, in 1025 A.D., where it is
from the name of the first year of the cycle. Uttara
called Rab-byuD, in Sanskrit Prabhaua,
Oambhala was the name by which the capital of the Bactrian Empire of the Eastern Greeks
was known to the Mahayana Buddhists. I may identify it with the Sanskrit, Balokshya
mentioned in Ksemeudia's AvadCina Kalpalatd.
49
APPENDIX Vr.
Sarat Chandra made arrangements for his journey, employing Lama Tshering Tashi and Paldor
to go with him to Lhasa. Early in the morning of the 25th of the 3rd month, year Wufer-ho'Se 1882, after
making reverence to Lama Seng-chen Rimpo-ehe, he sought refuge in the Three Holies and obtained his
blessings. Then, receiving a fare-well scarf from the hands of Kmho Tuug-chen, he started on his journey.
The way lay along the thinly wooded banks of the Myang-chu, a tributary of the Tsang-po. Reaching
Gyan-tse, he interviewed Lha-oham Kusho in Phala's residential Villa callel Qongyal-gah. Her ladyship
request&i him to give some medicine to the De-pa of her Gyan-tse estates who was ailing for some timea
That officer entertained the party with tea, Tibetan dishes, etc., making presents of some fine blankets to
Sarat Chandra. These he respectfully returned. Then travelling eastward and keeping the Shi-kha of
Depon Chang-lo-chan he passed by the Gelugpa monastery of Gahd.in choi-ph<jlling and Da-khyud village.
He then passed a stream coming from the distant snows and the road to Phagri beyond which lay
the monastery of Ne-fiing. On both sides of the way there were villages, some of which possessed many
deserted roofless houses. He then passed Dsing-rag, formerly a battle-field. Passing by the monastery of
Qe-neu-sum and walking with difficulty on a narrow pathway he crossed tlie bridge called Kudoong Zxmpa
and arrived at the villaga of Gobshi where Lha-cham was staging. Here not being able to secure a good
lodging, he spent the night in a horse-stall underneath a house. By exposure fo cold and snow-storm at night,
he fell ill. Next morning, being informed that Lha-chan Kusho had left Gobshi, though still very bad in
health, he proceeded towards Ralung. Passing by the Ningma monastery of Kha-vo, he reached lla-Iung,
where, in a corner of the big house where Lha-cham's party was accommodated, he spent a sleepless
night. He resumed his journey in the morning, amidst snow-storm and rain. Tliis increased his illness.
Passing by the right flank of Kharula, he came to the foot of the snowy mountain called Noijin Khang-zang
Then proceeding on his journey, he arrived at a place called Ziwa. In the evening, he reached Nagartse.
(Nang-kar-tse) Jong situated on the shore of lake Yamdo Yunutsho. Hero, his illness having taken a bad
turn, he was unable to travel towards Lhasa in the company of Lha-cliam. The kind lady gave him
a letter of introduction to her cousin, the incarnate Dorje Phagmo {Vajr^i-varahi), the Lady Superior of
the great monastery of Samding. He then slowly rode towards Samding. He stayed for a fortnight in
the house of one Namgyal, receiving medical treatment from two Tibetan physicians. The incarnate Dorje
Phao'mo very graciously expressed much anxiety oa his account, the illness being acute bronchitis. She sent
provisions consisting of barley, flour, tea, butter, mutton, salt, etc., for him. Piecovering from his illness he
slowly proceeded towards Lhasa and made pilgrimage to the sanctuaries there. He had the audience of
APPENDIX VII.
A CLEAR exposition of the doctriue of le-embodiment of the souls oi Bodhimllvas ingeceral, and incarna-
tions of Chanre-aig in the Dalai Lamas, An enumeration of the first six Dalai Lamas. The present Dalai
Lama's career delineated, his flight to Mongolia, visit to Peking, and return to Lhasa described. Tlis
An enumeration of the one hundred twenty-five great acts of Buddha (^akya Muni from the time birth
APPENDIX VIII.
Forms of Correspondence.
APPENDIX IX.
APPENDIX X.
Tlie Bhoteas (Tibetan settlers in Sikkim and Bhutan) while picknicking, of which they are very
fond, drink munca (half -fermented millet served in bamboo jug, filled with boiled warm water ; this they
suck through a reed. Munca drink seems more to excite than to debauch the mind.
An account of the Pilgrimage of
Ekai Kawaguchi to the great Sanctuaries of Tibet.
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BOOK 11.
