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2.

5G Technologies:
GPRS, EDGE and HSCSD
GPRS Reference:
Wireless Technology, Michel Daoud Yacoub, CRC Press, 2002
GPRS Outline
1. Features
2. QoS parameters
3. Network Architecture
4. Protocol Architecture
5. Data Structure
6. Packet Data Channel and Logical Channels
7. Media Access --- Uplink and Downlink
8. Throughput performance

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 1


1. Features

• Packet switched network on GSM infrastructure


• Started in 1990 for applications in road transport
telemetric and financial services
• IP based extending the features of GSM to
– Circuit- and packet-switched services
– Better use of radio resources
– Quick setup time and access time
– Connection to other packet data network
– QoS based service
– Volume-based charging
– Point-to-point and point-to-multipoint services

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 2


2. QoS Parameters

• GPRS offers different combinations of 5 QoS parameters:


• Precedence – priority of transmission (high, normal, low)
−9 −4 −2
• Reliability – packet loss probability (10 ,10 ,10 , etc.)
• Max bit rate – 8 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s
• Mean bit rate – 0.22 bit/s to 111 kbit/s
• Delay spec (in Seconds) for 128 octet packets
– (maximum mean, maximum 95% delay) are specified
according to 4 traffic classes
– Conversational (Class 1) – (0.5,1.5)
– Streaming (Class 2) – (5,25)
– Interactive (Class 3) – (50,250)
– Background (Class 4) – best effect

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 3


3. Network Architecture (1)

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 4


Network Architecture (2)
• Same as GSM except that MSC’s are replaced by the
Serving GPRS Support Nodes (SGSN) and Gateway
GSN (GGSN) pair.
• One GGSN serves as a gateway to each type of data
network. This is just a router with firewall for Internet
connection.
• SGSN connecting to the BSS is the interface to the radio
access network performing:
– Routing of packets to the correct BSS
– Ciphering
– Authentication
– Session management
– Mobility management
– Logical link management
Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 5
Network Architecture (3)

• MS has, in addition, a GPRS protocol stack.


• Packet Control Unit (PCU) is for handling
packet-switched calls, handover, radio resource
configuration and channel assignment. It resides
at BSC, BTS or SGSN.
• MSC, GMSC, VLR, HLR, EIR and SMSC are all
enhanced with GPRS subscriber information.

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 6


4. Protocol Architecture (1)

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 7


Protocol Architecture (2)
• Follow the ISO reference
• All application data are encapsulated by the GPRS
tunnel protocol (GTP). GTP-PDU are routed over IP-
based GPRS backbone using TCP for X.25 or UDP for
IP applications. This is called GPRS tunneling.
• Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP)
is the network layer between MS and SGSN. It performs
multiplexing of network layer messages onto a logical
connection, encryption, segmentation and compression.

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 8


Protocol Architecture (3)
• LLC layer is for maintaining logical links.
• RLC layer – performs segmentation and reassembling of
LLC PDU. Operates in acknowledged mode (SR-ARQ)
and unacknowledged mode.
• MAC – performs contention resolution, physical channel
multiplexing and reverse-multiplexing.
• Physical layer – performs FEC, interleaving, congestion
detection, modulation and demodulation
• BSSGP (BSS GPRS Protocol) – relaying QoS and
routing information between BSS and GPRS

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 9


5. Data Structure (1)

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 10


Data Structure (2)

• Typically 20%--30% protocol overhead for GPRS


• Application data segments to 64 kB IP PDUs.
• Further segment to 1.56 kB of SNDCP (Sub-net Dependent Convergence
Protocol) PDUs
• Then to 1.556 kB LLC PDU’s
• Finally to 20-50 Byte MAC/RLC PDU’s called blocks. Two kinds: User Data
Block and Control Block.
• These blocks are then attached with tail bit.
• Perform coding as shown in Table 6.1
• Puncturing into Radio Blocks of size 456 bits
• Radio Blocks are segmented to four 114 bit subsegments.
• Each sub-segment is placed into a GSM time slot.