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BEING
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^|t«qS•^•»^^s|•q^|c.•^^•^]?iqI «qsiai-2*i-ai«;;-Ii-Dai-q^-^c|q*i-|*i (
njAII^-qiv-qj^i^-q-cJI-^-Tjq'^fl (^;i|R-^a|-q?^qiqv1»)-q5C-»j[c«^-^»)N-| |
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q>ij5'^^3i-3i-RX,a('i3iHi5'l3i'qV|^'q'S\q5J-|t'*(\«p^-q-S-"^t-';,qt-|ai|i^iy-g-3i«)-5)-^^-f^C,-q«5l-^-<;,5^^ jj^-ujc-q-r^^-
^3i|-|''ai*)-u(c,-ujc.-g'Jjq^S)4«^'qN-q'»]^-q^3j'q3'^-u^'5)^,-njq^ij)5q-3i;-Sj(q*)-r^q]^-q|3i-|q?iq]5^l!j'^3|-|-g-q-^
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qg3iq-53i-5-^-gqi«>-=^*]-fll3iNij(qM-q«N''5'^'=^'^V^t-|Sl-iJl'U}aj-?f^^-iIiai5J-q-^f| .^«^•^3i•»^gn•^q)gq5•«^qc.|«I|«*l5^^^•SJi|ai•:^5^i^iJC?q•
'S'n,^ «il3i\'^=,-95-|?q-q3i;-a«l-q-^^ II
«pN-5ai§3i-«^E.-*<5'3i-q^-s,'r«r§>s-S«i) n
IX B, Trees o02-],rX)0-17-7.1912.
INDEX OF GRAMMATICAL TE[:iTIS.
Page. Page.
g^'q|q-£^-5)«i]-q]^a;g,-q^oj«)-QI-q|<i)-qa''^i|^'qm M5«
gaiq|«iiq'5iii|-£^?'!M-g-q]^ai'g-q5-a}q-=^:;-i^gocq3g'q-
to
S^'^<=ltS ... MM
|'3i-R|«ll-^'55£ri-^*^-^-gqoi-q|q]q5-!^cl^-q|i^ ... MM
?^
qfS ...
yn |'3i-';j:;-|*^-i^q)''si-^«)'q5-3-q-'J|^5i-|^=;(tlvq¥'^ ...
gai-';,i^-|N-q^ll-i3)-g*iqa-g^-q-q^ll-g^-';(=!'^-qf«^ ...
I ...
ga^qiJq'iq^'^'q^'X,^
gaj-q|Jil-35s'l5'|'51''^ll
CM
?3i
gq-q|11'^'51 ... ... ....
... *« ?=«,
^N-^|1I ...
ga,A|11'5(-5i«»|«i]^^gq-i*|-t!|ei|U)-q^«^tlJ;'q|i^ MS
g'i "'El'^l'tS'Siai-q-^l-l^-^iqi-q
gii-^|1lSli5q]!N-§-«^|q
m;> Ml/
|^qgiI-|!N-5Aq-§-'^9'N-qf'S ...
=.5
Page. Page.
|N<i|ii'JiE,aj'^|il« ... ... •^o, ^^ ^^'l^«'ll ... ... ... 0^, r<., y-i
M*,, ^:),
^'< ^3»<*w|V3T£;^-^-^^T'' ... ^=
l*,RiaiR§vqai}t ... ... ...
t^-^gq,-Mai-s)S-*.-ii^-9l-s2)^-qfS ....
^ S-^g-I-^q^-^^Siiq ... ... ,M
S« U]^«l-q|«;-i^g«i'q
^gil)?^:i-q-q'«|q]-q
...
^*j-S,|-qp)*l-q-wg-g-q
^st-^^^g-q'^-q-.;,?!'?,-!.^
q<^a|-q5|q«-g'?)g-|Vq
^*l''\g'''^^''''f^''q^«'
^**''ig'='^^'''5'3'gTS'5iq^-|'f
^«-'Sg-q|=>-q-3^-g
qi^sq-qS'iq-i^tlVqli^
^^S5-5|q|-|-^ ...
^^
ss'^^-^TS^ ...
9-Sl§|-§J-ff-5-g
^? |-«i-)3qy5-gf|-|-!ilE.-3-ti^-g-'S=,-g-^*)?^|g
|-5j^jj-|-?;3i-5^-|i^-q
g-iW^-i!15q'1qi-^-5)-R<I|(;)-q „.
Sj •
g •
s) i?«J'q5' 18«I] 5,'Ji IS1«5 Sqj |-
• « 655' q5 •
<^3i'^-
sj^-qiqiC^ ... ... ... 50
S«^y5-g-|-9'^-S| ... ... '", X'^ 5)e,sis'^ ... ... ... 5?, ?c <>i4
g'i5§i,-»|-5c«4-£l3g'3-'^tlVq|'f| ...
cc Sf»|9q-<^qiil||[ ... ... ... '^4
a-siSaj-ya-JJi 9".
g-q5-oi«lC1^3i§-^£rN-g5§5«,fl«k-qIS ... C5 ... ... ...