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 11


Data Structure (3)

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 12


6. Packet Data Channel (PDCH) Logical Frame

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 13


PDCH Logical Frame (2)

• Uses GSM Framing structure. 52 TDMA frames


constitute a multiframe of which 48 are data frame.
• The 8 TDMA slots in a frame form 8 PDCH.
• In each PDCH channel, there are 12 radio blocks.
• The set of 4 frames defines a logical frame (20 ms) for
which a radio block (or an access) can be sent.
• An access is uniquely addressed by the PDCH channel
number (0 to 7) and the logical frame number.

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 14


GPRS Logical Channels

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 15


7. Media Access (1)

• Asymmetric and independent up-and-down-link channels


• Data transfer by means of Temporary Block Flow (TBF).
A TBF is a virtual connection between MS and BSS
supporting unidirectional transfer of data on PDCH. It is
labeled by TFI (Temporary Flow Identifier).
• TFI is 7 bits for uplink and 5 bits for downlink.
• Closed-ended type (CET) TBF – the amount of data is
fixed at the initial access.
• Open-ended type (OET) TBF – amount of data transfer
is arbitrary, or until a TBF is terminated.

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 16


Media Access (2)
• Access protocol – reservation ALOHA
• Using a special access burst format for which there are
– Extended tail bits (8), 3 bits for normal burst
– Extended sync. Bits (41), 26bits for normal burst
– Coded and Encrypted data (36)
• 15 extra synchronization bits are used because MS in an
initial access may not have any timing information.
• The decoded and decrypted data total 8 or 11 bits
contain the reservation information:
– Reason of access – one-phase or two-phase access request,
page response, measurement report,etc.
– MS class and requested radio priority
– Number of blocks

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 17


Uplink Data Transfer (1)
• One-phase procedure – MS sends a packet channel request (PCR)
to BSS over PRACH indicating “one-phase”. BSS responds a packet
uplink assignment (PUA) message includes the information on
resources to be assigned to MS. This includes carrier, time plot,
USF (uplink state flag, 3 bits for addressing the MS requesting data
transfer), TFI, open-or-close-ended TBF, Packet Associated Control
Channel (PACCH). Data transferred by MS together with TLLI
(temporary logical link identifier). BSS sends back ACK/NACK. TBF
terminated by the packet control ack message.
• Two-phase procedure – Here PUA message gives information on a
single block including slot number, TFI, power control parameters
and PACCH. MS then sends a pack resource request (PRR)
message. BSS responds with PUA indicating time slot, TFI, USF,
TLLI. Data transfers.

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 18


Uplink Data Transfer (2)

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 19


Uplink Data Transfer (3)

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 20


Downlink Data Transfer

• BSS page the MS


• MS use the PRACH to request a downlink packet
channel.
• The rest is the same as uplink procedure.

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 21


8. Throughput Performance
• Nominal:
– CS-1 64 kbit/s
– CS-2 96 kbit/s
– CS-3 115 kbit/s
– CS-4 160 kbit/s
• Protocol overhead reduces these rates to much smaller values
• Simulation in a single cell with a single carrier, excluding mobility and
handover. 8 PDCHs are considered.
• Typical Internet traffic from web browsing and email transfers. TCP segment
size is 536 bytes.
• Throughput measured:
– 44 kb/s for CS-1 (C/I = 12dB)
– 66 kb/s for CS-2 (C/I = 16dB)
– 75 kb/s for CS-3 (C/I = 20dB)
– 100 kb/s for CS-4 (C/I =24dB)
• Throughput efficiency therefore is about 60-70%

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 22


HSCSD

• High Speed Circuit Switched Data


• Relax channel coding to increase the date rate
from 9.6 Kbps to 14.4 Kbps
• Use up to 4 time slots to achieve a max of 57.6
Kbps for a single user.

Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 23


EDGE

• EDGE: Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution


• Require h/w and s/w upgrade of both BS and MS
• Uses 8-PSK in addition to GMSK
• Uses 9 air interface formats, known as multiple
Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS) autonomously
and rapidly selectable for each time slot or user.
Controlled by a feedback loop for maximum throughput
with an acceptable outage performance.
• Using all 8 slots, can reach a max of 547 Kbps per user;
practically 384 Kbps per user per carrier. For still higher
rate, use multicarrier tx’n.
Oct. 2002 GPRS and EDGE Overview 24

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