^ 5 1-3^^ n ^
'\9t«« ... ... ... S M,
I
^''•^'^•'''^"
'^3-^•5J^, ., ^
^S'^I'S ... ... ... ^, ^i) S)fqi'^^-»|-^=. ... ... ... 3^, ^S
•^svivtr^-^^'iM-^-^iT'' ...
•
^^ ^^'^s^-^M <»-, ?*«
'^g«Ig-|-'s6iI-^'q'»|-q^1|<i|'q5«^2l>s-q|V^ ?S
... ^5jqqqX,3i ... ... ... vs
I'^-Sj^-gflTC'!! ... ... ... 5M ql-oi^sq-jc ,.. ... ... t^rf
Page. Page,
"i=.'g
... ... ... 9^, J"* 'y§'f'T='«»^l'^^'^|'^" ... ... 0~
spelling, which are peculiar to the Tibetan language. Words of similar sound, conveying
different significationSj have been explaiut^d and, vviiere necessary, they are differentiated by
eli.ci iation in the manner of their sp.llirg.
Contents.
Page.
.. 5
'^^'^g^j'TT^si] the letfer i] with ^ prefix ...
Page.
2
Page. Page.
»I-»lJff-g)^-qS-q-5)«li O-iJ
00 ma-qiS^-q^V"
(S^'«)
00
i^«i-«g7j»c5)a| ... ?o
00 H-»<9i'-gj3i-q5'«'5Jil'<^f»)'»45f'^V''5'*"^''I ... ^o
q?;-R^«l -55)01 0^ ^e
...
';-»i5fgj^-£)'f-5'5}«ii
0-^ «s'»45f-§^-qS-«-5)<l) ^0
...
q«j-*^'!|'^'5)?f'^^qq*'5)«i| ^0
0^
W«qf-gl^-qS-«-5)JI| ^0
0^
i5-qs>-qJl«^-q (|c-«) ^0
q ?^ «5f g)^ qS 5
•
•
si^m •
ai
• •
5)q) 0^
SHH 1^0] •
^ ^ jq «^E. •
q^I HtJ«I < 5)ij]
9^-«|^-C^i\'q (jC-q) 59
ea-q^-qjjV'J ... ^^
0^
£l^i^gi!I-q-5)qj ... 0^
^«?lj-^3(qq-S-5)!l| ^^
^5-q5,-£l-*i«^-q (5E.-q) 9i
q?l-q^7|-^-»)9f-^^q5-«-5j<Jl ... ^^
;»«
«l5-qe,-qj^t\q ... ^^
0=-
^S-qS^q-f^S'"
(S^-'") ^^
^•Jj^'^aCq^'V^J"!
iq5jq,^'3l-(oC5)cil«;,fq5]-q^q-S\-5j«I| ^5
ni-5j5ii'-|i3iq5''^'Sjq]<\E.N-5)5q'gja\q5'^'5)ii]
s5-q5,-q-*|«^-q (|=.'q) H^
SI^'£»^Ql-^-j)Jif-^a^q§-Y6^q] ?M
qjiS • q^-Jl 3 5)q]
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t^E. q?! 1^91 •» 5)q}
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a)5-qs,q-f5^-q-«^t'J|«l'Rg«lui5)ji) ^M
q^qv^-^V ... 0^
q?^- (»^ai «;
•
5)0] ^^t »j«j
• •
(J^-JI
•
aj o) jq ysa
qsj-«gQi-^-^q| (is alway suVjoined
qN- 5^81 -Si' 5501 ... P=
with") i.e. q?i«9'3i';'5}qq5qj5] 5)^ .. ^^
'\'»)?ii''^^'qS'q'5)jq ys
^a-qs.-a^V" (J*-'")
W»)9]'^3^'q3'q'SJai ^VJ
0)5)
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o^ci j^ ^<q •
«;,t
•
q?j 5^ai
• • •
Jj 5j <q
q^j-q^qs-ojqj ...
^4/
q^'q^i-q-fjSi'q (J«.'fl) «^?l'q^'2|'q-5)'ll 0-'
q«l^'q^'q'I|5j'!;,C'qTfc5<'q-^!:'| q^c^J'J^I^-qlqi^l't^c'^'q'qfiqj |
q^^'oi'qff^^'^rJ^q'ilfqi^i'qfi?,
|
q'TJ^'I'g^'^c-qV^qj^l-q^ I
|=^3irqTl^'H^-qT|-qTj^-^-q^] q^^-^i^qTirq^Si-qi^'qTl^Il'qi^i:'
1 ^r1^'q|:^'iQ,'^r| I'^l^'r^'S^T'^^^^ I
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5j^q-|'X'|^;|S'|^^c-| ^^J-X^i'i^'T^'^^'q-'fc'i
32('|'|:^$j-^rg-q^-|C$J ^c'^2]-q^'|:;,''|^'5j'|'2;,
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